Network Work group                                              N. Kumar
Internet-Draft                                              C. Pignataro
Intended status: Standards Track                     Cisco Systems, Inc.
Expires: May 3, 2020                                            N. Akiya
                                                     Big Switch Networks
                                                                L. Zheng
                                                                 M. Chen
                                                     Huawei Technologies
                                                               G. Mirsky
                                                               ZTE Corp.
                                                        October 31, 2019


                          BIER Ping and Trace
                        draft-ietf-bier-ping-06

Abstract

   Bit Index Explicit Replication (BIER) is an architecture that
   provides optimal multicast forwarding through a "BIER domain" without
   requiring intermediate routers to maintain any multicast related per-
   flow state.  BIER also does not require any explicit tree-building
   protocol for its operation.  A multicast data packet enters a BIER
   domain at a "Bit-Forwarding Ingress Router" (BFIR), and leaves the
   BIER domain at one or more "Bit-Forwarding Egress Routers" (BFERs).
   The BFIR router adds a BIER header to the packet.  The BIER header
   contains a bit-string in which each bit represents exactly one BFER
   to forward the packet to.  The set of BFERs to which the multicast
   packet needs to be forwarded is expressed by setting the bits that
   correspond to those routers in the BIER header.

   This document describes the mechanism and basic BIER OAM packet
   format that can be used to perform failure detection and isolation on
   BIER data plane.

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
   working documents as Internet-Drafts.  The list of current Internet-
   Drafts is at https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any




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   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   This Internet-Draft will expire on May 3, 2020.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2019 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
   (https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
   to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.

Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
   2.  Conventions used in this document . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
     2.1.  Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
     2.2.  Requirements notation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
   3.  BIER OAM  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
     3.1.  BIER OAM message format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
     3.2.  Return Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
     3.3.  BIER OAM TLV  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
       3.3.1.  Original SI-BitString TLV . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
       3.3.2.  Target SI-BitString TLV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
       3.3.3.  Incoming SI-BitString TLV . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
       3.3.4.  Downstream Mapping TLV  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
       3.3.5.  Responder BFER TLV  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
       3.3.6.  Responder BFR TLV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
       3.3.7.  Upstream Interface TLV  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15
       3.3.8.  Reply-To TLV  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15
     3.4.  Multipath Entropy Data Encoding . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16
   4.  Procedures  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16
     4.1.  BIER OAM Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16
     4.2.  Per BFER ECMP Discovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
     4.3.  Sending BIER Echo Request . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
     4.4.  Receiving BIER Echo Request . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18
     4.5.  Sending Echo Reply  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  20
     4.6.  Receiving Echo Reply  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  21
   5.  IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  22
     5.1.  BIER OAM Registry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  22



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     5.2.  Message Types, Reply Modes, Return Codes  . . . . . . . .  22
     5.3.  TLVs  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  22
   6.  Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  23
   7.  Acknowledgement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  23
   8.  References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  23
     8.1.  Normative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  23
     8.2.  Informative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  24
   Authors' Addresses  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  24

1.  Introduction

   [RFC8279] introduces and explains BIER architecture that provides
   optimal multicast forwarding through a "BIER domain" without
   requiring intermediate routers to maintain any multicast related per-
   flow state.  BIER also does not require any explicit tree-building
   protocol for its operation.  A multicast data packet enters a BIER
   domain at a "Bit-Forwarding Ingress Router" (BFIR), and leaves the
   BIER domain at one or more "Bit-Forwarding Egress Routers" (BFERs).
   The BFIR router adds a BIER header to the packet.  The BIER header
   contains a bit-string in which each bit represents exactly one BFER
   to forward the packet to.  The set of BFERs to which the multicast
   packet needs to be forwarded is expressed by setting the bits that
   correspond to those routers in the BIER header.

   This document describes the mechanism and basic BIER OAM packet
   format that can be used to perform failure detection and isolation on
   BIER data plane without any dependency on other layers like IP layer.

2.  Conventions used in this document

2.1.  Terminology

   BFER - Bit Forwarding Egress Router

   BFIR - Bit Forwarding Ingress Router

   BIER - Bit Index Explicit Replication

   ECMP - Equal Cost Multi-Path

   OAM - Operation, Administration and Maintenance

   SI - Set Identifier








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2.2.  Requirements notation

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
   document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].

3.  BIER OAM

   BIER OAM is defined in a way that it stays within BIER layer by
   following directly the BIER header without mandating the need for IP
   header.  [RFC8296] defines a 4-bit field as "Proto" to identify the
   payload following BIER header.  When the payload is BIER OAM, the
   "Proto" field will be set to 5 as defined in [RFC8296]

3.1.  BIER OAM message format

   The BIER OAM packet header format that follows BIER header is as
   follows:


      0                   1                   2                   3
      0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |  Ver  | Message Type  | Proto |             Reserved          |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |                        OAM Message Length                     |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     ~                  Message Type Dependent Data                  ~
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+


   Ver

      Set to 1.

   Message Type

      This document defines the following Message Types:

                   Type      Value Field
                   --------  ---------------
                     1      BIER Echo Request
                     2      BIER Echo Reply

   Proto

      This field is used to define if there is any data packet
      immediately following the OAM payload which is used for passive



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      OAM functionality.  This field is set to 0 if there is no data
      packet following OAM payload.

   OAM Message Length

      This field defines the length of the OAM message including the
      header and Dependent Data field.

   The Echo Request/Reply header format is as follows:


      0                   1                   2                   3
      0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |  Ver  | Echo Req/Rep  | Proto |             Reserved          |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |   QTF |   RTF |   Reply mode  |  Return Code  |    Reserved   |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |                        Sender's Handle                        |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |                        Sequence Number                        |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |                    TimeStamp Sent                             |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |                  TimeStamp Sent                               |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |                  TimeStamp Received                           |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |                TimeStamp Received                             |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     ~                              TLVs                             ~
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+


   Proto

      Set to 0 for Echo Request/Reply header.

   QTF

      Querier Timestamp Format.  When set to 2, the Timestamp Sent field
      is (in seconds and microseconds, according to the Initiator's
      clock) in NTP format [RFC5905].  When set to 3, the timestamp
      format is in IEEE 1588-2008 (1588v2) Precision Time Protocol
      format.  Any other value SHOULD be considered as sanity check
      failure

   RTF



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      Responder Timestamp Format.  When set to 2, the Timestamp Received
      field is (in seconds and microseconds, according to the
      Initiator's clock) in NTP format [RFC5905].  When set to 3, the
      timestamp format is in IEEE 1588-2008 (1588v2) Precision Time
      Protocol format.  Any other value SHOULD be considered as sanity
      check failure.

   Reply mode

      The Reply mode is set to one of the below:

                   Value      Meaning
                   --------  ---------------
                     1        Do not Reply
                     2        Reply via IPv4/IPv6 UDP packet.
                     3        Reply via BIER packet

   When Reply mode is set to 1, the receiver will not send any reply.
   This is used for unidirectional path validation.  The Reply mode by
   default would be set to 2 and the Responder BFR will encapsulate the
   Echo reply payload with IP header.  When the Initiator intend to
   validate the return BIER path, the Reply mode is set to 3 so that the
   Responder BFR will encapsulate the Echo Reply with BIER header.

   Return Code

      Set to zero if Type is "BIER Echo Request".  Set to one of the
      value defined in section 3.2, if Type is "BIER Echo Reply".

   Reserved

      Set to all zero value.

   Sender's Handle, Sequence number and Timestamp

      The Sender's Handle is filled by the Initiator, and returned
      unchanged by responder BFR.  This is used for matching the replies
      to the request.

      The Sequence number is assigned by the Initiator and can be used
      to detect any missed replies.

      The Timestamp Sent is the time when the Echo Request is sent.  The
      TimeStamp Received in Echo Reply is the time (accordingly to
      responding BFR clock) that the corresponding Echo Request was
      received.  The format depends on the QTF/RTF value.

   TLVs



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      Carries the TLVs as defined in Section 3.3.

3.2.  Return Code

   Responder uses Return Code field to reply with validity check or
   other error message to Initiator.  It does not carry any meaning in
   Echo Request and MUST be set to zero.

   The Return Code can be one of the following:

           Value      Value Meaning
           --------  ---------------
            0      No return code
            1      Malformed Echo Request received
            2      One or more of the TLVs was not understood
            3      Replying BFR is the only BFER in header Bitstring
            4      Replying BFR is one of the BFER in header Bitstring
            5      Packet-Forward-Success
            6      Invalid Multipath Info Request
            8      No matching entry in forwarding table.
            9      Set-Identifier Mismatch
            10     DDMAP Mismatch

   "No return code" will be used by Initiator in the Echo Request.  This
   Value MUST NOT be used in Echo Reply.

   "Malformed Echo Request received" will be used by any BFR if the
   received Echo Request packet is not properly formatted.

   When any TLV included in the Echo Request is not understood by
   receiver, the Return code will be set to "One or more of the TLVs was
   not understood" carrying the respective TLVs.

   When the received header BitString in Echo Request packet contains
   only its own Bit-ID, "Replying BFR is the only BFER in header
   BitString" is set in the reply.  This implies that the receiver is
   BFER and the packet is not forwarded to any more neighbors.

   When the received header BitString in Echo Request packet contains
   its own Bit-ID in addition to other Bit-IDs, "Replying BFR is one of
   the BFER in header BitString" is set in the reply.  This implies that
   the responder is a BFER and the packet is further forwarded to one or
   more neighbors.

   Any transit BFR will send the Echo Reply with "Packet-Forward-
   Success", if the TLV in received Echo Request are understood and
   forwarding table have forwarding entries for the BitString.  This is
   used by transit BFR during traceroute mode.



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   When Echo Request is received with multipath info for more than one
   BFER, the return-code is set to "Invalid Multipath Info Request".

   If the BitString cannot be matched in local forwarding table, the BFR
   will use "No matching entry in forwarding table" in the reply.

   If the BIER-MPLS label in received Echo Request is not the one
   assigned for SI in Original SI-BitString TLV, "Set-Identifier
   Mismatch" is set inorder to report the mismatch.

3.3.  BIER OAM TLV

   This section defines various TLVs that can be used in BIER OAM
   packet.  The TLVs (Type-Length-Value tuples) have the following
   format:


      0                   1                   2                   3
      0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |               Type            |          Length               |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |                                                               |
     ~                              Value                            ~
     |                                                               |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+


   TLV Types are defined below; Length is the length of the Value field
   in octets.  The Value field depends on the TLV Type.

3.3.1.  Original SI-BitString TLV

   The Original SI-BitString TLV carries the set of BFER and carries the
   same BitString that Initiator includes in BIER header.This TLV has
   the following format:















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      0                   1                   2                   3
      0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |         Type = 1              |       Length = variable       |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |    Set ID     | Sub-domain ID |BS Len|  Reserved              |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |                BitString  (first 32 bits)                     ~
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     ~                                                               ~
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |                BitString  (last 32 bits)                      |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+


   Set ID field is set to the Set Identifier to which the BitString
   belongs to.  This value is derived as defined in [RFC8279]

   Sub-domain ID is set to the Sub domain value to which BFER in
   BitString belongs to.

   BS Len is set based on the length of BitString as defined in
   [RFC8296]

   The BitString field carries the set of BFR-IDs that Initiator will
   include in the BIER header.  This TLV MUST be included by Initiator
   in Echo Request packet

3.3.2.  Target SI-BitString TLV

   The Target SI-BitString TLV carries the set of BFER from which the
   Initiator expects the reply from.This TLV has the following format:


      0                   1                   2                   3
      0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |         Type = 2              |       Length = variable       |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |    Set ID     | Sub-domain ID |BS Len|  Reserved              |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |                BitString  (first 32 bits)                     ~
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     ~                                                               ~
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |                BitString  (last 32 bits)                      |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+




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   Set ID field is set to the Set Identifier to which the BitString
   belongs to.  This value is derived as defined in [RFC8279]

   Sub-domain ID is set to the Sub domain value to which BFER in
   BitString belongs to.

   BS Len is set based on the length of BitString as defined in
   [RFC8296]

   The BitString field carries the set of BFR-IDs of BFER(s) that
   Initiator expects the response from.  The BitString in this TLV may
   be different from the BitString in BIER header and allows to control
   the BFER responding to the Echo Request.  This TLV MUST be included
   by Initiator in BIER OAM packet if the Downstream Mapping TLV
   (section 3.3.4) is included.

3.3.3.  Incoming SI-BitString TLV

   The Incoming SI-BitString TLV will be included by Responder BFR in
   Reply message and copies the BitString from BIER header of incoming
   Echo Request message.  This TLV has the following format:


      0                   1                   2                   3
      0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |         Type = 3              |       Length = variable       |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |    Set ID     | Sub-domain ID |BS Len|  Reserved              |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |                BitString  (first 32 bits)                     ~
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     ~                                                               ~
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |                BitString  (last 32 bits)                      |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+


   Set ID field is set to the Set Identifier to which the BitString
   belongs to.  This value is derived as defined in [RFC8279]

   Sub-domain ID is set to the Sub domain value to which BFER in
   BitString belongs to.

   BS Len is set based on the length of BitString as defined in
   [RFC8296]





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   The BitString field copies the BitString from BIER header of the
   incoming Echo Request.  A Responder BFR SHOULD include this TLV in
   Echo Reply if the Echo Request is received with I flag set in
   Downstream Mapping TLV.

   An Initiator MUST NOT include this TLV in Echo Request.

3.3.4.  Downstream Mapping TLV

   This TLV has the following format:


      0                   1                   2                   3
      0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |         Type = 4              |       Length = variable       |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |               MTU             | Address Type  |     Flags     |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |               Downstream Address (4 or 16 octets)             |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |         Downstream Interface Address (4 or 16 octets)         |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |        Sub-tlv Length         |                               |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+                               |
     .                                                               .
     .                      List of Sub-TLVs                         .
     .                                                               .
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+


   MTU

      Set to MTU value of outgoing interface.

   Address Type

      The Address Type indicates the address type and length of IP
      address for downstream interface.  The Address type is set to one
      of the below:











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                   Type     Addr. Type       DA Length    DIA Length
              -------  ---------------   ----------   ----------
                  1       IPv4 Numbered        4              4
                  2       IPv4 Unnumbered      4              4
                  3       IPv6 Numbered        16            16
                  4       IPv6 Unnumbered      16             4

                  DA Length - Downstream Address field Length
                  DIA Length - Downstream Interface Address field Length

   Flags

      The Flags field has the following format:


                                           0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
                          +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
                          |     Rsvd    |I|
                          +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

   When I flag is set, the Responding BFR MUST include the Incoming SI-
   BitString TLV in Echo Reply message.

   Downstream Address and Downstream Interface Address

      If the Address Type is 1, the Downstream Address MUST be set to
      IPV4 BFR-Prefix of downstream BFR and Downstream Interface Address
      is set to downstream interface address.

      If the Address Type is 2, the Downstream Address MUST be set to
      IPV4 BFR-Prefix of downstream BFR and Downstream Interface Address
      is set to the index assigned by upstream BFR to the interface.

      If the Address Type is 3, the Downstream Address MUST be set to
      IPV6 BFR-Prefix of downstream BFR and Downstream Interface Address
      is set to downstream interface address.

      If the Address Type is 4, the Downstream Address MUST be set to
      IPv6 BFR-Prefix of downstream BFR and Downstream Interface Address
      is set to index assigned by upstream BFR to the interface.

3.3.4.1.  Downstream Detailed Mapping Sub-TLVs

   This section defines the optional Sub-TLVs that can be included in
   Downstream Mapping TLV.






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                   Sub-TLV Type     Value
                   ---------------  --------------
                       1         Multipath Entropy Data
                       2         Egress BitString

3.3.4.1.1.  Multipath Entropy Data


        0                   1                   2                   3
       0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |M|  Reserved     |                                             |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+                                             |
      |                                                               |
      |                  (Multipath Information)                      |
      |                                                               |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+


   M Flag

      This flag is set to 0 if all packets will be forwarded out through
      the interface defined in the Downstream Mapping TLV.  When set to
      1, Multipath Information will be defined by the Bit masked Entropy
      data.

   Multipath Information

      Entropy Data encoded as defined in section 3.4

3.3.4.1.2.  Egress BitString

   Responder BFR MAY include this Sub-TLV with the rewritten BitString
   in the outgoing interface as defined in section 6.1 of [RFC8279]


      0                   1                   2                   3
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |    Set ID     | Sub-domain ID |BS Len|  Reserved              |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |                BitString  (first 32 bits)                     ~
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     ~                                                               ~
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |                BitString  (last 32 bits)                      |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+





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3.3.5.  Responder BFER TLV

   The BFER replying to the request MAY include the Responder BFER TLV.
   This is used to identify the originator of BIER Echo Reply.  This TLV
   has the following format:


      0                   1                   2                   3
      0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |         Type = 5              |            Length             |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |         Reserved              |           BFR-ID              |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+


   BFR-ID

      The BFR-ID field carries the BFR-ID of replying BFER.  This TLV
      MAY be included by Responding BFER in BIER Echo Reply packet.

3.3.6.  Responder BFR TLV

   Any transit BFR replying to the request MAY include the Responder BFR
   TLV.  This is used to identify the replying BFR without BFR-ID.  This
   TLV has the following format:


      0                   1                   2                   3
      0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |     TLV Type = 6              |       Length = variable       |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |         Reserved              |          Address Type         |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |                                                               |
     ~                       BFR-Prefix (4 or 16 bytes)              ~
     |                                                               |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

   Length

      The Length field varies depending on the Address Type.

   Address Type

      Set to 1 for IPv4 or 2 for IPv6.




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   BFR-Prefix

      This field carries the local BFR-Prefix of the replying BFR.  This
      TLV MAY be included by Responding BFR in BIER Echo Reply packet.

3.3.7.  Upstream Interface TLV

   The BFR replying to the request will include the Upstream Interface
   TLV.  This is used to identify the incoming interface and the BIER-
   MPLS label in the incoming Echo Request.  This TLV has the following
   format:


      0                   1                   2                   3
      0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |     TLV Type = 7              |       Length = variable       |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |         Reserved              |          Address Type         |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |                                                               |
     ~                 Upstream Address (4 or 16 bytes)              ~
     |                                                               |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

   Length

      The Length field varies depending on the Address Type.

   Address Type

      Set to 1 for IPv4 numbered, 2 for IPv4 Unnumbered 3 for IPv6
      numbered or 4 for IPv6 Unnumbered.

   Upstream Address

      As defined in Section 3.3.4

3.3.8.  Reply-To TLV

   The Initiator BFR MAY include Reply-To TLV in the Echo Request.  This
   is used by transit BFR or BFER when the reply mode is 2.  The IP
   address will be used to generate the Echo Reply.  This TLV has the
   following format:







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      0                   1                   2                   3
      0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |     TLV Type = 8              |       Length = variable       |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |         Reserved              |          Address Type         |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |                                                               |
     ~                    Reply-To Address (4 or 16 bytes)           ~
     |                                                               |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

   Length

      The Length field varies depending on the Address Type.

   Address Type

      Set to 1 for IPv4 or 2 for IPv6.

   Reply-To Address

      Set to any locally configured address to which the Echo reply
      should be sent.

3.4.  Multipath Entropy Data Encoding

   The size of Entropy field in BIER header is 20 bits as defined in
   section 2 of [RFC8296].  This is similar to Multipath Type 9 encoding
   defined in Section 3.4.1.1.1 of [RFC8029].

4.  Procedures

   This section describes aspects of Ping and traceroute operations.

4.1.  BIER OAM Processing

   A BIER OAM packet MUST be sent to BIER control plane for OAM
   processing if one of the following conditions is true:

   o  The receiving BFR is a BFER.

   o  TTL of BIER-MPLS Label expired.

   o  Router Alert label is present in the label stack.






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4.2.  Per BFER ECMP Discovery

   As defined in [RFC8279], BIER follows the unicast forwarding path and
   allows load balancing over ECMP paths between BFIR and BFER.  BIER
   OAM MUST support ECMP path discovery between a BFIR and a given BFER
   and MUST support path validation and failure detection of any
   particular ECMP path between BFIR and BFER.

   [RFC8296] proposes the BIER header with Entropy field that can be
   leveraged to exercise all ECMP paths.  The Initiator/BFIR will use
   traceroute message to query each hop about the Entropy information
   for each downstream paths.  To avoid complexity, it is suggested that
   the ECMP query is performed per BFER by carrying required information
   in BIER OAM message.

   The Initiator MUST include Multipath Entropy Data Sub-TLV in
   Downstream Mapping TLV.  It MUST also include the BFER in BitString
   TLV to which the Multipath query is performed.

   Any transit BFR will reply with Bit-masked Entropy for each
   downstream path as defined in [RFC8029]

4.3.  Sending BIER Echo Request

   The Initiator MUST set the Message Type as 1 and Return Code as 0.
   The Proto field in OAM packet MUST be set to 0.  The choice of
   Sender's Handle and Sequence number is a local matter to the
   Initiator and SHOULD increment the Sequence number by 1 for every
   subsequent Echo Request.  The QTF field is set to Initiator's local
   timestamp format and TimeStamp Sent field is set to the time that the
   Echo Request is sent.

   The Initiator MUST include Original SI-BitString TLV.  The Initiator
   MUST NOT include more than one Original SI-BitString TLV.  The
   Initiator infers the Set Identifier value and Sub-domain ID value
   from the respective BitString that will be included in BIER header of
   the packet and includes the values in "SI" and Sub-Domain ID fields
   respectively.

   In Ping mode, the Initiator MAY include Target SI-BitString TLV to
   control the responding BFER(s) by listing all the BFERs from which
   the Initiator expects a response.  In trace route mode, the Initiator
   MAY include Target SI-Bitstring TLV to control the path trace towards
   any specific BFER or set of BFERs.  The Initiator on receiving a
   reply with Return code as "Replying BFR is the only BFER in header
   Bitstring" or "Replying router is one of the BFER in header
   Bitstring", SHOULD unset the respective BFR-id from Target SI-
   BitString for any subsequent Echo Request.



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   When the Reply mode is set to 2, the Initiator MUST include Reply-To
   TLV (section 3.3.8) in the Echo Request.  The Initiator MUST also
   listen to the UDP port defined in this TLV and process any segment
   received with destination port as the value defined in the TLV and
   sent to control plane for BIER OAM payload processing.

   The Initiator MAY include Downstream Mapping TLV (section 3.3.4) in
   the Echo Request to query additional information from transit BFRs
   and BFERs.  In case of ECMP discovery, the Initiator MUST include the
   Multipath Entropy Data Sub-TLV and SHOULD set the Target SI-BitString
   TLV carrying a specific BFER ID.

   The Initiator MUST encapsulate the OAM packet with BIER header and
   MUST set the Proto as 5 and further encapsulates with BIER-MPLS
   label.  In ping mode, the BIER-MPLS Label TTL MUST be set to 255.  In
   traceroute mode, the BIER-MPLS Label TTL is set successively starting
   from 1 and MUST stop sending the Echo Request if it receives a reply
   with Return code as "Replying router is the only BFER in BIER header
   Bitstring" from all BFER listed in Target SI-BitString TLV.

4.4.  Receiving BIER Echo Request

   Sending a BIER OAM Echo Request to control plane for payload
   processing is triggered as mentioned in section 4.1.

   Any BFR on receiving Echo Request MUST perform the basic sanity
   check.  If the BFR cannot parse the OAM Dependent data payload
   completely if the OAM Message Length is incorrect.  BFR MUST send
   Echo Reply with Return Code set to "Malformed Echo Request received"
   if the OAM Message Length is incorrect.  If the packet sanity check
   is fine, it SHOULD initiate the below set of variables:

   Reply-Flag

      This flag is initially set to 1.

   Interface-I

      The incoming interface on which the Echo Request was received.
      This may be used to validate the DDMAP info and to populate the
      Upstream Interface TLV.

   BIER-Label-L

      The BIER-MPLS Label received as the top label on received Echo
      Request.  This may be used to validate if the packet is traversing
      the desired Set Identifier and sub-domain path.




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   Header-H

      The BIER header from the received Echo Request.  This may be used
      to validate the DDMAP info and to populate the Incoming SI-
      BitString TLV.  Also, it can be used to perform Entropy
      calculation considering a different field in the header and reply
      via Multipath Entropy Data Sub-TLV.

   BFR MUST initialize Best-return-code variable to null value.

   BFR will populate Interface-I with interface over which the Echo
   Request is received, the top label in the MPLS stack of the received
   Echo Request to BIER-Label-L, and the BIER header to BIER-Header.  If
   the received Echo Request carries Target SI-BitString TLV, a BFR
   SHOULD run boolean AND operation between BitString in Header-H and
   BitString in Target SI-BitString TLV.  If the resulting BitString is
   all-zero, reset Reply-Flag=0 and go to section 4.5.  Else:

   o  If the BIER-Label-L does not correspond to the local label
      assigned for {sub-domain, BitStringLen, SI} in Original SI-
      BitString TLV, Set the Best-return-code to "Set-Identifier
      Mismatch" and Go to section 4.5.

      *  /* This detects any BIER-Label to {sub-domain, BitStringLen,
         SI} synchronization problem in the upstream BFR causing any
         unintended packet leak between sub-domains */

   o  Set the Best-return-code to "One or more of the TLVs was not
      understood", if any of the TLVs in Echo Request message is not
      understood.  Go to section 4.5.

   o  If the BitString in Header-H does not match the BitString in
      Egress BitString Sub-TLV of DDMAP TLV, set the Best-return-code to
      "DDMAP Mismatch" and go to section 4.5.  When there are more than
      one DDMAP TLV in the received Request packet, the Downstream
      Address and Downstream Interface Address should be matched with
      Interface-I to identify the right DDMAP TLV and then perform the
      BitString match.

      *  /* This detects any deviation between in BIER control plane and
         BIER forwarding plane in the previous hop that may result in
         loop or packet duplication.  */

   o  Set the Best-return-code to "Invalid Multipath Info Request", when
      the DDMAP TLV carries Multipath Entropy Data Sub-TLV and if the
      Target SI-BitString TLV in the received Echo Request carries more
      than 1 BFER id.  Go to section 4.5.  Else, list the ECMP
      downstream neighbors to reach BFR-id in Target SI-BitString TLV,



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      calculate the Entropy considering the BitString in Header-H and
      Multipath Entropy Data Sub-TLV from received Echo Request.  Store
      the Data for each Downstream interface in a temporary variable.
      Set the Best-return-code to 5 (Packet-Forward-Success) and goto
      Section 4.5

      *  /* This instructs to calculate the Entropy Data for each
         downstream interface to reach the BFER in Target SI-BitString
         TLV by considering the incoming BitString and Entropy Data.*/

   o  Set the Best-return-code to "Replying router is the only BFER in
      BIER header Bitstring", and go to section 4.5 if the responder is
      BFER and there are no more bits in BIER header Bitstring left for
      forwarding.

   o  Set the Best-return-code to "Replying router is one of the BFER in
      BIER header Bitstring", and include Downstream Mapping TLV, if the
      responder is BFER and there are more bits in BitString left for
      forwarding.  Also, include the Multipath information as defined in
      Section 4.2 if the received Echo Request carries Multipath Entropy
      Data Sub-TLV.  Go to section 4.5.

   o  Set the Best-return-code to "No matching entry in forwarding
      table", if the forwarding lookup defined in section 6.5 of
      [RFC8279] does not match any entry for the received BitString in
      BIER header.

      *  /* This detects any missing BFR-id in the BIER forwarding
         table.  It could be noted that it is difficult to detect such
         missing BFR-id while sending the Request with more than one
         BFR-id in BitString and so may need to include the BFER id that
         is not responding to detect such failure.*/

   o  Set the Best-return-code to "Packet-Forward-Success", and include
      Downstream Mapping TLV.  Go to section 4.5

4.5.  Sending Echo Reply

   If Reply-Flag=0; BFR MUST release the variables and MUST not send any
   response to the Initiator.  If Reply-Flag=1, proceed as below:

   The Responder BFR SHOULD include the BitString from Header-H to
   Incoming SI-BitString TLV and include the Set ID, Sub-domain ID and
   BS Len that corresponds to BIER-Label-L.  Responder BFR SHOULD
   include the Upstream Interface TLV and populate the address from
   Interface-I.





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   When the Best-return-code is "Replying BFR is one of the BFER in
   header Bitstring", it MUST include Responder BFER TLV.

      If the received Echo Request had DDMAP with Multipath Entropy Data
      Sub-TLV, Responder BFR MUST include DDMAP as defined in
      Section 3.3.4 for each outgoing interface over which the packet
      will be replicated and include the respective Multipath Entropy
      Data Sub-TLV.  For each outgoing interface, respective Egress
      BitString MUST be included in DDMAP TLV.

      If the received Echo Request had DDMAP without Multipath Entropy
      Data Sub-TLV, Responder BFR MUST include DDMAP as defined in
      Section 3.3.4 for each outgoing interface over which the packet
      will be replicated.  For each outgoing interface, respective
      Egress BitString MUST be included in DDMAP TLV.

   When the Best-return-code is "Replying BFR is the only BFER in header
   Bitstring", it MUST include Responder BFER TLV.

   Responder MUST set the Message Type as 2 and Return Code as Best-
   return-code.  The Proto field MUST be set to 0.

   The Echo Reply can be sent either as BIER-encapsulated or IP/UDP
   encapsulated depending on the Reply mode in received Echo Request.
   When the Reply mode in received Echo Request is set to 3, Responder
   appends BIER header listing the BitString with BFIR ID (from Header-
   H), set the Proto to 5 and set the BFIR as 0.  When the Reply mode in
   received Echo Request is set to 2, Responder encapsulates with IP/UDP
   header.  The UDP destination port MUST be set to TBD1 and source port
   MAY be set to TBD1 or other random local value.  The source IP is any
   local address of the responder and destination IP is derived from
   Reply-To TLV.

4.6.  Receiving Echo Reply

   The Initiator on receiving Echo Reply will use the Sender's Handle to
   match with Echo Request sent.  If no match is found, the Initiator
   MUST ignore the Echo Reply.

   If receiving Echo Reply have Downstream Mapping, the Initiator SHOULD
   copy the same to subsequent Echo Request(s).

   If one of the Echo Reply is received with Return Code as "Replying
   BFR is one of the BFER in header Bitstring", it SHOULD reset the BFR-
   id of the responder from Target SI-BisString TLV in subsequent Echo
   Request.





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      /* This helps to avoid any BFR that is both BFER and also transit
      BFR to continuously responding with Echo Reply.*/

5.  IANA Considerations

   This document request UDP port TBD1 to be allocated by IANA for BIER
   Echo.

   This document request the IANA for creation and management of below
   registries and sub-registries:

5.1.  BIER OAM Registry

   IANA is requested to create and maintain "BIER OAM Parameters"
   registry.

5.2.  Message Types, Reply Modes, Return Codes

   IANA is requested to create "Message Type" sub-registry under "BIER
   OAM Parameters" registry and assign the Message Types defined in
   section 3.1

   IANA is requested to also create "Echo Reply Mode" sub-registry under
   "BIER OAM Parameters" registry and assign the Echo Reply Modes
   defined in section 3.1

   IANA is requested to create "Echo Return Codes" sub-registry under
   "BIER OAM Parameters" registry and assign the Return Codes defined in
   section 3.2

5.3.  TLVs

   The TLVs and Sub-TLVs defined in this document is not limited to Echo
   Request or Reply message types and is applicable for other message
   types.  The TLVs and Sub-TLVs requested by this document for IANA
   consideration are the following:

             Type        Sub-Type            Value Field
             -------      --------            -----------
             1                               Original SI-BitString
             2                               Target SI-BitString
             3                               Incoming SI-BitString
             4                               Downstream Mapping
             4              1                Multipath Entropy Data
             4              2                Egress BitString
             5                               Responder BFER
             6                               Responder BFR
             7                               Upstream Interface



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6.  Security Considerations

   The security consideration for BIER Ping is similar to ICMP or LSP
   Ping.  As like ICMP or LSP ping, BFR may be exposed to Denial-of-
   Service (DoS) attacks and it is RECOMMENDED to regulate the BIER Ping
   packet flow to control plane.  A rate limiter SHOULD be applied to
   avoid any attack.

   As like ICMP or LSP Ping, a traceroute can be used to obtain network
   information.  It is RECOMMENDED that the implementation checks the
   integrity of BFIR of the Echo messages against any local secured list
   before processing the message further

7.  Acknowledgement

   The authors would like to thank Antoni Przygienda, Eric Rosen, Faisal
   Iqbal Jeffrey (Zhaohui) Zhang and Shell Nakash for their review and
   comments.

   The authors would like to thank Mankamana Mishra for this thorough
   review and comments.

8.  References

8.1.  Normative References

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.

   [RFC5905]  Mills, D., Martin, J., Ed., Burbank, J., and W. Kasch,
              "Network Time Protocol Version 4: Protocol and Algorithms
              Specification", RFC 5905, DOI 10.17487/RFC5905, June 2010,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5905>.

   [RFC8029]  Kompella, K., Swallow, G., Pignataro, C., Ed., Kumar, N.,
              Aldrin, S., and M. Chen, "Detecting Multiprotocol Label
              Switched (MPLS) Data-Plane Failures", RFC 8029,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC8029, March 2017,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8029>.

   [RFC8279]  Wijnands, IJ., Ed., Rosen, E., Ed., Dolganow, A.,
              Przygienda, T., and S. Aldrin, "Multicast Using Bit Index
              Explicit Replication (BIER)", RFC 8279,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC8279, November 2017,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8279>.




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   [RFC8296]  Wijnands, IJ., Ed., Rosen, E., Ed., Dolganow, A.,
              Tantsura, J., Aldrin, S., and I. Meilik, "Encapsulation
              for Bit Index Explicit Replication (BIER) in MPLS and Non-
              MPLS Networks", RFC 8296, DOI 10.17487/RFC8296, January
              2018, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8296>.

8.2.  Informative References

   [RFC0792]  Postel, J., "Internet Control Message Protocol", STD 5,
              RFC 792, DOI 10.17487/RFC0792, September 1981,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc792>.

   [RFC6291]  Andersson, L., van Helvoort, H., Bonica, R., Romascanu,
              D., and S. Mansfield, "Guidelines for the Use of the "OAM"
              Acronym in the IETF", BCP 161, RFC 6291,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC6291, June 2011,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6291>.

   [RFC6424]  Bahadur, N., Kompella, K., and G. Swallow, "Mechanism for
              Performing Label Switched Path Ping (LSP Ping) over MPLS
              Tunnels", RFC 6424, DOI 10.17487/RFC6424, November 2011,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6424>.

   [RFC6425]  Saxena, S., Ed., Swallow, G., Ali, Z., Farrel, A.,
              Yasukawa, S., and T. Nadeau, "Detecting Data-Plane
              Failures in Point-to-Multipoint MPLS - Extensions to LSP
              Ping", RFC 6425, DOI 10.17487/RFC6425, November 2011,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6425>.

   [RFC8444]  Psenak, P., Ed., Kumar, N., Wijnands, IJ., Dolganow, A.,
              Przygienda, T., Zhang, J., and S. Aldrin, "OSPFv2
              Extensions for Bit Index Explicit Replication (BIER)",
              RFC 8444, DOI 10.17487/RFC8444, November 2018,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8444>.

Authors' Addresses

   Nagendra Kumar
   Cisco Systems, Inc.
   7200 Kit Creek Road
   Research Triangle Park, NC  27709
   US

   Email: naikumar@cisco.com







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   Carlos Pignataro
   Cisco Systems, Inc.
   7200 Kit Creek Road
   Research Triangle Park, NC  27709-4987
   US

   Email: cpignata@cisco.com


   Nobo Akiya
   Big Switch Networks
   Japan

   Email: nobo.akiya.dev@gmail.com


   Lianshu Zheng
   Huawei Technologies
   China

   Email: vero.zheng@huawei.com


   Mach Chen
   Huawei Technologies

   Email: mach.chen@huawei.com


   Greg Mirsky
   ZTE Corp.

   Email: gregimirsky@gmail.com


















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