CoRE Working Group                                             M. Tiloca
Internet-Draft                                                   RISE AB
Intended status: Standards Track                              C. Amsuess
Expires: September 10, 2020
                                                         P. van der Stok
                                                              Consultant
                                                          March 09, 2020


      Discovery of OSCORE Groups with the CoRE Resource Directory
                 draft-tiloca-core-oscore-discovery-05

Abstract

   Group communication over the Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP)
   can be secured by means of Group Object Security for Constrained
   RESTful Environments (Group OSCORE).  At deployment time, devices may
   not know the exact OSCORE groups to join, the respective Group
   Manager, or other information required to perform the joining
   process.  This document describes how a CoAP endpoint can use
   descriptions and links of resources registered at the CoRE Resource
   Directory to discover OSCORE groups and to acquire information for
   joining them through the respective Group Manager.  A given OSCORE
   group may protect multiple application groups, which are separately
   announced in the Resource Directory as sets of endpoints sharing a
   pool of resources.  This approach is consistent with, but not limited
   to, the joining of OSCORE groups based on the ACE framework for
   Authentication and Authorization in constrained environments.

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
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   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   This Internet-Draft will expire on September 10, 2020.






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Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2020 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
   (https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
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   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.

Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   2
     1.1.  Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
   2.  Registration of Group Manager Endpoints . . . . . . . . . . .   5
     2.1.  Target Attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
     2.2.  Relation Link to Authorization Server . . . . . . . . . .   7
     2.3.  Registration Example  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
   3.  Addition and Update of OSCORE Groups  . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
     3.1.  Addition Example  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
   4.  Discovery of OSCORE Groups  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
     4.1.  Discovery Example #1  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
     4.2.  Discovery Example #2  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
   5.  Use Case Example With Full Discovery  . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
   6.  Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18
   7.  IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18
     7.1.  Resource Types  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18
   8.  References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  19
     8.1.  Normative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  19
     8.2.  Informative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  20
   Appendix A.  Examples in CoRAL  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  21
     A.1.  Registration Example  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  21
     A.2.  Addition Example  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  22
     A.3.  Discovery Example #1  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  24
     A.4.  Discovery Example #2  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  25
   Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  25
   Authors' Addresses  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  26

1.  Introduction

   A set of CoAP endpoints constitutes an application group by sharing a
   common pool of resources.  The members of an application group may be




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   members of a given security group, by sharing a common set of keying
   material to secure group communication.

   The Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) [RFC7252] supports group
   communication over IP multicast [I-D.dijk-core-groupcomm-bis] to
   improve efficiency and latency of communication and reduce bandwidth
   requirements.  The document Object Security for Constrained RESTful
   Environments (OSCORE) [RFC8613] describes how to achieve end-to-end
   security for CoAP messages through CBOR Object Signing and Encryption
   (COSE) [RFC8152].

   In particular, [I-D.ietf-core-oscore-groupcomm] specifies how Group
   OSCORE protects CoAP messages in group communication contexts, so
   enabling OSCORE groups as security groups.  An application group may
   rely on one or more OSCORE groups, and a same OSCORE group may be
   used by multiple application groups at the same time.

   A CoAP endpoint joins an OSCORE group via a Group Manager (GM), in
   order to get the necessary group keying material.  As in
   [I-D.ietf-ace-key-groupcomm-oscore], the joining process can be based
   on the ACE framework for Authentication and Authorization in
   constrained environments [I-D.ietf-ace-oauth-authz], with the joining
   endpoint and the GM acting as ACE Client and Resource Server,
   respectively.  That is, the joining endpoint accesses the group-
   membership resource associated with the OSCORE group to join and
   exported by the GM.

   Typically, devices are equipped with a static X509 IDevID certificate
   installed at manufacturing time.  This certificate is used at
   deployment time during an enrollment process that provides the device
   with an Operational Certificate, possibly updated during the device
   lifetime.  In the presence of secure group communication for CoAP,
   such an Operational Certificate may be accompanied by information
   required to join OSCORE groups.  This especially includes a reference
   to the group-membership resources to access at the respective GMs.

   However, it is usually impossible to provide such precise information
   to freshly deployed devices as part of their (early) Operational
   Certificate.  This can be due to a number of reasons: (1) the OSCORE
   group(s) to join and the responsible GM(s) are generally unknown at
   manufacturing time; (2) an OSCORE group of interest is created, or
   the responsible GM is deployed, only after the device is enrolled and
   fully operative in the network; and (3) information related to
   existing OSCORE groups or to their GMs has been changed.  This
   requires a method for CoAP endpoints to dynamically discover OSCORE
   groups and their GM, and to retrieve relevant information about
   deployed groups.




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   To this end, CoAP endpoints can use descriptions and links of group-
   membership resources at GMs, in order to discover OSCORE groups and
   to retrieve the information required for joining them.  With the
   discovery process of OSCORE groups expressed in terms of links to
   resources, the remaining problem is thus the discovery of those
   links.  The CoRE Resource Directory (RD)
   [I-D.ietf-core-resource-directory] provides such discovery in an
   efficient way, and it is expected to be used in many setups that
   would benefit of OSCORE group discovery.

   This specification builds on this approach and describes how CoAP
   endpoints can use the RD to carry out the necessary link discovery
   steps, in order to discover OSCORE groups of interest and retrieve
   the information required to join them through their GM.  In
   principle, the GM registers as an endpoint with the RD.  The
   corresponding registration resource includes one link for each OSCORE
   group under that GM, specifying the path to the related group-
   membership resource to access for joining that group.

   More information about the OSCORE group is stored in the target
   attributes of the respective link.  This especially includes the
   identifiers of the application groups which use that OSCORE group.
   This enables a lookup of those application groups at the Resource
   Directory, where they are separately announced by a Commissioning
   Tool (see Appendix A of [I-D.ietf-core-resource-directory]).

   When querying the RD for OSCORE groups, a CoAP endpoint can further
   benefit of the CoAP Observe Option [RFC7641].  This enables the
   reception of notifications about the creation of new OSCORE groups or
   the updates concerning existing groups.  Thus, it facilitates the
   early deployment of CoAP endpoints, i.e. even before the GM is
   deployed and OSCORE groups are created.

   Interaction examples are provided in Link Format [RFC6690].  In
   addition, Appendix A provides analogous examples in the Constrained
   RESTful Application Language CoRAL [I-D.ietf-core-coral], with
   reference to a CoRAL-based Resource Directory as described in
   [I-D.hartke-t2trg-coral-reef].

   The approach in this document is consistent with, but not limited to,
   the joining of OSCORE groups in [I-D.ietf-ace-key-groupcomm-oscore].

1.1.  Terminology

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
   "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP




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   14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all
   capitals, as shown here.

   This specification requires readers to be familiar with the terms and
   concepts discussed in [I-D.ietf-core-resource-directory] and
   [RFC6690].  Readers should also be familiar with the terms and
   concepts discussed in [RFC7252], [I-D.ietf-core-oscore-groupcomm] and
   [I-D.ietf-ace-key-groupcomm-oscore].

   Terminology for constrained environments, such as "constrained
   device" and "constrained-node network", is defined in [RFC7228].

   This document also refers to the following terminology.

   o  OSCORE group: a set of CoAP endpoints that share one OSCORE Common
      Security Context to protect group communication as described in
      [I-D.ietf-core-oscore-groupcomm].  Consequently, an OSCORE group
      acts as security group for all its members.

   o  Application group: a set of CoAP endpoints that share a set of
      common resources.  Application groups are announced in the RD by a
      Commissioning Tool, according to the RD-Groups usage pattern (see
      Appendix A of [I-D.ietf-core-resource-directory]).  An application
      group can be associated with one or more OSCORE groups, and
      multiple application groups can use the same OSCORE group.
      Application groups share resources by definition.  Any two
      application groups associated to the same OSCORE group do not
      share any resource.

2.  Registration of Group Manager Endpoints

   During deployment, a Group Manager (GM) can find the CoRE Resource
   Directory (RD) as described in Section 4 of
   [I-D.ietf-core-resource-directory].

   Afterwards, the GM registers as an endpoint with the RD, as described
   in Section 5 of [I-D.ietf-core-resource-directory].  The GM SHOULD
   NOT use the Simple Registration approach described in Section 5.1 of
   [I-D.ietf-core-resource-directory].

   When registering with the RD, the GM also registers the links to all
   the group-membership resources it has at that point in time, i.e. one
   for each of its OSCORE groups.

   In the registration request, each link to a group-membership resource
   has as target the URI of that resource at the GM.  Also, it includes
   parameters as target attributes, as defined in Section 2.1.




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2.1.  Target Attributes

   For registered links to group-membership resources at a GM, the
   following target attributes are specified.

   o  'rt', with value "core.osc.mbr" (see Section 7.1).

   o  'sec-gp', specifying the name of the OSCORE group of interest, as
      a stable and invariant identifier, such as the group name used in
      [I-D.ietf-ace-key-groupcomm-oscore].  This parameter MUST specify
      a single value.

   o  'app-gp', specifying the name(s) of the application group(s)
      associated to the OSCORE group of interest indicated by 'sec-gp'.
      This parameter MUST occur once for each application group, and
      MUST specify only a single application group.

   Optionally, the following target attributes can also be specified.

   o  'cs_alg', specifying the algorithm used to countersign messages in
      the OSCORE group.  If present, this parameter MUST specify a
      single value encoded as a text string, which is taken from the
      'Value' column of the "COSE Algorithms" Registry defined in
      [RFC8152].

   o  'cs_alg_crv', specifying the elliptic curve (if applicable) for
      the algorithm used to countersign messages in the OSCORE group.
      If present, this parameter MUST specify a single value encoded as
      a text string, which is taken from the 'Value' column of the "COSE
      Elliptic Curve" Registry defined in [RFC8152].

   o  'cs_key_kty', specifying the key type of countersignature keys
      used to countersign messages in the OSCORE group.  If present,
      this parameter MUST specify a single value encoded as a text
      string, which is taken from the 'Value' column of the "COSE Key
      Types" Registry defined in [RFC8152].

   o  'cs_key_crv', specifying the elliptic curve (if applicable) of
      countersignature keys used to countersign messages in the OSCORE
      group.  If present, this parameter MUST specify a single value
      encoded as a text string, which is taken from the 'Value' column
      of the "COSE Elliptic Curve" Registry defined in [RFC8152].

   o  'cs_kenc', specifying the encoding of the public keys used in the
      OSCORE group.  If present, this parameter MUST specify a single
      value encoded as a text string.  This specification explicitly
      admits the signaling of COSE Keys [RFC8152] as encoding for public
      keys, which is indicated with "1", as taken from the 'Confirmation



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      Key' column of the "CWT Confirmation Method" Registry defined in
      [I-D.ietf-ace-cwt-proof-of-possession].  Future specifications may
      define additional values for this parameter.

   o  'alg', specifying the AEAD algorithm used in the OSCORE group.  If
      present, this parameter MUST specify a single value encoded as a
      text string, which is taken from the 'Value' column of the "COSE
      Algorithms" Registry defined in [RFC8152].

   o  'hkdf', specifying the HKDF algorithm used in the OSCORE group.
      If present, this parameter MUST specify a single value encoded as
      a text string, which is taken from the 'Value' column of the "COSE
      Algorithms" Registry defined in [RFC8152].

   Values registered as a string that looks like an integer are not
   supported by this approach.  Therefore, they MUST NOT be advertised
   through the corresponding parameters above.

   A CoAP endpoint that queries the RD to discover OSCORE groups and
   their group-membership resource to access (see Section 4) would
   benefit from the information above as follows.

   o  The values of 'cs_alg', 'cs_alg_crv', 'cs_key_kty', 'cs_key_crv'
      and 'cs_kenc' related to a group-membership resource provide an
      early knowledge of the format and encoding of public keys used in
      the OSCORE group.  Thus, the CoAP endpoint does not need to ask
      the GM for this information as a preliminary step before the
      joining process, or to perform a trial-and-error exchange with the
      GM.  Hence, the CoAP endpoint is able to provide the GM with its
      own public key in the correct expected format and encoding at the
      very first step of the joining process.

   o  The values of 'cs_alg', 'alg' and 'hkdf' related to a group-
      membership resource provide an early knowledge of the algorithms
      used in the OSCORE group.  Thus, the CoAP endpoint is able to
      decide whether to actually proceed with the joining process,
      depending on its support for the indicated algorithms.

2.2.  Relation Link to Authorization Server

   For each registered link to a group-membership resource, the GM MAY
   additionally register the link to the ACE Authorization Server
   [I-D.ietf-ace-oauth-authz] associated to the GM, and issuing
   authorization credentials to join the OSCORE group as described in
   [I-D.ietf-ace-key-groupcomm-oscore].

   This registered link to an Authorization Server has as target the URI
   of the resource at the Authorization Server where to send an



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   authorization request to.  Also, it includes the following parameters
   as target attributes.

   o  'rel', with value "authorization_server".

   o  'anchor', with value the target of the link to the group-
      membership resource at the GM.

2.3.  Registration Example

   The example below shows a GM with endpoint name "gm1" and address
   2001:db8::ab that registers with the RD.

   The GM specifies the value of the 'sec-gp' parameter for accessing
   the OSCORE group with name "feedca570000", and used by the
   application group with name "group1" specified with the value of the
   'app-gp' parameter.  The countersignature algorithm used in the
   OSCORE group is EdDSA, with elliptic curve Ed25519 and keys of type
   OKP.  Public keys used in the OSCORE group are encoded as COSE Keys
   [RFC8152].

   In addition, the GM registers the link to the ACE Authorization
   Server associated to the GM, to which a CoAP endpoint should send an
   Authorization Request for joining the corresponding OSCORE group
   [I-D.ietf-ace-key-groupcomm-oscore].

   Request: GM -> RD

   Req: POST coap://rd.example.com/rd?ep=gm1
   Content-Format: 40
   Payload:
   </group-oscore/feedca570000>;ct=41;rt="core.osc.mbr";
                                sec-gp="feedca570000";app-gp="group1";
                                cs_alg="-8";cs_alg_crv="6";
                                cs_key_kty="1";cs_key_crv=6";
                                cs_kenc="1",
   <coap://as.example.com/token>;
         rel="authorization-server";
         anchor="coap://[2001:db8::ab]/group-oscore/feedca570000"

   Response: RD -> GM

   Res: 2.01 Created
   Location-Path: /rd/4521

   An analogous example in CoRAL is provided in Appendix A.1.





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3.  Addition and Update of OSCORE Groups

   The GM is responsible to refresh the registration of all its group-
   membership resources in the RD.  This means that the GM has to update
   the registration within its lifetime as per Section 5.3.1 of
   [I-D.ietf-core-resource-directory], and has to change the content of
   the registration when a group-membership resource is added/removed,
   or if its target attributes have to be changed, such as in the
   following cases.

   o  The GM creates a new OSCORE group and starts exporting the related
      group-membership resource.

   o  The GM dismisses an OSCORE group and stops exporting the related
      group-membership resource.

   o  Information related to an existing OSCORE group changes, e.g. the
      list of associated application groups.

   To perform an update of its registrations, the GM can re-register
   with the RD and fully specify all links to its group-membership
   resources with their target attributes.

   Alternatively, the GM can perform a PATCH/iPATCH [RFC8132] request to
   the RD, as per Section 5.3.3 of [I-D.ietf-core-resource-directory].
   This requires new media-types to be defined in future standards, to
   apply a link-format document as a patch to an existing stored
   document.

3.1.  Addition Example

   The example below shows how the GM from Section 2 re-registers with
   the RD.  When doing so, it specifies:

   o  The same previous group-membership resource associated to the
      OSCORE group with name "feedca570000".

   o  An additional group-membership resource associated to the OSCORE
      group with name "ech0ech00000" and used by the application group
      "group2".

   o  A third group-membership resource associated with the OSCORE group
      with name "abcdef120000" and used by two application groups,
      namely "group3" and "group4".

   Furthermore, the GM relates the same Authorization Server also to the
   OSCORE groups "ech0ech00000" and "abcdef120000".




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   Request: GM -> RD

   Req: POST coap://rd.example.com/rd?ep=gm1
   Content-Format: 40
   Payload:
   </group-oscore/feedca570000>;ct=41;rt="core.osc.mbr";
                                sec-gp="feedca570000";app-gp="group1";
                                cs_alg="-8";cs_alg_crv="6";
                                cs_key_kty="1";cs_key_crv=6";
                                cs_kenc="1",
   </group-oscore/ech0ech00000>;ct=41;rt="core.osc.mbr";
                                sec-gp="ech0ech00000";app-gp="group2";
                                cs_alg="-8";cs_alg_crv="6";
                                cs_key_kty="1";cs_key_crv=6";
                                cs_kenc="1",
   </group-oscore/abcdef120000>;ct=41;rt="core.osc.mbr";
                                sec-gp="abcdef120000";app-gp="group3";
                                app-gp="group4";cs_alg="-8";
                                cs_alg_crv="6";cs_key_kty="1";
                                cs_key_crv=6";cs_kenc="1",
   <coap://as.example.com/token>;
         rel="authorization-server";
         anchor="coap://[2001:db8::ab]/group-oscore/feedca570000",
   <coap://as.example.com/token>;
         rel="authorization-server";
         anchor="coap://[2001:db8::ab]/group-oscore/ech0ech00000",
   <coap://as.example.com/token>;
         rel="authorization-server";
         anchor="coap://[2001:db8::ab]/group-oscore/abcdef120000"

   Response: RD -> GM

   Res: 2.04 Changed
   Location-Path: /rd/4521

   An analogous example in CoRAL is provided in Appendix A.2.

4.  Discovery of OSCORE Groups

   A CoAP endpoint that wants to join an OSCORE group, hereafter called
   the joining node, might not have all the necessary information at
   deployment time.  Also, it might want to know about possible new
   OSCORE groups created afterwards by the respective Group Managers.

   To this end, the joining node can perform a resource lookup at the RD
   as per Section 6.1 of [I-D.ietf-core-resource-directory], to retrieve
   the missing pieces of information needed to join the OSCORE group(s)




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   of interest.  The joining node can find the RD as described in
   Section 4 of [I-D.ietf-core-resource-directory].

   The joining node uses the following parameter value for the lookup
   filtering.

   o  'rt' = "core.osc.mbr" (see Section 7.1).

   The joining node may additionally consider the following parameters
   for the lookup filtering, depending on the information it has already
   available.

   o  'sec-gp', specifying the name of the OSCORE group of interest.
      This parameter MUST specify a single value.

   o  'ep', specifying the registered endpoint of the GM.

   o  'app-gp', specifying the name(s) of the application group(s)
      associated with the OSCORE group of interest.  This parameter MAY
      be included multiple times, and each occurrence MUST specify the
      name of one application group.

   Note that, with RD-based discovery, including the 'app-gp' parameter
   multiple times would result in finding only the group-membership
   resource that serves all the specified application groups, i.e. not
   any group-membership resource that serves either.  Therefore, a
   joining node needs to perform N separate queries with different
   values for 'app-gp', in order to safely discover the (different)
   group-membership resource(s) serving the N application groups.

4.1.  Discovery Example #1

   Consistently with the examples in Section 2 and Section 3, the
   example below considers a joining node that wants to join the OSCORE
   group associated with the application group "group1", but that does
   not know the name of the OSCORE group, the responsible GM and the
   group-membership resource to access.

   Request: Joining node -> RD

   Req: GET coap://rd.example.com/rd-lookup/res
     ?rt=core.osc.mbr&app-gp=group1

   Response: RD -> Joining node







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   Res: 2.05 Content
   Payload:
   <coap://[2001:db8::ab]/group-oscore/feedca570000>;rt="core.osc.mbr";
       sec-gp="feedca570000";app-gp="group1";
       cs_alg="-8";cs_alg_crv="6";cs_key_kty="1";
       cs_key_crv=6";cs_kenc="1";anchor="coap://[2001:db8::ab]"

   To retrieve the multicast IP address used in "group1", the joining
   node performs an endpoint lookup as shown below.  The following
   assumes that the application group "group1" had been previously
   registered as per Appendix A of [I-D.ietf-core-resource-directory],
   with ff35:30:2001:db8::23 as associated multicast IP address.

   Request: Joining node -> RD

   Req: GET coap://rd.example.com/rd-lookup/ep
     ?et=core.rd-group&ep=group1

   Response: RD -> Joining node

   Res: 2.05 Content
   Payload:
   </rd/501>;ep="group1";et="core.rd-group";
             base="coap://[ff35:30:2001:db8::23]"

   An analogous example in CoRAL is provided in Appendix A.3.

4.2.  Discovery Example #2

   Consistently with the examples in Section 2 and Section 3, the
   example below considers a joining node that wants to join the OSCORE
   group with name "feedca570000", but that does not know the
   responsible GM, the group-membership resource to access, and the
   associated application groups.

   The example also shows how the joining node uses CoAP observation
   [RFC7641], in order to be notified of possible changes to the target
   attributes of the group-membership resource.  This is also useful to
   handle the case where the OSCORE group of interest has not been
   created yet, so that the joining node can receive the requested
   information when it becomes available.

   Request: Joining node -> RD

   Req: GET coap://rd.example.com/rd-lookup/res
     ?rt=core.osc.mbr&sec-gp=feedca570000
   Observe: 0




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   Response: RD -> Joining node

   Res: 2.05 Content
   Observe: 24
   Payload:
   <coap://[2001:db8::ab]/group-oscore/feedca570000>;rt="core.osc.mbr";
       sec-gp="feedca570000";app-gp="group1";
       cs_alg="-8";cs_alg_crv="6";cs_key_kty="1";
       cs_key_crv=6";cs_kenc="1";anchor="coap://[2001:db8::ab]"

   An analogous example in CoRAL is provided in Appendix A.4.

   Depending on the search criteria, the joining node performing the
   resource lookup can get large responses.  This can happen, for
   instance, when the lookup request targets all the group-membership
   resources at a specified GM, or all the group-membership resources of
   all the registered GMs, as in the example below.

   Request: Joining node -> RD

   Req: GET coap://rd.example.com/rd-lookup/res?rt=core.osc.mbr

   Response: RD -> Joining node

   Res: 2.05 Content
   Payload:
   <coap://[2001:db8::ab]/group-oscore/feedca570000>;rt="core.osc.mbr";
       sec-gp="feedca570000";app-gp="group1";
       cs_alg="-8";cs_alg_crv="6";cs_key_kty="1";
       cs_key_crv=6";cs_kenc="1";anchor="coap://[2001:db8::ab]",
   <coap://[2001:db8::ab]/group-oscore/ech0ech00000>;rt="core.osc.mbr";
       sec-gp="ech0ech00000";app-gp="group2";
       cs_alg="-8";cs_alg_crv="6";cs_key_kty="1";
       cs_key_crv=6";cs_kenc="1";anchor="coap://[2001:db8::ab]",
   <coap://[2001:db8::ab]/group-oscore/abcdef120000>;rt="core.osc.mbr";
       sec-gp="abcdef120000";app-gp="group3";
       app-gp="group4";cs_alg="-8";cs_alg_crv="6";
       cs_key_kty="1";cs_key_crv=6";cs_kenc="1";
       anchor="coap://[2001:db8::ab]"

   Therefore, it is RECOMMENDED that a joining node which performs a
   resource lookup with the CoAP Observe option specifies the value of
   the parameter 'sec-gp' in its GET request sent to the RD.








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5.  Use Case Example With Full Discovery

   In this section, the discovery of security groups is described to
   support the installation process of a lighting installation in an
   office building.  The described process is a simplified version of
   one of many processes.

   Assume the existence of four luminaires that are members of two
   application groups.  In the first application group, the four
   luminaires receive presence messages and light intensity messages
   from sensors or their proxy.  In the second application group, the
   four luminaires and several other pieces of equipment receive
   building state schedules.

   Each of the two application groups is associated to a different
   security group and uses its own dedicated multicast IP address.

   The Fairhair Alliance describes how a new device is accepted and
   commissioned in the network [Fairhair], by means of its certificate
   stored during the manufacturing process.  When commissioning the new
   device in the installation network, the new device gets a new
   identity defined by a newly allocated certificate, following the
   BRSKI specification.

   Section 7.3 of [I-D.ietf-core-resource-directory] describes how the
   Commissioning Tool (CT) assigns an endpoint name based on the CN
   field, (CN=ACME) and the serial number of the certificate (serial
   number = 123x, with 3 < x < 8).  Corresponding ep-names ACME-1234,
   ACME-1235, ACME-1236 and ACME-1237 are also assumed.

   It is common practice that locations in the building are specified
   according to a coordinate system.  After the acceptance of the
   luminaires into the installation network, the coordinate of each
   device is communicated to the CT.  This can be done manually or
   automatically.

   The mapping between location and ep-name is calculated by the CT.
   For instance, on the basis of grouping criteria, the CT assigns: i)
   application group "grp_R2-4-015" to the four luminaires; and ii)
   application group "grp_schedule" to all schedule requiring devices.
   Also, the device with ep name ACME-123x has been assigned IP address:
   [2001:db8:4::x].  The RD is assigned IP address: [2001:db8:4:ff].
   The used multicast addresses are: [ff05::5:1] and [ff05::5:2].

   *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***

   The CT defines the application group "grp_R2-4-015", with resource
   /light and base address [ff05::5:1], as follows.



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   Request: CT -> RD

   Req: POST coap://[2001:db8:4::ff]/rd
     ?ep=grp_R2-4-015&et=core.rd-group&base=coap://[ff05::5:1]
   Payload:
   </light>;rt="oic.d.light"

   Response: RD -> CT

   Res: 2.01 Created
   Location-Path: /rd/501

   Also, the CT defines a second application group "grp_schedule", with
   resource /schedule and base address [ff05::5:2], as follows.

   Request: CT -> RD

   Req: POST coap://[2001:db8:4::ff]/rd
     ?ep=grp_schedule&et=core.rd-group&base=coap://[ff05::5:2]
   Payload:
   </schedule>;rt="oic.r.time.period"

   Response: RD -> CT

   Res: 2.01 Created
   Location-Path: /rd/502

   *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***

   Consecutively, the CT registers the four devices in the RD (IP
   address: 2001:db8:4::ff), with their endpoint names and application
   groups.

   For the application group "grp_R2-4-015", four endpoints are
   specified as follows, with x = 4, 5, 6, 7.

   Request: CT -> RD

   Req: POST coap://[2001:db8:4::ff]/rd
     ?ep=ACME-123x&base=coap://[2001:db8:4::x]&in-app-gp=grp_R2-4-015
   Payload:
   </light>;rt="oic.d.light"

   Response: RD -> CT

   Res: 2.01 Created
   Location-Path: /rd/452x




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   For the application group "grp_schedule", four other endpoints are
   specified as follows, with x = 4, 5, 6, 7.

   Request: CT -> RD

   Req: POST coap://[2001:db8:4::ff]/rd
     ?ep=ACME-123x&base=coap://[2001:db8:4::x]&in-app-gp=grp_schedule
   Payload:
   </schedule>;rt="oic.r.time.period"

   Response: RD -> CT

   Res: 2.01 Created
   Location-Path: /rd/456x

   *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***

   Finally, the CT defines the corresponding security groups.  In
   particular, assuming a Group Manager responsible for both security
   groups and with address [2001:db8::ab], the CT specifies:

   Request: CT -> RD

   Req: POST coap://[2001:db8:4::ff]/rd
     ?ep=gm1&base=coap://[2001:db8::ab]
   Payload:
   </group-oscore/feedca570000>;ct=41;rt="core.osc.mbr";
                                sec-gp="feedca570000";
                                app-gp="grp_R2-4-015",
   </group-oscore/feedsc590000>;ct=41;rt="core.osc.mbr";
                                sec-gp="feedsc590000";
                                app-gp="grp_schedule"

   Response: RD -> CT

   Res: 2.01 Created
   Location-Path: /rd/4521

   *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***

   The device with IP address [2001:db8:4::x] can consequently learn the
   groups to which it belongs.  In particular, it first does an ep
   lookup to the RD to learn the application groups to which it belongs.

   Request: Joining node -> RD

   Req: GET coap://[2001:db8:4::ff]/rd-lookup/ep
     ?base=coap://[2001:db8:4::x]



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   Response: RD -> Joining node

   Res: 2.05 Content
   Payload:
   <rd/452x>;base=coap://[2001:db8:4::x]&ep=ACME-123x&\
             in-app-gp=grp_R2-4-015,
   <rd/456x>;base=coap://[2001:db8:4::x]&ep=ACME-123x&\
             in-app-gp=grp_schedule

   To retrieve the multicast IP address used in "grp_R2-4-015", the
   device performs an endpoint lookup as shown below.

   Request: Joining node -> RD

   Req: GET coap://[2001:db8:4::ff]/rd-lookup/ep
     ?et=core.rd-group&ep=grp_R2-4-015

   Response: RD -> Joining node

   Res: 2.05 Content
   Payload:
   </rd/501>;ep="grp_R2-4-015";et="core.rd-group";
             base="coap://[ff05::5:1]"

   Similarly, to retrieve the multicast IP address used in
   "grp_schedule", the device performs an endpoint lookup as shown
   below.

   Request: Joining node -> RD

   Req: GET coap://[2001:db8:4::ff]/rd-lookup/ep
     ?et=core.rd-group&ep=grp_schedule

   Response: RD -> Joining node

   Res: 2.05 Content
   Payload:
   </rd/502>;ep="grp_schedule";et="core.rd-group";
             base="coap://[ff05::5:2]"

   *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***

   Having learnt the application groups to which the device belongs, the
   device learns the security groups to which it belongs.  In
   particular, it does the following for app-gp="grp_R2-4-015".

   Request: Joining node -> RD




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   Req: GET coap://[2001:db8:4::ff]/rd-lookup/res
     ?rt=core.osc.mbr&app-gp=grp_R2-4-015

   Response: RD -> Joining Node

   Res: 2.05 Content
   Payload:
   <coap://[2001:db8::ab]/group-oscore/feedca570000>;
       rt="core.osc.mbr";sec-gp="feedca570000";
       app-gp="grp_R2-4-015";anchor="coap://[2001:db8::ab]"

   Similarly, the device does the following for app-gp="grp_schedule".

   Req: GET coap://[2001:db8:4::ff]/rd-lookup/res
     ?rt=core.osc.mbr&app-gp=grp_schedule

   Response: RD -> Joining Node

   Res: 2.05 Content
   Payload:
   <coap://[2001:db8::ab]/group-oscore/feedsc590000>;
       rt="core.osc.mbr";sec-gp="feedsc590000";
       app-gp="grp_schedule";anchor="coap://[2001:db8::ab]"

   *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***

   After this last discovery step, the device can ask permission to join
   the security groups, and effectively join them through the Group
   Manager, e.g. according to [I-D.ietf-ace-key-groupcomm-oscore].

6.  Security Considerations

   The security considerations as described in Section 8 of
   [I-D.ietf-core-resource-directory] apply here as well.

7.  IANA Considerations

   This document has the following actions for IANA.

7.1.  Resource Types

   IANA is asked to enter the following value into the Resource Type
   (rt=) Link Target Attribute Values subregistry within the Constrained
   Restful Environments (CoRE) Parameters registry defined in [RFC6690].







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     +--------------+----------------------------+-------------------+
     | Value        | Description                | Reference         |
     +--------------+----------------------------+-------------------+
     |              |                            |                   |
     | core.osc.mbr | Group-membership resource  | [[this document]] |
     |              | of an OSCORE Group Manager |                   |
     |              |                            |                   |
     +--------------+----------------------------+-------------------+

8.  References

8.1.  Normative References

   [I-D.ietf-ace-cwt-proof-of-possession]
              Jones, M., Seitz, L., Selander, G., Erdtman, S., and H.
              Tschofenig, "Proof-of-Possession Key Semantics for CBOR
              Web Tokens (CWTs)", draft-ietf-ace-cwt-proof-of-
              possession-11 (work in progress), October 2019.

   [I-D.ietf-core-oscore-groupcomm]
              Tiloca, M., Selander, G., Palombini, F., and J. Park,
              "Group OSCORE - Secure Group Communication for CoAP",
              draft-ietf-core-oscore-groupcomm-07 (work in progress),
              March 2020.

   [I-D.ietf-core-resource-directory]
              Shelby, Z., Koster, M., Bormann, C., Stok, P., and C.
              Amsuess, "CoRE Resource Directory", draft-ietf-core-
              resource-directory-23 (work in progress), July 2019.

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.

   [RFC6690]  Shelby, Z., "Constrained RESTful Environments (CoRE) Link
              Format", RFC 6690, DOI 10.17487/RFC6690, August 2012,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6690>.

   [RFC7252]  Shelby, Z., Hartke, K., and C. Bormann, "The Constrained
              Application Protocol (CoAP)", RFC 7252,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC7252, June 2014,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7252>.

   [RFC8152]  Schaad, J., "CBOR Object Signing and Encryption (COSE)",
              RFC 8152, DOI 10.17487/RFC8152, July 2017,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8152>.




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   [RFC8174]  Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC
              2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174,
              May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8174>.

8.2.  Informative References

   [Fairhair]
              FairHair Alliance, "Security Architecture for the Internet
              of Things (IoT) in Commercial Buildings", White Paper, ed.
              Piotr Polak , March 2018, <https://www.fairhair-
              alliance.org/data/downloadables/1/9/
              fairhair_security_wp_march-2018.pdf>.

   [I-D.dijk-core-groupcomm-bis]
              Dijk, E., Wang, C., and M. Tiloca, "Group Communication
              for the Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP)", draft-
              dijk-core-groupcomm-bis-03 (work in progress), March
              2020.

   [I-D.hartke-t2trg-coral-reef]
              Hartke, K., "Resource Discovery in Constrained RESTful
              Environments (CoRE) using the Constrained RESTful
              Application Language (CoRAL)", draft-hartke-t2trg-coral-
              reef-03 (work in progress), November 2019.

   [I-D.ietf-ace-key-groupcomm-oscore]
              Tiloca, M., Park, J., and F. Palombini, "Key Management
              for OSCORE Groups in ACE", draft-ietf-ace-key-groupcomm-
              oscore-05 (work in progress), March 2020.

   [I-D.ietf-ace-oauth-authz]
              Seitz, L., Selander, G., Wahlstroem, E., Erdtman, S., and
              H. Tschofenig, "Authentication and Authorization for
              Constrained Environments (ACE) using the OAuth 2.0
              Framework (ACE-OAuth)", draft-ietf-ace-oauth-authz-33
              (work in progress), February 2020.

   [I-D.ietf-core-coral]
              Hartke, K., "The Constrained RESTful Application Language
              (CoRAL)", draft-ietf-core-coral-02 (work in progress),
              January 2020.

   [RFC7049]  Bormann, C. and P. Hoffman, "Concise Binary Object
              Representation (CBOR)", RFC 7049, DOI 10.17487/RFC7049,
              October 2013, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7049>.






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   [RFC7228]  Bormann, C., Ersue, M., and A. Keranen, "Terminology for
              Constrained-Node Networks", RFC 7228,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC7228, May 2014,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7228>.

   [RFC7641]  Hartke, K., "Observing Resources in the Constrained
              Application Protocol (CoAP)", RFC 7641,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC7641, September 2015,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7641>.

   [RFC8132]  van der Stok, P., Bormann, C., and A. Sehgal, "PATCH and
              FETCH Methods for the Constrained Application Protocol
              (CoAP)", RFC 8132, DOI 10.17487/RFC8132, April 2017,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8132>.

   [RFC8259]  Bray, T., Ed., "The JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) Data
              Interchange Format", STD 90, RFC 8259,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC8259, December 2017,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8259>.

   [RFC8613]  Selander, G., Mattsson, J., Palombini, F., and L. Seitz,
              "Object Security for Constrained RESTful Environments
              (OSCORE)", RFC 8613, DOI 10.17487/RFC8613, July 2019,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8613>.

Appendix A.  Examples in CoRAL

   This section provides interaction examples in the Constrained RESTful
   Application Language CoRAL [I-D.ietf-core-coral], with reference to a
   CoRAL-based Resource Directory as described in
   [I-D.hartke-t2trg-coral-reef].

   While all the following examples use the CoRAL textual serialization
   format, the CBOR [RFC7049] or JSON [RFC8259] binary serialization
   format is used when sending such messages on the wire.

A.1.  Registration Example

   The following example in CoRAL is analogous to the example in
   Section 2.3.

   Request: GM -> RD









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   Req: POST coap://rd.example.com/rd?ep=gm1
   Content-Format: TBD123456 (application/coral+cbor)

   Payload:
   #using <http://coreapps.org/reef#>
   #using <http://coreapps.org/core.rd#>

   #base <coap://[2001:db8::ab]/>
   rd-item </group-oscore/feedca570000> {
      rt "core.osc.mbr"
      sec-gp "feedca570000"
      app-gp "group1"
      cs_alg -8
      cs_alg_crv 6
      cs_key_kty 1
      cs_key_crv 6
      cs_kenc 1
      authorization-server <coap://as.example.com/token>
   }

   Response: RD -> GM

   Res: 2.01 Created
   Location-Path: /rd/4521

A.2.  Addition Example

   The following example in CoRAL is analogous to the example in
   Section 3.1.

   Request: GM -> RD




















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   Req: POST coap://rd.example.com/rd?ep=gm1
   Content-Format: TBD123456 (application/coral+cbor)

   Payload:
   #using <http://coreapps.org/reef#>
   #using <http://coreapps.org/core.rd#>

   #base <coap://[2001:db8::ab]/>
   rd-item </group-oscore/feedca570000> {
      rt "core.osc.mbr"
      sec-gp "feedca570000"
      app-gp "group1"
      cs_alg -8
      cs_alg_crv 6
      cs_key_kty 1
      cs_key_crv 6
      cs_kenc 1
      as-uri <coap://as.example.com/token>
   }
   rd-item </group-oscore/ech0ech00000> {
      rt "core.osc.mbr"
      sec-gp "ech0ech00000"
      app-gp "group2"
      cs_alg -8
      cs_alg_crv 6
      cs_key_kty 1
      cs_key_crv 6
      cs_kenc 1
      as-uri <coap://as.example.com/token>
   }
   rd-item </group-oscore/abcdef120000> {
      rt "core.osc.mbr"
      sec-gp "abcdef120000"
      app-gp "group3"
      app-gp "group4"
      cs_alg -8
      cs_alg_crv 6
      cs_key_kty 1
      cs_key_crv 6
      cs_kenc 1
      as-uri <coap://as.example.com/token>
   }

   Response: RD -> GM

   Res: 2.04 Changed
   Location-Path: /rd/4521




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A.3.  Discovery Example #1

   The following example in CoRAL is analogous to the example in
   Section 4.1.

   Request: Joining node -> RD

   Req: GET coap://rd.example.com/rd-lookup/res
     ?rt=core.osc.mbr&app-gp=group1
   Accept: TBD123456 (application/coral+cbor)

   Response: RD -> Joining node

   Res: 2.05 Content
   Content-Format: TBD123456 (application/coral+cbor)

   Payload:
   #using <http://coreapps.org/reef#>
   #using <http://coreapps.org/core.rd#>

   #base <coap://[2001:db8::ab]/>
   rd-item </group-oscore/feedca570000> {
      rt "core.osc.mbr"
      sec-gp "feedca570000"
      app-gp "group1"
      cs_alg -8
      cs_alg_crv 6
      cs_key_kty 1
      cs_key_crv 6
      cs_kenc 1
      as-uri <coap://as.example.com/token>
   }

   Request: Joining node -> RD

   Req: GET coap://rd.example.com/rd-lookup/ep
     ?et=core.rd-group&ep=group1
   Accept: TBD123456 (application/coral+cbor)

   Response: RD -> Joining node











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   Res: 2.05 Content
   Content-Format: TBD123456 (application/coral+cbor)

   Payload:
   rd-unit <./rd/501> {
      ep="group1"
      et="core.rd-group
      multicast_address <coap://[ff35:30:2001:db8::23]>
   }

A.4.  Discovery Example #2

   The following example in CoRAL is analogous to the example in
   Section 4.2.

   Request: Joining node -> RD

   Req: GET coap://rd.example.com/rd-lookup/res
     ?rt=core.osc.mbr&sec-gp=feedca570000
   Accept: TBD123456 (application/coral+cbor)
   Observe: 0

   Response: RD -> Joining node

   Res: 2.05 Content
   Observe: 24
   Content-Format: TBD123456 (application/coral+cbor)

   Payload:
   #base <coap://[2001:db8::ab]/>
   rd-item </group-oscore/feedca570000> {
       rt "core.osc.mbr"
       sec-gp "feedca570000"
       app-gp "group1"
       cs_alg -8
       cs_alg_crv 6
       cs_key_kty 1
       cs_key_crv 6
       cs_kenc 1
   }

Acknowledgments

   The authors sincerely thank Carsten Bormann, Klaus Hartke, Francesca
   Palombini, Dave Robin and Jim Schaad for their comments and feedback.






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   The work on this document has been partly supported by VINNOVA and
   the Celtic-Next project CRITISEC, and by the EIT-Digital High Impact
   Initiative ACTIVE.

Authors' Addresses

   Marco Tiloca
   RISE AB
   Isafjordsgatan 22
   Kista  SE-16440 Stockholm
   Sweden

   Email: marco.tiloca@ri.se


   Christian Amsuess
   Hollandstr. 12/4
   Vienna  1020
   Austria

   Email: christian@amsuess.com


   Peter van der Stok
   Consultant

   Phone: +31-492474673 (Netherlands), +33-966015248 (France)
   Email: consultancy@vanderstok.org
   URI:   www.vanderstok.org






















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