RATS Working Group                                              A. Fuchs
Internet-Draft                                               H. Birkholz
Intended status: Standards Track                          Fraunhofer SIT
Expires: September 10, 2020                                  I. McDonald
                                                          High North Inc
                                                              C. Bormann
                                                 Universitaet Bremen TZI
                                                          March 09, 2020


                 Time-Based Uni-Directional Attestation
                      draft-birkholz-rats-tuda-02

Abstract

   This documents defines the method and bindings used to conduct Time-
   based Uni-Directional Attestation (TUDA) between two RATS (Remote
   ATtestation procedureS) Principals over the Internet.  TUDA does not
   require a challenge-response handshake and thereby does not rely on
   the conveyance of a nonce to prove freshness of remote attestation
   Evidence.  Conversely, TUDA enables the creation of Secure Audit Logs
   that can constitute Evidence about current and past operational
   states of an Attester.  As a prerequisite for TUDA, every RATS
   Principal requires access to a trusted and synchronized time-source.
   Per default, in TUDA this is a Time Stamp Authority (TSA) issuing
   signed Time Stamp Tokens (TST).

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
   working documents as Internet-Drafts.  The list of current Internet-
   Drafts is at https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   This Internet-Draft will expire on September 10, 2020.








Fuchs, et al.          Expires September 10, 2020               [Page 1]


Internet-Draft                    TUDA                        March 2020


Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2020 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
   (https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
   to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.

Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
     1.1.  Requirements Notation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
     1.2.  Evidence  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
     1.3.  Creating Evidence about Software Component Integrity  . .   5
       1.3.1.  Data Items  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
       1.3.2.  System Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
       1.3.3.  Operations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
     1.4.  Remote Attestation Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
     1.5.  System Component Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
     1.6.  Evidence Appraisal  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
     1.7.  Activities and Actions  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
     1.8.  Attestation and Verification  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
     1.9.  Information Elements and Conveyance . . . . . . . . . . .   8
     1.10. TUDA Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
     1.11. Hardware Dependencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
   2.  TUDA Core Concept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
   3.  Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
     3.1.  Universal Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
     3.2.  Roles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
       3.2.1.  General Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
       3.2.2.  RoT specific terms  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
     3.3.  Certificates  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
   4.  Time-Based Uni-Directional Attestation  . . . . . . . . . . .  13
     4.1.  TUDA Information Elements Update Cycles . . . . . . . . .  15
   5.  Sync Base Protocol  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
   6.  IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18
   7.  Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18
   8.  Change Log  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18
   9.  Contributors  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  19
   10. References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  19
     10.1.  Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  19



Fuchs, et al.          Expires September 10, 2020               [Page 2]


Internet-Draft                    TUDA                        March 2020


     10.2.  Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  20
   Appendix A.  REST Realization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  24
   Appendix B.  SNMP Realization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  24
     B.1.  Structure of TUDA MIB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  25
       B.1.1.  Cycle Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  25
       B.1.2.  Instance Index  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  25
       B.1.3.  Fragment Index  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  25
     B.2.  Relationship to Host Resources MIB  . . . . . . . . . . .  26
     B.3.  Relationship to Entity MIB  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  26
     B.4.  Relationship to Other MIBs  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  26
     B.5.  Definition of TUDA MIB  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  26
   Appendix C.  YANG Realization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  43
   Appendix D.  Realization with TPM functions . . . . . . . . . . .  57
     D.1.  TPM Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  57
       D.1.1.  Tick-Session and Tick-Stamp . . . . . . . . . . . . .  57
       D.1.2.  Platform Configuration Registers (PCRs) . . . . . . .  58
       D.1.3.  PCR restricted Keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  59
       D.1.4.  CertifyInfo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  59
     D.2.  IE Generation Procedures for TPM 1.2  . . . . . . . . . .  59
       D.2.1.  AIK and AIK Certificate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  59
       D.2.2.  Synchronization Token . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  60
       D.2.3.  RestrictionInfo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  62
       D.2.4.  Measurement Log . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  64
       D.2.5.  Implicit Attestation  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  65
       D.2.6.  Attestation Verification Approach . . . . . . . . . .  66
     D.3.  IE Generation Procedures for TPM 2.0  . . . . . . . . . .  68
       D.3.1.  AIK and AIK Certificate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  68
       D.3.2.  Synchronization Token . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  69
       D.3.3.  Measurement Log . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  69
       D.3.4.  Explicit time-based Attestation . . . . . . . . . . .  70
       D.3.5.  Sync Proof  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  70
   Acknowledgements  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  71
   Authors' Addresses  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  71

1.  Introduction

   Remote ATtestation procedureS (RATS) describe the attempt to
   determine and appraise properties, such as integrity and
   trustworthiness, of a communication partner - the Attester - over the
   Internet to another communication parter - the Verifier - without
   direct access.  TUDA uses the architectural constituents of the RATS
   Architecture [I-D.ietf-rats-architecture] that defines the Roles
   Attester and Verifier in detail.  The RATS Architecture also defines
   Role Messages.  TUDA creates and conveys a specific type of Role
   Message called Evidence, a composition of trustwrthiness Claims
   provided by an Attester and consumed by a Verifier (potentially
   relayed by another RATS Role that is a Relying Party).  TUDA - in
   contrast to traditional bi-directional challenge-response protocols



Fuchs, et al.          Expires September 10, 2020               [Page 3]


Internet-Draft                    TUDA                        March 2020


   [I-D.birkholz-rats-reference-interaction-model] - enables a uni-
   directional conveyance of attestation Evidence that allows for
   providing attestation information without solicitation (e.g. as
   beacons or push data via YANG Push [RFC8641], [RFC8640], [RFC8639]).

   As a result, this document introduces the term Forward Authenticity.

   Forward Authenticity (FA):  A property of secure communication
      protocols, in which later compromise of the long-term keys of a
      data origin does not compromise past authentication of data from
      that origin.  FA is achieved by timely recording of assessments of
      the authenticity from system components (via "audit logs" during
      "audit sessions") that are authorized for this purpose and
      trustworthy (e.g via endorsed roots of trust), in a time frame
      much shorter than that expected for the compromise of the long-
      term keys.

      Forward Authenticity enables new levels of assurance and can be
      included in basically every protocol, such as ssh, YANG Push,
      router advertisements, link layer neighbor discovery, or even ICMP
      echo.

1.1.  Requirements Notation

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
   "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in
   BCP 14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all
   capitals, as shown here.

1.2.  Evidence

   Remote attestation Evidence is basically a set of trustworthiness
   claims (assertions about the Attester and its system characteristics
   including security posture and protection characteristics) that are
   accompanied by a proof of their veracity - typically a signature
   based on shielded, private and potentially restricted key material.
   As key material alone is typically not self-descriptive with respect
   to its intended use (its semantics), the remote attestation Evidence
   created via TUDA is accompanied by two kinds of certificates that are
   cryptographically associated with a Trust Anchor (TA) [RFC4949] via a
   certification path:

   o  an Attestation Key (AK) Certificate (AK-Cert) that represents the
      attestation provenance of the created Evidence, and






Fuchs, et al.          Expires September 10, 2020               [Page 4]


Internet-Draft                    TUDA                        March 2020


   o  an Endorsement Key (EK) Certificate (EK-Cert) that represents the
      protection characteristics of the system components the AK is
      stored in.

   If a Verifier decides to trust both the TA of an AK-Cert and an EK-
   Cert presented by an Attester - and the included assertions about the
   system characteristics describing the Attester, the attestation
   Evidence created via TUDA by the Attester is considered believable.
   Ultimately, believable Evidence is appraised by a Verifier in order
   to assess the trustworthiness of the corresponding Attester.

1.3.  Creating Evidence about Software Component Integrity

   The TUDA protocol mechanism uses hash values of all started software
   components as a basis to provide and create Evidence about the
   integrity of the software components of an Attester.  This section
   defines the processed data items, the required system components, and
   corresponding operations to enable the creation of Evidence about
   software component integrity for TUDA.

1.3.1.  Data Items

   The hash value of a software component created before it is executed
   is referred to as a "measurement" in the remainder of this document.
   Measurements are chained using a rolling hash function.  Each
   measurement added to the sequence of all measurements results in a
   new current hash value that is referred to as a "digest" in the
   remainder of this document.

1.3.2.  System Components

   The function to store these measurements via a rolling hash function
   is provided by a root of trust for storage - a system component that
   MUST be a component of the attester.

   With respect to the boot sequence of an Attester, the very first
   measurements of software components (e.g. the BIOS, or a sometimes a
   bootloader) have to be conducted by a root of trust for measurement
   that is implemented in hardware and MUST be a system component of the
   Attester.

   All measurements retained in the root of trust for measurements are
   handed over to the root of trust for storage when it becomes
   available during the boot procedure of the Attester.  During that
   hand-over the sequence of measurements retained in the root of trust
   for measurement are processed by the rolling hash function of the
   root of trust for storage.




Fuchs, et al.          Expires September 10, 2020               [Page 5]


Internet-Draft                    TUDA                        March 2020


   The function of retrieving the current output value of the rolling
   hash function, including a signature to provide a proof of veracity,
   is provided by a root of trust for reporting and MUST be a system
   component of the Attester.

   Typically, a root of trust for storage and a root of trust for
   reporting are tightly coupled.  Analogously, a root of trust for
   measurement is typically independent from the root of trust for
   storage, but has to be able to interact with root of trust for
   storage at some point of the boot sequence of the Attester to hand
   over the retained measurements.

1.3.3.  Operations

   The operation of processing a measurement and adding it to the
   sequence of measurements via the rolling hash function is called
   "extend" and is provided by the root of trust for storage.

   The operation of retrieving the current available hash value that is
   the result of the rolling hash function including a signature based
   on an Attestation Key is called "quote" and is provided by the
   corresponding root of trust for reporting.

1.4.  Remote Attestation Principles

   In essence, RATS are composed of three base activities.  The
   following definitions are derived from the definitions presented in
   [PRIRA] and [TCGGLOSS], and are a simplified summary of the RATS
   Architecture relevant for TUDA.  The complete RATS Architecture and
   every corresponding constituent, message and interaction is defined
   in [I-D.ietf-rats-architecture].

   Attestation:  The creation of one ore more claims about the
      trustworthiness properties of an Attester, such that the claims
      can be used as Evidence.

   Conveyance:  The transfer of Evidence from the Attester to the
      Verifier via an interconnect.

   Verification:  The appraisal of Evidence by evaluating it against
      known-good-values (a type of declarative guidance).

   With TUDA, the claims that compose the evidence are signatures over
   trustworthy integrity measurements created by leveraging roots of
   trust.  The evidence is appraised via corresponding signatures over
   reference integrity measurements (RIM, represented, for example via
   [I-D.ietf-sacm-coswid]).




Fuchs, et al.          Expires September 10, 2020               [Page 6]


Internet-Draft                    TUDA                        March 2020


   Protocols that facilitate Trust-Anchor based signatures in order to
   provide RATS are usually bi-directional challenge/response protocols,
   such as the Platform Trust Service protocol [PTS] or CAVES [PRIRA],
   where one entity sends a challenge that is included inside the
   response to prove the recentness - the freshness (see fresh in
   [RFC4949]) - of the attestation information.  The corresponding
   interaction model tightly couples the three activities of creating,
   transferring and appraising evidence.

   The Time-Based Uni-directional Attestation family of protocols - TUDA
   - described in this document can decouple the three activities RATS
   are composed of.  As a result, TUDA provides additional capabilities,
   such as:

   o  remote attestation for Attesters that might not always be able to
      reach the Internet by enabling the verification of past states,

   o  secure audit logs by combining the evidence created via TUDA with
      integrity measurement logs that represent a detailed record of
      corresponding past states,

   o  an uni-directional interaction model that can traverse "diode-
      like" network security functions (NSF) or can be leveraged in
      RESTful architectures (e.g.  CoAP [RFC7252]), analogously.

1.5.  System Component Requirements

   TUDA is a family of protocols that bundles results from specific
   attestation activities.  The attestation activities of TUDA are based
   on a hardware roots of trust that provides the following
   capabilities:

   o  Platform Configuration Registers (PCR) that can extend
      measurements consecutively and represent the sequence of
      measurements as a single digest,

   o  Restricted Signing Keys (RSK) that can only be accessed, if a
      specific signature about a set of measurements can be provided as
      authentication, and

   o  a dedicated source of (relative) time, e.g. a tick counter (a tick
      being a specific time interval, for example 10 ms).

1.6.  Evidence Appraisal

   To appraise the evidence created by an Attester, the Verifier
   requires corresponding Reference Integrity Measurements (RIM).
   Typical set of RIMs are required to assess the integrity of an



Fuchs, et al.          Expires September 10, 2020               [Page 7]


Internet-Draft                    TUDA                        March 2020


   Attester.  These sets are called RIM Bundles.  The scope of a RIM
   Bundle encompasses, e.g., a platform, a device, a computing context,
   or a virtualised function.  In order to be comparable, the hashing
   algorithms used by the Attester to create the integrity measurements
   have to match the hashing algorithms used to create the corresponding
   RIM that are used by the Verifier to appraise the attestation
   Evidence about software component integrity.

1.7.  Activities and Actions

   Depending on the platform (i.e. one or more computing contexts
   including a dedicated hardware RoT), a generic RA activity results in
   platform-specific actions that have to be conducted.  In consequence,
   there are multiple specific operations and data models (defining the
   input and output of operations).  Hence, specific actions are are not
   covered by this document.  Instead, the requirements on operations
   and the information elements that are the input and output to these
   operations are illustrated using pseudo code in Appendix C and D.

1.8.  Attestation and Verification

   Both the attestation and the verification activity of TUDA also
   require a trusted Time Stamp Authority (TSA) as an additional third
   party next to the Attester and the Verifier.  The protocol uses a
   Time Stamp Authority based on [RFC3161].  The combination of the
   local source of time provided by the hardware RoT (located on the
   Attester) and the Time Stamp Tokens provided by the TSA (to both the
   Attester and the Verifier) enable the attestation and verification of
   an appropriate freshness of the evidence conveyed by the Attester --
   without requiring a challenge/response interaction model that uses a
   nonce to ensure the freshness.

   Typically, the verification activity requires declarative guidance
   (representing desired or compliant endpoint characteristics in the
   form of RIM, see above) to appraise the individual integrity
   measurements the conveyed evidence is composed on.  The acquisition
   or representation (data models) of declarative guidance as well as
   the corresponding evaluation methods are out of the scope of this
   document.

1.9.  Information Elements and Conveyance

   TUDA defines a set of information elements (IE) that are created and
   stored on the Attester and are intended to be transferred to the
   Verifier in order to enable appraisal.  Each TUDA IE:

   o  is encoded in the Concise Binary Object Representation (CBOR
      [RFC7049]) to minimize the volume of data in motion.  In this



Fuchs, et al.          Expires September 10, 2020               [Page 8]


Internet-Draft                    TUDA                        March 2020


      document, the composition of the CBOR data items that represent IE
      is described using the Concise Data Definition Language, CDDL
      [RFC8610]

   o  that requires a certain freshness is only created/updated when
      out-dated, which reduces the overall resources required from the
      Attester, including the utilization of the hardware root of trust.
      The IE that have to be created are determined by their age or by
      specific state changes on the Attester (e.g. state changes due to
      a reboot-cycle)

   o  is only transferred when required, which reduces the amount of
      data in motion necessary to conduct remote attestation
      significantly.  Only IE that have changed since their last
      conveyance have to be transferred

   o  that requires a certain freshness can be reused for multiple
      remote attestation procedures in the limits of its corresponding
      freshness-window, further reducing the load imposed on the
      Attester and its corresponding hardware RoT.

1.10.  TUDA Objectives

   The Time-Based Uni-directional Attestation family of protocols is
   designed to:

   o  increase the confidence in authentication and authorization
      procedures,

   o  address the requirements of constrained-node networks,

   o  support interaction models that do not maintain connection-state
      over time, such as REST architectures [REST],

   o  be able to leverage existing management interfaces, such as SNMP
      [RFC3411].  RESTCONF [RFC8040] or CoMI [I-D.ietf-core-comi] -- and
      corresponding bindings,

   o  support broadcast and multicast schemes (e.g.  [IEEE1609]),

   o  be able to cope with temporary loss of connectivity, and to

   o  provide trustworthy audit logs of past endpoint states.








Fuchs, et al.          Expires September 10, 2020               [Page 9]


Internet-Draft                    TUDA                        March 2020


1.11.  Hardware Dependencies

   The binding of the attestation scheme used by TUDA to generate the
   TUDA IE is specific to the methods provided by the hardware RoT used
   (see above).  In this document,expositional text and pseudo-code that
   is provided as a reference to instantiate the TUDA IE is based on TPM
   1.2 and TPM 2.0 operations.  The corresponding TPM commands are
   specified in [TPM12] and [TPM2].  The references to TPM commands and
   corresponding pseudo-code only serve as guidance to enable a better
   understanding of the attestation scheme and is intended to encourage
   the use of any appropriate hardware RoT or equivalent set of
   functions available to a CPU or Trusted Execution Environment [TEE].

2.  TUDA Core Concept

   There are significant differences between conventional bi-directional
   attestation and TUDA regarding both the information elements conveyed
   between Attester and Verifier and the time-frame, in which an
   attestation can be considered to be fresh (and therefore
   trustworthy).

   In general, remote attestation using a bi-directional communication
   scheme includes sending a nonce-challenge within a signed attestation
   token.  Using the TPM 1.2 as an example, a corresponding nonce-
   challenge would be included within the signature created by the
   TPM_Quote command in order to prove the freshness of the attestation
   response, see e.g.  [PTS].

   In contrast, the TUDA protocol uses the combined output of
   TPM_CertifyInfo and TPM_TickStampBlob.  The former provides a proof
   about the platform's state by creating evidence that a certain key is
   bound to that state.  The latter provides proof that the platform was
   in the specified state by using the bound key in a time operation.
   This combination enables a time-based attestation scheme.  The
   approach is based on the concepts introduced in [SCALE] and
   [SFKE2008].

   Each TUDA IE has an individual time-frame, in which it is considered
   to be fresh (and therefore trustworthy).  In consequence, each TUDA
   IE that composes data in motion is based on different methods of
   creation.

   The freshness properties of a challenge-response based protocol
   define the point-of-time of attestation between:

   o  the time of transmission of the nonce, and

   o  the reception of the corresponding response.



Fuchs, et al.          Expires September 10, 2020              [Page 10]


Internet-Draft                    TUDA                        March 2020


   Given the time-based attestation scheme, the freshness property of
   TUDA is equivalent to that of bi-directional challenge response
   attestation, if the point-in-time of attestation lies between:

   o  the transmission of a TUDA time-synchronization token, and

   o  the typical round-trip time between the Verifier and the Attester.

   The accuracy of this time-frame is defined by two factors:

   o  the time-synchronization between the Attester and the TSA.  The
      time between the two tickstamps acquired via the hardware RoT
      define the scope of the maximum drift ("left" and "right" in
      respect to the timeline) to the TSA timestamp, and

   o  the drift of clocks included in the hardware RoT.

   Since the conveyance of TUDA evidence does not rely upon a Verifier
   provided value (i.e. the nonce), the security guarantees of the
   protocol only incorporate the TSA and the hardware RoT.  In
   consequence, TUDA evidence can even serve as proof of integrity in
   audit logs with precise point-in-time guarantees, in contrast to
   classical attestations.

   Appendix A contains guidance on how to utilize a REST architecture.

   Appendix B contains guidance on how to create an SNMP binding and a
   corresponding TUDA-MIB.

   Appendix C contains a corresponding YANG module that supports both
   RESTCONF and CoMI.

   Appendix D.2 contains a realization of TUDA using TPM 1.2 primitives.

   Appendix D.3 contains a realization of TUDA using TPM 2.0 primitives.

3.  Terminology

   This document introduces roles, information elements and types
   required to conduct TUDA and uses terminology (e.g. specific
   certificate names) typically seen in the context of attestation or
   hardware security modules.

3.1.  Universal Terms

   Attestation Identity Key (AIK):  a special purpose signature
      (therefore asymmetric) key that supports identity related
      operations.  The private portion of the key pair is maintained



Fuchs, et al.          Expires September 10, 2020              [Page 11]


Internet-Draft                    TUDA                        March 2020


      confidential to the entity via appropriate measures (that have an
      impact on the scope of confidence).  The public portion of the key
      pair may be included in AIK credentials that provide a claim about
      the entity.

   Claim:  A piece of information asserted about a subject [RFC4949].  A
      claim is represented as a name/value pair consisting of a Claim
      Name and a Claim Value [RFC7519].

      In the context of SACM, a claim is also specialized as an
      attribute/value pair that is intended to be related to a statement
      [I-D.ietf-sacm-terminology].

   Endpoint Attestation:  the creation of evidence on the Attester that
      provides proof of a set of the endpoints's integrity measurements.
      This is done by digitally signing a set of PCRs using an AIK
      shielded by the hardware RoT.

   Endpoint Characteristics:  the context, composition, configuration,
      state, and behavior of an endpoint.

   Evidence:  a trustworthy set of claims about an endpoint's
      characteristics.

   Identity:  a set of claims that is intended to be related to an
      entity.

   Integrity Measurements:  Metrics of endpoint characteristics (i.e.
      composition, configuration and state) that affect the confidence
      in the trustworthiness of an endpoint.  Digests of integrity
      measurements can be stored in shielded locations (i.e.  PCR of a
      TPM).

   Reference Integrity Measurements:  Signed measurements about the
      characteristics of an endpoint's characteristics that are provided
      by a vendor and are intended to be used as declarative guidance
      [I-D.ietf-sacm-terminology] (e.g. a signed CoSWID).

   Trustworthy:  the qualities of an endpoint that guarantee a specific
      behavior and/or endpoint characteristics defined by declarative
      guidance.  Analogously, trustworthiness is the quality of being
      trustworthy with respect to declarative guidance.  Trustworthiness
      is not an absolute property but defined with respect to an entity,
      corresponding declarative guidance, and has a scope of confidence.

      Trustworthy Endpoint: an endpoint that guarantees trustworthy
      behavior and/or composition (with respect to certain declarative
      guidance and a scope of confidence).



Fuchs, et al.          Expires September 10, 2020              [Page 12]


Internet-Draft                    TUDA                        March 2020


      Trustworthy Statement: evidence that is trustworthy conveyed by an
      endpoint that is not necessarily trustworthy.

3.2.  Roles

   Attester:  the endpoint that is the subject of the attestation to
      another endpoint.

   Verifier:  the endpoint that consumes the attestation of another
      endpoint to conduct a verification.

   TSA:  a Time Stamp Authority [RFC3161]

3.2.1.  General Types

   Byte:  the now customary synonym for octet

   Cert:  an X.509 certificate represented as a byte-string

3.2.2.  RoT specific terms

   PCR:  a Platform Configuration Register that is part of a hardware
      root of trust and is used to securely store and report
      measurements about security posture

   PCR-Hash:  a hash value of the security posture measurements stored
      in a TPM PCR (e.g. regarding running software instances)
      represented as a byte-string

3.3.  Certificates

   TSA-CA:  the Certificate Authority that provides the certificate for
      the TSA represented as a Cert

   AIK-CA:  the Certificate Authority that provides the certificate for
      the attestation identity key of the TPM.  This is the client
      platform credential for this protocol.  It is a placeholder for a
      specific CA and AIK-Cert is a placeholder for the corresponding
      certificate, depending on what protocol was used.  The specific
      protocols are out of scope for this document, see also
      [AIK-Enrollment] and [IEEE802.1AR].

4.  Time-Based Uni-Directional Attestation

   A Time-Based Uni-Directional Attestation (TUDA) consists of the
   following seven information elements.  They are used to gain
   assurance of the Attester's platform configuration at a certain point
   in time:



Fuchs, et al.          Expires September 10, 2020              [Page 13]


Internet-Draft                    TUDA                        March 2020


   TSA Certificate:  The certificate of the Time Stamp Authority that is
      used in a subsequent synchronization protocol token.  This
      certificate is signed by the TSA-CA.

   AIK Certificate:  A certificate about the Attestation Identity Key
      (AIK) used.  This may or may not also be an [IEEE802.1AR] IDevID
      or LDevID, depending on their setting of the corresponding
      identity property.  ([AIK-Credential], [AIK-Enrollment]; see
      Appendix D.2.1.)

   Synchronization Token:  The reference for attestations are the
      relative timestanps provided by the hardware RoT.  In order to put
      attestations into relation with a Real Time Clock (RTC), it is
      necessary to provide a cryptographic synchronization between these
      trusted relative timestamps and the regular RTC that is a hardware
      component of the Attester.  To do so, a synchronization protocol
      is run with a Time Stamp Authority (TSA).

   Restriction Info:  The attestation relies on the capability of the
      hardware RoT to operate on restricted keys.  Whenever the PCR
      values for the machine to be attested change, a new restricted key
      is created that can only be operated as long as the PCRs remain in
      their current state.

      In order to prove to the Verifier that this restricted temporary
      key actually has these properties and also to provide the PCR
      value that it is restricted, the corresponding signing
      capabilities of the hardware RoT are used.  It creates a signed
      certificate using the AIK about the newly created restricted key.

   Measurement Log:  Similarly to regular attestations, the Verifier
      needs a way to reconstruct the PCRs' values in order to estimate
      the trustworthiness of the device.  As such, a list of those
      elements that were extended into the PCRs is reported.  Note
      though that for certain environments, this step may be optional if
      a list of valid PCR configurations (in the form of RIM available
      to the Verifier) exists and no measurement log is required.

   Implicit Attestation:  The actual attestation is then based upon a
      signed timestamp provided by the hardware RoT using the restricted
      temporary key that was certified in the steps above.  The signed
      timestamp provides evidence that at this point in time (with
      respect to the relative time of the hardware RoT) a certain
      configuration existed (namely the PCR values associated with the
      restricted key).  Together with the synchronization token this
      timestamp represented in relative time can then be related to the
      real-time clock.




Fuchs, et al.          Expires September 10, 2020              [Page 14]


Internet-Draft                    TUDA                        March 2020


   Concise SWID tags:  As an option to better assess the trustworthiness
      of an Attester, a Verifier can request the reference hashes (RIM,
      which are often referred to as golden measurements) of all started
      software components to compare them with the entries in the
      measurement log.  References hashes regarding installed (and
      therefore running) software can be provided by the manufacturer
      via SWID tags.  SWID tags are provided by the Attester using the
      Concise SWID representation [I-D.ietf-sacm-coswid] and bundled
      into a CBOR array (a RIM Manifest).  Ideally, the reference hashes
      include a signature created by the manufacturer of the software to
      prove their integrity.

   These information elements could be sent en bloc, but it is
   recommended to retrieve them separately to save bandwidth, since
   these elements have different update cycles.  In most cases,
   retransmitting all seven information elements would result in
   unnecessary redundancy.

   Furthermore, in some scenarios it might be feasible not to store all
   elements on the Attester endpoint, but instead they could be
   retrieved from another location or be pre-deployed to the Verifier.
   It is also feasible to only store public keys on the Verifier and
   skip the whole certificate provisioning completely in order to save
   bandwidth and computation time for certificate verification.

4.1.  TUDA Information Elements Update Cycles

   An endpoint can be in various states and have various information
   associated with it during its life cycle.  For TUDA, a subset of the
   states (which can include associated information) that an endpoint
   and its hardware root of trust can be in, is important to the
   attestation process.  States can be:

   o  persistent, even after a hard reboot.  This includes certificates
      that are associated with the endpoint itself or with services it
      relies on.

   o  volatile to a degree, because they change at the beginning of each
      boot cycle.  This includes the capability of a hardware RoT to
      provide relative time which provides the basis for the
      synchronization token and implicit attestation--and which can
      reset after an endpoint is powered off.

   o  very volatile, because they change during an uptime cycle (the
      period of time an endpoint is powered on, starting with its boot).
      This includes the content of PCRs of a hardware RoT and thereby
      also the PCR-restricted signing keys used for attestation.




Fuchs, et al.          Expires September 10, 2020              [Page 15]


Internet-Draft                    TUDA                        March 2020


   Depending on this "lifetime of state", data has to be transported
   over the wire, or not.  E.g. information that does not change due to
   a reboot typically has to be transported only once between the
   Attester and the Verifier.

   There are three kinds of events that require a renewed attestation:

   o  The Attester completes a boot-cycle

   o  A relevant PCR changes

   o  Too much time has passed since the last attestation statement

   The third event listed above is variable per application use case and
   also depends on the precision of the clock included in the hardware
   RoT.  For usage scenarios, in which the device would periodically
   push information to be used in an audit-log, a time-frame of
   approximately one update per minute should be sufficient in most
   cases.  For those usage scenarios, where Verifiers request (pull) a
   fresh attestation statement, an implementation could use the hardware
   RoT continuously to always present the most freshly created results.
   To save some utilization of the hardware RoT for other purposes,
   however, a time-frame of once per ten seconds is recommended, which
   would typically leave about 80% of utilization for other
   applications.

   Attester                                                 Verifier
      |                                                         |
    Boot                                                        |
      |                                                         |
    Create Sync-Token                                           |
      |                                                         |
    Create Restricted Key                                       |
    Certify Restricted Key                                      |
      |                                                         |
      | AIK-Cert ---------------------------------------------> |
      | Sync-Token -------------------------------------------> |
      | Certify-Info -----------------------------------------> |
      | Measurement Log --------------------------------------> |
      | Attestation ------------------------------------------> |
      |                                           Verify Attestation
      |                                                         |
      |       <Time Passed>                                     |
      |                                                         |
      | Attestation ------------------------------------------> |
      |                                           Verify Attestation
      |                                                         |
      |       <Time Passed>                                     |



Fuchs, et al.          Expires September 10, 2020              [Page 16]


Internet-Draft                    TUDA                        March 2020


      |                                                         |
    PCR-Change                                                  |
      |                                                         |
    Create Restricted Key                                       |
    Certify Restricted Key                                      |
      |                                                         |
      | Certify-Info -----------------------------------------> |
      | Measurement Log --------------------------------------> |
      | Attestation ------------------------------------------> |
      |                                           Verify Attestation
      |                                                         |
    Boot                                                        |
      |                                                         |
    Create Sync-Token                                           |
      |                                                         |
    Create Restricted Key                                       |
    Certify Restricted Key                                      |
      |                                                         |
      | Sync-Token -------------------------------------------> |
      | Certify-Info -----------------------------------------> |
      | Measurement Log --------------------------------------> |
      | Attestation ------------------------------------------> |
      |                                           Verify Attestation
      |                                                         |
      |       <Time Passed>                                     |
      |                                                         |
      | Attestation ------------------------------------------> |
      |                                           Verify Attestation
      |                                                         |

                   Figure 1: Example sequence of events

5.  Sync Base Protocol

   The uni-directional approach of TUDA requires evidence on how the TPM
   time represented in ticks (relative time since boot of the TPM)
   relates to the standard time provided by the TSA.  The Sync Base
   Protocol (SBP) creates evidence that binds the TPM tick time to the
   TSA timestamp.  The binding information is used by and conveyed via
   the Sync Token (TUDA IE).  There are three actions required to create
   the content of a Sync Token:

   o  At a given point in time (called "left"), a signed tickstamp
      counter value is acquired from the hardware RoT.  The hash of
      counter and signature is used as a nonce in the request directed
      at the TSA.





Fuchs, et al.          Expires September 10, 2020              [Page 17]


Internet-Draft                    TUDA                        March 2020


   o  The corresponding response includes a data-structure incorporating
      the trusted timestamp token and its signature created by the TSA.

   o  At the point-in-time the response arrives (called "right"), a
      signed tickstamp counter value is acquired from the hardware RoT
      again, using a hash of the signed TSA timestamp as a nonce.

   The three time-related values -- the relative timestamps provided by
   the hardware RoT ("left" and "right") and the TSA timestamp -- and
   their corresponding signatures are aggregated in order to create a
   corresponding Sync Token to be used as a TUDA Information Element
   that can be conveyed as evidence to a Verifier.

   The drift of a clock incorporated in the hardware RoT that drives the
   increments of the tick counter constitutes one of the triggers that
   can initiate a TUDA Information Element Update Cycle in respect to
   the freshness of the available Sync Token.

   content TBD

6.  IANA Considerations

   This memo includes requests to IANA, including registrations for
   media type definitions.

   TBD

7.  Security Considerations

   There are Security Considerations.  TBD

8.  Change Log

   Changes from version 04 to I2NSF related document version 00: *
   Refactored main document to be more technology agnostic * Added first
   draft of procedures for TPM 2.0 * Improved content consistency and
   structure of all sections

   Changes from version 03 to version 04:

   o  Refactoring of Introduction, intend, scope and audience

   o  Added first draft of Sync Base Prootoll section illustrated
      background for interaction with TSA

   o  Added YANG module

   o  Added missing changelog entry



Fuchs, et al.          Expires September 10, 2020              [Page 18]


Internet-Draft                    TUDA                        March 2020


   Changes from version 02 to version 03:

   o  Moved base concept out of Introduction

   o  First refactoring of Introduction and Concept

   o  First restructuring of Appendices and improved references

   Changes from version 01 to version 02:

   o  Restructuring of Introduction, highlighting conceptual
      prerequisites

   o  Restructuring of Concept to better illustrate differences to hand-
      shake based attestation and deciding factors regarding freshness
      properties

   o  Subsection structure added to Terminology

   o  Clarification of descriptions of approach (these were the FIXMEs)

   o  Correction of RestrictionInfo structure: Added missing signature
      member

   Changes from version 00 to version 01:

   Major update to the SNMP MIB and added a table for the Concise SWID
   profile Reference Hashes that provides additional information to be
   compared with the measurement logs.

9.  Contributors

   TBD

10.  References

10.1.  Normative References

   [I-D.ietf-rats-architecture]
              Birkholz, H., Thaler, D., Richardson, M., Smith, N., and
              W. Pan, "Remote Attestation Procedures Architecture",
              draft-ietf-rats-architecture-02 (work in progress), March
              2020.

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.



Fuchs, et al.          Expires September 10, 2020              [Page 19]


Internet-Draft                    TUDA                        March 2020


   [RFC8174]  Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC
              2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174,
              May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8174>.

   [RFC8639]  Voit, E., Clemm, A., Gonzalez Prieto, A., Nilsen-Nygaard,
              E., and A. Tripathy, "Subscription to YANG Notifications",
              RFC 8639, DOI 10.17487/RFC8639, September 2019,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8639>.

   [RFC8640]  Voit, E., Clemm, A., Gonzalez Prieto, A., Nilsen-Nygaard,
              E., and A. Tripathy, "Dynamic Subscription to YANG Events
              and Datastores over NETCONF", RFC 8640,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC8640, September 2019,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8640>.

   [RFC8641]  Clemm, A. and E. Voit, "Subscription to YANG Notifications
              for Datastore Updates", RFC 8641, DOI 10.17487/RFC8641,
              September 2019, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8641>.

10.2.  Informative References

   [AIK-Credential]
              TCG Infrastructure Working Group, "TCG Credential
              Profile", 2007, <https://www.trustedcomputinggroup.org/wp-
              content/uploads/IWG-Credential_Profiles_V1_R1_14.pdf>.

   [AIK-Enrollment]
              TCG Infrastructure Working Group, "A CMC Profile for AIK
              Certificate Enrollment", 2011,
              <https://www.trustedcomputinggroup.org/wp-content/uploads/
              IWG_CMC_Profile_Cert_Enrollment_v1_r7.pdf>.

   [I-D.birkholz-rats-reference-interaction-model]
              Birkholz, H. and M. Eckel, "Reference Interaction Models
              for Remote Attestation Procedures", draft-birkholz-rats-
              reference-interaction-model-02 (work in progress), January
              2020.

   [I-D.ietf-core-comi]
              Veillette, M., Stok, P., Pelov, A., Bierman, A., and I.
              Petrov, "CoAP Management Interface", draft-ietf-core-
              comi-09 (work in progress), March 2020.

   [I-D.ietf-sacm-coswid]
              Birkholz, H., Fitzgerald-McKay, J., Schmidt, C., and D.
              Waltermire, "Concise Software Identification Tags", draft-
              ietf-sacm-coswid-13 (work in progress), November 2019.




Fuchs, et al.          Expires September 10, 2020              [Page 20]


Internet-Draft                    TUDA                        March 2020


   [I-D.ietf-sacm-terminology]
              Birkholz, H., Lu, J., Strassner, J., Cam-Winget, N., and
              A. Montville, "Security Automation and Continuous
              Monitoring (SACM) Terminology", draft-ietf-sacm-
              terminology-16 (work in progress), December 2018.

   [IEEE1609]
              IEEE Computer Society, "1609.4-2016 - IEEE Standard for
              Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments (WAVE) -- Multi-
              Channel Operation", IEEE Std 1609.4, 2016.

   [IEEE802.1AR]
              IEEE Computer Society, "802.1AR-2009 - IEEE Standard for
              Local and metropolitan area networks - Secure Device
              Identity", IEEE Std 802.1AR, 2009.

   [PRIRA]    Coker, G., Guttman, J., Loscocco, P., Herzog, A., Millen,
              J., O'Hanlon, B., Ramsdell, J., Segall, A., Sheehy, J.,
              and B. Sniffen, "Principles of Remote Attestation",
              Springer International Journal of Information Security,
              Vol. 10, pp. 63-81, DOI 10.1007/s10207-011-0124-7, April
              2011.

   [PTS]      TCG TNC Working Group, "TCG Attestation PTS Protocol
              Binding to TNC IF-M", 2011,
              <https://www.trustedcomputinggroup.org/wp-content/uploads/
              IFM_PTS_v1_0_r28.pdf>.

   [REST]     Fielding, R., "Architectural Styles and the Design of
              Network-based Software Architectures", Ph.D. Dissertation,
              University of California, Irvine, 2000,
              <http://www.ics.uci.edu/~fielding/pubs/dissertation/
              fielding_dissertation.pdf>.

   [RFC1213]  McCloghrie, K. and M. Rose, "Management Information Base
              for Network Management of TCP/IP-based internets: MIB-II",
              STD 17, RFC 1213, DOI 10.17487/RFC1213, March 1991,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1213>.

   [RFC2790]  Waldbusser, S. and P. Grillo, "Host Resources MIB",
              RFC 2790, DOI 10.17487/RFC2790, March 2000,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2790>.

   [RFC3161]  Adams, C., Cain, P., Pinkas, D., and R. Zuccherato,
              "Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure Time-Stamp
              Protocol (TSP)", RFC 3161, DOI 10.17487/RFC3161, August
              2001, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3161>.




Fuchs, et al.          Expires September 10, 2020              [Page 21]


Internet-Draft                    TUDA                        March 2020


   [RFC3411]  Harrington, D., Presuhn, R., and B. Wijnen, "An
              Architecture for Describing Simple Network Management
              Protocol (SNMP) Management Frameworks", STD 62, RFC 3411,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC3411, December 2002,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3411>.

   [RFC3418]  Presuhn, R., Ed., "Management Information Base (MIB) for
              the Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)", STD 62,
              RFC 3418, DOI 10.17487/RFC3418, December 2002,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3418>.

   [RFC4949]  Shirey, R., "Internet Security Glossary, Version 2",
              FYI 36, RFC 4949, DOI 10.17487/RFC4949, August 2007,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4949>.

   [RFC6690]  Shelby, Z., "Constrained RESTful Environments (CoRE) Link
              Format", RFC 6690, DOI 10.17487/RFC6690, August 2012,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6690>.

   [RFC6933]  Bierman, A., Romascanu, D., Quittek, J., and M.
              Chandramouli, "Entity MIB (Version 4)", RFC 6933,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC6933, May 2013,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6933>.

   [RFC7049]  Bormann, C. and P. Hoffman, "Concise Binary Object
              Representation (CBOR)", RFC 7049, DOI 10.17487/RFC7049,
              October 2013, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7049>.

   [RFC7230]  Fielding, R., Ed. and J. Reschke, Ed., "Hypertext Transfer
              Protocol (HTTP/1.1): Message Syntax and Routing",
              RFC 7230, DOI 10.17487/RFC7230, June 2014,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7230>.

   [RFC7252]  Shelby, Z., Hartke, K., and C. Bormann, "The Constrained
              Application Protocol (CoAP)", RFC 7252,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC7252, June 2014,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7252>.

   [RFC7320]  Nottingham, M., "URI Design and Ownership", BCP 190,
              RFC 7320, DOI 10.17487/RFC7320, July 2014,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7320>.

   [RFC7519]  Jones, M., Bradley, J., and N. Sakimura, "JSON Web Token
              (JWT)", RFC 7519, DOI 10.17487/RFC7519, May 2015,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7519>.






Fuchs, et al.          Expires September 10, 2020              [Page 22]


Internet-Draft                    TUDA                        March 2020


   [RFC7540]  Belshe, M., Peon, R., and M. Thomson, Ed., "Hypertext
              Transfer Protocol Version 2 (HTTP/2)", RFC 7540,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC7540, May 2015,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7540>.

   [RFC8040]  Bierman, A., Bjorklund, M., and K. Watsen, "RESTCONF
              Protocol", RFC 8040, DOI 10.17487/RFC8040, January 2017,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8040>.

   [RFC8610]  Birkholz, H., Vigano, C., and C. Bormann, "Concise Data
              Definition Language (CDDL): A Notational Convention to
              Express Concise Binary Object Representation (CBOR) and
              JSON Data Structures", RFC 8610, DOI 10.17487/RFC8610,
              June 2019, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8610>.

   [SCALE]    Fuchs, A., "Improving Scalability for Remote Attestation",
              Master Thesis (Diplomarbeit), Technische Universitaet
              Darmstadt, Germany, 2008.

   [SFKE2008]
              Stumpf, F., Fuchs, A., Katzenbeisser, S., and C. Eckert,
              "Improving the scalability of platform attestation",
              ACM Proceedings of the 3rd ACM workshop on Scalable
              trusted computing - STC '08 , page 1-10,
              DOI 10.1145/1456455.1456457, 2008.

   [STD62]    "Internet Standard 62", STD 62, RFCs 3411 to 3418,
              December 2002.

   [TCGGLOSS]
              TCG, "TCG Glossary", 2012,
              <https://www.trustedcomputinggroup.org/wp-content/uploads/
              TCG_Glossary_Board-Approved_12.13.2012.pdf>.

   [TEE]      Global Platform, "TEE System Architecture v1.1,
              GPD_SPE_009", 2017.

   [TPM12]    "Information technology -- Trusted Platform Module -- Part
              1: Overview", ISO/IEC 11889-1, 2009.

   [TPM2]     "Trusted Platform Module Library Specification, Family
              2.0, Level 00, Revision 01.16 ed., Trusted Computing
              Group", 2014.








Fuchs, et al.          Expires September 10, 2020              [Page 23]


Internet-Draft                    TUDA                        March 2020


Appendix A.  REST Realization

   Each of the seven data items is defined as a media type (Section 6).
   Representations of resources for each of these media types can be
   retrieved from URIs that are defined by the respective servers
   [RFC7320].  As can be derived from the URI, the actual retrieval is
   via one of the HTTPs ([RFC7230], [RFC7540]) or CoAP [RFC7252].  How a
   client obtains these URIs is dependent on the application; e.g., CoRE
   Web links [RFC6690] can be used to obtain the relevant URIs from the
   self-description of a server, or they could be prescribed by a
   RESTCONF data model [RFC8040].

Appendix B.  SNMP Realization

   SNMPv3 [STD62] [RFC3411] is widely available on computers and also
   constrained devices.  To transport the TUDA information elements, an
   SNMP MIB is defined below which encodes each of the seven TUDA
   information elements into a table.  Each row in a table contains a
   single read-only columnar SNMP object of datatype OCTET-STRING.  The
   values of a set of rows in each table can be concatenated to
   reconstitute a CBOR-encoded TUDA information element.  The Verifier
   can retrieve the values for each CBOR fragment by using SNMP GetNext
   requests to "walk" each table and can decode each of the CBOR-encoded
   data items based on the corresponding CDDL [RFC8610] definition.

   Design Principles:

   1.  Over time, TUDA attestation values age and should no longer be
       used.  Every table in the TUDA MIB has a primary index with the
       value of a separate scalar cycle counter object that
       disambiguates the transition from one attestation cycle to the
       next.

   2.  Over time, the measurement log information (for example) may grow
       large.  Therefore, read-only cycle counter scalar objects in all
       TUDA MIB object groups facilitate more efficient access with SNMP
       GetNext requests.

   3.  Notifications are supported by an SNMP trap definition with all
       of the cycle counters as bindings, to alert a Verifier that a new
       attestation cycle has occurred (e.g., synchronization data,
       measurement log, etc. have been updated by adding new rows and
       possibly deleting old rows).








Fuchs, et al.          Expires September 10, 2020              [Page 24]


Internet-Draft                    TUDA                        March 2020


B.1.  Structure of TUDA MIB

   The following table summarizes the object groups, tables and their
   indexes, and conformance requirements for the TUDA MIB:

   |-------------|-------|----------|----------|----------|
   | Group/Table | Cycle | Instance | Fragment | Required |
   |-------------|-------|----------|----------|----------|
   | General     |       |          |          | x        |
   | AIKCert     | x     | x        | x        |          |
   | TSACert     | x     | x        | x        |          |
   | SyncToken   | x     |          | x        | x        |
   | Restrict    | x     |          |          | x        |
   | Measure     | x     | x        |          |          |
   | VerifyToken | x     |          |          | x        |
   | SWIDTag     | x     | x        | x        |          |
   |-------------|-------|----------|----------|----------|

B.1.1.  Cycle Index

   A tudaV1<Group>CycleIndex is the:

   1.  first index of a row (element instance or element fragment) in
       the tudaV1<Group>Table;

   2.  identifier of an update cycle on the table, when rows were added
       and/or deleted from the table (bounded by tudaV1<Group>Cycles);
       and

   3.  binding in the tudaV1TrapV2Cycles notification for directed
       polling.

B.1.2.  Instance Index

   A tudaV1<Group>InstanceIndex is the:

   1.  second index of a row (element instance or element fragment) in
       the tudaV1<Group>Table; except for

   2.  a row in the tudaV1SyncTokenTable (that has only one instance per
       cycle).

B.1.3.  Fragment Index

   A tudaV1<Group>FragmentIndex is the:

   1.  last index of a row (always an element fragment) in the
       tudaV1<Group>Table; and



Fuchs, et al.          Expires September 10, 2020              [Page 25]


Internet-Draft                    TUDA                        March 2020


   2.  accomodation for SNMP transport mapping restrictions for large
       string elements that require fragmentation.

B.2.  Relationship to Host Resources MIB

   The General group in the TUDA MIB is analogous to the System group in
   the Host Resources MIB [RFC2790] and provides context information for
   the TUDA attestation process.

   The Verify Token group in the TUDA MIB is analogous to the Device
   group in the Host MIB and represents the verifiable state of a TPM
   device and its associated system.

   The SWID Tag group (containing a Concise SWID reference hash profile
   [I-D.ietf-sacm-coswid]) in the TUDA MIB is analogous to the Software
   Installed and Software Running groups in the Host Resources MIB
   [RFC2790].

B.3.  Relationship to Entity MIB

   The General group in the TUDA MIB is analogous to the Entity General
   group in the Entity MIB v4 [RFC6933] and provides context information
   for the TUDA attestation process.

   The SWID Tag group in the TUDA MIB is analogous to the Entity Logical
   group in the Entity MIB v4 [RFC6933].

B.4.  Relationship to Other MIBs

   The General group in the TUDA MIB is analogous to the System group in
   MIB-II [RFC1213] and the System group in the SNMPv2 MIB [RFC3418] and
   provides context information for the TUDA attestation process.

B.5.  Definition of TUDA MIB

   <CODE BEGINS>
   TUDA-V1-ATTESTATION-MIB DEFINITIONS ::= BEGIN

   IMPORTS
       MODULE-IDENTITY, OBJECT-TYPE, Integer32, Counter32,
       enterprises, NOTIFICATION-TYPE
           FROM SNMPv2-SMI                 -- RFC 2578
       MODULE-COMPLIANCE, OBJECT-GROUP, NOTIFICATION-GROUP
           FROM SNMPv2-CONF                -- RFC 2580
       SnmpAdminString
           FROM SNMP-FRAMEWORK-MIB;        -- RFC 3411

   tudaV1MIB MODULE-IDENTITY



Fuchs, et al.          Expires September 10, 2020              [Page 26]


Internet-Draft                    TUDA                        March 2020


       LAST-UPDATED    "202003090000Z" --  09 March 2020
       ORGANIZATION
           "Fraunhofer SIT"
       CONTACT-INFO
           "Andreas Fuchs
           Fraunhofer Institute for Secure Information Technology
           Email: andreas.fuchs@sit.fraunhofer.de

           Henk Birkholz
           Fraunhofer Institute for Secure Information Technology
           Email: henk.birkholz@sit.fraunhofer.de

           Ira E McDonald
           High North Inc
           Email: blueroofmusic@gmail.com

           Carsten Bormann
           Universitaet Bremen TZI
           Email: cabo@tzi.org"

       DESCRIPTION
           "The MIB module for monitoring of time-based unidirectional
           attestation information from a network endpoint system,
           based on the Trusted Computing Group TPM 1.2 definition.

           Copyright (C) High North Inc (2020)."

       REVISION "202003090000Z" -- 09 March 2020
       DESCRIPTION
           "Eighth version, published as draft-birkholz-rats-tuda-02."

       REVISION "201909110000Z" -- 11 September 2019
       DESCRIPTION
           "Ninth version, published as draft-birkholz-rats-tuda-01."

       REVISION "201903120000Z" -- 12 March 2019
       DESCRIPTION
           "Eighth version, published as draft-birkholz-rats-tuda-00."

       REVISION "201805030000Z" -- 03 May 2018
       DESCRIPTION
           "Seventh version, published as draft-birkholz-i2nsf-tuda-03."

       REVISION "201805020000Z" -- 02 May 2018
       DESCRIPTION
           "Sixth version, published as draft-birkholz-i2nsf-tuda-02."

       REVISION "201710300000Z" -- 30 October 2017



Fuchs, et al.          Expires September 10, 2020              [Page 27]


Internet-Draft                    TUDA                        March 2020


       DESCRIPTION
           "Fifth version, published as draft-birkholz-i2nsf-tuda-01."

       REVISION "201701090000Z" -- 09 January 2017
       DESCRIPTION
           "Fourth version, published as draft-birkholz-i2nsf-tuda-00."

       REVISION "201607080000Z" -- 08 July 2016
       DESCRIPTION
           "Third version, published as draft-birkholz-tuda-02."

       REVISION "201603210000Z" -- 21 March 2016
       DESCRIPTION
           "Second version, published as draft-birkholz-tuda-01."

       REVISION "201510180000Z" -- 18 October 2015
       DESCRIPTION
           "Initial version, published as draft-birkholz-tuda-00."

           ::= { enterprises fraunhofersit(21616) mibs(1) tudaV1MIB(1) }

   tudaV1MIBNotifications      OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { tudaV1MIB 0 }
   tudaV1MIBObjects            OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { tudaV1MIB 1 }
   tudaV1MIBConformance        OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { tudaV1MIB 2 }

   --
   --  General
   --
   tudaV1General           OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { tudaV1MIBObjects 1 }

   tudaV1GeneralCycles OBJECT-TYPE
       SYNTAX      Counter32
       MAX-ACCESS  read-only
       STATUS      current
       DESCRIPTION
           "Count of TUDA update cycles that have occurred, i.e.,
           sum of all the individual group cycle counters.

           DEFVAL intentionally omitted - counter object."
       ::= { tudaV1General 1 }

   tudaV1GeneralVersionInfo OBJECT-TYPE
       SYNTAX      SnmpAdminString (SIZE(0..255))
       MAX-ACCESS  read-only
       STATUS      current
       DESCRIPTION
           "Version information for TUDA MIB, e.g., specific release
           version of TPM 1.2 base specification and release version



Fuchs, et al.          Expires September 10, 2020              [Page 28]


Internet-Draft                    TUDA                        March 2020


           of TPM 1.2 errata specification and manufacturer and model
           TPM module itself."
       DEFVAL      { "" }
       ::= { tudaV1General 2 }

   --
   --  AIK Cert
   --
   tudaV1AIKCert           OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { tudaV1MIBObjects 2 }

   tudaV1AIKCertCycles OBJECT-TYPE
       SYNTAX      Counter32
       MAX-ACCESS  read-only
       STATUS      current
       DESCRIPTION
           "Count of AIK Certificate chain update cycles that have
           occurred.

           DEFVAL intentionally omitted - counter object."
       ::= { tudaV1AIKCert 1 }

   tudaV1AIKCertTable OBJECT-TYPE
       SYNTAX      SEQUENCE OF TudaV1AIKCertEntry
       MAX-ACCESS  not-accessible
       STATUS      current
       DESCRIPTION
           "A table of fragments of AIK Certificate data."
       ::= { tudaV1AIKCert 2 }

   tudaV1AIKCertEntry OBJECT-TYPE
       SYNTAX      TudaV1AIKCertEntry
       MAX-ACCESS  not-accessible
       STATUS      current
       DESCRIPTION
           "An entry for one fragment of AIK Certificate data."
       INDEX       { tudaV1AIKCertCycleIndex,
                     tudaV1AIKCertInstanceIndex,
                     tudaV1AIKCertFragmentIndex }
       ::= { tudaV1AIKCertTable 1 }

   TudaV1AIKCertEntry ::=
       SEQUENCE {
           tudaV1AIKCertCycleIndex         Integer32,
           tudaV1AIKCertInstanceIndex      Integer32,
           tudaV1AIKCertFragmentIndex      Integer32,
           tudaV1AIKCertData               OCTET STRING
       }




Fuchs, et al.          Expires September 10, 2020              [Page 29]


Internet-Draft                    TUDA                        March 2020


   tudaV1AIKCertCycleIndex OBJECT-TYPE
       SYNTAX      Integer32 (1..2147483647)
       MAX-ACCESS  not-accessible
       STATUS      current
       DESCRIPTION
           "High-order index of this AIK Certificate fragment.
           Index of an AIK Certificate chain update cycle that has
           occurred (bounded by the value of tudaV1AIKCertCycles).

           DEFVAL intentionally omitted - index object."
       ::= { tudaV1AIKCertEntry 1 }

   tudaV1AIKCertInstanceIndex OBJECT-TYPE
       SYNTAX      Integer32 (1..2147483647)
       MAX-ACCESS  not-accessible
       STATUS      current
       DESCRIPTION
           "Middle index of this AIK Certificate fragment.
           Ordinal of this AIK Certificate in this chain, where the AIK
           Certificate itself has an ordinal of '1' and higher ordinals
           go *up* the certificate chain to the Root CA.

           DEFVAL intentionally omitted - index object."
       ::= { tudaV1AIKCertEntry 2 }

   tudaV1AIKCertFragmentIndex OBJECT-TYPE
       SYNTAX      Integer32 (1..2147483647)
       MAX-ACCESS  not-accessible
       STATUS      current
       DESCRIPTION
           "Low-order index of this AIK Certificate fragment.

           DEFVAL intentionally omitted - index object."
       ::= { tudaV1AIKCertEntry 3 }

   tudaV1AIKCertData OBJECT-TYPE
       SYNTAX      OCTET STRING (SIZE(0..1024))
       MAX-ACCESS  read-only
       STATUS      current
       DESCRIPTION
           "A fragment of CBOR encoded AIK Certificate data."
       DEFVAL      { "" }
       ::= { tudaV1AIKCertEntry 4 }

   --
   --  TSA Cert
   --
   tudaV1TSACert           OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { tudaV1MIBObjects 3 }



Fuchs, et al.          Expires September 10, 2020              [Page 30]


Internet-Draft                    TUDA                        March 2020


   tudaV1TSACertCycles OBJECT-TYPE
       SYNTAX      Counter32
       MAX-ACCESS  read-only
       STATUS      current
       DESCRIPTION
           "Count of TSA Certificate chain update cycles that have
           occurred.

           DEFVAL intentionally omitted - counter object."
       ::= { tudaV1TSACert 1 }

   tudaV1TSACertTable OBJECT-TYPE
       SYNTAX      SEQUENCE OF TudaV1TSACertEntry
       MAX-ACCESS  not-accessible
       STATUS      current
       DESCRIPTION
           "A table of fragments of TSA Certificate data."
       ::= { tudaV1TSACert 2 }

   tudaV1TSACertEntry OBJECT-TYPE
       SYNTAX      TudaV1TSACertEntry
       MAX-ACCESS  not-accessible
       STATUS      current
       DESCRIPTION
           "An entry for one fragment of TSA Certificate data."
       INDEX       { tudaV1TSACertCycleIndex,
                     tudaV1TSACertInstanceIndex,
                     tudaV1TSACertFragmentIndex }
       ::= { tudaV1TSACertTable 1 }

   TudaV1TSACertEntry ::=
       SEQUENCE {
           tudaV1TSACertCycleIndex         Integer32,
           tudaV1TSACertInstanceIndex      Integer32,
           tudaV1TSACertFragmentIndex      Integer32,
           tudaV1TSACertData               OCTET STRING
       }

   tudaV1TSACertCycleIndex OBJECT-TYPE
       SYNTAX      Integer32 (1..2147483647)
       MAX-ACCESS  not-accessible
       STATUS      current
       DESCRIPTION
           "High-order index of this TSA Certificate fragment.
           Index of a TSA Certificate chain update cycle that has
           occurred (bounded by the value of tudaV1TSACertCycles).

           DEFVAL intentionally omitted - index object."



Fuchs, et al.          Expires September 10, 2020              [Page 31]


Internet-Draft                    TUDA                        March 2020


       ::= { tudaV1TSACertEntry 1 }

   tudaV1TSACertInstanceIndex OBJECT-TYPE
       SYNTAX      Integer32 (1..2147483647)
       MAX-ACCESS  not-accessible
       STATUS      current
       DESCRIPTION
           "Middle index of this TSA Certificate fragment.
           Ordinal of this TSA Certificate in this chain, where the TSA
           Certificate itself has an ordinal of '1' and higher ordinals
           go *up* the certificate chain to the Root CA.

           DEFVAL intentionally omitted - index object."
       ::= { tudaV1TSACertEntry 2 }

   tudaV1TSACertFragmentIndex OBJECT-TYPE
       SYNTAX      Integer32 (1..2147483647)
       MAX-ACCESS  not-accessible
       STATUS      current
       DESCRIPTION
           "Low-order index of this TSA Certificate fragment.

           DEFVAL intentionally omitted - index object."
       ::= { tudaV1TSACertEntry 3 }

   tudaV1TSACertData OBJECT-TYPE
       SYNTAX      OCTET STRING (SIZE(0..1024))
       MAX-ACCESS  read-only
       STATUS      current
       DESCRIPTION
           "A fragment of CBOR encoded TSA Certificate data."
       DEFVAL      { "" }
       ::= { tudaV1TSACertEntry 4 }

   --
   --  Sync Token
   --
   tudaV1SyncToken         OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { tudaV1MIBObjects 4 }

   tudaV1SyncTokenCycles OBJECT-TYPE
       SYNTAX      Counter32
       MAX-ACCESS  read-only
       STATUS      current
       DESCRIPTION
           "Count of Sync Token update cycles that have
           occurred.

           DEFVAL intentionally omitted - counter object."



Fuchs, et al.          Expires September 10, 2020              [Page 32]


Internet-Draft                    TUDA                        March 2020


       ::= { tudaV1SyncToken 1 }

   tudaV1SyncTokenInstances OBJECT-TYPE
       SYNTAX      Counter32
       MAX-ACCESS  read-only
       STATUS      current
       DESCRIPTION
           "Count of Sync Token instance entries that have
           been recorded (some entries MAY have been pruned).

           DEFVAL intentionally omitted - counter object."
       ::= { tudaV1SyncToken 2 }

   tudaV1SyncTokenTable OBJECT-TYPE
       SYNTAX      SEQUENCE OF TudaV1SyncTokenEntry
       MAX-ACCESS  not-accessible
       STATUS      current
       DESCRIPTION
           "A table of fragments of Sync Token data."
       ::= { tudaV1SyncToken 3 }

   tudaV1SyncTokenEntry OBJECT-TYPE
       SYNTAX      TudaV1SyncTokenEntry
       MAX-ACCESS  not-accessible
       STATUS      current
       DESCRIPTION
           "An entry for one fragment of Sync Token data."
       INDEX       { tudaV1SyncTokenCycleIndex,
                     tudaV1SyncTokenInstanceIndex,
                     tudaV1SyncTokenFragmentIndex }
       ::= { tudaV1SyncTokenTable 1 }

   TudaV1SyncTokenEntry ::=
       SEQUENCE {
           tudaV1SyncTokenCycleIndex       Integer32,
           tudaV1SyncTokenInstanceIndex    Integer32,
           tudaV1SyncTokenFragmentIndex    Integer32,
           tudaV1SyncTokenData             OCTET STRING
       }

   tudaV1SyncTokenCycleIndex OBJECT-TYPE
       SYNTAX      Integer32 (1..2147483647)
       MAX-ACCESS  not-accessible
       STATUS      current
       DESCRIPTION
           "High-order index of this Sync Token fragment.
           Index of a Sync Token update cycle that has
           occurred (bounded by the value of tudaV1SyncTokenCycles).



Fuchs, et al.          Expires September 10, 2020              [Page 33]


Internet-Draft                    TUDA                        March 2020


           DEFVAL intentionally omitted - index object."
       ::= { tudaV1SyncTokenEntry 1 }

   tudaV1SyncTokenInstanceIndex OBJECT-TYPE
       SYNTAX      Integer32 (1..2147483647)
       MAX-ACCESS  not-accessible
       STATUS      current
       DESCRIPTION
           "Middle index of this Sync Token fragment.
           Ordinal of this instance of Sync Token data
           (NOT bounded by the value of tudaV1SyncTokenInstances).

           DEFVAL intentionally omitted - index object."
       ::= { tudaV1SyncTokenEntry 2 }

   tudaV1SyncTokenFragmentIndex OBJECT-TYPE
       SYNTAX      Integer32 (1..2147483647)
       MAX-ACCESS  not-accessible
       STATUS      current
       DESCRIPTION
           "Low-order index of this Sync Token fragment.

           DEFVAL intentionally omitted - index object."
       ::= { tudaV1SyncTokenEntry 3 }

   tudaV1SyncTokenData OBJECT-TYPE
       SYNTAX      OCTET STRING (SIZE(0..1024))
       MAX-ACCESS  read-only
       STATUS      current
       DESCRIPTION
           "A fragment of CBOR encoded Sync Token data."
       DEFVAL      { "" }
       ::= { tudaV1SyncTokenEntry 4 }

   --
   --  Restriction Info
   --
   tudaV1Restrict          OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { tudaV1MIBObjects 5 }

   tudaV1RestrictCycles OBJECT-TYPE
       SYNTAX      Counter32
       MAX-ACCESS  read-only
       STATUS      current
       DESCRIPTION
           "Count of Restriction Info update cycles that have
           occurred.

           DEFVAL intentionally omitted - counter object."



Fuchs, et al.          Expires September 10, 2020              [Page 34]


Internet-Draft                    TUDA                        March 2020


       ::= { tudaV1Restrict 1 }

   tudaV1RestrictTable OBJECT-TYPE
       SYNTAX      SEQUENCE OF TudaV1RestrictEntry
       MAX-ACCESS  not-accessible
       STATUS      current
       DESCRIPTION
           "A table of instances of Restriction Info data."
       ::= { tudaV1Restrict 2 }

   tudaV1RestrictEntry OBJECT-TYPE
       SYNTAX      TudaV1RestrictEntry
       MAX-ACCESS  not-accessible
       STATUS      current
       DESCRIPTION
           "An entry for one instance of Restriction Info data."
       INDEX       { tudaV1RestrictCycleIndex }
       ::= { tudaV1RestrictTable 1 }

   TudaV1RestrictEntry ::=
       SEQUENCE {
           tudaV1RestrictCycleIndex        Integer32,
           tudaV1RestrictData              OCTET STRING
       }

   tudaV1RestrictCycleIndex OBJECT-TYPE
       SYNTAX      Integer32 (1..2147483647)
       MAX-ACCESS  not-accessible
       STATUS      current
       DESCRIPTION
           "Index of this Restriction Info entry.
           Index of a Restriction Info update cycle that has
           occurred (bounded by the value of tudaV1RestrictCycles).

           DEFVAL intentionally omitted - index object."
       ::= { tudaV1RestrictEntry 1 }


   tudaV1RestrictData OBJECT-TYPE
       SYNTAX      OCTET STRING (SIZE(0..1024))
       MAX-ACCESS  read-only
       STATUS      current
       DESCRIPTION
           "An instance of CBOR encoded Restriction Info data."
       DEFVAL      { "" }
       ::= { tudaV1RestrictEntry 2 }

   --



Fuchs, et al.          Expires September 10, 2020              [Page 35]


Internet-Draft                    TUDA                        March 2020


   --  Measurement Log
   --
   tudaV1Measure           OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { tudaV1MIBObjects 6 }

   tudaV1MeasureCycles OBJECT-TYPE
       SYNTAX      Counter32
       MAX-ACCESS  read-only
       STATUS      current
       DESCRIPTION
           "Count of Measurement Log update cycles that have
           occurred.

           DEFVAL intentionally omitted - counter object."
       ::= { tudaV1Measure 1 }

   tudaV1MeasureInstances OBJECT-TYPE
       SYNTAX      Counter32
       MAX-ACCESS  read-only
       STATUS      current
       DESCRIPTION
           "Count of Measurement Log instance entries that have
           been recorded (some entries MAY have been pruned).

           DEFVAL intentionally omitted - counter object."
       ::= { tudaV1Measure 2 }

   tudaV1MeasureTable OBJECT-TYPE
       SYNTAX      SEQUENCE OF TudaV1MeasureEntry
       MAX-ACCESS  not-accessible
       STATUS      current
       DESCRIPTION
           "A table of instances of Measurement Log data."
       ::= { tudaV1Measure 3 }

   tudaV1MeasureEntry OBJECT-TYPE
       SYNTAX      TudaV1MeasureEntry
       MAX-ACCESS  not-accessible
       STATUS      current
       DESCRIPTION
           "An entry for one instance of Measurement Log data."
       INDEX       { tudaV1MeasureCycleIndex,
                     tudaV1MeasureInstanceIndex }
       ::= { tudaV1MeasureTable 1 }

   TudaV1MeasureEntry ::=
       SEQUENCE {
           tudaV1MeasureCycleIndex         Integer32,
           tudaV1MeasureInstanceIndex      Integer32,



Fuchs, et al.          Expires September 10, 2020              [Page 36]


Internet-Draft                    TUDA                        March 2020


           tudaV1MeasureData               OCTET STRING
       }

   tudaV1MeasureCycleIndex OBJECT-TYPE
       SYNTAX      Integer32 (1..2147483647)
       MAX-ACCESS  not-accessible
       STATUS      current
       DESCRIPTION
           "High-order index of this Measurement Log entry.
           Index of a Measurement Log update cycle that has
           occurred (bounded by the value of tudaV1MeasureCycles).

           DEFVAL intentionally omitted - index object."
       ::= { tudaV1MeasureEntry 1 }

   tudaV1MeasureInstanceIndex OBJECT-TYPE
       SYNTAX      Integer32 (1..2147483647)
       MAX-ACCESS  not-accessible
       STATUS      current
       DESCRIPTION
           "Low-order index of this Measurement Log entry.
           Ordinal of this instance of Measurement Log data
           (NOT bounded by the value of tudaV1MeasureInstances).

           DEFVAL intentionally omitted - index object."
       ::= { tudaV1MeasureEntry 2 }

   tudaV1MeasureData OBJECT-TYPE
       SYNTAX      OCTET STRING (SIZE(0..1024))
       MAX-ACCESS  read-only
       STATUS      current
       DESCRIPTION
           "A instance of CBOR encoded Measurement Log data."
       DEFVAL      { "" }
       ::= { tudaV1MeasureEntry 3 }

   --
   --  Verify Token
   --
   tudaV1VerifyToken       OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { tudaV1MIBObjects 7 }

   tudaV1VerifyTokenCycles OBJECT-TYPE
       SYNTAX      Counter32
       MAX-ACCESS  read-only
       STATUS      current
       DESCRIPTION
           "Count of Verify Token update cycles that have
           occurred.



Fuchs, et al.          Expires September 10, 2020              [Page 37]


Internet-Draft                    TUDA                        March 2020


           DEFVAL intentionally omitted - counter object."
       ::= { tudaV1VerifyToken 1 }

   tudaV1VerifyTokenTable OBJECT-TYPE
       SYNTAX      SEQUENCE OF TudaV1VerifyTokenEntry
       MAX-ACCESS  not-accessible
       STATUS      current
       DESCRIPTION
           "A table of instances of Verify Token data."
       ::= { tudaV1VerifyToken 2 }

   tudaV1VerifyTokenEntry OBJECT-TYPE
       SYNTAX      TudaV1VerifyTokenEntry
       MAX-ACCESS  not-accessible
       STATUS      current
       DESCRIPTION
           "An entry for one instance of Verify Token data."
       INDEX       { tudaV1VerifyTokenCycleIndex }
       ::= { tudaV1VerifyTokenTable 1 }

   TudaV1VerifyTokenEntry ::=
       SEQUENCE {
           tudaV1VerifyTokenCycleIndex     Integer32,
           tudaV1VerifyTokenData           OCTET STRING
       }

   tudaV1VerifyTokenCycleIndex OBJECT-TYPE
       SYNTAX      Integer32 (1..2147483647)
       MAX-ACCESS  not-accessible
       STATUS      current
       DESCRIPTION
           "Index of this instance of Verify Token data.
           Index of a Verify Token update cycle that has
           occurred (bounded by the value of tudaV1VerifyTokenCycles).

           DEFVAL intentionally omitted - index object."
       ::= { tudaV1VerifyTokenEntry 1 }

   tudaV1VerifyTokenData OBJECT-TYPE
       SYNTAX      OCTET STRING (SIZE(0..1024))
       MAX-ACCESS  read-only
       STATUS      current
       DESCRIPTION
           "A instance of CBOR encoded Verify Token data."
       DEFVAL      { "" }
       ::= { tudaV1VerifyTokenEntry 2 }

   --



Fuchs, et al.          Expires September 10, 2020              [Page 38]


Internet-Draft                    TUDA                        March 2020


   --  SWID Tag
   --
   tudaV1SWIDTag           OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { tudaV1MIBObjects 8 }

   tudaV1SWIDTagCycles OBJECT-TYPE
       SYNTAX      Counter32
       MAX-ACCESS  read-only
       STATUS      current
       DESCRIPTION
           "Count of SWID Tag update cycles that have occurred.

           DEFVAL intentionally omitted - counter object."
       ::= { tudaV1SWIDTag 1 }

   tudaV1SWIDTagTable OBJECT-TYPE
       SYNTAX      SEQUENCE OF TudaV1SWIDTagEntry
       MAX-ACCESS  not-accessible
       STATUS      current
       DESCRIPTION
           "A table of fragments of SWID Tag data."
       ::= { tudaV1SWIDTag 2 }

   tudaV1SWIDTagEntry OBJECT-TYPE
       SYNTAX      TudaV1SWIDTagEntry
       MAX-ACCESS  not-accessible
       STATUS      current
       DESCRIPTION
           "An entry for one fragment of SWID Tag data."
       INDEX       { tudaV1SWIDTagCycleIndex,
                     tudaV1SWIDTagInstanceIndex,
                     tudaV1SWIDTagFragmentIndex }
       ::= { tudaV1SWIDTagTable 1 }

   TudaV1SWIDTagEntry ::=
       SEQUENCE {
           tudaV1SWIDTagCycleIndex         Integer32,
           tudaV1SWIDTagInstanceIndex      Integer32,
           tudaV1SWIDTagFragmentIndex      Integer32,
           tudaV1SWIDTagData               OCTET STRING
       }

   tudaV1SWIDTagCycleIndex OBJECT-TYPE
       SYNTAX      Integer32 (1..2147483647)
       MAX-ACCESS  not-accessible
       STATUS      current
       DESCRIPTION
           "High-order index of this SWID Tag fragment.
           Index of an SWID Tag update cycle that has



Fuchs, et al.          Expires September 10, 2020              [Page 39]


Internet-Draft                    TUDA                        March 2020


           occurred (bounded by the value of tudaV1SWIDTagCycles).

           DEFVAL intentionally omitted - index object."
       ::= { tudaV1SWIDTagEntry 1 }

   tudaV1SWIDTagInstanceIndex OBJECT-TYPE
       SYNTAX      Integer32 (1..2147483647)
       MAX-ACCESS  not-accessible
       STATUS      current
       DESCRIPTION
           "Middle index of this SWID Tag fragment.
           Ordinal of this SWID Tag instance in this update cycle.

           DEFVAL intentionally omitted - index object."
       ::= { tudaV1SWIDTagEntry 2 }

   tudaV1SWIDTagFragmentIndex OBJECT-TYPE
       SYNTAX      Integer32 (1..2147483647)
       MAX-ACCESS  not-accessible
       STATUS      current
       DESCRIPTION
           "Low-order index of this SWID Tag fragment.

           DEFVAL intentionally omitted - index object."
       ::= { tudaV1SWIDTagEntry 3 }

   tudaV1SWIDTagData OBJECT-TYPE
       SYNTAX      OCTET STRING (SIZE(0..1024))
       MAX-ACCESS  read-only
       STATUS      current
       DESCRIPTION
           "A fragment of CBOR encoded SWID Tag data."
       DEFVAL      { "" }
       ::= { tudaV1SWIDTagEntry 4 }

   --
   --  Trap Cycles
   --
   tudaV1TrapV2Cycles NOTIFICATION-TYPE
       OBJECTS {
           tudaV1GeneralCycles,
           tudaV1AIKCertCycles,
           tudaV1TSACertCycles,
           tudaV1SyncTokenCycles,
           tudaV1SyncTokenInstances,
           tudaV1RestrictCycles,
           tudaV1MeasureCycles,
           tudaV1MeasureInstances,



Fuchs, et al.          Expires September 10, 2020              [Page 40]


Internet-Draft                    TUDA                        March 2020


           tudaV1VerifyTokenCycles,
           tudaV1SWIDTagCycles
       }
       STATUS  current
       DESCRIPTION
           "This trap is sent when the value of any cycle or instance
           counter changes (i.e., one or more tables are updated).

           Note:  The value of sysUpTime in IETF MIB-II (RFC 1213) is
           always included in SNMPv2 traps, per RFC 3416."
       ::= { tudaV1MIBNotifications 1 }

   --
   --  Conformance Information
   --
   tudaV1Compliances           OBJECT IDENTIFIER
       ::= { tudaV1MIBConformance 1 }

   tudaV1ObjectGroups          OBJECT IDENTIFIER
       ::= { tudaV1MIBConformance 2 }

   tudaV1NotificationGroups    OBJECT IDENTIFIER
       ::= { tudaV1MIBConformance 3 }

   --
   --  Compliance Statements
   --
   tudaV1BasicCompliance MODULE-COMPLIANCE
       STATUS  current
       DESCRIPTION
           "An implementation that complies with this module MUST
           implement all of the objects defined in the mandatory
           group tudaV1BasicGroup."
       MODULE  -- this module
       MANDATORY-GROUPS { tudaV1BasicGroup }

       GROUP   tudaV1OptionalGroup
       DESCRIPTION
           "The optional TUDA MIB objects.
           An implementation MAY implement this group."

       GROUP   tudaV1TrapGroup
       DESCRIPTION
           "The TUDA MIB traps.
           An implementation SHOULD implement this group."
       ::= { tudaV1Compliances 1 }

   --



Fuchs, et al.          Expires September 10, 2020              [Page 41]


Internet-Draft                    TUDA                        March 2020


   --  Compliance Groups
   --
   tudaV1BasicGroup OBJECT-GROUP
       OBJECTS {
           tudaV1GeneralCycles,
           tudaV1GeneralVersionInfo,
           tudaV1SyncTokenCycles,
           tudaV1SyncTokenInstances,
           tudaV1SyncTokenData,
           tudaV1RestrictCycles,
           tudaV1RestrictData,
           tudaV1VerifyTokenCycles,
           tudaV1VerifyTokenData
       }
       STATUS  current
       DESCRIPTION
           "The basic mandatory TUDA MIB objects."
       ::= { tudaV1ObjectGroups 1 }

   tudaV1OptionalGroup OBJECT-GROUP
       OBJECTS {
           tudaV1AIKCertCycles,
           tudaV1AIKCertData,
           tudaV1TSACertCycles,
           tudaV1TSACertData,
           tudaV1MeasureCycles,
           tudaV1MeasureInstances,
           tudaV1MeasureData,
           tudaV1SWIDTagCycles,
           tudaV1SWIDTagData
       }
       STATUS  current
       DESCRIPTION
           "The optional TUDA MIB objects."
       ::= { tudaV1ObjectGroups 2 }

   tudaV1TrapGroup NOTIFICATION-GROUP
       NOTIFICATIONS { tudaV1TrapV2Cycles }
       STATUS      current
       DESCRIPTION
           "The recommended TUDA MIB traps - notifications."
       ::= { tudaV1NotificationGroups 1 }

   END
   <CODE ENDS>






Fuchs, et al.          Expires September 10, 2020              [Page 42]


Internet-Draft                    TUDA                        March 2020


Appendix C.  YANG Realization

<CODE BEGINS>
module TUDA-V1-ATTESTATION-MIB {

  namespace "urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:smiv2:TUDA-V1-ATTESTATION-MIB";
  prefix "tuda-v1";

  import SNMP-FRAMEWORK-MIB { prefix "snmp-framework"; }
  import yang-types         { prefix "yang"; }

  organization
   "Fraunhofer SIT";

  contact
   "Andreas Fuchs
    Fraunhofer Institute for Secure Information Technology
    Email: andreas.fuchs@sit.fraunhofer.de

    Henk Birkholz
    Fraunhofer Institute for Secure Information Technology
    Email: henk.birkholz@sit.fraunhofer.de

    Ira E McDonald
    High North Inc
    Email: blueroofmusic@gmail.com

    Carsten Bormann
    Universitaet Bremen TZI
    Email: cabo@tzi.org";

  description
   "The MIB module for monitoring of time-based unidirectional
    attestation information from a network endpoint system,
    based on the Trusted Computing Group TPM 1.2 definition.

    Copyright (C) High North Inc (2017).";

  revision "2017-10-30" {
    description
     "Fifth version, published as draft-birkholz-tuda-04.";
    reference
     "draft-birkholz-tuda-04";
  }
  revision "2017-01-09" {
    description
     "Fourth version, published as draft-birkholz-tuda-03.";
    reference



Fuchs, et al.          Expires September 10, 2020              [Page 43]


Internet-Draft                    TUDA                        March 2020


     "draft-birkholz-tuda-03";
  }
  revision "2016-07-08" {
    description
     "Third version, published as draft-birkholz-tuda-02.";
    reference
     "draft-birkholz-tuda-02";
  }
  revision "2016-03-21" {
    description
     "Second version, published as draft-birkholz-tuda-01.";
    reference
     "draft-birkholz-tuda-01";
  }
  revision "2015-10-18" {
    description
     "Initial version, published as draft-birkholz-tuda-00.";
    reference
     "draft-birkholz-tuda-00";
  }

  container tudaV1General {
  description
    "TBD";

    leaf tudaV1GeneralCycles {
      type yang:counter32;
      config false;
      description
       "Count of TUDA update cycles that have occurred, i.e.,
        sum of all the individual group cycle counters.

        DEFVAL intentionally omitted - counter object.";
    }

    leaf tudaV1GeneralVersionInfo {
      type snmp-framework:SnmpAdminString {
        length "0..255";
      }
      config false;
      description
       "Version information for TUDA MIB, e.g., specific release
        version of TPM 1.2 base specification and release version
        of TPM 1.2 errata specification and manufacturer and model
        TPM module itself.";
    }
  }




Fuchs, et al.          Expires September 10, 2020              [Page 44]


Internet-Draft                    TUDA                        March 2020


  container tudaV1AIKCert {
  description
    "TBD";

    leaf tudaV1AIKCertCycles {
      type yang:counter32;
      config false;
      description
       "Count of AIK Certificate chain update cycles that have
        occurred.

        DEFVAL intentionally omitted - counter object.";
    }


    /* XXX table comments here XXX */

    list tudaV1AIKCertEntry {

      key "tudaV1AIKCertCycleIndex tudaV1AIKCertInstanceIndex
           tudaV1AIKCertFragmentIndex";
        config false;
      description
       "An entry for one fragment of AIK Certificate data.";


      leaf tudaV1AIKCertCycleIndex {
        type int32 {
          range "1..2147483647";
        }
        config false;
        description
         "High-order index of this AIK Certificate fragment.
          Index of an AIK Certificate chain update cycle that has
          occurred (bounded by the value of tudaV1AIKCertCycles).

          DEFVAL intentionally omitted - index object.";
      }

      leaf tudaV1AIKCertInstanceIndex {
        type int32 {
          range "1..2147483647";
        }
        config false;
        description
         "Middle index of this AIK Certificate fragment.
          Ordinal of this AIK Certificate in this chain, where the AIK
          Certificate itself has an ordinal of '1' and higher ordinals



Fuchs, et al.          Expires September 10, 2020              [Page 45]


Internet-Draft                    TUDA                        March 2020


          go *up* the certificate chain to the Root CA.

          DEFVAL intentionally omitted - index object.";
      }

      leaf tudaV1AIKCertFragmentIndex {
        type int32 {
          range "1..2147483647";
        }
        config false;
        description
         "Low-order index of this AIK Certificate fragment.

          DEFVAL intentionally omitted - index object.";
      }

      leaf tudaV1AIKCertData {
        type binary {
          length "0..1024";
        }
        config false;
        description
         "A fragment of CBOR encoded AIK Certificate data.";
      }
    }
  }

  container tudaV1TSACert {
  description
    "TBD";

    leaf tudaV1TSACertCycles {
      type yang:counter32;
      config false;
      description
       "Count of TSA Certificate chain update cycles that have
        occurred.

        DEFVAL intentionally omitted - counter object.";
    }


    /* XXX table comments here XXX */

    list tudaV1TSACertEntry {

      key "tudaV1TSACertCycleIndex tudaV1TSACertInstanceIndex
           tudaV1TSACertFragmentIndex";



Fuchs, et al.          Expires September 10, 2020              [Page 46]


Internet-Draft                    TUDA                        March 2020


      config false;
      description
       "An entry for one fragment of TSA Certificate data.";


      leaf tudaV1TSACertCycleIndex {
        type int32 {
          range "1..2147483647";
        }
        config false;
        description
         "High-order index of this TSA Certificate fragment.
          Index of a TSA Certificate chain update cycle that has
          occurred (bounded by the value of tudaV1TSACertCycles).

          DEFVAL intentionally omitted - index object.";
      }

      leaf tudaV1TSACertInstanceIndex {
        type int32 {
          range "1..2147483647";
        }
        config false;
        description
         "Middle index of this TSA Certificate fragment.
          Ordinal of this TSA Certificate in this chain, where the TSA
          Certificate itself has an ordinal of '1' and higher ordinals
          go *up* the certificate chain to the Root CA.

          DEFVAL intentionally omitted - index object.";
      }

      leaf tudaV1TSACertFragmentIndex {
        type int32 {
          range "1..2147483647";
        }
        config false;
        description
         "Low-order index of this TSA Certificate fragment.

          DEFVAL intentionally omitted - index object.";
      }

      leaf tudaV1TSACertData {
        type binary {
          length "0..1024";
        }
        config false;



Fuchs, et al.          Expires September 10, 2020              [Page 47]


Internet-Draft                    TUDA                        March 2020


        description
         "A fragment of CBOR encoded TSA Certificate data.";
      }
    }
  }

  container tudaV1SyncToken {
  description
    "TBD";

    leaf tudaV1SyncTokenCycles {
      type yang:counter32;
      config false;
      description
       "Count of Sync Token update cycles that have
        occurred.

        DEFVAL intentionally omitted - counter object.";
    }

    leaf tudaV1SyncTokenInstances {
      type yang:counter32;
      config false;
      description
       "Count of Sync Token instance entries that have
        been recorded (some entries MAY have been pruned).

        DEFVAL intentionally omitted - counter object.";
    }

    list tudaV1SyncTokenEntry {

      key "tudaV1SyncTokenCycleIndex
           tudaV1SyncTokenInstanceIndex
           tudaV1SyncTokenFragmentIndex";
      config false;
      description
       "An entry for one fragment of Sync Token data.";


      leaf tudaV1SyncTokenCycleIndex {
        type int32 {
          range "1..2147483647";
        }
        config false;
        description
         "High-order index of this Sync Token fragment.
          Index of a Sync Token update cycle that has



Fuchs, et al.          Expires September 10, 2020              [Page 48]


Internet-Draft                    TUDA                        March 2020


          occurred (bounded by the value of tudaV1SyncTokenCycles).

          DEFVAL intentionally omitted - index object.";
      }

      leaf tudaV1SyncTokenInstanceIndex {
        type int32 {
          range "1..2147483647";
        }
        config false;
        description
         "Middle index of this Sync Token fragment.
          Ordinal of this instance of Sync Token data
          (NOT bounded by the value of tudaV1SyncTokenInstances).

          DEFVAL intentionally omitted - index object.";
      }

      leaf tudaV1SyncTokenFragmentIndex {
        type int32 {
          range "1..2147483647";
        }
        config false;
        description
         "Low-order index of this Sync Token fragment.

          DEFVAL intentionally omitted - index object.";
      }

      leaf tudaV1SyncTokenData {
        type binary {
          length "0..1024";
        }
        config false;
        description
         "A fragment of CBOR encoded Sync Token data.";
      }
    }
  }

  container tudaV1Restrict {
  description
    "TBD";

    leaf tudaV1RestrictCycles {
      type yang:counter32;
      config false;
      description



Fuchs, et al.          Expires September 10, 2020              [Page 49]


Internet-Draft                    TUDA                        March 2020


       "Count of Restriction Info update cycles that have
        occurred.

        DEFVAL intentionally omitted - counter object.";
    }


    /* XXX table comments here XXX */

    list tudaV1RestrictEntry {

      key "tudaV1RestrictCycleIndex";
      config false;
      description
       "An entry for one instance of Restriction Info data.";


      leaf tudaV1RestrictCycleIndex {
        type int32 {
          range "1..2147483647";
        }
        config false;
        description
         "Index of this Restriction Info entry.
          Index of a Restriction Info update cycle that has
          occurred (bounded by the value of tudaV1RestrictCycles).

          DEFVAL intentionally omitted - index object.";
      }

      leaf tudaV1RestrictData {
        type binary {
          length "0..1024";
        }
        config false;
        description
         "An instance of CBOR encoded Restriction Info data.";
      }
    }
  }

  container tudaV1Measure {
  description
    "TBD";

    leaf tudaV1MeasureCycles {
      type yang:counter32;
      config false;



Fuchs, et al.          Expires September 10, 2020              [Page 50]


Internet-Draft                    TUDA                        March 2020


      description
       "Count of Measurement Log update cycles that have
        occurred.

        DEFVAL intentionally omitted - counter object.";
    }

    leaf tudaV1MeasureInstances {
      type yang:counter32;
      config false;
      description
       "Count of Measurement Log instance entries that have
        been recorded (some entries MAY have been pruned).

        DEFVAL intentionally omitted - counter object.";
    }

    list tudaV1MeasureEntry {

      key "tudaV1MeasureCycleIndex tudaV1MeasureInstanceIndex";
      config false;
      description
       "An entry for one instance of Measurement Log data.";


      leaf tudaV1MeasureCycleIndex {
        type int32 {
          range "1..2147483647";
        }
        config false;
        description
         "High-order index of this Measurement Log entry.
          Index of a Measurement Log update cycle that has
          occurred (bounded by the value of tudaV1MeasureCycles).

          DEFVAL intentionally omitted - index object.";
      }

      leaf tudaV1MeasureInstanceIndex {
        type int32 {
          range "1..2147483647";
        }
        config false;
        description
         "Low-order index of this Measurement Log entry.
          Ordinal of this instance of Measurement Log data
          (NOT bounded by the value of tudaV1MeasureInstances).




Fuchs, et al.          Expires September 10, 2020              [Page 51]


Internet-Draft                    TUDA                        March 2020


          DEFVAL intentionally omitted - index object.";
      }

      leaf tudaV1MeasureData {
        type binary {
          length "0..1024";
        }
        config false;
        description
         "A instance of CBOR encoded Measurement Log data.";
      }
    }
  }

  container tudaV1VerifyToken {
  description
    "TBD";

    leaf tudaV1VerifyTokenCycles {
      type yang:counter32;
      config false;
      description
       "Count of Verify Token update cycles that have
        occurred.

        DEFVAL intentionally omitted - counter object.";
    }


    /* XXX table comments here XXX */

    list tudaV1VerifyTokenEntry {

      key "tudaV1VerifyTokenCycleIndex";
      config false;
      description
       "An entry for one instance of Verify Token data.";


      leaf tudaV1VerifyTokenCycleIndex {
        type int32 {
          range "1..2147483647";
        }
        config false;
        description
         "Index of this instance of Verify Token data.
          Index of a Verify Token update cycle that has
          occurred (bounded by the value of tudaV1VerifyTokenCycles).



Fuchs, et al.          Expires September 10, 2020              [Page 52]


Internet-Draft                    TUDA                        March 2020


          DEFVAL intentionally omitted - index object.";
      }

      leaf tudaV1VerifyTokenData {
        type binary {
          length "0..1024";
        }
        config false;
        description
         "A instanc-V1-ATTESTATION-MIB.yang
      }
    }
  }

  container tudaV1SWIDTag {
  description
    "see CoSWID and YANG SIWD module for now"

    leaf tudaV1SWIDTagCycles {
      type yang:counter32;
      config false;
      description
       "Count of SWID Tag update cycles that have occurred.

        DEFVAL intentionally omitted - counter object.";
    }

    list tudaV1SWIDTagEntry {

      key "tudaV1SWIDTagCycleIndex tudaV1SWIDTagInstanceIndex
           tudaV1SWIDTagFragmentIndex";
      config false;
      description
       "An entry for one fragment of SWID Tag data.";


      leaf tudaV1SWIDTagCycleIndex {
        type int32 {
          range "1..2147483647";
        }
        config false;
        description
         "High-order index of this SWID Tag fragment.
          Index of an SWID Tag update cycle that has
          occurred (bounded by the value of tudaV1SWIDTagCycles).

          DEFVAL intentionally omitted - index object.";
      }



Fuchs, et al.          Expires September 10, 2020              [Page 53]


Internet-Draft                    TUDA                        March 2020


      leaf tudaV1SWIDTagInstanceIndex {
        type int32 {
          range "1..2147483647";
        }
        config false;
        description
         "Middle index of this SWID Tag fragment.
          Ordinal of this SWID Tag instance in this update cycle.

          DEFVAL intentionally omitted - index object.";
      }

      leaf tudaV1SWIDTagFragmentIndex {
        type int32 {
          range "1..2147483647";
        }
        config false;
        description
         "Low-order index of this SWID Tag fragment.

          DEFVAL intentionally omitted - index object.";
      }

      leaf tudaV1SWIDTagData {
        type binary {
          length "0..1024";
        }
        config false;
        description
         "A fragment of CBOR encoded SWID Tag data.";
      }
    }
  }

  notification tudaV1TrapV2Cycles {
    description
     "This trap is sent when the value of any cycle or instance
      counter changes (i.e., one or more tables are updated).

      Note:  The value of sysUpTime in IETF MIB-II (RFC 1213) is
      always included in SNMPv2 traps, per RFC 3416.";

    container tudaV1TrapV2Cycles-tudaV1GeneralCycles {
      description
       "TPD"
      leaf tudaV1GeneralCycles {
        type yang:counter32;
        description



Fuchs, et al.          Expires September 10, 2020              [Page 54]


Internet-Draft                    TUDA                        March 2020


         "Count of TUDA update cycles that have occurred, i.e.,
          sum of all the individual group cycle counters.

          DEFVAL intentionally omitted - counter object.";
      }
    }

    container tudaV1TrapV2Cycles-tudaV1AIKCertCycles {
      description
       "TPD"
      leaf tudaV1AIKCertCycles {
        type yang:counter32;
        description
         "Count of AIK Certificate chain update cycles that have
          occurred.

          DEFVAL intentionally omitted - counter object.";
      }
    }

    container tudaV1TrapV2Cycles-tudaV1TSACertCycles {
      description
       "TPD"
      leaf tudaV1TSACertCycles {
        type yang:counter32;
        description
         "Count of TSA Certificate chain update cycles that have
          occurred.

          DEFVAL intentionally omitted - counter object.";
      }
    }

    container tudaV1TrapV2Cycles-tudaV1SyncTokenCycles {
      description
       "TPD"
      leaf tudaV1SyncTokenCycles {
        type yang:counter32;
        description
         "Count of Sync Token update cycles that have
          occurred.

          DEFVAL intentionally omitted - counter object.";
      }
    }

    container tudaV1TrapV2Cycles-tudaV1SyncTokenInstances {
      description



Fuchs, et al.          Expires September 10, 2020              [Page 55]


Internet-Draft                    TUDA                        March 2020


       "TPD"
      leaf tudaV1SyncTokenInstances {
        type yang:counter32;
        description
         "Count of Sync Token instance entries that have
          been recorded (some entries MAY have been pruned).

          DEFVAL intentionally omitted - counter object.";
      }
    }

    container tudaV1TrapV2Cycles-tudaV1RestrictCycles {
      description
       "TPD"
      leaf tudaV1RestrictCycles {
        type yang:counter32;
        description
         "Count of Restriction Info update cycles that have
          occurred.

          DEFVAL intentionally omitted - counter object.";
      }
    }

    container tudaV1TrapV2Cycles-tudaV1MeasureCycles {
      description
       "TPD"
      leaf tudaV1MeasureCycles {
        type yang:counter32;
        description
         "Count of Measurement Log update cycles that have
          occurred.

          DEFVAL intentionally omitted - counter object.";
      }
    }

    container tudaV1TrapV2Cycles-tudaV1MeasureInstances {
      description
       "TPD"
      leaf tudaV1MeasureInstances {
        type yang:counter32;
        description
         "Count of Measurement Log instance entries that have
          been recorded (some entries MAY have been pruned).

          DEFVAL intentionally omitted - counter object.";
      }



Fuchs, et al.          Expires September 10, 2020              [Page 56]


Internet-Draft                    TUDA                        March 2020


    }

    container tudaV1TrapV2Cycles-tudaV1VerifyTokenCycles {
      description
       "TPD"
      leaf tudaV1VerifyTokenCycles {
        type yang:counter32;
        description
         "Count of Verify Token update cycles that have
          occurred.

          DEFVAL intentionally omitted - counter object.";
      }
    }

    container tudaV1TrapV2Cycles-tudaV1SWIDTagCycles {
      description
       "TPD"
      leaf tudaV1SWIDTagCycles {
        type yang:counter32;
        description
         "Count of SWID Tag update cycles that have occurred.

          DEFVAL intentionally omitted - counter object.";
      }
    }

  }
}
<CODE ENDS>

Appendix D.  Realization with TPM functions

D.1.  TPM Functions

   The following TPM structures, resources and functions are used within
   this approach.  They are based upon the TPM specifications [TPM12]
   and [TPM2].

D.1.1.  Tick-Session and Tick-Stamp

   On every boot, the TPM initializes a new Tick-Session.  Such a tick-
   session consists of a nonce that is randomly created upon each boot
   to identify the current boot-cycle - the phase between boot-time of
   the device and shutdown or power-off - and prevent replaying of old
   tick-session values.  The TPM uses its internal entropy source that
   guarantees virtually no collisions of the nonce values between two of
   such boot cycles.



Fuchs, et al.          Expires September 10, 2020              [Page 57]


Internet-Draft                    TUDA                        March 2020


   It further includes an internal timer that is being initialize to
   Zero on each reboot.  From this point on, the TPM increments this
   timer continuously based upon its internal secure clocking
   information until the device is powered down or set to sleep.  By its
   hardware design, the TPM will detect attacks on any of those
   properties.

   The TPM offers the function TPM_TickStampBlob, which allows the TPM
   to create a signature over the current tick-session and two
   externally provided input values.  These input values are designed to
   serve as a nonce and as payload data to be included in a
   TickStampBlob: TickstampBlob := sig(TPM-key, currentTicks || nonce ||
   externalData).

   As a result, one is able to proof that at a certain point in time
   (relative to the tick-session) after the provisioning of a certain
   nonce, some certain externalData was known and provided to the TPM.
   If an approach however requires no input values or only one input
   value (such as the use in this document) the input values can be set
   to well-known value.  The convention used within TCG specifications
   and within this document is to use twenty bytes of zero
   h'0000000000000000000000000000000000000000' as well-known value.

D.1.2.  Platform Configuration Registers (PCRs)

   The TPM is a secure cryptoprocessor that provides the ability to
   store measurements and metrics about an endpoint's configuration and
   state in a secure, tamper-proof environment.  Each of these security
   relevant metrics can be stored in a volatile Platform Configuration
   Register (PCR) inside the TPM.  These measurements can be conducted
   at any point in time, ranging from an initial BIOS boot-up sequence
   to measurements taken after hundreds of hours of uptime.

   The initial measurement is triggered by the Platforms so-called pre-
   BIOS or ROM-code.  It will conduct a measurement of the first
   loadable pieces of code; i.e.\ the BIOS.  The BIOS will in turn
   measure its Option ROMs and the BootLoader, which measures the OS-
   Kernel, which in turn measures its applications.  This describes a
   so-called measurement chain.  This typically gets recorded in a so-
   called measurement log, such that the values of the PCRs can be
   reconstructed from the individual measurements for validation.

   Via its PCRs, a TPM provides a Root of Trust that can, for example,
   support secure boot or remote attestation.  The attestation of an
   endpoint's identity or security posture is based on the content of an
   TPM's PCRs (platform integrity measurements).





Fuchs, et al.          Expires September 10, 2020              [Page 58]


Internet-Draft                    TUDA                        March 2020


D.1.3.  PCR restricted Keys

   Every key inside the TPM can be restricted in such a way that it can
   only be used if a certain set of PCRs are in a predetermined state.
   For key creation the desired state for PCRs are defined via the
   PCRInfo field inside the keyInfo parameter.  Whenever an operation
   using this key is performed, the TPM first checks whether the PCRs
   are in the correct state.  Otherwise the operation is denied by the
   TPM.

D.1.4.  CertifyInfo

   The TPM offers a command to certify the properties of a key by means
   of a signature using another key.  This includes especially the
   keyInfo which in turn includes the PCRInfo information used during
   key creation.  This way, a third party can be assured about the fact
   that a key is only usable if the PCRs are in a certain state.

D.2.  IE Generation Procedures for TPM 1.2

D.2.1.  AIK and AIK Certificate

   Attestations are based upon a cryptographic signature performed by
   the TPM using a so-called Attestation Identity Key (AIK).  An AIK has
   the properties that it cannot be exported from a TPM and is used for
   attestations.  Trust in the AIK is established by an X.509
   Certificate emitted by a Certificate Authority.  The AIK certificate
   is either provided directly or via a so-called PrivacyCA
   [AIK-Enrollment].

   This element consists of the AIK certificate that includes the AIK's
   public key used during verification as well as the certificate chain
   up to the Root CA for validation of the AIK certificate itself.

   TUDA-Cert = [AIK-Cert, TSA-Cert]; maybe split into two for SNMP
   AIK-Cert = Cert
   TSA-Cert = Cert

                    Figure 2: TUDA-Cert element in CDDL

   The TSA-Cert is a standard certificate of the TSA.

   The AIK-Cert may be provisioned in a secure environment using
   standard means or it may follow the PrivacyCA protocols.  Figure 3
   gives a rough sketch of this protocol.  See [AIK-Enrollment] for more
   information.





Fuchs, et al.          Expires September 10, 2020              [Page 59]


Internet-Draft                    TUDA                        March 2020


   The X.509 Certificate is built from the AIK public key and the
   corresponding PKCS #7 certificate chain, as shown in Figure 3.

   Required TPM functions:

   | create_AIK_Cert(...) = {
   |   AIK = TPM_MakeIdentity()
   |   IdReq = CollateIdentityRequest(AIK,EK)
   |   IdRes = Call(AIK-CA, IdReq)
   |   AIK-Cert = TPM_ActivateIdentity(AIK, IdRes)
   | }
   |
   | /* Alternative */
   |
   | create_AIK_Cert(...) = {
   |   AIK = TPM_CreateWrapKey(Identity)
   |   AIK-Cert = Call(AIK-CA, AIK.pubkey)
   | }

                 Figure 3: Creating the TUDA-Cert element

D.2.2.  Synchronization Token

   The reference for Attestations are the Tick-Sessions of the TPM.  In
   order to put Attestations into relation with a Real Time Clock (RTC),
   it is necessary to provide a cryptographic synchronization between
   the tick session and the RTC.  To do so, a synchronization protocol
   is run with a Time Stamp Authority (TSA) that consists of three
   steps:

   o  The TPM creates a TickStampBlob using the AIK

   o  This TickstampBlob is used as nonce to the Timestamp of the TSA

   o  Another TickStampBlob with the AIK is created using the TSA's
      Timestamp a nonce

   The first TickStampBlob is called "left" and the second "right" in a
   reference to their position on a time-axis.

   These three elements, with the TSA's certificate factored out, form
   the synchronization token









Fuchs, et al.          Expires September 10, 2020              [Page 60]


Internet-Draft                    TUDA                        March 2020


   TUDA-Synctoken = [
     left: TickStampBlob-Output,
     timestamp: TimeStampToken,
     right: TickStampBlob-Output,
   ]

   TimeStampToken = bytes ; RFC 3161

   TickStampBlob-Output = [
     currentTicks: TPM-CURRENT-TICKS,
     sig: bytes,
   ]

   TPM-CURRENT-TICKS = [
     currentTicks: uint
     ? (
       tickRate: uint
       tickNonce: TPM-NONCE
     )
   ]
   ; Note that TickStampBlob-Output "right" can omit the values for
   ;   tickRate and tickNonce since they are the same as in "left"

   TPM-NONCE = bytes .size 20

                    Figure 4: TUDA-Sync element in CDDL

   Required TPM functions:























Fuchs, et al.          Expires September 10, 2020              [Page 61]


Internet-Draft                    TUDA                        March 2020


   | dummyDigest = h'0000000000000000000000000000000000000000'
   | dummyNonce = dummyDigest
   |
   | create_sync_token(AIKHandle, TSA) = {
   |   ts_left = TPM_TickStampBlob(
   |       keyHandle = AIK_Handle,      /*TPM_KEY_HANDLE*/
   |       antiReplay = dummyNonce,     /*TPM_NONCE*/
   |       digestToStamp = dummyDigest  /*TPM_DIGEST*/)
   |
   |   ts = TSA_Timestamp(TSA, nonce = hash(ts_left))
   |
   |   ts_right = TPM_TickStampBlob(
   |       keyHandle = AIK_Handle,      /*TPM_KEY_HANDLE*/
   |       antiReplay = dummyNonce,     /*TPM_NONCE*/
   |       digestToStamp = hash(ts))    /*TPM_DIGEST*/
   |
   |   TUDA-SyncToken = [[ts_left.ticks, ts_left.sig], ts,
   |                     [ts_right.ticks.currentTicks, ts_right.sig]]
   |   /* Note: skip the nonce and tickRate field for ts_right.ticks */
   | }


                 Figure 5: Creating the Sync-Token element

D.2.3.  RestrictionInfo

   The attestation relies on the capability of the TPM to operate on
   restricted keys.  Whenever the PCR values for the machine to be
   attested change, a new restricted key is created that can only be
   operated as long as the PCRs remain in their current state.

   In order to prove to the Verifier that this restricted temporary key
   actually has these properties and also to provide the PCR value that
   it is restricted, the TPM command TPM_CertifyInfo is used.  It
   creates a signed certificate using the AIK about the newly created
   restricted key.

   This token is formed from the list of:

   o  PCR list,

   o  the newly created restricted public key, and

   o  the certificate.

 TUDA-RestrictionInfo = [Composite,
                         restrictedKey_Pub: Pubkey,
                         CertifyInfo]



Fuchs, et al.          Expires September 10, 2020              [Page 62]


Internet-Draft                    TUDA                        March 2020


 PCRSelection = bytes .size (2..4) ; used as bit string

 Composite = [
   bitmask: PCRSelection,
   values: [*PCR-Hash],
 ]

 Pubkey = bytes ; may be extended to COSE pubkeys

 CertifyInfo = [
   TPM-CERTIFY-INFO,
   sig: bytes,
 ]

 TPM-CERTIFY-INFO = [
   ; we don't encode TPM-STRUCT-VER:
   ; these are 4 bytes always equal to h'01010000'
   keyUsage: uint, ; 4byte? 2byte?
   keyFlags: bytes .size 4, ; 4byte
   authDataUsage: uint, ; 1byte (enum)
   algorithmParms: TPM-KEY-PARMS,
   pubkeyDigest: Hash,
   ; we don't encode TPM-NONCE data, which is 20 bytes, all zero
   parentPCRStatus: bool,
   ; no need to encode pcrinfosize
   pcrinfo: TPM-PCR-INFO,        ; we have exactly one
 ]

 TPM-PCR-INFO = [
     pcrSelection: PCRSelection; /* TPM_PCR_SELECTION */
     digestAtRelease: PCR-Hash;  /* TPM_COMPOSITE_HASH */
     digestAtCreation: PCR-Hash; /* TPM_COMPOSITE_HASH */
 ]

 TPM-KEY-PARMS = [
   ; algorithmID: uint, ; <= 4 bytes -- not encoded, constant for TPM1.2
   encScheme: uint, ; <= 2 bytes
   sigScheme: uint, ; <= 2 bytes
   parms: TPM-RSA-KEY-PARMS,
 ]

 TPM-RSA-KEY-PARMS = [
   ; "size of the RSA key in bits":
   keyLength: uint
   ; "number of prime factors used by this RSA key":
   numPrimes: uint
   ; "This SHALL be the size of the exponent":
   exponentSize: null / uint / biguint



Fuchs, et al.          Expires September 10, 2020              [Page 63]


Internet-Draft                    TUDA                        March 2020


   ; "If the key is using the default exponent then the exponentSize
   ; MUST be 0" -> we represent this case as null
 ]


                    Figure 6: TUDA-Key element in CDDL

   Required TPM functions:

   | dummyDigest = h'0000000000000000000000000000000000000000'
   | dummyNonce = dummyDigest
   |
   | create_Composite
   |
   | create_restrictedKey_Pub(pcrsel) = {
   |   PCRInfo = {pcrSelection = pcrsel,
   |              digestAtRelease = hash(currentValues(pcrSelection))
   |              digestAtCreation = dummyDigest}
   |   / * PCRInfo is a TPM_PCR_INFO and thus also a TPM_KEY */
   |
   |   wk = TPM_CreateWrapKey(keyInfo = PCRInfo)
   |   wk.keyInfo.pubKey
   | }
   |
   | create_TPM-Certify-Info = {
   |   CertifyInfo = TPM_CertifyKey(
   |       certHandle = AIK,          /* TPM_KEY_HANDLE */
   |       keyHandle = wk,            /* TPM_KEY_HANDLE */
   |       antiReply = dummyNonce)    /* TPM_NONCE */
   |
   |   CertifyInfo.strip()
   |   /* Remove those values that are not needed */
   | }

                       Figure 7: Creating the pubkey

D.2.4.  Measurement Log

   Similarly to regular attestations, the Verifier needs a way to
   reconstruct the PCRs' values in order to estimate the trustworthiness
   of the device.  As such, a list of those elements that were extended
   into the PCRs is reported.  Note though that for certain
   environments, this step may be optional if a list of valid PCR
   configurations exists and no measurement log is required.







Fuchs, et al.          Expires September 10, 2020              [Page 64]


Internet-Draft                    TUDA                        March 2020


   TUDA-Measurement-Log = [*PCR-Event]
   PCR-Event = [
     type: PCR-Event-Type,
     pcr: uint,
     template-hash: PCR-Hash,
     filedata-hash: tagged-hash,
     pathname: text; called filename-hint in ima (non-ng)
   ]

   PCR-Event-Type = &(
     bios: 0
     ima: 1
     ima-ng: 2
   )

   ; might want to make use of COSE registry here
   ; however, that might never define a value for sha1
   tagged-hash /= [sha1: 0, bytes .size 20]
   tagged-hash /= [sha256: 1, bytes .size 32]

D.2.5.  Implicit Attestation

   The actual attestation is then based upon a TickStampBlob using the
   restricted temporary key that was certified in the steps above.  The
   TPM-Tickstamp is executed and thereby provides evidence that at this
   point in time (with respect to the TPM internal tick-session) a
   certain configuration existed (namely the PCR values associated with
   the restricted key).  Together with the synchronization token this
   tick-related timing can then be related to the real-time clock.

   This element consists only of the TPM_TickStampBlock with no nonce.

   TUDA-Verifytoken = TickStampBlob-Output

                   Figure 8: TUDA-Verify element in CDDL

   Required TPM functions:

   | imp_att = TPM_TickStampBlob(
   |     keyHandle = restrictedKey_Handle,     /*TPM_KEY_HANDLE*/
   |     antiReplay = dummyNonce,              /*TPM_NONCE*/
   |     digestToStamp = dummyDigest)          /*TPM_DIGEST*/
   |
   | VerifyToken = imp_att

                    Figure 9: Creating the Verify Token





Fuchs, et al.          Expires September 10, 2020              [Page 65]


Internet-Draft                    TUDA                        March 2020


D.2.6.  Attestation Verification Approach

   The seven TUDA information elements transport the essential content
   that is required to enable verification of the attestation statement
   at the Verifier.  The following listings illustrate the verification
   algorithm to be used at the Verifier in pseudocode.  The pseudocode
   provided covers the entire verification task.  If only a subset of
   TUDA elements changed (see Section 4.1), only the corresponding code
   listings need to be re-executed.

   | TSA_pub = verifyCert(TSA-CA, Cert.TSA-Cert)
   | AIK_pub = verifyCert(AIK-CA, Cert.AIK-Cert)

                  Figure 10: Verification of Certificates

  | ts_left = Synctoken.left
  | ts_right = Synctoken.right
  |
  | /* Reconstruct ts_right's omitted values; Alternatively assert == */
  | ts_right.currentTicks.tickRate = ts_left.currentTicks.tickRate
  | ts_right.currentTicks.tickNonce = ts_left.currentTicks.tickNonce
  |
  | ticks_left = ts_left.currentTicks
  | ticks_right = ts_right.currentTicks
  |
  | /* Verify Signatures */
  | verifySig(AIK_pub, dummyNonce || dummyDigest || ticks_left)
  | verifySig(TSA_pub, hash(ts_left) || timestamp.time)
  | verifySig(AIK_pub, dummyNonce || hash(timestamp) || ticks_right)
  |
  | delta_left = timestamp.time -
  |     ticks_left.currentTicks * ticks_left.tickRate / 1000
  |
  | delta_right = timestamp.time -
  |     ticks_right.currentTicks * ticks_right.tickRate / 1000

             Figure 11: Verification of Synchronization Token














Fuchs, et al.          Expires September 10, 2020              [Page 66]


Internet-Draft                    TUDA                        March 2020


   | compositeHash = hash_init()
   | for value in Composite.values:
   |     hash_update(compositeHash, value)
   | compositeHash = hash_finish(compositeHash)
   |
   | certInfo = reconstruct_static(TPM-CERTIFY-INFO)
   |
   | assert(Composite.bitmask == ExpectedPCRBitmask)
   | assert(certInfo.pcrinfo.PCRSelection == Composite.bitmask)
   | assert(certInfo.pcrinfo.digestAtRelease == compositeHash)
   | assert(certInfo.pubkeyDigest == hash(restrictedKey_Pub))
   |
   | verifySig(AIK_pub, dummyNonce || certInfo)

                Figure 12: Verification of Restriction Info

   | for event in Measurement-Log:
   |     if event.pcr not in ExpectedPCRBitmask:
   |         continue
   |     if event.type == BIOS:
   |         assert_whitelist-bios(event.pcr, event.template-hash)
   |     if event.type == ima:
   |         assert(event.pcr == 10)
   |         assert_whitelist(event.pathname, event.filedata-hash)
   |         assert(event.template-hash ==
   |                hash(event.pathname || event.filedata-hash))
   |     if event.type == ima-ng:
   |         assert(event.pcr == 10)
   |         assert_whitelist-ng(event.pathname, event.filedata-hash)
   |         assert(event.template-hash ==
   |                hash(event.pathname || event.filedata-hash))
   |
   |     virtPCR[event.pcr] = hash_extend(virtPCR[event.pcr],
   |                                      event.template-hash)
   |
   | for pcr in ExpectedPCRBitmask:
   |     assert(virtPCR[pcr] == Composite.values[i++]

                Figure 13: Verification of Measurement Log












Fuchs, et al.          Expires September 10, 2020              [Page 67]


Internet-Draft                    TUDA                        March 2020


  | ts = Verifytoken
  |
  | /* Reconstruct ts's omitted values; Alternatively assert == */
  | ts.currentTicks.tickRate = ts_left.currentTicks.tickRate
  | ts.currentTicks.tickNonce = ts_left.currentTicks.tickNonce
  |
  | verifySig(restrictedKey_pub, dummyNonce || dummyDigest || ts)
  |
  | ticks = ts.currentTicks
  |
  | time_left = delta_right + ticks.currentTicks * ticks.tickRate / 1000
  | time_right = delta_left + ticks.currentTicks * ticks.tickRate / 1000
  |
  | [time_left, time_right]

               Figure 14: Verification of Attestation Token

D.3.  IE Generation Procedures for TPM 2.0

   The pseudo code below includes general operations that are conducted
   as specific TPM commands:

   o  hash() : description TBD

   o  sig() : description TBD

   o  X.509-Certificate() : description TBD

   These represent the output structure of that command in the form of a
   byte string value.

D.3.1.  AIK and AIK Certificate

   Attestations are based upon a cryptographic signature performed by
   the TPM using a so-called Attestation Identity Key (AIK).  An AIK has
   the properties that it cannot be exported from a TPM and is used for
   attestations.  Trust in the AIK is established by an X.509
   Certificate emitted by a Certificate Authority.  The AIK certificate
   is either provided directly or via a so-called PrivacyCA
   [AIK-Enrollment].

   This element consists of the AIK certificate that includes the AIK's
   public key used during verification as well as the certificate chain
   up to the Root CA for validation of the AIK certificate itself.







Fuchs, et al.          Expires September 10, 2020              [Page 68]


Internet-Draft                    TUDA                        March 2020


   TUDA-Cert = [AIK-Cert, TSA-Cert]; maybe split into two for SNMP
   AIK-Certificate = X.509-Certificate(AIK-Key,Restricted-Flag)
   TSA-Certificate = X.509-Certificate(TSA-Key, TSA-Flag)

                 Figure 15: TUDA-Cert element for TPM 2.0

D.3.2.  Synchronization Token

   The synchronization token uses a different TPM command, TPM2
   GetTime() instead of TPM TickStampBlob().  The TPM2 GetTime() command
   contains the clock and time information of the TPM.  The clock
   information is the equivalent of TUDA v1's tickSession information.

   TUDA-SyncToken = [
     left_GetTime = sig(AIK-Key,
                        TimeInfo = [
                          time,
                          resetCount,
                          restartCount
                        ]
                       ),
     middle_TimeStamp = sig(TSA-Key,
                            hash(left_TickStampBlob),
                            UTC-localtime
                           ),
     right_TickStampBlob = sig(AIK-Key,
                               hash(middle_TimeStamp),
                               TimeInfo = [
                                 time,
                                 resetCount,
                                 restartCount
                               ]
                              )
   ]

                 Figure 16: TUDA-Sync element for TPM 2.0

D.3.3.  Measurement Log

   The creation procedure is identical to Appendix D.2.4.

   Measurement-Log = [
     * [ EventName,
         PCR-Num,
         Event-Hash ]
   ]

                  Figure 17: TUDA-Log element for TPM 2.0



Fuchs, et al.          Expires September 10, 2020              [Page 69]


Internet-Draft                    TUDA                        March 2020


D.3.4.  Explicit time-based Attestation

   The TUDA attestation token consists of the result of TPM2_Quote() or
   a set of TPM2_PCR_READ followed by a TPM2_GetSessionAuditDigest.  It
   proves that -- at a certain point-in-time with respect to the TPM's
   internal clock -- a certain configuration of PCRs was present, as
   denoted in the keys restriction information.

TUDA-AttestationToken = TUDA-AttestationToken_quote / TUDA-AttestationToken_audit

TUDA-AttestationToken_quote = sig(AIK-Key,
                                  TimeInfo = [
                                    time,
                                    resetCount,
                                    restartCount
                                  ],
                                  PCR-Selection = [ * PCR],
                                  PCR-Digest := PCRDigest
                                 )

TUDA-AttestationToken_audit = sig(AIK-key,
                                  TimeInfo = [
                                    time,
                                    resetCount,
                                    restartCount
                                  ],
                                  Session-Digest := PCRDigest
                                 )

                Figure 18: TUDA-Attest element for TPM 2.0

D.3.5.  Sync Proof

   In order to proof to the Verifier that the TPM's clock was not 'fast-
   forwarded' the result of a TPM2_GetTime() is sent after the TUDA-
   AttestationToken.

   TUDA-SyncProof = sig(AIK-Key,
                        TimeInfo = [
                          time,
                          resetCount,
                          restartCount
                        ]
                       ),

                 Figure 19: TUDA-Proof element for TPM 2.0





Fuchs, et al.          Expires September 10, 2020              [Page 70]


Internet-Draft                    TUDA                        March 2020


Acknowledgements

Authors' Addresses

   Andreas Fuchs
   Fraunhofer Institute for Secure Information Technology
   Rheinstrasse 75
   Darmstadt  64295
   Germany

   Email: andreas.fuchs@sit.fraunhofer.de


   Henk Birkholz
   Fraunhofer Institute for Secure Information Technology
   Rheinstrasse 75
   Darmstadt  64295
   Germany

   Email: henk.birkholz@sit.fraunhofer.de


   Ira E McDonald
   High North Inc
   PO Box 221
   Grand Marais  49839
   US

   Email: blueroofmusic@gmail.com


   Carsten Bormann
   Universitaet Bremen TZI
   Bibliothekstr. 1
   Bremen  D-28359
   Germany

   Phone: +49-421-218-63921
   Email: cabo@tzi.org












Fuchs, et al.          Expires September 10, 2020              [Page 71]