Thing-to-Thing Research Group                                  K. Hartke
Internet-Draft                                                  Ericsson
Intended status: Standards Track                         August 29, 2019
Expires: March 1, 2020


                    Constrained Resource Identifiers
                        draft-ietf-core-href-00

Abstract

   Constrained Resource Identifiers (CoRIs) are an alternate
   serialization of Uniform Resource Identifiers (URIs) that encodes the
   URI components in Concise Binary Object Representation (CBOR) instead
   of a string of characters.  This simplifies parsing, reference
   resolution, and comparison of URIs in environments with severe
   limitations on processing power, code size, and memory size.

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
   working documents as Internet-Drafts.  The list of current Internet-
   Drafts is at https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   This Internet-Draft will expire on March 1, 2020.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2019 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
   (https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
   to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of




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   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.

Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   2
     1.1.  Notational Conventions  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
   2.  Data Model  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
     2.1.  Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
     2.2.  Option Sequences  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
   3.  CBOR  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
   4.  Python  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
     4.1.  Reference Resolution  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
     4.2.  URI Recomposition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
     4.3.  CoAP Encoding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
   5.  Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
   6.  IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
   7.  References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
     7.1.  Normative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
     7.2.  Informative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15
   Acknowledgements  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15
   Author's Address  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15

1.  Introduction

   Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) references [RFC3986] are the
   standard way to link to resources in hypertext formats such as HTML
   [W3C.REC-html52-20171214] or the HTTP "Link" header field [RFC8288].
   A URI reference is either a URI or a relative reference that must be
   resolved against a base URI.

   URI references are strings of characters chosen from the repertoire
   of US-ASCII characters.  The individual components of a URI reference
   are delimited by a number of reserved characters, which necessitates
   the use of percent-encoding when these reserved characters are used
   in a non-delimiting function.  One component can also contain special
   dot-segments that affect how the component is to be interpreted.  The
   resolution of URI references involves parsing the character string
   into its components, combining those components with the components
   of a base URI, merging path components, removing dot-segments, and
   recomposing the result back into a character string.

   Overall, the proper processing of URIs is quite complicated.  This
   can be a problem in particular in constrained environments [RFC7228],
   where devices often have severe code size limitations.  As a result,
   many implementations in these environments choose to support only an
   ad-hoc, informally-specified, bug-ridden, non-interoperable subset of
   half of the URI standard.



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   This document introduces Constrained Resource Identifier (CoRI)
   references, an alternate serialization of URI references that encodes
   the URI components in Concise Binary Object Representation (CBOR)
   [RFC7049] instead of a string of characters.  Assuming an
   implementation of CBOR is already present on a device, typical
   operations on URI references such as parsing, reference resolution,
   and comparison can be implemented more easily than for character
   strings.  A full implementation that covers all corner cases is
   intended to be implementable in a relatively small amount of code.

   As a result of the simplification, CoRI references are not capable of
   expressing all URI references permitted by the syntax of RFC 3986.
   (Hence the "constrained" in "Constrained Resource Identifiers".)  The
   supported subset includes all Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP)
   URIs [RFC7252], most Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) URIs
   [RFC7230], and many other URIs that function as resource locators.

1.1.  Notational Conventions

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
   "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP
   14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all
   capitals, as shown here.

   Terms defined in this document appear in _cursive_ where they are
   introduced.

2.  Data Model

   The data model for CoRI references is very similar to the
   serialization of the request URI in CoAP messages [RFC7252]: The
   components of a URI reference are encoded as a sequence of _options_,
   where each path segment and query parameter becomes its own option.
   Every option consists of an _option number_ identifying the type of
   option (scheme, host name, path segment, etc.) and an _option value_.

2.1.  Options

   The following types of options are defined:

   scheme
      Specifies the URI scheme.  The option value can be any Unicode
      string matching the "scheme" rule described in Section 3.1 of RFC
      3986 [RFC3986].

   host.name




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      Specifies the host of the URI authority as a registered name.  The
      option value can be any Unicode string matching the specifications
      of the URI scheme.

   host.ip
      Specifies the host of the URI authority as an IPv4 address or an
      IPv6 address.  The option value is a byte string with a length of
      either 4 or 16 bytes, respectively.

   port
      Specifies the port number of the URI authority.  The option value
      is an integer in the range from 0 to 65535.

   path.type
      Specifies the type of the URI path for reference resolution.  The
      option value is an integer in the range from 0 to 127, named as
      follows:

         0 - absolute-path
         1 - append-relation
         2 - append-path
         3 - relative-path
         4 - relative-path-1up
         5 - relative-path-2up
         6 - relative-path-3up
         7 - relative-path-4up
         ...

   path
      Specifies one segment of the URI path.  The option value can be
      any Unicode string with the exception of "." and "..".  This
      option can occur more than once.

   query
      Specifies one argument of the URI query.  The option value can be
      any Unicode string.  This option can occur more than once.

   fragment
      Specifies the fragment identifier.  The option value can be any
      Unicode string.

   No percent-encoding is performed in option values.

2.2.  Option Sequences







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                  _ host.name _
   ____ scheme __/             \___ port _
    \ \________/ \__ host.ip __/ /        \
     \__________________________/ ________/
      \                          / ________    _________
       \                        / /        \  /         \
        \__________ path.type __\_\_ path _/__\_ query _/__ fragment __
                  \___________/   \________/  \_________/ \__________/

         Figure 1: Structure of a Well-Formed Sequence of Options

   A sequence of options is considered _well-formed_ if:

   o  the sequence of options is empty or starts with a "scheme",
      "host.name", "host.ip", "port", "path.type", "path", "query", or
      "fragment" option;

   o  any "scheme" option is followed by either a "host.name" or a
      "host.ip" option;

   o  any "host.name" option is followed by a "port" option;

   o  any "host.ip" option is followed by a "port" option;

   o  any "port" option is followed by a "path", "query", or "fragment"
      option or is at the end of the sequence;

   o  any "path.type" option is followed by a "path", "query", or
      "fragment" option or is at the end of the sequence;

   o  any "path" option is followed by a "path", "query", or "fragment"
      option or is at the end of the sequence;

   o  any "query" option is followed by a "query" or "fragment" option
      or is at the end of the sequence; and

   o  any "fragment" option is at the end of the sequence.

   A well-formed sequence of options is considered _absolute_ if the
   sequence of options starts with a "scheme" option.

   A well-formed sequence of options is considered _relative_ if the
   sequence of options is empty or starts with an option other than a
   "scheme" option.

   An absolute sequence of options is considered _normalized_ if the
   result of resolving the sequence of options against any base is equal




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   to the input.  (It doesn't matter what base it is resolved against,
   since it is already absolute.)

   The following operations can be performed on a sequence of options:

   resolve(href, base)
      Resolves a well-formed sequence of options `href` against an
      absolute sequence of options `base`. This operation MUST be
      performed by applying any algorithm that is functionally
      equivalent to the reference implementation in Section 4.1 of this
      document.

   relative(href, base)
      Makes an absolute sequence of options `href` relative to an
      absolute sequence of options `base`. This operation MUST be
      performed by applying any algorithm that returns a sequence of
      options such that `resolve(relative(h, b), b)` is equal to `h`
      given the same `b`.

   recompose(href)
      Recomposes a URI from an absolute sequence of options `href`. This
      operation MUST be performed by applying any algorithm that is
      functionally equivalent to the reference implementation in
      Section 4.2 of this document.

      To reduce variability, it is RECOMMENDED to uppercase the letters
      in the hexadecimal notation when percent-encoding octets [RFC3986]
      and to follow the recommendations of Section 4 of RFC 5952 for the
      text representation of IPv6 addresses [RFC5952].

   decompose(str)
      Decomposes a URI `str` into a sequence of options.  This operation
      MUST be performed by applying any algorithm that returns a
      sequence of options such that `recompose(decompose(x))` is
      equivalent to `x`.

   coap(href)
      Constructs CoAP options from an absolute, normalized sequence of
      options.  This operation MUST be performed by recomposing the
      sequence of options to a URI (as described above) and decomposing
      the URI into CoAP options (as specified in Section 6.4 of RFC
      7252).  A concise implementation of this algorithm is illustrated
      in Section 4.3 of this document.








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3.  CBOR

   In Concise Binary Object Representation (CBOR) [RFC7049], a sequence
   of options is encoded as an array that contains the option numbers
   and option values in alternating order.

   The structure can be described in the Concise Data Definition
   Language (CDDL) [RFC8610] as follows:

      CoRI = [?(scheme:    1, text .regexp "[A-Za-z][A-Za-z0-9+.-]*"),
              ?(host.name: 2, text //
                host.ip:   3, bytes .size 4 / bytes .size 16),
              ?(port:      4, 0..65535),
              ?(path.type: 5, 0..127),
              *(path:      6, text),
              *(query:     7, text),
              ?(fragment:  8, text)]

   Example:

      [1, "coap", 3, h'20010DB8000000000000000000000001', 4, 5683, 6,
      ".well-known", 6, "core"]

      [5, 0, 6, ".well-known", 6, "core", 7, "rt=temperature-c"]

4.  Python

   In Python, a sequence of options is encoded as a list of tuples,
   where each tuple contains one option number and one option value.

   The following Python 3.6 code illustrates how to check a sequence of
   options for being well-formed, absolute, and relative.

   <CODE BEGINS>

      import enum

      class Option(enum.IntEnum):
        _BEGIN = 0
        SCHEME = 1
        HOST_NAME = 2
        HOST_IP = 3
        PORT = 4
        PATH_TYPE = 5
        PATH = 6
        QUERY = 7
        FRAGMENT = 8
        _END = 9



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      class PathType(enum.IntEnum):
        ABSOLUTE_PATH = 0
        APPEND_RELATION = 1
        APPEND_PATH = 2
        RELATIVE_PATH = 3
        RELATIVE_PATH_1UP = 4
        RELATIVE_PATH_2UP = 5
        RELATIVE_PATH_3UP = 6
        RELATIVE_PATH_4UP = 7

      _TRANSITIONS = ([Option.SCHEME, Option.HOST_NAME, Option.HOST_IP,
          Option.PORT, Option.PATH_TYPE, Option.PATH, Option.QUERY,
          Option.FRAGMENT, Option._END],
        [Option.HOST_NAME, Option.HOST_IP],
        [Option.PORT],
        [Option.PORT],
        [Option.PATH, Option.QUERY, Option.FRAGMENT, Option._END],
        [Option.PATH, Option.QUERY, Option.FRAGMENT, Option._END],
        [Option.PATH, Option.QUERY, Option.FRAGMENT, Option._END],
        [Option.QUERY, Option.FRAGMENT, Option._END],
        [Option._END])

      def is_well_formed(href):
        previous = Option._BEGIN
        for option, _ in href:
          if option not in _TRANSITIONS[previous]:
            return False
          previous = option
        if Option._END not in _TRANSITIONS[previous]:
          return False
        return True

      def is_absolute(href):
        return is_well_formed(href) and \
          (len(href) != 0 and href[0][0] == Option.SCHEME)

      def is_relative(href):
        return is_well_formed(href) and \
          (len(href) == 0 or href[0][0] != Option.SCHEME)

   <CODE ENDS>

   Examples:

      [(Option.SCHEME, "coap"), (Option.HOST_IP, b"\x20\x01\x0D\xB8\x00\
      x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x01"), (Option.PORT,
      5683), (Option.PATH, ".well-known"), (Option.PATH, "core")]




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      [(Option.PATH_TYPE, PathType.ABSOLUTE_PATH), (Option.PATH, ".well-
      known"), (Option.PATH, "core"), (Option.QUERY, "rt=temperature-
      c")]

4.1.  Reference Resolution

   The following Python 3.6 code defines how to resolve a sequence of
   options that might be relative to a given base.

   <CODE BEGINS>

      def resolve(base, href, relation=0):
        if not is_absolute(base) or not is_well_formed(href):
          return None
        result = []
        option = Option.FRAGMENT
        if len(href) != 0:
          option = href[0][0]
        if option == Option.HOST_IP:
          option = Option.HOST_NAME
        elif option == Option.PATH_TYPE:
          type = href[0][1]
          href = href[1:]
        elif option == Option.PATH:
          type = PathType.RELATIVE_PATH
          option = Option.PATH_TYPE
        if option != Option.PATH_TYPE or type == PathType.ABSOLUTE_PATH:
          _copy_until(base, result, option)
        else:
          _copy_until(base, result, Option.QUERY)
          if type == PathType.APPEND_RELATION:
            _append_and_normalize(result, Option.PATH, str(relation))
          while type > PathType.APPEND_PATH:
            if len(result) == 0 or result[-1][0] != Option.PATH:
              break
            del result[-1]
            type -= 1
        _copy_until(href, result, Option._END)
        _append_and_normalize(result, Option._END, None)
        return result

      def _copy_until(input, output, end):
        for option, value in input:
          if option >= end:
            break
          _append_and_normalize(output, option, value)

      def _append_and_normalize(output, option, value):



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        if option > Option.PATH:
          if len(output) >= 2 and \
              output[-1] == (Option.PATH, '') and (
              output[-2][0] < Option.PATH_TYPE or (
              output[-2][0] == Option.PATH_TYPE and
              output[-2][1] == PathType.ABSOLUTE_PATH)):
            del output[-1]
          if option > Option.FRAGMENT:
            return
        output.append((option, value))

   <CODE ENDS>

4.2.  URI Recomposition

   The following Python 3.6 code defines how to recompose a URI from an
   absolute sequence of options.

   <CODE BEGINS>

      def recompose(href):
        if not is_absolute(href):
          return None
        result = ''
        no_path = True
        first_query = True
        for option, value in href:
          if option == Option.SCHEME:
            result += value + ':'
          elif option == Option.HOST_NAME:
            result += '//' + _encode_reg_name(value)
          elif option == Option.HOST_IP:
            result += '//' + _encode_ip_address(value)
          elif option == Option.PORT:
            result += ':' + _encode_port(value)
          elif option == Option.PATH:
            result += '/' + _encode_path_segment(value)
            no_path = False
          elif option == Option.QUERY:
            if no_path:
              result += '/'
              no_path = False
            result += '?' if first_query else '&'
            result += _encode_query_argument(value)
            first_query = False
          elif option == Option.FRAGMENT:
            if no_path:
              result += '/'



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              no_path = False
            result += '#' + _encode_fragment(value)
        if no_path:
          result += '/'
          no_path = False
        return result

      def _encode_reg_name(s):
        return ''.join(c if _is_reg_name_char(c)
                         else _encode_pct(c) for c in s)

      def _encode_ip_address(b):
        if len(b) == 4:
          return '.'.join(str(c) for c in b)
        elif len(b) == 16:
          return '[' + ... + ']'  # see RFC 5952

      def _encode_port(p):
         return str(p)

      def _encode_path_segment(s):
        return ''.join(c if _is_segment_char(c)
                         else _encode_pct(c) for c in s)

      def _encode_query_argument(s):
        return ''.join(c if _is_query_char(c) and c not in '&'
                         else _encode_pct(c) for c in s)

      def _encode_fragment(s):
        return ''.join(c if _is_fragment_char(c)
                         else _encode_pct(c) for c in s)

      def _encode_pct(s):
        return ''.join('%{0:0>2X}'.format(c) for c in s.encode('utf-8'))

      def _is_reg_name_char(c):
        return _is_unreserved(c) or _is_sub_delim(c)

      def _is_segment_char(c):
        return _is_pchar(c)

      def _is_query_char(c):
        return _is_pchar(c) or c in '/?'

      def _is_fragment_char(c):
        return _is_pchar(c) or c in '/?'

      def _is_pchar(c):



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        return _is_unreserved(c) or _is_sub_delim(c) or c in ':@'

      def _is_unreserved(c):
        return _is_alpha(c) or _is_digit(c) or c in '-._~'

      def _is_alpha(c):
        return c in 'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ' + \
                    'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz'

      def _is_digit(c):
        return c in '0123456789'

      def _is_sub_delim(c):
         return c in '!$&\'()*+,;='

   <CODE ENDS>

4.3.  CoAP Encoding

   The following Python 3.6 code illustrates how to construct CoAP
   options from an absolute sequence of options.  For simplicity, the
   code does not omit CoAP options with their default value.

   <CODE BEGINS>

      def coap(href, to_proxy=False):
        if not is_absolute(href):
          return None
        result = b''
        previous = 0
        for option, value in href:
          if option == Option.SCHEME:
            pass
          elif option == Option.HOST_NAME:
            opt = 3  # Uri-Host
            val = value.encode('utf-8')
            result += _encode_coap_option(opt - previous, val)
            previous = opt
          elif option == Option.HOST_IP:
            opt = 3  # Uri-Host
            if len(value) == 4:
              val = '.'.join(str(c) for c in value).encode('utf-8')
            elif len(value) == 16:
              val = b'[' + ... + b']'  # see RFC 5952
            result += _encode_coap_option(opt - previous, val)
            previous = opt
          elif option == Option.PORT:
            opt = 7  # Uri-Port



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            val = value.to_bytes((value.bit_length() + 7) // 8, 'big')
            result += _encode_coap_option(opt - previous, val)
            previous = opt
          elif option == Option.PATH:
            opt = 11  # Uri-Path
            val = value.encode('utf-8')
            result += _encode_coap_option(opt - previous, val)
            previous = opt
          elif option == Option.QUERY:
            opt = 15  # Uri-Query
            val = value.encode('utf-8')
            result += _encode_coap_option(opt - previous, val)
            previous = opt
          elif option == Option.FRAGMENT:
            pass
        if to_proxy:
          (option, value) = href[0]
          opt = 39  # Proxy-Scheme
          val = value.encode('utf-8')
          result += _encode_coap_option(opt - previous, val)
          previous = opt
        return result

      def _encode_coap_option(delta, value):
        length = len(value)
        delta_nibble = _encode_coap_option_nibble(delta)
        length_nibble = _encode_coap_option_nibble(length)
        result = bytes([delta_nibble << 4 | length_nibble])
        if delta_nibble == 13:
          delta -= 13
          result += bytes([delta])
        elif delta_nibble == 14:
          delta -= 256 + 13
          result += bytes([delta >> 8, delta & 255])
        if length_nibble == 13:
          length -= 13
          result += bytes([length])
        elif length_nibble == 14:
          length -= 256 + 13
          result += bytes([length >> 8, length & 255])
        result += value
        return result

      def _encode_coap_option_nibble(n):
        if n < 13:
          return n
        elif n < 256 + 13:
          return 13



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        elif n < 65536 + 256 + 13:
          return 14

   <CODE ENDS>

5.  Security Considerations

   Parsers must operate on input that is assumed to be untrusted.  This
   means that parsers MUST fail gracefully in the face of malicious
   inputs.  Additionally, parsers MUST be prepared to deal with resource
   exhaustion (e.g., resulting from the allocation of big data items) or
   exhaustion of the call stack (stack overflow).  See Section 8 of RFC
   7049 [RFC7049] for security considerations relating to CBOR.

   The security considerations discussed in Section 7 of RFC 3986
   [RFC3986] also apply to Constrained Resource Identifiers.

6.  IANA Considerations

   This document has no IANA actions.

7.  References

7.1.  Normative References

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.

   [RFC3986]  Berners-Lee, T., Fielding, R., and L. Masinter, "Uniform
              Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax", STD 66,
              RFC 3986, DOI 10.17487/RFC3986, January 2005,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3986>.

   [RFC7049]  Bormann, C. and P. Hoffman, "Concise Binary Object
              Representation (CBOR)", RFC 7049, DOI 10.17487/RFC7049,
              October 2013, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7049>.

   [RFC8174]  Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC
              2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174,
              May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8174>.

   [RFC8610]  Birkholz, H., Vigano, C., and C. Bormann, "Concise Data
              Definition Language (CDDL): A Notational Convention to
              Express Concise Binary Object Representation (CBOR) and
              JSON Data Structures", RFC 8610, DOI 10.17487/RFC8610,
              June 2019, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8610>.



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Internet-Draft      Constrained Resource Identifiers         August 2019


7.2.  Informative References

   [RFC5952]  Kawamura, S. and M. Kawashima, "A Recommendation for IPv6
              Address Text Representation", RFC 5952,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC5952, August 2010,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5952>.

   [RFC7228]  Bormann, C., Ersue, M., and A. Keranen, "Terminology for
              Constrained-Node Networks", RFC 7228,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC7228, May 2014,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7228>.

   [RFC7230]  Fielding, R., Ed. and J. Reschke, Ed., "Hypertext Transfer
              Protocol (HTTP/1.1): Message Syntax and Routing",
              RFC 7230, DOI 10.17487/RFC7230, June 2014,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7230>.

   [RFC7252]  Shelby, Z., Hartke, K., and C. Bormann, "The Constrained
              Application Protocol (CoAP)", RFC 7252,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC7252, June 2014,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7252>.

   [RFC8288]  Nottingham, M., "Web Linking", RFC 8288,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC8288, October 2017,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8288>.

   [W3C.REC-html52-20171214]
              Faulkner, S., Eicholz, A., Leithead, T., Danilo, A., and
              S. Moon, "HTML 5.2", World Wide Web Consortium
              Recommendation REC-html52-20171214, December 2017,
              <https://www.w3.org/TR/2017/REC-html52-20171214>.

Acknowledgements

   Thanks to Christian Amsuess, Ari Keranen, and Dave Thaler for helpful
   comments and discussions that have shaped the document.

Author's Address

   Klaus Hartke
   Ericsson
   Torshamnsgatan 23
   Stockholm  SE-16483
   Sweden

   Email: klaus.hartke@ericsson.com





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