Network Working Group                                              Z. Hu
Internet-Draft                                                    L. Zhu
Intended status: Standards Track                            J. Heidemann
Expires: April 24, 2015                         USC/Information Sciences
                                                               Institute
                                                               A. Mankin
                                                              D. Wessels
                                                           Verisign Labs
                                                        October 21, 2014


         TLS for DNS: Initiation and Performance Considerations
                draft-hzhwm-dprive-start-tls-for-dns-00

Abstract

   This memo offers one approach to initiating TLS for DNS over the
   standard port (TCP/53).  Encryption provided by TLS eliminates
   opportunities for eavesdropping on DNS queries in the network.  In
   addition, and most importantly, the document discusses performance
   considerations to minimize overheads from using TCP and TLS with DNS.
   These considerations may apply to other approaches for DNS over TCP
   and TLS using other ports.

Status of this Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
   working documents as Internet-Drafts.  The list of current Internet-
   Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   This Internet-Draft will expire on April 24, 2015.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2014 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents



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   (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
   to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.


1.  Introduction

   Today, nearly all DNS queries ([RFC1034] and [RFC1035]) are sent
   unencrypted, which makes them vulnerable to eavesdropping by an
   attacker that has access to the network channel, reducing the privacy
   of the querier.  Recent news reports have elevated these concerns,
   and ongoing efforts are beginning to identify privacy concerns about
   DNS ([draft-bortzmeyer-dnsop-dns-privacy]).

   Prior work has addressed some aspects of DNS security, but none
   addresses privacy between a DNS client and server using standard
   protocols.  DNS Security Extensions (DNSSEC, [RFC4033]) provide
   _response integrity_ by defining mechanisms to cryptographically sign
   zones, allowing end-users (or their first-hop resolver) to verify
   replies are correct.  DNSSEC however does nothing to protect request
   or response privacy.  Traditionally, either privacy was not
   considered a requirement for DNS traffic, or it was assumed that
   network traffic was sufficiently private, however these perceptions
   are evolving due to recent events.

   More recently, DNSCurve [draft-dempsky-dnscurve] defines a method to
   provide link-level confidentiality and integrity between DNS clients
   and servers.  However, it does so with a new cryptographic protocol
   and so does not take advantage of TLS.  ConfidentialDNS
   [draft-wijngaards-confidentialdns] and IPSECA
   [draft-osterweil-dane-ipsec] use opportunistic encryption to provide
   privacy for DNS queries and responses.  However, it is unclear how a
   client can locate an RR specific to its first-hop resolver.  Finally,
   others have suggested DNS-over-TLS.  Recent work suggests DNS-over-
   TLS ([draft-bortzmeyer-dnsop-privacy-sol]), and the Unbound DNS
   software [unbound] includes a DNS-over-TLS implementation.  However,
   neither defines methods to negotiate TLS use over an existing
   connection; unbound instead requires DNS-over-TLS to run on a
   different port.

   The mechanism described in this document enables DNS clients and
   servers to upgrade an existing DNS-over-TCP connection to a DNS-over-
   TLS connection.  It is analogous to STARTTLS [RFC2595] used in SMTP
   [RFC3207], IMAP [RFC3501] and POP [RFC1939].



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   This document defines only the protocol extensions necessary to
   support TLS negotiation.  It does not describe how DNS clients might
   validate server certificates or specify trusted certificate
   authorities.  Solutions for certificate authentication are outside
   the scope of this document.

1.1.  Reserved Words

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
   document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [RFC2119].


2.  Protocol Changes

   Clients and servers indicate their support for, and desire to use,
   DNS-over-TLS by setting a bit in the Flags field of the EDNS0
   [RFC6891] OPT meta-RR.  The "TLS OK" (TO) bit is defined as the
   second bit of the third and fourth bytes of the "extended RCODE and
   flags" portion of the EDNS0 OPT meta-RR, immediately adjacent to the
   "DNSSEC OK" (DO) bit [RFC4033]:

                     +0 (MSB)                +1 (LSB)
              +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
           0: |   EXTENDED-RCODE      |       VERSION         |
              +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
           2: |DO|TO|                  Z                      |
              +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+

2.1.  Use by DNS Clients

2.1.1.  Sending Queries

   DNS clients MAY set the TO bit in queries sent using UDP transport to
   signal their general ability to support DNS-over-TLS.  Clients which
   get no response to UDP TO=1 queries SHOULD retransmit them without
   the TO bit set.

   DNS clients MAY set the TO bit in the initial query sent to a server
   using TCP transport to signal their desire that the TCP connection be
   upgraded to TLS.  DNS clients MUST NOT set the TO bit on subsequent
   queries when using TCP or TLS transport (to avoid ambiguity).

   Since the motivation for DNS-over-TLS is to preserve privacy, DNS
   clients SHOULD use a query that reveals no private information in the
   initial TO=1 query to a server.  To provide a standard "dummy" query,
   it is RECOMMENDED to send the initial query with RD=0,
   QNAME="STARTTLS", QCLASS=CH, and QTYPE=TXT ("STARTTLS/CH/TXT")



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   analogous to administrative queries already in widespread use
   [RFC4892].

   After sending the initial TO=1 query using TCP transport, DNS clients
   MUST wait for the initial response before sending any subsequent
   queries over the same TCP connection.

2.1.2.  Receiving Responses

   A DNS client that receives a response using UDP transport that has
   the TO bit set MUST handle that response as usual.  It MAY record the
   server's support for DNS-over-TLS and use that information as part of
   its server selection algorithm in the case where multiple servers are
   available to service a particular query.

   A DNS client that receives a response to its initial query using TCP
   transport that has the TO bit set MUST immediately initiate a TLS
   handshake using the procedure described in [RFC5246].

   A DNS client that receives a response to its initial query using TCP
   transport that has the TO bit clear MUST not initiate a TLS handshake
   and SHOULD utilize the existing TCP connection for subsequent
   queries.  DNS clients SHOULD remember server IP addresses that don't
   support DNS-over-TLS (including TLS handshake failures) and SHOULD
   NOT request DNS-over-TLS from them for reasonable period.  (We
   suggest 1 hour, or when the client discovers a new resolver.)

2.2.  Use by DNS Servers

2.2.1.  Receiving Queries

   A DNS server receiving a query over UDP MUST ignore the TO bit.

   A DNS server receiving a query over an existing TLS connection MUST
   ignore the TO bit.

   A DNS server receiving an initial query over TCP that has the TO bit
   set MAY inform the client it is willing to establish a TLS session,
   as described in the next section.

   A DNS server receiving subsequent queries over TCP MUST ignore the TO
   bit.  (A client wishing to start TLS after the initial query MUST
   open a new TCP connection to do so.)

2.2.2.  Sending Responses

   A DNS server sending a response over UDP SHOULD set the TO bit to
   indicate its general support for DNS-over-TLS, as long as it is



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   willing and able to support a TLS connection with the particular
   client.

   A DNS server receiving an initial query over TCP that has the TO bit
   set MAY set the TO bit in its response.  The server MUST then proceed
   with the TLS handshake protocol.

   A DNS server receiving a "dummy" STARTTLS/CH/TXT query over TCP MUST
   respond with RCODE=0 and a TXT RR in the Answer section.  Contents of
   the TXT RR are strictly informative (for humans) and MUST NOT be
   interpreted by the client software.  Recommended TXT RDATA values are
   "STARTTLS" or "NO_TLS".

2.3.  Established Sessions

   After TLS negotiation completes, the connection will be encrypted and
   is now protected from eavesdropping and normal DNS queries SHOULD
   take place.

   Both clients and servers SHOULD follow existing DNS-over-TCP timeout
   rules, which are often implementation- and situation-dependent.  In
   the absence of any other advice, the RECOMMENDED timeout values are
   30 seconds for recursive name servers, 60 seconds for clients of
   recursive name servers, 10 seconds for authoritative name servers,
   and 20 seconds for clients of authoritative name servers.  Current
   work in this area may assist DNS-over-TLS clients and servers select
   useful timeout values [draft-wouters-edns-tcp-keepalive] [tdns].

   As with current DNS-over-TCP, DNS servers MAY close the connection at
   any time (e.g., due to resource constraints).  As with current DNS-
   over-TCP, clients MUST handle abrupt closes and be prepared to
   reestablish connections and/or retry queries.  DNS servers SHOULD use
   the TLS close-notify request to shift TCP TIME-WAIT state to the
   clients.

   DNS servers SHOULD enable fast TLS session resumption [RFC5077] to
   avoid keeping per-client session state.

2.4.  Downgrade Attacks and Middleboxes

   Middleboxes [RFC3234] may be present in some networks and have been
   known to interfere with normal DNS resolution and create problems for
   DNS-over-TLS.  Remarkably, downgrade attacks can affect plaintext
   protocols that utilize "STARTTLS" signaling in a similar way.  A DNS
   client attempting DNS-over-TLS through a middlebox, or in the
   presence of a downgrade attack, could have one of the following
   outcomes (as discussed in prior RFCs [RFC3207]):




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   1.  The DNS client sends a TO=1 query and receives a TO=0 response.
       In this case there is no upgrade to TLS and DNS resolution occurs
       normally, without encryption.

   2.  The DNS client sends a TO=1 query and receives a TO=1 response,
       but the TLS handshake fails because the server's certificate
       cannot be authenticated.  In this case the client SHOULD close
       the established connection and fall back to unencrypted DNS for a
       reasonable period (as discussed in Section 2.1.2).

   3.  The DNS client sends a TO=1 query and receives a TO=1 response,
       but the middlebox does not understand the TLS negotiation.
       Middleboxes SHOULD clear TO in replies if they are not prepared
       to pass through TLS negotiation.  Clients SHOULD retry DNS
       without TO set if negotiation fails, and then retry with TLS
       after a reasonable period (see Section 2.1.2).

   4.  The DNS client sends a TO=1 query but receives no response at
       all.  The middlebox might be silently dropping the query due to
       the presence of the TO bit, when it should, in fact, ignore and
       pass through unknown flag bits [RFC6891].  The client SHOULD fall
       back to normal (unencrypted) DNS for a reasonable period (as
       discussed in Section 2.1.2).

   In general, clients that attempt TLS and fail can either fall back on
   unencrypted DNS, or wait and retry later, depending on their privacy
   requirements.  If the problem of middleboxes and threat of downgrade
   attacks is too serious, the IETF might consider allocating a
   dedicated port for DNS-over-TLS [RFC6335].


3.  Performance Considerations

   DNS-over-TLS incurs additional latency at session startup.  It also
   requires additional state (memory) increased processing (CPU).

   1.  Latency: Compared to UDP, DNS-over-TCP requires an additional
       round-trip-time (RTT) of latency to establish the connection.
       The TLS handshake adds another two RTTs of latency.  Clients and
       servers should support connection keepalive (reuse) and out-of-
       order processing to amortize connection setup costs.  Moreover,
       TLS connection resumption can further reduce the setup delay.

   2.  State: The use of connection-oriented TCP requires keeping
       additional state in both kernels and applications.  TLS has
       marginal increases in state over TCP alone.  The state
       requirements are of particular concerns on servers with many
       clients.  Smaller timeout values will reduce the number of



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       concurrent connections, and servers can preemptively close
       connections when resources limits are exceeded.

   3.  Processing: Use of TLS encryption algorithms results in slightly
       higher CPU usage.  Servers can choose to refuse new DNS-over-TCP
       clients if processing limits are exceeded.

   A full performance evaluation is outside the scope of this
   specification.  A more detailed analysis of the performance
   implications of DNS-over-TLS (and DNS-over-TCP) is discussed in a
   technical report [tdns].


4.  IANA Considerations

   This document defines a new bit ("TO") in the Flags field of the
   EDNS0 OPT meta-RR.  At the time of approval of this draft in the
   standards track, as per the IANA Considerations of RFC 6891, IANA is
   requested to reserve the second leftmost bit of the flags as the TO
   bit, immediately adjacent to the DNSSEC DO bit, as shown in
   Section 2.


5.  Security Considerations

   The goal of this proposal is to address the security risks that arise
   because DNS queries may be eavesdropped upon, as described above.
   There are a number of residual risks that may impact this goal.

   1.  There are known attacks on TLS, such as person-in-the-middle and
       protocol downgrade.  These are general attacks on TLS and not
       specific to DNS-over-TLS; we refer to the TLS RFCs for discussion
       of these security issues.

   2.  Any protocol interactions prior to the TLS handshake are
       performed in the clear and can be modified by a man-in-the-middle
       attacker.  For this reason, clients MAY discard cached
       information about server capabilities advertised prior to the
       start of the TLS handshake.

   3.  As with other uses of STARTTLS-upgrade to TLS, the mechanism
       specified here is susceptible to downgrade attacks, where a
       person-in-the-middle prevents a successful TLS upgrade.  Keeping
       track of servers known to support TLS (i.e., "pinning") enables
       clients to detect downgrade attacks.  For servers with no
       connection history, clients may choose to refuse non-TLS DNS, or
       they may continue without TLS, depending on their privacy
       requirements.



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   4.  This document does not propose new ideas for certificate
       authentication for TLS in the context of DNS.  Several external
       methods are possible, although each has weaknesses.  The current
       Certificate Authority infrastructure [RFC5280] is used by HTTP/
       TLS [RFC2818].  With many trusted CAs, this approach has
       recognized weaknesses [CA_Compromise].  Some work is underway to
       partially address these concerns (for example, with certificate
       pinning [certificate_pinning], but more work is needed.  DANE
       [RFC6698] provides mechanisms to root certificate trust with
       DNSSEC.  That use here must be carefully evaluated to address
       potential issues in trust recursion.  For stub-to-recursive
       resolver use, certificate authentication is sometimes either easy
       or nearly impossible.  If the recursive resolver is manually
       configured, its certificate can be authenticated when it is
       configured.  If the recursive resolver is automatically
       configured (such as with DHCP [RFC2131]), it could use DHCP
       authentication mechanisms [RFC3118]).

   Ongoing discussion of opportunistic TLS (connections without CA
   validation, [draft-hoffman-uta-opportunistic-tls]) may be relevant to
   DNS-over-TLS.


6.  Acknowledgments

   We would like to thank Stephane Bortzmeyer, Brian Haberman, Paul
   Hoffman, Kim-Minh Kaplan, Bill Manning, George Michaelson, Eric
   Osterweil and Glen Wiley for reviewing this Internet-draft, and to
   Nikita Somaiya for early work on this idea.

   Work by Zi Hu, Liang Zhu, and John Heidemann in this paper is
   partially sponsored by the U.S. Dept. of Homeland Security (DHS)
   Science and Technology Directorate, HSARPA, Cyber Security Division,
   BAA 11-01-RIKA and Air Force Research Laboratory, Information
   Directorate under agreement number FA8750-12-2-0344, and contract
   number D08PC75599.


7.  References

7.1.  Normative References

   [RFC1034]  Mockapetris, P., "Domain names - concepts and facilities",
              STD 13, RFC 1034, November 1987.

   [RFC1035]  Mockapetris, P., "Domain names - implementation and
              specification", STD 13, RFC 1035, November 1987.




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   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.

   [RFC5077]  Salowey, J., Zhou, H., Eronen, P., and H. Tschofenig,
              "Transport Layer Security (TLS) Session Resumption without
              Server-Side State", RFC 5077, January 2008.

   [RFC5246]  Dierks, T. and E. Rescorla, "The Transport Layer Security
              (TLS) Protocol Version 1.2", RFC 5246, August 2008.

   [RFC6891]  Damas, J., Graff, M., and P. Vixie, "Extension Mechanisms
              for DNS (EDNS(0))", STD 75, RFC 6891, April 2013.

7.2.  Informative References

   [CA_Compromise]
              Infosec Island Admin, "CA Compromise", January 2012, <http
              ://www.infosecisland.com/blogview/
              19782-Web-Authentication-A-Broken-Trust-with-No-Easy-
              Fix.html>.

   [RFC1939]  Myers, J. and M. Rose, "Post Office Protocol - Version 3",
              STD 53, RFC 1939, May 1996.

   [RFC2131]  Droms, R., "Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol",
              RFC 2131, March 1997.

   [RFC2595]  Newman, C., "Using TLS with IMAP, POP3 and ACAP",
              RFC 2595, June 1999.

   [RFC2818]  Rescorla, E., "HTTP Over TLS", RFC 2818, May 2000.

   [RFC3118]  Droms, R. and W. Arbaugh, "Authentication for DHCP
              Messages", RFC 3118, June 2001.

   [RFC3207]  Hoffman, P., "SMTP Service Extension for Secure SMTP over
              Transport Layer Security", RFC 3207, February 2002.

   [RFC3234]  Carpenter, B. and S. Brim, "Middleboxes: Taxonomy and
              Issues", RFC 3234, February 2002.

   [RFC3501]  Crispin, M., "INTERNET MESSAGE ACCESS PROTOCOL - VERSION
              4rev1", RFC 3501, March 2003.

   [RFC4033]  Arends, R., Austein, R., Larson, M., Massey, D., and S.
              Rose, "DNS Security Introduction and Requirements",
              RFC 4033, March 2005.




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   [RFC4892]  Woolf, S. and D. Conrad, "Requirements for a Mechanism
              Identifying a Name Server Instance", RFC 4892, June 2007.

   [RFC5280]  Cooper, D., Santesson, S., Farrell, S., Boeyen, S.,
              Housley, R., and W. Polk, "Internet X.509 Public Key
              Infrastructure Certificate and Certificate Revocation List
              (CRL) Profile", RFC 5280, May 2008.

   [RFC5966]  Bellis, R., "DNS Transport over TCP - Implementation
              Requirements", RFC 5966, August 2010.

   [RFC6335]  Cotton, M., Eggert, L., Touch, J., Westerlund, M., and S.
              Cheshire, "Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA)
              Procedures for the Management of the Service Name and
              Transport Protocol Port Number Registry", BCP 165,
              RFC 6335, August 2011.

   [RFC6698]  Hoffman, P. and J. Schlyter, "The DNS-Based Authentication
              of Named Entities (DANE) Transport Layer Security (TLS)
              Protocol: TLSA", RFC 6698, August 2012.

   [certificate_pinning]
              OWASP, "Certificate and Public Key Pinning", <https://
              www.owasp.org/index.php/
              Certificate_and_Public_Key_Pinning>.

   [draft-bortzmeyer-dnsop-dns-privacy]
              Bortzmeyer, S., "DNS Privacy issues",
              draft-bortzmeyer-dnsop-dns-privacy-01 (work in progress),
              November 2013, <http://tools.ietf.org/html/
              draft-bortzmeyer-dnsop-dns-privacy-01>.

   [draft-bortzmeyer-dnsop-privacy-sol]
              Bortzmeyer, S., "Solutions to DNS privacy issues",
              draft-bortzmeyer-dnsop-privacy-sol-00 (work in progress),
              December 2013, <http://tools.ietf.org/html/
              draft-bortzmeyer-dnsop-privacy-sol-00>.

   [draft-dempsky-dnscurve]
              Dempsky, M., "DNSCurve", draft-dempsky-dnscurve-01 (work
              in progress), August 2010,
              <http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-dempsky-dnscurve-01>.

   [draft-hoffman-uta-opportunistic-tls]
              Hoffman, P., "Opportunistic Encryption Using TLS",
              draft-hoffman-uta-opportunistic-tls-00 (work in progress),
              February 2014, <http://tools.ietf.org/html/
              draft-hoffman-uta-opportunistic-tls-00>.



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   [draft-osterweil-dane-ipsec]
              Osterweil, E., Wiley, G., Mitchell, D., and A. Newton,
              "Opportunistic Encryption with DANE Semantics and IPsec:
              IPSECA", draft-osterweil-dane-ipsec-00 (work in progress),
              February 2014,
              <http://tools.ietf.org/html/
              draft-osterweil-dane-ipsec-00>.

   [draft-wijngaards-confidentialdns]
              Wijngaards, W., "Confidential DNS",
              draft-wijngaards-dnsop-confidentialdns-00 (work in
              progress), November 2013, <http://tools.ietf.org/html/
              draft-wijngaards-dnsop-confidentialdns-00>.

   [draft-wouters-edns-tcp-keepalive]
              Wouters, P. and J. Abley, "The edns-tcp-keepalive EDNS0
              Option", draft-wouters-edns-tcp-keepalive-00 (work in
              progress), October 2013, <http://tools.ietf.org/html/
              draft-wouters-edns-tcp-keepalive-00>.

   [tdns]     Zhu, L., Hu, Z., Heidemann, J., Wessels, D., Mankin, A.,
              and N. Somaiya, "T-DNS: Connection-Oriented DNS to Improve
              Privacy and Security", Technical report ISI-TR-688,
              February 2014, <Technical report, ISI-TR-688,
              ftp://ftp.isi.edu/isi-pubs/tr-688.pdf>.

   [unbound]  NLnet Labs, Verisign labs, "Unbound", December 2013,
              <http://unbound.net/>.


Authors' Addresses

   Zi Hu
   USC/Information Sciences Institute
   4676 Admiralty Way, Suite 1133
   Marina del Rey, CA  90292
   USA

   Phone: +1 213 587-1057
   Email: zihu@usc.edu











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   Liang Zhu
   USC/Information Sciences Institute
   4676 Admiralty Way, Suite 1133
   Marina del Rey, CA  90292
   USA

   Phone: +1 310 448-8323
   Email: liangzhu@usc.edu


   John Heidemann
   USC/Information Sciences Institute
   4676 Admiralty Way, Suite 1001
   Marina del Rey, CA  90292
   USA

   Phone: +1 310 822-1511
   Email: johnh@isi.edu


   Allison Mankin
   Verisign Labs
   12061 Bluemont Way
   Reston, VA  20190

   Phone: +1 703 948-3200
   Email: amankin@verisign.com


   Duane Wessels
   Verisign Labs
   12061 Bluemont Way
   Reston, VA  20190

   Phone: +1 703 948-3200
   Email: dwessels@verisign.com















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