JOSE Working Group                                              M. Jones
Internet-Draft                                                 Microsoft
Intended status: Standards Track                         October 7, 2013
Expires: April 10, 2014


                       JSON Web Algorithms (JWA)
                 draft-ietf-jose-json-web-algorithms-17

Abstract

   The JSON Web Algorithms (JWA) specification registers cryptographic
   algorithms and identifiers to be used with the JSON Web Signature
   (JWS), JSON Web Encryption (JWE), and JSON Web Key (JWK)
   specifications.  It defines several IANA registries for these
   identifiers.

Status of this Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

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   This Internet-Draft will expire on April 10, 2014.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2013 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
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   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.



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Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  5
     1.1.  Notational Conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  5
   2.  Terminology  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  5
   3.  Cryptographic Algorithms for Digital Signatures and MACs . . .  6
     3.1.  "alg" (Algorithm) Header Parameter Values for JWS  . . . .  6
     3.2.  HMAC with SHA-2 Functions  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  7
     3.3.  Digital Signature with RSASSA-PKCS1-V1_5 . . . . . . . . .  8
     3.4.  Digital Signature with ECDSA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  9
     3.5.  Digital Signature with RSASSA-PSS  . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
     3.6.  Using the Algorithm "none" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
   4.  Cryptographic Algorithms for Encryption  . . . . . . . . . . . 11
     4.1.  "alg" (Algorithm) Header Parameter Values for JWE  . . . . 11
     4.2.  "enc" (Encryption Method) Header Parameter Values for
           JWE  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
     4.3.  Key Encryption with RSAES-PKCS1-V1_5 . . . . . . . . . . . 17
     4.4.  Key Encryption with RSAES OAEP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
     4.5.  Key Wrapping with AES Key Wrap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
     4.6.  Direct Encryption with a Shared Symmetric Key  . . . . . . 18
     4.7.  Key Agreement with Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman
           Ephemeral Static (ECDH-ES) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
       4.7.1.  Header Parameters Used for ECDH Key Agreement  . . . . 19
         4.7.1.1.  "epk" (Ephemeral Public Key) Header Parameter  . . 19
         4.7.1.2.  "apu" (Agreement PartyUInfo) Header Parameter  . . 19
         4.7.1.3.  "apv" (Agreement PartyVInfo) Header Parameter  . . 19
       4.7.2.  Key Derivation for ECDH Key Agreement  . . . . . . . . 19
     4.8.  Key Encryption with AES GCM  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
       4.8.1.  Header Parameters Used for AES GCM Key Encryption  . . 21
         4.8.1.1.  "iv" (Initialization Vector) Header Parameter  . . 21
         4.8.1.2.  "tag" (Authentication Tag) Header Parameter  . . . 22
     4.9.  Key Encryption with PBES2  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
       4.9.1.  Header Parameters Used for PBES2 Key Encryption  . . . 22
         4.9.1.1.  "p2s" (PBES2 salt) Parameter . . . . . . . . . . . 22
         4.9.1.2.  "p2c" (PBES2 count) Parameter  . . . . . . . . . . 23
     4.10. AES_CBC_HMAC_SHA2 Algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
       4.10.1. Conventions Used in Defining AES_CBC_HMAC_SHA2 . . . . 23
       4.10.2. Generic AES_CBC_HMAC_SHA2 Algorithm  . . . . . . . . . 23
         4.10.2.1. AES_CBC_HMAC_SHA2 Encryption . . . . . . . . . . . 24
         4.10.2.2. AES_CBC_HMAC_SHA2 Decryption . . . . . . . . . . . 25
       4.10.3. AES_128_CBC_HMAC_SHA_256 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
       4.10.4. AES_192_CBC_HMAC_SHA_384 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
       4.10.5. AES_256_CBC_HMAC_SHA_512 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
       4.10.6. Plaintext Encryption with AES_CBC_HMAC_SHA2  . . . . . 27
     4.11. Plaintext Encryption with AES GCM  . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
   5.  Cryptographic Algorithms for Keys  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
     5.1.  "kty" (Key Type) Parameter Values  . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
     5.2.  Parameters for Elliptic Curve Keys . . . . . . . . . . . . 28



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       5.2.1.  Parameters for Elliptic Curve Public Keys  . . . . . . 28
         5.2.1.1.  "crv" (Curve) Parameter  . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
         5.2.1.2.  "x" (X Coordinate) Parameter . . . . . . . . . . . 29
         5.2.1.3.  "y" (Y Coordinate) Parameter . . . . . . . . . . . 29
       5.2.2.  Parameters for Elliptic Curve Private Keys . . . . . . 29
         5.2.2.1.  "d" (ECC Private Key) Parameter  . . . . . . . . . 29
     5.3.  Parameters for RSA Keys  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
       5.3.1.  Parameters for RSA Public Keys . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
         5.3.1.1.  "n" (Modulus) Parameter  . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
         5.3.1.2.  "e" (Exponent) Parameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
       5.3.2.  Parameters for RSA Private Keys  . . . . . . . . . . . 30
         5.3.2.1.  "d" (Private Exponent) Parameter . . . . . . . . . 30
         5.3.2.2.  "p" (First Prime Factor) Parameter . . . . . . . . 31
         5.3.2.3.  "q" (Second Prime Factor) Parameter  . . . . . . . 31
         5.3.2.4.  "dp" (First Factor CRT Exponent) Parameter . . . . 31
         5.3.2.5.  "dq" (Second Factor CRT Exponent) Parameter  . . . 31
         5.3.2.6.  "qi" (First CRT Coefficient) Parameter . . . . . . 31
         5.3.2.7.  "oth" (Other Primes Info) Parameter  . . . . . . . 32
     5.4.  Parameters for Symmetric Keys  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
       5.4.1.  "k" (Key Value) Parameter  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
   6.  IANA Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
     6.1.  JSON Web Signature and Encryption Algorithms Registry  . . 34
       6.1.1.  Template . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
       6.1.2.  Initial Registry Contents  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
     6.2.  JWE Header Parameter Names Registration  . . . . . . . . . 39
       6.2.1.  Registry Contents  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
     6.3.  JSON Web Encryption Compression Algorithms Registry  . . . 40
       6.3.1.  Registration Template  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
       6.3.2.  Initial Registry Contents  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
     6.4.  JSON Web Key Types Registry  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
       6.4.1.  Registration Template  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
       6.4.2.  Initial Registry Contents  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
     6.5.  JSON Web Key Parameters Registration . . . . . . . . . . . 43
       6.5.1.  Registry Contents  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
     6.6.  JSON Web Key Elliptic Curve Registry . . . . . . . . . . . 45
       6.6.1.  Registration Template  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
       6.6.2.  Initial Registry Contents  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
   7.  Security Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
     7.1.  Algorithms and Key Sizes will be Deprecated  . . . . . . . 46
     7.2.  Key Lifetimes  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
     7.3.  RSAES-PKCS1-v1_5 Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . 47
     7.4.  AES GCM Security Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
     7.5.  Plaintext JWS Security Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . 47
     7.6.  Denial of Service Attacks  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
     7.7.  Reusing Key Material when Encrypting Keys  . . . . . . . . 48
     7.8.  Password Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
   8.  Internationalization Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
   9.  References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49



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     9.1.  Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
     9.2.  Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
   Appendix A.  Digital Signature/MAC Algorithm Identifier
                Cross-Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
   Appendix B.  Encryption Algorithm Identifier Cross-Reference . . . 53
   Appendix C.  Test Cases for AES_CBC_HMAC_SHA2 Algorithms . . . . . 54
     C.1.  Test Cases for AES_128_CBC_HMAC_SHA_256  . . . . . . . . . 55
     C.2.  Test Cases for AES_192_CBC_HMAC_SHA_384  . . . . . . . . . 56
     C.3.  Test Cases for AES_256_CBC_HMAC_SHA_512  . . . . . . . . . 57
   Appendix D.  Example ECDH-ES Key Agreement Computation . . . . . . 58
   Appendix E.  Acknowledgements  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
   Appendix F.  Document History  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
   Author's Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68






































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1.  Introduction

   The JSON Web Algorithms (JWA) specification registers cryptographic
   algorithms and identifiers to be used with the JSON Web Signature
   (JWS) [JWS], JSON Web Encryption (JWE) [JWE], and JSON Web Key (JWK)
   [JWK] specifications.  It defines several IANA registries for these
   identifiers.  All these specifications utilize JavaScript Object
   Notation (JSON) [RFC4627] based data structures.  This specification
   also describes the semantics and operations that are specific to
   these algorithms and key types.

   Registering the algorithms and identifiers here, rather than in the
   JWS, JWE, and JWK specifications, is intended to allow them to remain
   unchanged in the face of changes in the set of Required, Recommended,
   Optional, and Deprecated algorithms over time.  This also allows
   changes to the JWS, JWE, and JWK specifications without changing this
   document.

   Names defined by this specification are short because a core goal is
   for the resulting representations to be compact.

1.1.  Notational Conventions

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
   document are to be interpreted as described in Key words for use in
   RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels [RFC2119].  If these words are
   used without being spelled in uppercase then they are to be
   interpreted with their normal natural language meanings.

   BASE64URL(OCTETS) denotes the base64url encoding of OCTETS, per
   Section 2.

   UTF8(STRING) denotes the octets of the UTF-8 [RFC3629] representation
   of STRING.

   ASCII(STRING) denotes the octets of the ASCII [USASCII]
   representation of STRING.

   The concatenation of two values A and B is denoted as A || B.


2.  Terminology

   These terms defined by the JSON Web Signature (JWS) [JWS]
   specification are incorporated into this specification: "JSON Web
   Signature (JWS)", "JSON Text Object", "JWS Header", "JWS Payload",
   "JWS Signature", "JWS Protected Header", "Base64url Encoding", and



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   "JWS Signing Input".

   These terms defined by the JSON Web Encryption (JWE) [JWE]
   specification are incorporated into this specification: "JSON Web
   Encryption (JWE)", "Authenticated Encryption", "Plaintext",
   "Ciphertext", "Additional Authenticated Data (AAD)", "Authentication
   Tag", "Content Encryption Key (CEK)", "JWE Header", "JWE Encrypted
   Key", "JWE Initialization Vector", "JWE Ciphertext", "JWE
   Authentication Tag", "JWE Protected Header", "Key Management Mode",
   "Key Encryption", "Key Wrapping", "Direct Key Agreement", "Key
   Agreement with Key Wrapping", and "Direct Encryption".

   These terms defined by the JSON Web Key (JWK) [JWK] specification are
   incorporated into this specification: "JSON Web Key (JWK)" and "JSON
   Web Key Set (JWK Set)".

   These terms are defined for use by this specification:

   Header Parameter  A name/value pair that is member of a JWS Header or
      JWE Header.


3.  Cryptographic Algorithms for Digital Signatures and MACs

   JWS uses cryptographic algorithms to digitally sign or create a
   Message Authentication Codes (MAC) of the contents of the JWS Header
   and the JWS Payload.

3.1.  "alg" (Algorithm) Header Parameter Values for JWS

   The table below is the set of "alg" (algorithm) header parameter
   values defined by this specification for use with JWS, each of which
   is explained in more detail in the following sections:


















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   +-----------+--------------------------------------+----------------+
   | alg       | Digital Signature or MAC Algorithm   | Implementation |
   | Parameter |                                      | Requirements   |
   | Value     |                                      |                |
   +-----------+--------------------------------------+----------------+
   | HS256     | HMAC using SHA-256 hash algorithm    | Required       |
   | HS384     | HMAC using SHA-384 hash algorithm    | Optional       |
   | HS512     | HMAC using SHA-512 hash algorithm    | Optional       |
   | RS256     | RSASSA-PKCS-v1_5 using SHA-256 hash  | Recommended    |
   |           | algorithm                            |                |
   | RS384     | RSASSA-PKCS-v1_5 using SHA-384 hash  | Optional       |
   |           | algorithm                            |                |
   | RS512     | RSASSA-PKCS-v1_5 using SHA-512 hash  | Optional       |
   |           | algorithm                            |                |
   | ES256     | ECDSA using P-256 curve and SHA-256  | Recommended+   |
   |           | hash algorithm                       |                |
   | ES384     | ECDSA using P-384 curve and SHA-384  | Optional       |
   |           | hash algorithm                       |                |
   | ES512     | ECDSA using P-521 curve and SHA-512  | Optional       |
   |           | hash algorithm                       |                |
   | PS256     | RSASSA-PSS using SHA-256 hash        | Optional       |
   |           | algorithm and MGF1 mask generation   |                |
   |           | function with SHA-256                |                |
   | PS384     | RSASSA-PSS using SHA-384 hash        | Optional       |
   |           | algorithm and MGF1 mask generation   |                |
   |           | function with SHA-384                |                |
   | PS512     | RSASSA-PSS using SHA-512 hash        | Optional       |
   |           | algorithm and MGF1 mask generation   |                |
   |           | function with SHA-512                |                |
   | none      | No digital signature or MAC value    | Optional       |
   |           | included                             |                |
   +-----------+--------------------------------------+----------------+

   The use of "+" in the Implementation Requirements indicates that the
   requirement strength is likely to be increased in a future version of
   the specification.

   See Appendix A for a table cross-referencing the digital signature
   and MAC "alg" (algorithm) values used in this specification with the
   equivalent identifiers used by other standards and software packages.

3.2.  HMAC with SHA-2 Functions

   Hash-based Message Authentication Codes (HMACs) enable one to use a
   secret plus a cryptographic hash function to generate a Message
   Authentication Code (MAC).  This can be used to demonstrate that
   whoever generated the MAC was in possession of the MAC key.




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   The algorithm for implementing and validating HMACs is provided in
   RFC 2104 [RFC2104].  This section defines the use of the HMAC SHA-
   256, HMAC SHA-384, and HMAC SHA-512 functions [SHS].  The "alg"
   (algorithm) Header Parameter values "HS256", "HS384", and "HS512" are
   used in the JWS Header to indicate that the JWS Signature contains an
   HMAC value using the respective hash function.

   A key of the same size as the hash output (for instance, 256 bits for
   "HS256") or larger MUST be used with this algorithm.

   The HMAC SHA-256 MAC is generated per RFC 2104, using SHA-256 as the
   hash algorithm "H", using the JWS Signing Input as the "text" value,
   and using the shared key.  The HMAC output value is the JWS
   Signature.

   The HMAC SHA-256 MAC for a JWS is validated by computing an HMAC
   value per RFC 2104, using SHA-256 as the hash algorithm "H", using
   the received JWS Signing Input as the "text" value, and using the
   shared key.  This computed HMAC value is then compared to the result
   of base64url decoding the received encoded JWS Signature value.
   Alternatively, the computed HMAC value can be base64url encoded and
   compared to the received encoded JWS Signature value, as this
   comparison produces the same result as comparing the unencoded
   values.  In either case, if the values match, the HMAC has been
   validated.

   Securing content with the HMAC SHA-384 and HMAC SHA-512 algorithms is
   performed identically to the procedure for HMAC SHA-256 -- just using
   the corresponding hash algorithms with correspondingly larger minimum
   key sizes and result values: 384 bits each for HMAC SHA-384 and 512
   bits each for HMAC SHA-512.

   An example using this algorithm is shown in Appendix A.1 of [JWS].

3.3.  Digital Signature with RSASSA-PKCS1-V1_5

   This section defines the use of the RSASSA-PKCS1-V1_5 digital
   signature algorithm as defined in Section 8.2 of RFC 3447 [RFC3447]
   (commonly known as PKCS #1), using SHA-256, SHA-384, or SHA-512 [SHS]
   as the hash functions.  The "alg" (algorithm) header parameter values
   "RS256", "RS384", and "RS512" are used in the JWS Header to indicate
   that the JWS Signature contains a RSASSA-PKCS1-V1_5 digital signature
   using the respective hash function.

   A key of size 2048 bits or larger MUST be used with these algorithms.

   The RSASSA-PKCS1-V1_5 SHA-256 digital signature is generated as
   follows: Generate a digital signature of the JWS Signing Input using



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   RSASSA-PKCS1-V1_5-SIGN and the SHA-256 hash function with the desired
   private key.  This is the JWS Signature value.

   The RSASSA-PKCS1-V1_5 SHA-256 digital signature for a JWS is
   validated as follows: Submit the JWS Signing Input, the JWS
   Signature, and the public key corresponding to the private key used
   by the signer to the RSASSA-PKCS1-V1_5-VERIFY algorithm using SHA-256
   as the hash function.

   Signing with the RSASSA-PKCS1-V1_5 SHA-384 and RSASSA-PKCS1-V1_5 SHA-
   512 algorithms is performed identically to the procedure for RSASSA-
   PKCS1-V1_5 SHA-256 -- just using the corresponding hash algorithms
   instead of SHA-256.

   An example using this algorithm is shown in Appendix A.2 of [JWS].

3.4.  Digital Signature with ECDSA

   The Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA) [DSS] provides
   for the use of Elliptic Curve cryptography, which is able to provide
   equivalent security to RSA cryptography but using shorter key sizes
   and with greater processing speed.  This means that ECDSA digital
   signatures will be substantially smaller in terms of length than
   equivalently strong RSA digital signatures.

   This specification defines the use of ECDSA with the P-256 curve and
   the SHA-256 cryptographic hash function, ECDSA with the P-384 curve
   and the SHA-384 hash function, and ECDSA with the P-521 curve and the
   SHA-512 hash function.  The P-256, P-384, and P-521 curves are
   defined in [DSS].  The "alg" (algorithm) Header Parameter values
   "ES256", "ES384", and "ES512" are used in the JWS Header to indicate
   that the JWS Signature contains a base64url encoded ECDSA P-256 SHA-
   256, ECDSA P-384 SHA-384, or ECDSA P-521 SHA-512 digital signature,
   respectively.

   The ECDSA P-256 SHA-256 digital signature is generated as follows:

   1.  Generate a digital signature of the JWS Signing Input using ECDSA
       P-256 SHA-256 with the desired private key.  The output will be
       the pair (R, S), where R and S are 256 bit unsigned integers.

   2.  Turn R and S into octet sequences in big endian order, with each
       array being be 32 octets long.  The octet sequence
       representations MUST NOT be shortened to omit any leading zero
       octets contained in the values.

   3.  Concatenate the two octet sequences in the order R and then S.
       (Note that many ECDSA implementations will directly produce this



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       concatenation as their output.)

   4.  The resulting 64 octet sequence is the JWS Signature value.

   The ECDSA P-256 SHA-256 digital signature for a JWS is validated as
   follows:

   1.  The JWS Signature value MUST be a 64 octet sequence.  If it is
       not a 64 octet sequence, the validation has failed.

   2.  Split the 64 octet sequence into two 32 octet sequences.  The
       first array will be R and the second S (with both being in big
       endian octet order).

   3.  Submit the JWS Signing Input R, S and the public key (x, y) to
       the ECDSA P-256 SHA-256 validator.

   Signing with the ECDSA P-384 SHA-384 and ECDSA P-521 SHA-512
   algorithms is performed identically to the procedure for ECDSA P-256
   SHA-256 -- just using the corresponding hash algorithms with
   correspondingly larger result values.  For ECDSA P-384 SHA-384, R and
   S will be 384 bits each, resulting in a 96 octet sequence.  For ECDSA
   P-521 SHA-512, R and S will be 521 bits each, resulting in a 132
   octet sequence.

   Examples using these algorithms are shown in Appendices A.3 and A.4
   of [JWS].

3.5.  Digital Signature with RSASSA-PSS

   This section defines the use of the RSASSA-PSS digital signature
   algorithm as defined in Section 8.1 of RFC 3447 [RFC3447] with the
   MGF1 mask generation function, always using the same hash function
   for both the RSASSA-PSS hash function and the MGF1 hash function.
   Use of SHA-256, SHA-384, and SHA-512 as these hash functions is
   defined.  The size of the salt value is the same size as the hash
   function output.  All other algorithm parameters use the defaults
   specified in Section A.2.3 of RFC 3447.  The "alg" (algorithm) header
   parameter values "PS256", "PS384", and "PS512" are used in the JWS
   Header to indicate that the JWS Signature contains a base64url
   encoded RSASSA-PSS digital signature using the respective hash
   function in both roles.

   A key of size 2048 bits or larger MUST be used with this algorithm.

   The RSASSA-PSS SHA-256 digital signature is generated as follows:
   Generate a digital signature of the JWS Signing Input using RSASSA-
   PSS-SIGN, the SHA-256 hash function, and the MGF1 mask generation



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   function with SHA-256 with the desired private key.  This is the JWS
   signature value.

   The RSASSA-PSS SHA-256 digital signature for a JWS is validated as
   follows: Submit the JWS Signing Input, the JWS Signature, and the
   public key corresponding to the private key used by the signer to the
   RSASSA-PSS-VERIFY algorithm using SHA-256 as the hash function and
   using MGF1 as the mask generation function with SHA-256.

   Signing with the RSASSA-PSS SHA-384 and RSASSA-PSS SHA-512 algorithms
   is performed identically to the procedure for RSASSA-PSS SHA-256 --
   just using the alternative hash algorithm in both roles.

3.6.  Using the Algorithm "none"

   JWSs MAY also be created that do not provide integrity protection.
   Such a JWS is called a "Plaintext JWS".  Plaintext JWSs MUST use the
   "alg" value "none", and are formatted identically to other JWSs, but
   with the empty string for its JWS Signature value.  See Section 7.5
   for security considerations associated with using this algorithm.


4.  Cryptographic Algorithms for Encryption

   JWE uses cryptographic algorithms to encrypt the Content Encryption
   Key (CEK) and the Plaintext.

4.1.  "alg" (Algorithm) Header Parameter Values for JWE

   The table below is the set of "alg" (algorithm) Header Parameter
   values that are defined by this specification for use with JWE.
   These algorithms are used to encrypt the CEK, producing the JWE
   Encrypted Key, or to use key agreement to agree upon the CEK.


















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   +-------------------+-----------------+------------+----------------+
   | alg Parameter     | Key Management  | Additional | Implementation |
   | Value             | Algorithm       | Header     | Requirements   |
   |                   |                 | Parameters |                |
   +-------------------+-----------------+------------+----------------+
   | RSA1_5            | RSAES-PKCS1-V1_ | (none)     | Required       |
   |                   | 5[RFC3447]      |            |                |
   | RSA-OAEP          | RSAES using     | (none)     | Optional       |
   |                   | Optimal         |            |                |
   |                   | Asymmetric      |            |                |
   |                   | Encryption      |            |                |
   |                   | Padding (OAEP)  |            |                |
   |                   | [RFC3447], with |            |                |
   |                   | the default     |            |                |
   |                   | parameters      |            |                |
   |                   | specified by    |            |                |
   |                   | RFC 3447 in     |            |                |
   |                   | Section A.2.1   |            |                |
   | A128KW            | Advanced        | (none)     | Recommended    |
   |                   | Encryption      |            |                |
   |                   | Standard (AES)  |            |                |
   |                   | Key Wrap        |            |                |
   |                   | Algorithm       |            |                |
   |                   | [RFC3394] using |            |                |
   |                   | the default     |            |                |
   |                   | initial value   |            |                |
   |                   | specified in    |            |                |
   |                   | Section 2.2.3.1 |            |                |
   |                   | and using 128   |            |                |
   |                   | bit keys        |            |                |
   | A192KW            | AES Key Wrap    | (none)     | Optional       |
   |                   | Algorithm using |            |                |
   |                   | the default     |            |                |
   |                   | initial value   |            |                |
   |                   | specified in    |            |                |
   |                   | Section 2.2.3.1 |            |                |
   |                   | and using 192   |            |                |
   |                   | bit keys        |            |                |
   | A256KW            | AES Key Wrap    | (none)     | Recommended    |
   |                   | Algorithm using |            |                |
   |                   | the default     |            |                |
   |                   | initial value   |            |                |
   |                   | specified in    |            |                |
   |                   | Section 2.2.3.1 |            |                |
   |                   | and using 256   |            |                |
   |                   | bit keys        |            |                |





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   | dir               | Direct use of a | (none)     | Recommended    |
   |                   | shared          |            |                |
   |                   | symmetric key   |            |                |
   |                   | as the Content  |            |                |
   |                   | Encryption Key  |            |                |
   |                   | (CEK) for the   |            |                |
   |                   | content         |            |                |
   |                   | encryption step |            |                |
   |                   | (rather than    |            |                |
   |                   | using the       |            |                |
   |                   | symmetric key   |            |                |
   |                   | to wrap the     |            |                |
   |                   | CEK)            |            |                |
   | ECDH-ES           | Elliptic Curve  | "epk",     | Recommended+   |
   |                   | Diffie-Hellman  | "apu",     |                |
   |                   | Ephemeral       | "apv"      |                |
   |                   | Static          |            |                |
   |                   | [RFC6090] key   |            |                |
   |                   | agreement using |            |                |
   |                   | the Concat KDF, |            |                |
   |                   | as defined in   |            |                |
   |                   | Section 5.8.1   |            |                |
   |                   | of              |            |                |
   |                   | [NIST.800-56A], |            |                |
   |                   | with the        |            |                |
   |                   | agreed-upon key |            |                |
   |                   | being used      |            |                |
   |                   | directly as the |            |                |
   |                   | Content         |            |                |
   |                   | Encryption Key  |            |                |
   |                   | (CEK) (rather   |            |                |
   |                   | than being used |            |                |
   |                   | to wrap the     |            |                |
   |                   | CEK), as        |            |                |
   |                   | specified in    |            |                |
   |                   | Section 4.7     |            |                |















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   | ECDH-ES+A128KW    | Elliptic Curve  | "epk",     | Recommended    |
   |                   | Diffie-Hellman  | "apu",     |                |
   |                   | Ephemeral       | "apv"      |                |
   |                   | Static key      |            |                |
   |                   | agreement per   |            |                |
   |                   | "ECDH-ES" and   |            |                |
   |                   | Section 4.7,    |            |                |
   |                   | where the       |            |                |
   |                   | agreed-upon key |            |                |
   |                   | is used to wrap |            |                |
   |                   | the Content     |            |                |
   |                   | Encryption Key  |            |                |
   |                   | (CEK) with the  |            |                |
   |                   | "A128KW"        |            |                |
   |                   | function        |            |                |
   |                   | (rather than    |            |                |
   |                   | being used      |            |                |
   |                   | directly as the |            |                |
   |                   | CEK)            |            |                |
   | ECDH-ES+A192KW    | Elliptic Curve  | "epk",     | Optional       |
   |                   | Diffie-Hellman  | "apu",     |                |
   |                   | Ephemeral       | "apv"      |                |
   |                   | Static key      |            |                |
   |                   | agreement,      |            |                |
   |                   | where the       |            |                |
   |                   | agreed-upon key |            |                |
   |                   | is used to wrap |            |                |
   |                   | the Content     |            |                |
   |                   | Encryption Key  |            |                |
   |                   | (CEK) with the  |            |                |
   |                   | "A192KW"        |            |                |
   |                   | function        |            |                |
   |                   | (rather than    |            |                |
   |                   | being used      |            |                |
   |                   | directly as the |            |                |
   |                   | CEK)            |            |                |















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   | ECDH-ES+A256KW    | Elliptic Curve  | "epk",     | Recommended    |
   |                   | Diffie-Hellman  | "apu",     |                |
   |                   | Ephemeral       | "apv"      |                |
   |                   | Static key      |            |                |
   |                   | agreement,      |            |                |
   |                   | where the       |            |                |
   |                   | agreed-upon key |            |                |
   |                   | is used to wrap |            |                |
   |                   | the Content     |            |                |
   |                   | Encryption Key  |            |                |
   |                   | (CEK) with the  |            |                |
   |                   | "A256KW"        |            |                |
   |                   | function        |            |                |
   |                   | (rather than    |            |                |
   |                   | being used      |            |                |
   |                   | directly as the |            |                |
   |                   | CEK)            |            |                |
   | A128GCMKW         | AES in          | "iv",      | Optional       |
   |                   | Galois/Counter  | "tag"      |                |
   |                   | Mode (GCM)      |            |                |
   |                   | [AES]           |            |                |
   |                   | [NIST.800-38D]  |            |                |
   |                   | using 128 bit   |            |                |
   |                   | keys            |            |                |
   | A192GCMKW         | AES GCM using   | "iv",      | Optional       |
   |                   | 192 bit keys    | "tag"      |                |
   | A256GCMKW         | AES GCM using   | "iv",      | Optional       |
   |                   | 256 bit keys    | "tag"      |                |
   | PBES2-HS256+A128K | PBES2 [RFC2898] | "p2s",     | Optional       |
   | W                 | with HMAC       | "p2c"      |                |
   |                   | SHA-256 as the  |            |                |
   |                   | PRF and AES Key |            |                |
   |                   | Wrap [RFC3394]  |            |                |
   |                   | using 128 bit   |            |                |
   |                   | keys for the    |            |                |
   |                   | encryption      |            |                |
   |                   | scheme          |            |                |
   | PBES2-HS384+A192K | PBES2 with HMAC | "p2s",     | Optional       |
   | W                 | SHA-256 as the  | "p2c"      |                |
   |                   | PRF and AES Key |            |                |
   |                   | Wrap using 192  |            |                |
   |                   | bit keys for    |            |                |
   |                   | the encryption  |            |                |
   |                   | scheme          |            |                |







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   | PBES2-HS512+A256K | PBES2 with HMAC | "p2s",     | Optional       |
   | W                 | SHA-256 as the  | "p2c"      |                |
   |                   | PRF and AES Key |            |                |
   |                   | Wrap using 256  |            |                |
   |                   | bit keys for    |            |                |
   |                   | the encryption  |            |                |
   |                   | scheme          |            |                |
   +-------------------+-----------------+------------+----------------+

   The Additional Header Parameters column indicates what additional
   Header Parameters are used by the algorithm, beyond "alg", which all
   use.  All but "dir" and "ECDH-ES" also produce a JWE Encrypted Key
   value.

   The use of "+" in the Implementation Requirements indicates that the
   requirement strength is likely to be increased in a future version of
   the specification.

4.2.  "enc" (Encryption Method) Header Parameter Values for JWE

   The table below is the set of "enc" (encryption method) Header
   Parameter values that are defined by this specification for use with
   JWE.  These algorithms are used to encrypt the Plaintext, which
   produces the Ciphertext.

   +-------------+------------------------+------------+---------------+
   | enc         | Content Encryption     | Additional | Implementatio |
   | Parameter   | Algorithm              | Header     | nRequirements |
   | Value       |                        | Parameters |               |
   +-------------+------------------------+------------+---------------+
   | A128CBC-HS2 | The                    | (none)     | Required      |
   | 56          | AES_128_CBC_HMAC_SHA_2 |            |               |
   |             | 56 authenticated       |            |               |
   |             |  encryption algorithm, |            |               |
   |             |  as defined in         |            |               |
   |             |  Section 4.10.3.  This |            |               |
   |             |  algorithm uses a 256  |            |               |
   |             |  bit key.              |            |               |
   | A192CBC-HS3 | The                    | (none)     | Optional      |
   | 84          | AES_192_CBC_HMAC_SHA_3 |            |               |
   |             | 84 authenticated       |            |               |
   |             |  encryption algorithm, |            |               |
   |             |  as defined in         |            |               |
   |             |  Section 4.10.4.  This |            |               |
   |             |  algorithm uses a 384  |            |               |
   |             |  bit key.              |            |               |





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   | A256CBC-HS5 | The                    | (none)     | Required      |
   | 12          | AES_256_CBC_HMAC_SHA_5 |            |               |
   |             | 12 authenticated       |            |               |
   |             |  encryption algorithm, |            |               |
   |             |  as defined in         |            |               |
   |             |  Section 4.10.5.  This |            |               |
   |             |  algorithm uses a 512  |            |               |
   |             |  bit key.              |            |               |
   | A128GCM     | AES in Galois/Counter  | (none)     | Recommended   |
   |             | Mode (GCM) [AES]       |            |               |
   |             | [NIST.800-38D] using   |            |               |
   |             | 128 bit keys           |            |               |
   | A192GCM     | AES GCM using 192 bit  | (none)     | Optional      |
   |             | keys                   |            |               |
   | A256GCM     | AES GCM using 256 bit  | (none)     | Recommended   |
   |             | keys                   |            |               |
   +-------------+------------------------+------------+---------------+

   The Additional Header Parameters column indicates what additional
   Header Parameters are used by the algorithm, beyond "enc", which all
   use.  All also use a JWE Initialization Vector value and produce JWE
   Ciphertext and JWE Authentication Tag values.

   See Appendix B for a table cross-referencing the encryption "alg"
   (algorithm) and "enc" (encryption method) values used in this
   specification with the equivalent identifiers used by other standards
   and software packages.

4.3.  Key Encryption with RSAES-PKCS1-V1_5

   This section defines the specifics of encrypting a JWE CEK with
   RSAES-PKCS1-V1_5 [RFC3447].  The "alg" Header Parameter value
   "RSA1_5" is used in this case.

   A key of size 2048 bits or larger MUST be used with this algorithm.

   An example using this algorithm is shown in Appendix A.2 of [JWE].

4.4.  Key Encryption with RSAES OAEP

   This section defines the specifics of encrypting a JWE CEK with RSAES
   using Optimal Asymmetric Encryption Padding (OAEP) [RFC3447], with
   the default parameters specified by RFC 3447 in Section A.2.1.
   (Those default parameters are using a hash function of SHA-1 and a
   mask generation function of MGF1 with SHA-1.)  The "alg" Header
   Parameter value "RSA-OAEP" is used in this case.

   A key of size 2048 bits or larger MUST be used with this algorithm.



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   An example using this algorithm is shown in Appendix A.1 of [JWE].

4.5.  Key Wrapping with AES Key Wrap

   This section defines the specifics of encrypting a JWE CEK with the
   Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) Key Wrap Algorithm [RFC3394] using
   the default initial value specified in Section 2.2.3.1 using 128,
   192, or 256 bit keys.  The "alg" Header Parameter values "A128KW",
   "A192KW", or "A256KW" are respectively used in this case.

   An example using this algorithm is shown in Appendix A.3 of [JWE].

4.6.  Direct Encryption with a Shared Symmetric Key

   This section defines the specifics of directly performing symmetric
   key encryption without performing a key wrapping step.  In this case,
   the shared symmetric key is used directly as the Content Encryption
   Key (CEK) value for the "enc" algorithm.  An empty octet sequence is
   used as the JWE Encrypted Key value.  The "alg" Header Parameter
   value "dir" is used in this case.

   Refer to the security considerations on key lifetimes in Section 7.2
   and AES GCM in Section 7.4 when considering utilizing direct
   encryption.

4.7.  Key Agreement with Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman Ephemeral Static
      (ECDH-ES)

   This section defines the specifics of key agreement with Elliptic
   Curve Diffie-Hellman Ephemeral Static [RFC6090], in combination with
   the Concat KDF, as defined in Section 5.8.1 of [NIST.800-56A].  The
   key agreement result can be used in one of two ways:

   1.  directly as the Content Encryption Key (CEK) for the "enc"
       algorithm, in the Direct Key Agreement mode, or

   2.  as a symmetric key used to wrap the CEK with the "A128KW",
       "A192KW", or "A256KW" algorithms, in the Key Agreement with Key
       Wrapping mode.

   The "alg" Header Parameter value "ECDH-ES" is used in the Direct Key
   Agreement mode and the values "ECDH-ES+A128KW", "ECDH-ES+A192KW", or
   "ECDH-ES+A256KW" are used in the Key Agreement with Key Wrapping
   mode.

   In the Direct Key Agreement case, the output of the Concat KDF MUST
   be a key of the same length as that used by the "enc" algorithm; in
   this case, the empty octet sequence is used as the JWE Encrypted Key



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   value.  In the Key Agreement with Key Wrapping case, the output of
   the Concat KDF MUST be a key of the length needed for the specified
   key wrapping algorithm, one of 128, 192, or 256 bits respectively.

   A new ephemeral public key value MUST be generated for each key
   agreement operation.

4.7.1.  Header Parameters Used for ECDH Key Agreement

   The following Header Parameter names are used for key agreement as
   defined below.

4.7.1.1.  "epk" (Ephemeral Public Key) Header Parameter

   The "epk" (ephemeral public key) value created by the originator for
   the use in key agreement algorithms.  This key is represented as a
   JSON Web Key [JWK] public key value.  It MUST contain only public key
   parameters and SHOULD contain only the minimum JWK parameters
   necessary to represent the key; other JWK parameters included can be
   checked for consistency and honored or can be ignored.  This Header
   Parameter is REQUIRED and MUST be understood and processed by
   implementations when these algorithms are used.

4.7.1.2.  "apu" (Agreement PartyUInfo) Header Parameter

   The "apu" (agreement PartyUInfo) value for key agreement algorithms
   using it (such as "ECDH-ES"), represented as a base64url encoded
   string.  When used, the PartyUInfo value contains information about
   the sender.  Use of this Header Parameter is OPTIONAL.  This Header
   Parameter MUST be understood and processed by implementations when
   these algorithms are used.

4.7.1.3.  "apv" (Agreement PartyVInfo) Header Parameter

   The "apv" (agreement PartyVInfo) value for key agreement algorithms
   using it (such as "ECDH-ES"), represented as a base64url encoded
   string.  When used, the PartyVInfo value contains information about
   the receiver.  Use of this Header Parameter is OPTIONAL.  This Header
   Parameter MUST be understood and processed by implementations when
   these algorithms are used.

4.7.2.  Key Derivation for ECDH Key Agreement

   The key derivation process derives the agreed upon key from the
   shared secret Z established through the ECDH algorithm, per Section
   6.2.2.2 of [NIST.800-56A].

   Key derivation is performed using the Concat KDF, as defined in



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   Section 5.8.1 of [NIST.800-56A], where the Digest Method is SHA-256.
   The Concat KDF parameters are set as follows:

   Z  This is set to the representation of the shared secret Z as an
      octet sequence.

   keydatalen  This is set to the number of bits in the desired output
      key.  For "ECDH-ES", this is length of the key used by the "enc"
      algorithm.  For "ECDH-ES+A128KW", "ECDH-ES+A192KW", and
      "ECDH-ES+A256KW", this is 128, 192, and 256, respectively.

   AlgorithmID  The AlgorithmID value is of the form Datalen || Data,
      where Data is a variable-length string of zero or more octets, and
      Datalen is a fixed-length, big endian 32 bit counter that
      indicates the length (in octets) of Data.  In the Direct Key
      Agreement case, Data is set to the octets of the UTF-8
      representation of the "enc" Header Parameter value.  In the Key
      Agreement with Key Wrapping case, Data is set to the octets of the
      UTF-8 representation of the "alg" Header Parameter value.

   PartyUInfo  The PartyUInfo value is of the form Datalen || Data,
      where Data is a variable-length string of zero or more octets, and
      Datalen is a fixed-length, big endian 32 bit counter that
      indicates the length (in octets) of Data.  If an "apu" (agreement
      PartyUInfo) Header Parameter is present, Data is set to the result
      of base64url decoding the "apu" value and Datalen is set to the
      number of octets in Data.  Otherwise, Datalen is set to 0 and Data
      is set to the empty octet sequence.

   PartyVInfo  The PartyVInfo value is of the form Datalen || Data,
      where Data is a variable-length string of zero or more octets, and
      Datalen is a fixed-length, big endian 32 bit counter that
      indicates the length (in octets) of Data.  If an "apv" (agreement
      PartyVInfo) Header Parameter is present, Data is set to the result
      of base64url decoding the "apv" value and Datalen is set to the
      number of octets in Data.  Otherwise, Datalen is set to 0 and Data
      is set to the empty octet sequence.

   SuppPubInfo  This is set to the keydatalen represented as a 32 bit
      big endian integer.

   SuppPrivInfo  This is set to the empty octet sequence.

   Applications MUST specify what values should be used in the "apu" and
   "apv" parameters.  The "apu" and "apv" values MUST be distinct.
   Applications wishing to conform to [NIST.800-56A] need to provide
   values that meet the requirements of that document, e.g., by using
   values that identify the sender and recipient.  Alternatively,



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   applications MAY conduct key derivation in a manner similar to The
   Diffie-Hellman Key Agreement Method [RFC2631]: In that case, the
   "apu" field MAY either be omitted or represent a random 512-bit value
   (analogous to PartyAInfo in Ephemeral-Static mode in [RFC2631]) and
   the "apv" field should not be present.

   See Appendix D for an example key agreement computation using this
   method.

4.8.  Key Encryption with AES GCM

   This section defines the specifics of encrypting a JWE Content
   Encryption Key (CEK) with Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) in
   Galois/Counter Mode (GCM) [AES] [NIST.800-38D] using 128, 192, or 256
   bit keys.  The "alg" Header Parameter values "A128GCMKW",
   "A192GCMKW", or "A256GCMKW" are respectively used in this case.

   Use of an Initialization Vector of size 96 bits is REQUIRED with this
   algorithm.  The Initialization Vector is represented in base64url
   encoded form as the "iv" (initialization vector) Header Parameter
   value.

   The Additional Authenticated Data value used is the empty octet
   string.

   The requested size of the Authentication Tag output MUST be 128 bits,
   regardless of the key size.

   The JWE Encrypted Key value is the Ciphertext output.

   The Authentication Tag output is represented in base64url encoded
   form as the "tag" (authentication tag) Header Parameter value.

4.8.1.  Header Parameters Used for AES GCM Key Encryption

   The following Header Parameters are used for AES GCM key encryption.

4.8.1.1.  "iv" (Initialization Vector) Header Parameter

   The "iv" (initialization vector) Header Parameter value is the
   base64url encoded representation of the Initialization Vector value
   used for the key encryption operation.  This Header Parameter is
   REQUIRED and MUST be understood and processed by implementations when
   these algorithms are used.







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4.8.1.2.  "tag" (Authentication Tag) Header Parameter

   The "tag" (authentication tag) Header Parameter value is the
   base64url encoded representation of the Authentication Tag value
   resulting from the key encryption operation.  This Header Parameter
   is REQUIRED and MUST be understood and processed by implementations
   when these algorithms are used.

4.9.  Key Encryption with PBES2

   The "PBES2-HS256+A128KW", "PBES2-HS384+A192KW", and
   "PBES2-HS512+A256KW" composite algorithms are used to perform
   password-based encryption of a JWE CEK, by first deriving a key
   encryption key from a user-supplied password, then encrypting the JWE
   CEK using the derived key.  These algorithms are PBES2 schemes as
   specified in Section 6.2 of [RFC2898].

   These algorithms use HMAC SHA-2 algorithms as the Pseudo-Random
   Function (PRF) for the PBKDF2 key derivation and AES Key Wrap
   [RFC3394] for the encryption scheme.  The salt MUST be provided as
   the "p2s" Header Parameter value, and MUST be base64url decoded to
   obtain the value.  The iteration count parameter MUST be provided as
   the "p2c" Header Parameter value.  The algorithms respectively use
   HMAC SHA-256, HMAC SHA-384, and HMAC SHA-512 as the PRF and use 128,
   192, and 256 bit AES Key Wrap keys.  Their derived-key lengths
   respectively are 16, 24, and 32 octets.

   See Appendix C of JSON Web Key (JWK) [JWK] for an example key
   encryption computation using "PBES2-HS256+A128KW".

4.9.1.  Header Parameters Used for PBES2 Key Encryption

   The following Header Parameters are used for Key Encryption with
   PBES2.

4.9.1.1.  "p2s" (PBES2 salt) Parameter

   The "p2s" (PBES2 salt) Header Parameter contains the PBKDF2 salt
   value, encoded using base64url.  This Header Parameter is REQUIRED
   and MUST be understood and processed by implementations when these
   algorithms are used.

   The salt expands the possible keys that can be derived from a given
   password.  A salt value containing 8 or more octets MUST be used.  A
   new salt value MUST be generated randomly for every encryption
   operation; see [RFC4086] for considerations on generating random
   values.




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4.9.1.2.  "p2c" (PBES2 count) Parameter

   The "p2c" (PBES2 count) Header Parameter contains the PBKDF2
   iteration count, represented as a positive integer.  This Header
   Parameter is REQUIRED and MUST be understood and processed by
   implementations when these algorithms are used.

   The iteration count adds computational expense, ideally compounded by
   the possible range of keys introduced by the salt.  A minimum
   iteration count of 1000 is RECOMMENDED.

4.10.  AES_CBC_HMAC_SHA2 Algorithms

   This section defines a family of authenticated encryption algorithms
   built using a composition of Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) in
   Cipher Block Chaining (CBC) mode with PKCS #5 padding [AES]
   [NIST.800-38A] operations and HMAC [RFC2104] [SHS] operations.  This
   algorithm family is called AES_CBC_HMAC_SHA2.  It also defines three
   instances of this family, the first using 128 bit CBC keys and HMAC
   SHA-256, the second using 192 bit CBC keys and HMAC SHA-384, and the
   third using 256 bit CBC keys and HMAC SHA-512.  Test cases for these
   algorithms can be found in Appendix C.

   These algorithms are based upon Authenticated Encryption with AES-CBC
   and HMAC-SHA [I-D.mcgrew-aead-aes-cbc-hmac-sha2], performing the same
   cryptographic computations, but with the Initialization Vector and
   Authentication Tag values remaining separate, rather than being
   concatenated with the Ciphertext value in the output representation.
   This option is discussed in Appendix B of that specification.  This
   algorithm family is a generalization of the algorithm family in
   [I-D.mcgrew-aead-aes-cbc-hmac-sha2], and can be used to implement
   those algorithms.

4.10.1.  Conventions Used in Defining AES_CBC_HMAC_SHA2

   We use the following notational conventions.

      CBC-PKCS5-ENC(X, P) denotes the AES CBC encryption of P using PKCS
      #5 padding using the cipher with the key X.

      MAC(Y, M) denotes the application of the Message Authentication
      Code (MAC) to the message M, using the key Y.

4.10.2.  Generic AES_CBC_HMAC_SHA2 Algorithm

   This section defines AES_CBC_HMAC_SHA2 in a manner that is
   independent of the AES CBC key size or hash function to be used.
   Section 4.10.2.1 and Section 4.10.2.2 define the generic encryption



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   and decryption algorithms.  Section 4.10.3 and Section 4.10.5 define
   instances of AES_CBC_HMAC_SHA2 that specify those details.

4.10.2.1.  AES_CBC_HMAC_SHA2 Encryption

   The authenticated encryption algorithm takes as input four octet
   strings: a secret key K, a plaintext P, associated data A, and an
   initialization vector IV.  The authenticated ciphertext value E and
   the authentication tag value T are provided as outputs.  The data in
   the plaintext are encrypted and authenticated, and the associated
   data are authenticated, but not encrypted.

   The encryption process is as follows, or uses an equivalent set of
   steps:

   1.  The secondary keys MAC_KEY and ENC_KEY are generated from the
       input key K as follows.  Each of these two keys is an octet
       string.

          MAC_KEY consists of the initial MAC_KEY_LEN octets of K, in
          order.

          ENC_KEY consists of the final ENC_KEY_LEN octets of K, in
          order.

       Here we denote the number of octets in the MAC_KEY as
       MAC_KEY_LEN, and the number of octets in ENC_KEY as ENC_KEY_LEN;
       the values of these parameters are specified by the AEAD
       algorithms (in Section 4.10.3 and Section 4.10.5).  The number of
       octets in the input key K is the sum of MAC_KEY_LEN and
       ENC_KEY_LEN.  When generating the secondary keys from K, MAC_KEY
       and ENC_KEY MUST NOT overlap.  Note that the MAC key comes before
       the encryption key in the input key K; this is in the opposite
       order of the algorithm names in the identifier
       "AES_CBC_HMAC_SHA2".

   2.  The Initialization Vector (IV) used is a 128 bit value generated
       randomly or pseudorandomly for use in the cipher.

   3.  The plaintext is CBC encrypted using PKCS #5 padding using
       ENC_KEY as the key, and the IV.  We denote the ciphertext output
       from this step as E.

   4.  The octet string AL is equal to the number of bits in A expressed
       as a 64-bit unsigned integer in network byte order.

   5.  A message authentication tag T is computed by applying HMAC
       [RFC2104] to the following data, in order:



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          the associated data A,

          the initialization vector IV,

          the ciphertext E computed in the previous step, and

          the octet string AL defined above.

       The string MAC_KEY is used as the MAC key.  We denote the output
       of the MAC computed in this step as M. The first T_LEN bits of M
       are used as T.

   6.  The Ciphertext E and the Authentication Tag T are returned as the
       outputs of the authenticated encryption.

   The encryption process can be illustrated as follows.  Here K, P, A,
   IV, and E denote the key, plaintext, associated data, initialization
   vector, and ciphertext, respectively.

      MAC_KEY = initial MAC_KEY_LEN bytes of K,

      ENC_KEY = final ENC_KEY_LEN bytes of K,

      E = CBC-PKCS5-ENC(ENC_KEY, P),

      M = MAC(MAC_KEY, A || IV || E || AL),

      T = initial T_LEN bytes of M.

4.10.2.2.  AES_CBC_HMAC_SHA2 Decryption

   The authenticated decryption operation has four inputs: K, A, E, and
   T as defined above.  It has only a single output, either a plaintext
   value P or a special symbol FAIL that indicates that the inputs are
   not authentic.  The authenticated decryption algorithm is as follows,
   or uses an equivalent set of steps:

   1.  The secondary keys MAC_KEY and ENC_KEY are generated from the
       input key K as in Step 1 of Section 4.10.2.1.

   2.  The integrity and authenticity of A and E are checked by
       computing an HMAC with the inputs as in Step 5 of
       Section 4.10.2.1.  The value T, from the previous step, is
       compared to the first MAC_KEY length bits of the HMAC output.  If
       those values are identical, then A and E are considered valid,
       and processing is continued.  Otherwise, all of the data used in
       the MAC validation are discarded, and the AEAD decryption
       operation returns an indication that it failed, and the operation



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       halts.  (But see Section 10 of [JWE] for security considerations
       on thwarting timing attacks.)

   3.  The value E is decrypted and the PKCS #5 padding is removed.  The
       value IV is used as the initialization vector.  The value ENC_KEY
       is used as the decryption key.

   4.  The plaintext value is returned.

4.10.3.  AES_128_CBC_HMAC_SHA_256

   This algorithm is a concrete instantiation of the generic
   AES_CBC_HMAC_SHA2 algorithm above.  It uses the HMAC message
   authentication code [RFC2104] with the SHA-256 hash function [SHS] to
   provide message authentication, with the HMAC output truncated to 128
   bits, corresponding to the HMAC-SHA-256-128 algorithm defined in
   [RFC4868].  For encryption, it uses AES in the Cipher Block Chaining
   (CBC) mode of operation as defined in Section 6.2 of [NIST.800-38A],
   with PKCS #5 padding.

   The input key K is 32 octets long.

   The AES CBC IV is 16 octets long.  ENC_KEY_LEN is 16 octets.

   The SHA-256 hash algorithm is used in HMAC.  MAC_KEY_LEN is 16
   octets.  The HMAC-SHA-256 output is truncated to T_LEN=16 octets, by
   stripping off the final 16 octets.

4.10.4.  AES_192_CBC_HMAC_SHA_384

   AES_192_CBC_HMAC_SHA_384 is based on AES_128_CBC_HMAC_SHA_256, but
   with the following differences:

      A 192 bit AES CBC key is used instead of 128.

      SHA-384 is used in HMAC instead of SHA-256.

      ENC_KEY_LEN is 24 octets instead of 16.

      MAC_KEY_LEN is 24 octets instead of 16.

      The length of the input key K is 48 octets instead of 32.

      The HMAC SHA-384 value is truncated to T_LEN=24 octets instead of
      16.






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4.10.5.  AES_256_CBC_HMAC_SHA_512

   AES_256_CBC_HMAC_SHA_512 is based on AES_128_CBC_HMAC_SHA_256, but
   with the following differences:

      A 256 bit AES CBC key is used instead of 128.

      SHA-512 is used in HMAC instead of SHA-256.

      ENC_KEY_LEN is 32 octets instead of 16.

      MAC_KEY_LEN is 32 octets instead of 16.

      The length of the input key K is 64 octets instead of 32.

      The HMAC SHA-512 value is truncated to T_LEN=32 octets instead of
      16.

4.10.6.  Plaintext Encryption with AES_CBC_HMAC_SHA2

   The algorithm value "A128CBC-HS256" is used as the "alg" value when
   using AES_128_CBC_HMAC_SHA_256 with JWE.  The algorithm value
   "A192CBC-HS384" is used as the "alg" value when using
   AES_192_CBC_HMAC_SHA_384 with JWE.  The algorithm value
   "A256CBC-HS512" is used as the "alg" value when using
   AES_256_CBC_HMAC_SHA_512 with JWE.

4.11.  Plaintext Encryption with AES GCM

   This section defines the specifics of encrypting the JWE Plaintext
   with Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) in Galois/Counter Mode (GCM)
   [AES] [NIST.800-38D] using 128, 192, or 256 bit keys.  The "enc"
   Header Parameter values "A128GCM", "A192GCM", or "A256GCM" are
   respectively used in this case.

   The CEK is used as the encryption key.

   Use of an initialization vector of size 96 bits is REQUIRED with this
   algorithm.

   The requested size of the Authentication Tag output MUST be 128 bits,
   regardless of the key size.

   The JWE Authentication Tag is set to be the Authentication Tag value
   produced by the encryption.  During decryption, the received JWE
   Authentication Tag is used as the Authentication Tag value.

   An example using this algorithm is shown in Appendix A.1 of [JWE].



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5.  Cryptographic Algorithms for Keys

   A JSON Web Key (JWK) [JWK] is a JSON data structure that represents a
   cryptographic key.  These keys can be either asymmetric or symmetric.
   They can hold both public and private information about the key.
   This section defines the parameters for keys using the algorithms
   specified by this document.

5.1.  "kty" (Key Type) Parameter Values

   The table below is the set of "kty" (key type) parameter values that
   are defined by this specification for use in JWKs.

   +--------------+--------------------------------+-------------------+
   | kty          | Key Type                       | Implementation    |
   | Parameter    |                                | Requirements      |
   | Value        |                                |                   |
   +--------------+--------------------------------+-------------------+
   | EC           | Elliptic Curve [DSS]           | Recommended+      |
   | RSA          | RSA [RFC3447]                  | Required          |
   | oct          | Octet sequence (used to        | Required          |
   |              | represent symmetric keys)      |                   |
   +--------------+--------------------------------+-------------------+

   The use of "+" in the Implementation Requirements indicates that the
   requirement strength is likely to be increased in a future version of
   the specification.

5.2.  Parameters for Elliptic Curve Keys

   JWKs can represent Elliptic Curve [DSS] keys.  In this case, the
   "kty" member value MUST be "EC".

5.2.1.  Parameters for Elliptic Curve Public Keys

   An elliptic curve public key is represented by a pair of coordinates
   drawn from a finite field, which together define a point on an
   elliptic curve.  The following members MUST be present for elliptic
   curve public keys:

   o  "crv"

   o  "x"

   o  "y"

   SEC1 point compression is not supported for any values.




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5.2.1.1.  "crv" (Curve) Parameter

   The "crv" (curve) member identifies the cryptographic curve used with
   the key.  Curve values from [DSS] used by this specification are:

   o  "P-256"

   o  "P-384"

   o  "P-521"

   These values are registered in the IANA JSON Web Key Elliptic Curve
   registry defined in Section 6.6.  Additional "crv" values MAY be
   used, provided they are understood by implementations using that
   Elliptic Curve key.  The "crv" value is a case sensitive string.

5.2.1.2.  "x" (X Coordinate) Parameter

   The "x" (x coordinate) member contains the x coordinate for the
   elliptic curve point.  It is represented as the base64url encoding of
   the octet string representation of the coordinate, as defined in
   Section 2.3.5 of SEC1 [SEC1].  The length of this octet string MUST
   be the full size of a coordinate for the curve specified in the "crv"
   parameter.  For example, if the value of "crv" is "P-521", the octet
   string must be 66 octets long.

5.2.1.3.  "y" (Y Coordinate) Parameter

   The "y" (y coordinate) member contains the y coordinate for the
   elliptic curve point.  It is represented as the base64url encoding of
   the octet string representation of the coordinate, as defined in
   Section 2.3.5 of SEC1 [SEC1].  The length of this octet string MUST
   be the full size of a coordinate for the curve specified in the "crv"
   parameter.  For example, if the value of "crv" is "P-521", the octet
   string must be 66 octets long.

5.2.2.  Parameters for Elliptic Curve Private Keys

   In addition to the members used to represent Elliptic Curve public
   keys, the following member MUST be present to represent Elliptic
   Curve private keys.

5.2.2.1.  "d" (ECC Private Key) Parameter

   The "d" (ECC private key) member contains the Elliptic Curve private
   key value.  It is represented as the base64url encoding of the octet
   string representation of the private key value, as defined in
   Sections C.4 and 2.3.7 of SEC1 [SEC1].  The length of this octet



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   string MUST be ceiling(log-base-2(n)/8) octets (where n is the order
   of the curve).

5.3.  Parameters for RSA Keys

   JWKs can represent RSA [RFC3447] keys.  In this case, the "kty"
   member value MUST be "RSA".

5.3.1.  Parameters for RSA Public Keys

   The following members MUST be present for RSA public keys.

5.3.1.1.  "n" (Modulus) Parameter

   The "n" (modulus) member contains the modulus value for the RSA
   public key.  It is represented as the base64url encoding of the
   value's unsigned big endian representation as an octet sequence.  The
   octet sequence MUST utilize the minimum number of octets to represent
   the value.

5.3.1.2.  "e" (Exponent) Parameter

   The "e" (exponent) member contains the exponent value for the RSA
   public key.  It is represented as the base64url encoding of the
   value's unsigned big endian representation as an octet sequence.  The
   octet sequence MUST utilize the minimum number of octets to represent
   the value.  For instance, when representing the value 65537, the
   octet sequence to be base64url encoded MUST consist of the three
   octets [1, 0, 1].

5.3.2.  Parameters for RSA Private Keys

   In addition to the members used to represent RSA public keys, the
   following members are used to represent RSA private keys.  The
   parameter "d" is REQUIRED for RSA private keys.  The others enable
   optimizations and SHOULD be included by producers of JWKs
   representing RSA private keys.  If the producer includes any of the
   other private key parameters, then all of the others MUST be present,
   with the exception of "oth", which MUST only be present when more
   than two prime factors were used.  The consumer of a JWK MAY choose
   to accept an RSA private key that does not contain a complete set of
   the private key parameters other than "d", including JWKs in which
   "d" is the only RSA private key parameter included.

5.3.2.1.  "d" (Private Exponent) Parameter

   The "d" (private exponent) member contains the private exponent value
   for the RSA private key.  It is represented as the base64url encoding



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   of the value's unsigned big endian representation as an octet
   sequence.  The octet sequence MUST utilize the minimum number of
   octets to represent the value.

5.3.2.2.  "p" (First Prime Factor) Parameter

   The "p" (first prime factor) member contains the first prime factor,
   a positive integer.  It is represented as the base64url encoding of
   the value's unsigned big endian representation as an octet sequence.
   The octet sequence MUST utilize the minimum number of octets to
   represent the value.

5.3.2.3.  "q" (Second Prime Factor) Parameter

   The "q" (second prime factor) member contains the second prime
   factor, a positive integer.  It is represented as the base64url
   encoding of the value's unsigned big endian representation as an
   octet sequence.  The octet sequence MUST utilize the minimum number
   of octets to represent the value.

5.3.2.4.  "dp" (First Factor CRT Exponent) Parameter

   The "dp" (first factor CRT exponent) member contains the Chinese
   Remainder Theorem (CRT) exponent of the first factor, a positive
   integer.  It is represented as the base64url encoding of the value's
   unsigned big endian representation as an octet sequence.  The octet
   sequence MUST utilize the minimum number of octets to represent the
   value.

5.3.2.5.  "dq" (Second Factor CRT Exponent) Parameter

   The "dq" (second factor CRT exponent) member contains the Chinese
   Remainder Theorem (CRT) exponent of the second factor, a positive
   integer.  It is represented as the base64url encoding of the value's
   unsigned big endian representation as an octet sequence.  The octet
   sequence MUST utilize the minimum number of octets to represent the
   value.

5.3.2.6.  "qi" (First CRT Coefficient) Parameter

   The "dp" (first CRT coefficient) member contains the Chinese
   Remainder Theorem (CRT) coefficient of the second factor, a positive
   integer.  It is represented as the base64url encoding of the value's
   unsigned big endian representation as an octet sequence.  The octet
   sequence MUST utilize the minimum number of octets to represent the
   value.





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5.3.2.7.  "oth" (Other Primes Info) Parameter

   The "oth" (other primes info) member contains an array of information
   about any third and subsequent primes, should they exist.  When only
   two primes have been used (the normal case), this parameter MUST be
   omitted.  When three or more primes have been used, the number of
   array elements MUST be the number of primes used minus two.  Each
   array element MUST be an object with the following members:

5.3.2.7.1.  "r" (Prime Factor)

   The "r" (prime factor) parameter within an "oth" array member
   represents the value of a subsequent prime factor, a positive
   integer.  It is represented as the base64url encoding of the value's
   unsigned big endian representation as an octet sequence.  The octet
   sequence MUST utilize the minimum number of octets to represent the
   value.

5.3.2.7.2.  "d" (Factor CRT Exponent)

   The "d" (Factor CRT Exponent) parameter within an "oth" array member
   represents the CRT exponent of the corresponding prime factor, a
   positive integer.  It is represented as the base64url encoding of the
   value's unsigned big endian representation as an octet sequence.  The
   octet sequence MUST utilize the minimum number of octets to represent
   the value.

5.3.2.7.3.  "t" (Factor CRT Coefficient)

   The "t" (factor CRT coefficient) parameter within an "oth" array
   member represents the CRT coefficient of the corresponding prime
   factor, a positive integer.  It is represented as the base64url
   encoding of the value's unsigned big endian representation as an
   octet sequence.  The octet sequence MUST utilize the minimum number
   of octets to represent the value.

5.4.  Parameters for Symmetric Keys

   When the JWK "kty" member value is "oct" (octet sequence), the member
   "k" is used to represent a symmetric key (or another key whose value
   is a single octet sequence).  An "alg" member SHOULD also be present
   to identify the algorithm intended to be used with the key, unless
   the application uses another means or convention to determine the
   algorithm used.







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5.4.1.  "k" (Key Value) Parameter

   The "k" (key value) member contains the value of the symmetric (or
   other single-valued) key.  It is represented as the base64url
   encoding of the octet sequence containing the key value.


6.  IANA Considerations

   The following registration procedure is used for all the registries
   established by this specification.

   Values are registered with a Specification Required [RFC5226] after a
   two-week review period on the [TBD]@ietf.org mailing list, on the
   advice of one or more Designated Experts.  However, to allow for the
   allocation of values prior to publication, the Designated Expert(s)
   may approve registration once they are satisfied that such a
   specification will be published.

   Registration requests must be sent to the [TBD]@ietf.org mailing list
   for review and comment, with an appropriate subject (e.g., "Request
   for access token type: example"). [[ Note to the RFC Editor: The name
   of the mailing list should be determined in consultation with the
   IESG and IANA.  Suggested name: jose-reg-review. ]]

   Within the review period, the Designated Expert(s) will either
   approve or deny the registration request, communicating this decision
   to the review list and IANA.  Denials should include an explanation
   and, if applicable, suggestions as to how to make the request
   successful.  Registration requests that are undetermined for a period
   longer than 21 days can be brought to the IESG's attention (using the
   iesg@iesg.org mailing list) for resolution.

   Criteria that should be applied by the Designated Expert(s) includes
   determining whether the proposed registration duplicates existing
   functionality, determining whether it is likely to be of general
   applicability or whether it is useful only for a single application,
   and whether the registration makes sense.

   IANA must only accept registry updates from the Designated Expert(s)
   and should direct all requests for registration to the review mailing
   list.

   It is suggested that multiple Designated Experts be appointed who are
   able to represent the perspectives of different applications using
   this specification, in order to enable broadly-informed review of
   registration decisions.  In cases where a registration decision could
   be perceived as creating a conflict of interest for a particular



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   Expert, that Expert should defer to the judgment of the other
   Expert(s).

6.1.  JSON Web Signature and Encryption Algorithms Registry

   This specification establishes the IANA JSON Web Signature and
   Encryption Algorithms registry for values of the JWS and JWE "alg"
   (algorithm) and "enc" (encryption method) Header Parameters.  The
   registry records the algorithm name, the algorithm usage locations
   from the set "alg" and "enc", implementation requirements, and a
   reference to the specification that defines it.  The same algorithm
   name MAY be registered multiple times, provided that the sets of
   usage locations are disjoint.

   It is suggested that when algorithms can use keys of different
   lengths, that the length of the key be included in the algorithm
   name.  This allows readers of the JSON text to easily make security
   consideration decisions.

   The implementation requirements of an algorithm MAY be changed over
   time by the Designated Experts(s) as the cryptographic landscape
   evolves, for instance, to change the status of an algorithm to
   Deprecated, or to change the status of an algorithm from Optional to
   Recommended+ or Required.  Changes of implementation requirements are
   only permitted on a Specification Required basis, with the new
   specification defining the revised implementation requirements level.

6.1.1.  Template

   Algorithm Name:
      The name requested (e.g., "example").  This name is case
      sensitive.  Names may not match other registered names in a case
      insensitive manner unless the Designated Expert(s) state that
      there is a compelling reason to allow an exception in this
      particular case.

   Algorithm Usage Location(s):
      The algorithm usage, which must be one or more of the values "alg"
      or "enc".

   Implementation Requirements:
      The algorithm implementation requirements, which must be one the
      words Required, Recommended, Optional, or Deprecated.  Optionally,
      the word can be followed by a "+" or "-".  The use of "+"
      indicates that the requirement strength is likely to be increased
      in a future version of the specification.  The use of "-"
      indicates that the requirement strength is likely to be decreased
      in a future version of the specification.



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   Change Controller:
      For Standards Track RFCs, state "IESG".  For others, give the name
      of the responsible party.  Other details (e.g., postal address,
      email address, home page URI) may also be included.

   Specification Document(s):
      Reference to the document(s) that specify the parameter,
      preferably including URI(s) that can be used to retrieve copies of
      the document(s).  An indication of the relevant sections may also
      be included but is not required.

6.1.2.  Initial Registry Contents

   o  Algorithm Name: "HS256"
   o  Algorithm Usage Location(s): "alg"
   o  Implementation Requirements: Required
   o  Change Controller: IESG
   o  Specification Document(s): Section 3.1 of [[ this document ]]

   o  Algorithm Name: "HS384"
   o  Algorithm Usage Location(s): "alg"
   o  Implementation Requirements: Optional
   o  Change Controller: IESG
   o  Specification Document(s): Section 3.1 of [[ this document ]]

   o  Algorithm Name: "HS512"
   o  Algorithm Usage Location(s): "alg"
   o  Implementation Requirements: Optional
   o  Change Controller: IESG
   o  Specification Document(s): Section 3.1 of [[ this document ]]

   o  Algorithm Name: "RS256"
   o  Algorithm Usage Location(s): "alg"
   o  Implementation Requirements: Recommended
   o  Change Controller: IESG
   o  Specification Document(s): Section 3.1 of [[ this document ]]

   o  Algorithm Name: "RS384"
   o  Algorithm Usage Location(s): "alg"
   o  Implementation Requirements: Optional
   o  Change Controller: IESG
   o  Specification Document(s): Section 3.1 of [[ this document ]]

   o  Algorithm Name: "RS512"
   o  Algorithm Usage Location(s): "alg"
   o  Implementation Requirements: Optional





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   o  Change Controller: IESG
   o  Specification Document(s): Section 3.1 of [[ this document ]]

   o  Algorithm Name: "ES256"
   o  Algorithm Usage Location(s): "alg"
   o  Implementation Requirements: Recommended+
   o  Change Controller: IESG
   o  Specification Document(s): Section 3.1 of [[ this document ]]

   o  Algorithm Name: "ES384"
   o  Algorithm Usage Location(s): "alg"
   o  Implementation Requirements: Optional
   o  Change Controller: IESG
   o  Specification Document(s): Section 3.1 of [[ this document ]]

   o  Algorithm Name: "ES512"
   o  Algorithm Usage Location(s): "alg"
   o  Implementation Requirements: Optional
   o  Change Controller: IESG
   o  Specification Document(s): Section 3.1 of [[ this document ]]

   o  Algorithm Name: "PS256"
   o  Algorithm Usage Location(s): "alg"
   o  Implementation Requirements: Optional
   o  Change Controller: IESG
   o  Specification Document(s): Section 3.1 of [[ this document ]]

   o  Algorithm Name: "PS384"
   o  Algorithm Usage Location(s): "alg"
   o  Implementation Requirements: Optional
   o  Change Controller: IESG
   o  Specification Document(s): Section 3.1 of [[ this document ]]

   o  Algorithm Name: "PS512"
   o  Algorithm Usage Location(s): "alg"
   o  Implementation Requirements: Optional
   o  Change Controller: IESG
   o  Specification Document(s): Section 3.1 of [[ this document ]]

   o  Algorithm Name: "none"
   o  Algorithm Usage Location(s): "alg"
   o  Implementation Requirements: Optional
   o  Change Controller: IESG
   o  Specification Document(s): Section 3.1 of [[ this document ]]

   o  Algorithm Name: "RSA1_5"





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   o  Algorithm Usage Location(s): "alg"
   o  Implementation Requirements: Required
   o  Change Controller: IESG
   o  Specification Document(s): Section 4.1 of [[ this document ]]

   o  Algorithm Name: "RSA-OAEP"
   o  Algorithm Usage Location(s): "alg"
   o  Implementation Requirements: Optional
   o  Change Controller: IESG
   o  Specification Document(s): Section 4.1 of [[ this document ]]

   o  Algorithm Name: "A128KW"
   o  Algorithm Usage Location(s): "alg"
   o  Implementation Requirements: Recommended
   o  Change Controller: IESG
   o  Specification Document(s): Section 4.1 of [[ this document ]]

   o  Algorithm Name: "A192KW"
   o  Algorithm Usage Location(s): "alg"
   o  Implementation Requirements: Optional
   o  Change Controller: IESG
   o  Specification Document(s): Section 4.1 of [[ this document ]]

   o  Algorithm Name: "A256KW"
   o  Algorithm Usage Location(s): "alg"
   o  Implementation Requirements: Recommended
   o  Change Controller: IESG
   o  Specification Document(s): Section 4.1 of [[ this document ]]

   o  Algorithm Name: "dir"
   o  Algorithm Usage Location(s): "alg"
   o  Implementation Requirements: Recommended
   o  Change Controller: IESG
   o  Specification Document(s): Section 4.1 of [[ this document ]]

   o  Algorithm Name: "ECDH-ES"
   o  Algorithm Usage Location(s): "alg"
   o  Implementation Requirements: Recommended+
   o  Change Controller: IESG
   o  Specification Document(s): Section 4.1 of [[ this document ]]

   o  Algorithm Name: "ECDH-ES+A128KW"
   o  Algorithm Usage Location(s): "alg"
   o  Implementation Requirements: Recommended
   o  Change Controller: IESG
   o  Specification Document(s): Section 4.1 of [[ this document ]]





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   o  Algorithm Name: "ECDH-ES+A192KW"
   o  Algorithm Usage Location(s): "alg"
   o  Implementation Requirements: Optional
   o  Change Controller: IESG
   o  Specification Document(s): Section 4.1 of [[ this document ]]

   o  Algorithm Name: "ECDH-ES+A256KW"
   o  Algorithm Usage Location(s): "alg"
   o  Implementation Requirements: Recommended
   o  Change Controller: IESG
   o  Specification Document(s): Section 4.1 of [[ this document ]]

   o  Algorithm Name: "A128GCMKW"
   o  Algorithm Usage Location(s): "alg"
   o  Implementation Requirements: Optional
   o  Change Controller: IESG
   o  Specification Document(s): Section 4.8 of [[ this document ]]

   o  Algorithm Name: "A192GCMKW"
   o  Algorithm Usage Location(s): "alg"
   o  Implementation Requirements: Optional
   o  Change Controller: IESG
   o  Specification Document(s): Section 4.8 of [[ this document ]]

   o  Algorithm Name: "A256GCMKW"
   o  Algorithm Usage Location(s): "alg"
   o  Implementation Requirements: Optional
   o  Change Controller: IESG
   o  Specification Document(s): Section 4.8 of [[ this document ]]

   o  Algorithm Name: "PBES2-HS256+A128KW"
   o  Algorithm Usage Location(s): "alg"
   o  Implementation Requirements: Optional
   o  Change Controller: IESG
   o  Specification Document(s): Section 4.9 of [[ this document ]]

   o  Algorithm Name: "PBES2-HS384+A192KW"
   o  Algorithm Usage Location(s): "alg"
   o  Implementation Requirements: Optional
   o  Change Controller: IESG
   o  Specification Document(s): Section 4.9 of [[ this document ]]

   o  Algorithm Name: "PBES2-HS512+A256KW"
   o  Algorithm Usage Location(s): "alg"
   o  Implementation Requirements: Optional
   o  Change Controller: IESG





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   o  Specification Document(s): Section 4.9 of [[ this document ]]

   o  Algorithm Name: "A128CBC-HS256"
   o  Algorithm Usage Location(s): "enc"
   o  Implementation Requirements: Required
   o  Change Controller: IESG
   o  Specification Document(s): Section 4.2 of [[ this document ]]

   o  Algorithm Name: "A192CBC-HS384"
   o  Algorithm Usage Location(s): "enc"
   o  Implementation Requirements: Optional
   o  Change Controller: IESG
   o  Specification Document(s): Section 4.2 of [[ this document ]]

   o  Algorithm Name: "A256CBC-HS512"
   o  Algorithm Usage Location(s): "enc"
   o  Implementation Requirements: Required
   o  Change Controller: IESG
   o  Specification Document(s): Section 4.2 of [[ this document ]]

   o  Algorithm Name: "A128GCM"
   o  Algorithm Usage Location(s): "enc"
   o  Implementation Requirements: Recommended
   o  Change Controller: IESG
   o  Specification Document(s): Section 4.2 of [[ this document ]]

   o  Algorithm Name: "A192GCM"
   o  Algorithm Usage Location(s): "enc"
   o  Implementation Requirements: Optional
   o  Change Controller: IESG
   o  Specification Document(s): Section 4.2 of [[ this document ]]

   o  Algorithm Name: "A256GCM"
   o  Algorithm Usage Location(s): "enc"
   o  Implementation Requirements: Recommended
   o  Change Controller: IESG
   o  Specification Document(s): Section 4.2 of [[ this document ]]

6.2.  JWE Header Parameter Names Registration

   This specification registers the Header Parameter names defined in
   Section 4.7.1, Section 4.8.1, and Section 4.9.1 in the IANA JSON Web
   Signature and Encryption Header Parameters registry defined in [JWS].

6.2.1.  Registry Contents






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   o  Header Parameter Name: "epk"
   o  Header Parameter Usage Location(s): JWE
   o  Change Controller: IESG
   o  Specification Document(s): Section 4.7.1.1 of [[ this document ]]

   o  Header Parameter Name: "apu"
   o  Header Parameter Usage Location(s): JWE
   o  Change Controller: IESG
   o  Specification Document(s): Section 4.7.1.2 of [[ this document ]]

   o  Header Parameter Name: "apv"
   o  Header Parameter Usage Location(s): JWE
   o  Change Controller: IESG
   o  Specification Document(s): Section 4.7.1.3 of [[ this document ]]

   o  Header Parameter Name: "iv"
   o  Header Parameter Usage Location(s): JWE
   o  Change Controller: IESG
   o  Specification Document(s): Section 4.8.1.1 of [[ this document ]]

   o  Header Parameter Name: "tag"
   o  Header Parameter Usage Location(s): JWE
   o  Change Controller: IESG
   o  Specification Document(s): Section 4.8.1.2 of [[ this document ]]

   o  Header Parameter Name: "p2s"
   o  Header Parameter Usage Location(s): JWE
   o  Change Controller: IESG
   o  Specification Document(s): Section 4.9.1.1 of [[ this document ]]

   o  Header Parameter Name: "p2c"
   o  Header Parameter Usage Location(s): JWE
   o  Change Controller: IESG
   o  Specification Document(s): Section 4.9.1.2 of [[ this document ]]

6.3.  JSON Web Encryption Compression Algorithms Registry

   This specification establishes the IANA JSON Web Encryption
   Compression Algorithms registry for JWE "zip" member values.  The
   registry records the compression algorithm value and a reference to
   the specification that defines it.

6.3.1.  Registration Template








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   Compression Algorithm Value:
      The name requested (e.g., "example").  Because a core goal of this
      specification is for the resulting representations to be compact,
      it is RECOMMENDED that the name be short -- not to exceed 8
      characters without a compelling reason to do so.  This name is
      case sensitive.  Names may not match other registered names in a
      case insensitive manner unless the Designated Expert(s) state that
      there is a compelling reason to allow an exception in this
      particular case.

   Change Controller:
      For Standards Track RFCs, state "IESG".  For others, give the name
      of the responsible party.  Other details (e.g., postal address,
      email address, home page URI) may also be included.

   Specification Document(s):
      Reference to the document(s) that specify the parameter,
      preferably including URI(s) that can be used to retrieve copies of
      the document(s).  An indication of the relevant sections may also
      be included but is not required.

6.3.2.  Initial Registry Contents

   o  Compression Algorithm Value: "DEF"
   o  Change Controller: IESG
   o  Specification Document(s): JSON Web Encryption (JWE) [JWE]

6.4.  JSON Web Key Types Registry

   This specification establishes the IANA JSON Web Key Types registry
   for values of the JWK "kty" (key type) parameter.  The registry
   records the "kty" value, implementation requirements, and a reference
   to the specification that defines it.

   The implementation requirements of a key type MAY be changed over
   time by the Designated Experts(s) as the cryptographic landscape
   evolves, for instance, to change the status of a key type to
   Deprecated, or to change the status of a key type from Optional to
   Recommended+ or Required.  Changes of implementation requirements are
   only permitted on a Specification Required basis, with the new
   specification defining the revised implementation requirements level.

6.4.1.  Registration Template








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   "kty" Parameter Value:
      The name requested (e.g., "example").  Because a core goal of this
      specification is for the resulting representations to be compact,
      it is RECOMMENDED that the name be short -- not to exceed 8
      characters without a compelling reason to do so.  This name is
      case sensitive.  Names may not match other registered names in a
      case insensitive manner unless the Designated Expert(s) state that
      there is a compelling reason to allow an exception in this
      particular case.

   Change Controller:
      For Standards Track RFCs, state "IESG".  For others, give the name
      of the responsible party.  Other details (e.g., postal address,
      email address, home page URI) may also be included.

   Implementation Requirements:
      The key type implementation requirements, which must be one the
      words Required, Recommended, Optional, or Deprecated.  Optionally,
      the word can be followed by a "+" or "-".  The use of "+"
      indicates that the requirement strength is likely to be increased
      in a future version of the specification.  The use of "-"
      indicates that the requirement strength is likely to be decreased
      in a future version of the specification.

   Specification Document(s):
      Reference to the document(s) that specify the parameter,
      preferably including URI(s) that can be used to retrieve copies of
      the document(s).  An indication of the relevant sections may also
      be included but is not required.

6.4.2.  Initial Registry Contents

   This specification registers the values defined in Section 5.1.

   o  "kty" Parameter Value: "EC"
   o  Implementation Requirements: Recommended+
   o  Change Controller: IESG
   o  Specification Document(s): Section 5.2 of [[ this document ]]

   o  "kty" Parameter Value: "RSA"
   o  Implementation Requirements: Required
   o  Change Controller: IESG
   o  Specification Document(s): Section 5.3 of [[ this document ]]

   o  "kty" Parameter Value: "oct"
   o  Implementation Requirements: Required





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   o  Change Controller: IESG
   o  Specification Document(s): Section 5.4 of [[ this document ]]

6.5.  JSON Web Key Parameters Registration

   This specification registers the parameter names defined in Sections
   5.2, 5.3, and 5.4 in the IANA JSON Web Key Parameters registry
   defined in [JWK].

6.5.1.  Registry Contents

   o  Parameter Name: "crv"
   o  Used with "kty" Value(s): "EC"
   o  Parameter Information Class: Public
   o  Change Controller: IESG
   o  Specification Document(s): Section 5.2.1.1 of [[ this document ]]

   o  Parameter Name: "x"
   o  Used with "kty" Value(s): "EC"
   o  Parameter Information Class: Public
   o  Change Controller: IESG
   o  Specification Document(s): Section 5.2.1.2 of [[ this document ]]

   o  Parameter Name: "y"
   o  Used with "kty" Value(s): "EC"
   o  Parameter Information Class: Public
   o  Change Controller: IESG
   o  Specification Document(s): Section 5.2.1.3 of [[ this document ]]

   o  Parameter Name: "d"
   o  Used with "kty" Value(s): "EC"
   o  Parameter Information Class: Private
   o  Change Controller: IESG
   o  Specification Document(s): Section 5.2.2.1 of [[ this document ]]

   o  Parameter Name: "n"
   o  Used with "kty" Value(s): "RSA"
   o  Parameter Information Class: Public
   o  Change Controller: IESG
   o  Specification Document(s): Section 5.3.1.1 of [[ this document ]]

   o  Parameter Name: "e"
   o  Used with "kty" Value(s): "RSA"
   o  Parameter Information Class: Public
   o  Change Controller: IESG
   o  Specification Document(s): Section 5.3.1.2 of [[ this document ]]





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   o  Parameter Name: "d"
   o  Used with "kty" Value(s): "RSA"
   o  Parameter Information Class: Private
   o  Change Controller: IESG
   o  Specification Document(s): Section 5.3.2.1 of [[ this document ]]

   o  Parameter Name: "p"
   o  Used with "kty" Value(s): "RSA"
   o  Parameter Information Class: Private
   o  Change Controller: IESG
   o  Specification Document(s): Section 5.3.2.2 of [[ this document ]]

   o  Parameter Name: "q"
   o  Used with "kty" Value(s): "RSA"
   o  Parameter Information Class: Private
   o  Change Controller: IESG
   o  Specification Document(s): Section 5.3.2.3 of [[ this document ]]

   o  Parameter Name: "dp"
   o  Used with "kty" Value(s): "RSA"
   o  Parameter Information Class: Private
   o  Change Controller: IESG
   o  Specification Document(s): Section 5.3.2.4 of [[ this document ]]

   o  Parameter Name: "dq"
   o  Used with "kty" Value(s): "RSA"
   o  Parameter Information Class: Private
   o  Change Controller: IESG
   o  Specification Document(s): Section 5.3.2.5 of [[ this document ]]

   o  Parameter Name: "qi"
   o  Used with "kty" Value(s): "RSA"
   o  Parameter Information Class: Private
   o  Change Controller: IESG
   o  Specification Document(s): Section 5.3.2.6 of [[ this document ]]

   o  Parameter Name: "oth"
   o  Used with "kty" Value(s): "RSA"
   o  Parameter Information Class: Private
   o  Change Controller: IESG
   o  Specification Document(s): Section 5.3.2.7 of [[ this document ]]

   o  Parameter Name: "k"
   o  Used with "kty" Value(s): "oct"
   o  Parameter Information Class: Private
   o  Change Controller: IESG





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   o  Specification Document(s): Section 5.4.1 of [[ this document ]]

6.6.  JSON Web Key Elliptic Curve Registry

   This specification establishes the IANA JSON Web Key Elliptic Curve
   registry for JWK "crv" member values.  The registry records the curve
   name, implementation requirements, and a reference to the
   specification that defines it.  This specification registers the
   parameter names defined in Section 5.2.1.1.

   The implementation requirements of a curve MAY be changed over time
   by the Designated Experts(s) as the cryptographic landscape evolves,
   for instance, to change the status of a curve to Deprecated, or to
   change the status of a curve from Optional to Recommended+ or
   Required.  Changes of implementation requirements are only permitted
   on a Specification Required basis, with the new specification
   defining the revised implementation requirements level.

6.6.1.  Registration Template

   Curve Name:
      The name requested (e.g., "example").  Because a core goal of this
      specification is for the resulting representations to be compact,
      it is RECOMMENDED that the name be short -- not to exceed 8
      characters without a compelling reason to do so.  This name is
      case sensitive.  Names may not match other registered names in a
      case insensitive manner unless the Designated Expert(s) state that
      there is a compelling reason to allow an exception in this
      particular case.

   Implementation Requirements:
      The curve implementation requirements, which must be one the words
      Required, Recommended, Optional, or Deprecated.  Optionally, the
      word can be followed by a "+" or "-".  The use of "+" indicates
      that the requirement strength is likely to be increased in a
      future version of the specification.  The use of "-" indicates
      that the requirement strength is likely to be decreased in a
      future version of the specification.

   Change Controller:
      For Standards Track RFCs, state "IESG".  For others, give the name
      of the responsible party.  Other details (e.g., postal address,
      email address, home page URI) may also be included.

   Specification Document(s):
      Reference to the document(s) that specify the parameter,
      preferably including URI(s) that can be used to retrieve copies of
      the document(s).  An indication of the relevant sections may also



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      be included but is not required.

6.6.2.  Initial Registry Contents

   o  Curve Name: "P-256"
   o  Implementation Requirements: Recommended+
   o  Change Controller: IESG
   o  Specification Document(s): Section 5.2.1.1 of [[ this document ]]

   o  Curve Name: "P-384"
   o  Implementation Requirements: Optional
   o  Change Controller: IESG
   o  Specification Document(s): Section 5.2.1.1 of [[ this document ]]

   o  Curve Name: "P-521"
   o  Implementation Requirements: Optional
   o  Change Controller: IESG
   o  Specification Document(s): Section 5.2.1.1 of [[ this document ]]


7.  Security Considerations

   All of the security issues faced by any cryptographic application
   must be faced by a JWS/JWE/JWK agent.  Among these issues are
   protecting the user's private and symmetric keys, preventing various
   attacks, and helping the user avoid mistakes such as inadvertently
   encrypting a message for the wrong recipient.  The entire list of
   security considerations is beyond the scope of this document, but
   some significant considerations are listed here.

   The security considerations in [AES], [DSS], [JWE], [JWK], [JWS],
   [NIST.800-38A], [NIST.800-38D], [NIST.800-56A], [RFC2104], [RFC3394],
   [RFC3447], [RFC5116], [RFC6090], and [SHS] apply to this
   specification.

   Algorithms of matching strengths should be used together whenever
   possible.  For instance, when AES Key Wrap is used with a given key
   size, using the same key size is recommended when AES GCM is also
   used.

7.1.  Algorithms and Key Sizes will be Deprecated

   Eventually the algorithms and/or key sizes currently described in
   this specification will no longer be considered sufficiently secure
   and will be removed.  Therefore, implementers and deployments must be
   prepared for this eventuality.





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7.2.  Key Lifetimes

   Many algorithms have associated security considerations related to
   key lifetimes and/or the number of times that a key may be used.
   Those security considerations continue to apply when using those
   algorithms with JOSE data structures.

7.3.  RSAES-PKCS1-v1_5 Security Considerations

   While Section 8 of RFC 3447 [RFC3447] explicitly calls for people not
   to adopt RSASSA-PKCS-v1_5 for new applications and instead requests
   that people transition to RSASSA-PSS, this specification does include
   RSASSA-PKCS-v1_5, for interoperability reasons, because it commonly
   implemented.

   Keys used with RSAES-PKCS1-v1_5 must follow the constraints in
   Section 7.2 of RFC 3447 [RFC3447].  In particular, keys with a low
   public key exponent value must not be used.

7.4.  AES GCM Security Considerations

   Keys used with AES GCM must follow the constraints in Section 8.3 of
   [NIST.800-38D], which states: "The total number of invocations of the
   authenticated encryption function shall not exceed 2^32, including
   all IV lengths and all instances of the authenticated encryption
   function with the given key".  In accordance with this rule, AES GCM
   MUST NOT be used with the same key value more than 2^32 times.

   An Initialization Vector value MUST never be used multiple times with
   the same AES GCM key.  One way to prevent this is to store a counter
   with the key and increment it with every use.  The counter can also
   be used to prevent exceeding the 2^32 limit above.

   This security consideration does not apply to the composite AES-CBC
   HMAC SHA-2 or AES Key Wrap algorithms.

7.5.  Plaintext JWS Security Considerations

   Plaintext JWSs (JWSs that use the "alg" value "none") provide no
   integrity protection.  Thus, they must only be used in contexts where
   the payload is secured by means other than a digital signature or MAC
   value, or need not be secured.

   Implementations that support plaintext JWS objects MUST NOT accept
   such objects as valid unless the application specifies that it is
   acceptable for a specific object to not be integrity-protected.
   Implementations MUST NOT accept plaintext JWS objects by default.
   For example, the "verify" method of a hypothetical JWS software



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   library might have a Boolean "acceptUnsigned" parameter that
   indicates "none" is an acceptable "alg" value.  As another example,
   the "verify" method might take a list of algorithms that are
   acceptable to the application as a parameter and would reject
   plaintext JWS values if "none" is not in that list.

   In order to mitigate downgrade attacks, applications MUST NOT signal
   acceptance of plaintext JWS objects at a global level, and SHOULD
   signal acceptance on a per-object basis.  For example, suppose an
   application accepts JWS objects over two channels, (1) HTTP and (2)
   HTTPS with client authentication.  It requires a JWS signature on
   objects received over HTTP, but accepts plaintext JWS objects over
   HTTPS.  If the application were to globally indicate that "none" is
   acceptable, then an attacker could provide it with an unsigned object
   over HTTP and still have that object successfully validate.  Instead,
   the application needs to indicate acceptance of "none" for each
   object received over HTTPS (e.g., by setting "acceptUnsigned" to
   "true" for the first hypothetical JWS software library above), but
   not for each object received over HTTP.

7.6.  Denial of Service Attacks

   Receiving agents that validate signatures and sending agents that
   encrypt messages need to be cautious of cryptographic processing
   usage when validating signatures and encrypting messages using keys
   larger than those mandated in this specification.  An attacker could
   send certificates with keys that would result in excessive
   cryptographic processing, for example, keys larger than those
   mandated in this specification, which could swamp the processing
   element.  Agents that use such keys without first validating the
   certificate to a trust anchor are advised to have some sort of
   cryptographic resource management system to prevent such attacks.

7.7.  Reusing Key Material when Encrypting Keys

   It is NOT RECOMMENDED to reuse the same key material (Key Encryption
   Key, Content Encryption Key, Initialization Vector, etc.) to encrypt
   multiple JWK or JWK Set objects, or to encrypt the same JWK or JWK
   Set object multiple times.  One suggestion for preventing re-use is
   to always generate a new set key material for each encryption
   operation, based on the considerations noted in this document as well
   as from [RFC4086].

7.8.  Password Considerations

   While convenient for end users, passwords are vulnerable to a number
   of attacks.  To help mitigate some of these limitations, this
   document applies principles from [RFC2898] to derive cryptographic



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   keys from user-supplied passwords.

   However, the strength of the password still has a significant impact.
   A high-entry password has greater resistance to dictionary attacks.
   [NIST-800-63-1] contains guidelines for estimating password entropy,
   which can help applications and users generate stronger passwords.

   An ideal password is one that is as large (or larger) than the
   derived key length but less than the PRF's block size.  Passwords
   larger than the PRF's block size are first hashed, which reduces an
   attacker's effective search space to the length of the hash algorithm
   (32 octets for HMAC SHA-256).  It is RECOMMENDED that the password be
   no longer than 64 octets long for "PBES2-HS512+A256KW".

   Still, care needs to be taken in where and how password-based
   encryption is used.  Such algorithms MUST NOT be used where the
   attacker can make an indefinite number of attempts to circumvent the
   protection.


8.  Internationalization Considerations

   Passwords obtained from users are likely to require preparation and
   normalization to account for differences of octet sequences generated
   by different input devices, locales, etc.  It is RECOMMENDED that
   applications to perform the steps outlined in
   [I-D.melnikov-precis-saslprepbis] to prepare a password supplied
   directly by a user before performing key derivation and encryption.


9.  References

9.1.  Normative References

   [AES]      National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST),
              "Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)", FIPS PUB 197,
              November 2001.

   [DSS]      National Institute of Standards and Technology, "Digital
              Signature Standard (DSS)", FIPS PUB 186-4, July 2013.

   [I-D.melnikov-precis-saslprepbis]
              Saint-Andre, P. and A. Melnikov, "Preparation and
              Comparison of Internationalized Strings Representing
              Simple User Names and Passwords",
              draft-melnikov-precis-saslprepbis-04 (work in progress),
              September 2012.




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   [JWE]      Jones, M., Rescorla, E., and J. Hildebrand, "JSON Web
              Encryption (JWE)", draft-ietf-jose-json-web-encryption
              (work in progress), October 2013.

   [JWK]      Jones, M., "JSON Web Key (JWK)",
              draft-ietf-jose-json-web-key (work in progress),
              October 2013.

   [JWS]      Jones, M., Bradley, J., and N. Sakimura, "JSON Web
              Signature (JWS)", draft-ietf-jose-json-web-signature (work
              in progress), October 2013.

   [NIST.800-38A]
              National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST),
              "Recommendation for Block Cipher Modes of Operation",
              NIST PUB 800-38A, December 2001.

   [NIST.800-38D]
              National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST),
              "Recommendation for Block Cipher Modes of Operation:
              Galois/Counter Mode (GCM) and GMAC", NIST PUB 800-38D,
              December 2001.

   [NIST.800-56A]
              National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST),
              "Recommendation for Pair-Wise Key Establishment Schemes
              Using Discrete Logarithm Cryptography", NIST Special
              Publication 800-56A, Revision 2, May 2013.

   [RFC2104]  Krawczyk, H., Bellare, M., and R. Canetti, "HMAC: Keyed-
              Hashing for Message Authentication", RFC 2104,
              February 1997.

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.

   [RFC2898]  Kaliski, B., "PKCS #5: Password-Based Cryptography
              Specification Version 2.0", RFC 2898, September 2000.

   [RFC3394]  Schaad, J. and R. Housley, "Advanced Encryption Standard
              (AES) Key Wrap Algorithm", RFC 3394, September 2002.

   [RFC3629]  Yergeau, F., "UTF-8, a transformation format of ISO
              10646", STD 63, RFC 3629, November 2003.

   [RFC4086]  Eastlake, D., Schiller, J., and S. Crocker, "Randomness
              Requirements for Security", BCP 106, RFC 4086, June 2005.




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   [RFC4627]  Crockford, D., "The application/json Media Type for
              JavaScript Object Notation (JSON)", RFC 4627, July 2006.

   [RFC4868]  Kelly, S. and S. Frankel, "Using HMAC-SHA-256, HMAC-SHA-
              384, and HMAC-SHA-512 with IPsec", RFC 4868, May 2007.

   [RFC5116]  McGrew, D., "An Interface and Algorithms for Authenticated
              Encryption", RFC 5116, January 2008.

   [RFC5226]  Narten, T. and H. Alvestrand, "Guidelines for Writing an
              IANA Considerations Section in RFCs", BCP 26, RFC 5226,
              May 2008.

   [RFC6090]  McGrew, D., Igoe, K., and M. Salter, "Fundamental Elliptic
              Curve Cryptography Algorithms", RFC 6090, February 2011.

   [SEC1]     Standards for Efficient Cryptography Group, "SEC 1:
              Elliptic Curve Cryptography", May 2009.

   [SHS]      National Institute of Standards and Technology, "Secure
              Hash Standard (SHS)", FIPS PUB 180-3, October 2008.

   [USASCII]  American National Standards Institute, "Coded Character
              Set -- 7-bit American Standard Code for Information
              Interchange", ANSI X3.4, 1986.

9.2.  Informative References

   [CanvasApp]
              Facebook, "Canvas Applications", 2010.

   [I-D.mcgrew-aead-aes-cbc-hmac-sha2]
              McGrew, D., Foley, J., and K. Paterson, "Authenticated
              Encryption with AES-CBC and HMAC-SHA",
              draft-mcgrew-aead-aes-cbc-hmac-sha2-02 (work in progress),
              July 2013.

   [I-D.miller-jose-jwe-protected-jwk]
              Miller, M., "Using JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) Web
              Encryption (JWE) for Protecting JSON Web Key (JWK)
              Objects", draft-miller-jose-jwe-protected-jwk-02 (work in
              progress), June 2013.

   [I-D.rescorla-jsms]
              Rescorla, E. and J. Hildebrand, "JavaScript Message
              Security Format", draft-rescorla-jsms-00 (work in
              progress), March 2011.




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   [JCA]      Oracle, "Java Cryptography Architecture", 2013.

   [JSE]      Bradley, J. and N. Sakimura (editor), "JSON Simple
              Encryption", September 2010.

   [JSS]      Bradley, J. and N. Sakimura (editor), "JSON Simple Sign",
              September 2010.

   [MagicSignatures]
              Panzer (editor), J., Laurie, B., and D. Balfanz, "Magic
              Signatures", January 2011.

   [NIST-800-63-1]
              National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST),
              "Electronic Authentication Guideline", NIST 800-63-1,
              December 2011.

   [RFC2631]  Rescorla, E., "Diffie-Hellman Key Agreement Method",
              RFC 2631, June 1999.

   [RFC3275]  Eastlake, D., Reagle, J., and D. Solo, "(Extensible Markup
              Language) XML-Signature Syntax and Processing", RFC 3275,
              March 2002.

   [RFC3447]  Jonsson, J. and B. Kaliski, "Public-Key Cryptography
              Standards (PKCS) #1: RSA Cryptography Specifications
              Version 2.1", RFC 3447, February 2003.

   [W3C.CR-xmldsig-core2-20120124]
              Eastlake, D., Reagle, J., Yiu, K., Solo, D., Datta, P.,
              Hirsch, F., Cantor, S., and T. Roessler, "XML Signature
              Syntax and Processing Version 2.0", World Wide Web
              Consortium CR CR-xmldsig-core2-20120124, January 2012,
              <http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/CR-xmldsig-core2-20120124>.

   [W3C.CR-xmlenc-core1-20120313]
              Eastlake, D., Reagle, J., Roessler, T., and F. Hirsch,
              "XML Encryption Syntax and Processing Version 1.1", World
              Wide Web Consortium CR CR-xmlenc-core1-20120313,
              March 2012,
              <http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/CR-xmlenc-core1-20120313>.

   [W3C.REC-xmlenc-core-20021210]
              Eastlake, D. and J. Reagle, "XML Encryption Syntax and
              Processing", World Wide Web Consortium Recommendation REC-
              xmlenc-core-20021210, December 2002,
              <http://www.w3.org/TR/2002/REC-xmlenc-core-20021210>.




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Appendix A.  Digital Signature/MAC Algorithm Identifier Cross-Reference

   This appendix contains a table cross-referencing the digital
   signature and MAC "alg" (algorithm) values used in this specification
   with the equivalent identifiers used by other standards and software
   packages.  See XML DSIG [RFC3275], XML DSIG 2.0
   [W3C.CR-xmldsig-core2-20120124], and Java Cryptography Architecture
   [JCA] for more information about the names defined by those
   documents.

   +-----+---------------------------------+-----------+---------------+
   | JWS | XML DSIG                        | JCA       | OID           |
   +-----+---------------------------------+-----------+---------------+
   | HS2 | http://www.w3.org/2001/04/xmlds | HmacSHA25 | 1.2.840.11354 |
   | 56  | ig-more#hmac-sha256             | 6         | 9.2.9         |
   | HS3 | http://www.w3.org/2001/04/xmlds | HmacSHA38 | 1.2.840.11354 |
   | 84  | ig-more#hmac-sha384             | 4         | 9.2.10        |
   | HS5 | http://www.w3.org/2001/04/xmlds | HmacSHA51 | 1.2.840.11354 |
   | 12  | ig-more#hmac-sha512             | 2         | 9.2.11        |
   | RS2 | http://www.w3.org/2001/04/xmlds | SHA256wit | 1.2.840.11354 |
   | 56  | ig-more#rsa-sha256              | hRSA      | 9.1.1.11      |
   | RS3 | http://www.w3.org/2001/04/xmlds | SHA384wit | 1.2.840.11354 |
   | 84  | ig-more#rsa-sha384              | hRSA      | 9.1.1.12      |
   | RS5 | http://www.w3.org/2001/04/xmlds | SHA512wit | 1.2.840.11354 |
   | 12  | ig-more#rsa-sha512              | hRSA      | 9.1.1.13      |
   | ES2 | http://www.w3.org/2001/04/xmlds | SHA256wit | 1.2.840.10045 |
   | 56  | ig-more#ecdsa-sha256            | hECDSA    | .4.3.2        |
   | ES3 | http://www.w3.org/2001/04/xmlds | SHA384wit | 1.2.840.10045 |
   | 84  | ig-more#ecdsa-sha384            | hECDSA    | .4.3.3        |
   | ES5 | http://www.w3.org/2001/04/xmlds | SHA512wit | 1.2.840.10045 |
   | 12  | ig-more#ecdsa-sha512            | hECDSA    | .4.3.4        |
   | PS2 | http://www.w3.org/2007/05/xmlds |           | 1.2.840.11354 |
   | 56  | ig-more#sha256-rsa-MGF1         |           | 9.1.1.10      |
   | PS3 | http://www.w3.org/2007/05/xmlds |           | 1.2.840.11354 |
   | 84  | ig-more#sha384-rsa-MGF1         |           | 9.1.1.10      |
   | PS5 | http://www.w3.org/2007/05/xmlds |           | 1.2.840.11354 |
   | 12  | ig-more#sha512-rsa-MGF1         |           | 9.1.1.10      |
   +-----+---------------------------------+-----------+---------------+


Appendix B.  Encryption Algorithm Identifier Cross-Reference

   This appendix contains a table cross-referencing the "alg"
   (algorithm) and "enc" (encryption method) values used in this
   specification with the equivalent identifiers used by other standards
   and software packages.  See XML Encryption
   [W3C.REC-xmlenc-core-20021210], XML Encryption 1.1
   [W3C.CR-xmlenc-core1-20120313], and Java Cryptography Architecture



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   [JCA] for more information about the names defined by those
   documents.

   For the composite algorithms "A128CBC-HS256", "A192CBC-HS384", and
   "A256CBC-HS512", the corresponding AES CBC algorithm identifiers are
   listed.

   +--------+-----------------------+-------------------+--------------+
   | JWE    | XML ENC               | JCA               | OID          |
   +--------+-----------------------+-------------------+--------------+
   | RSA1_5 | http://www.w3.org/200 | RSA/ECB/PKCS1Padd | 1.2.840.1135 |
   |        | 1/04/xmlenc#rsa-1_5   | ing               | 49.1.1.1     |
   | RSA-OA | http://www.w3.org/200 | RSA/ECB/OAEPWithS | 1.2.840.1135 |
   | EP     | 1/04/xmlenc#rsa-oaep- | HA-1AndMGF1Paddin | 49.1.1.7     |
   |        | mgf1p                 | g                 |              |
   | ECDH-E | http://www.w3.org/200 |                   | 1.3.132.1.12 |
   | S      | 9/xmlenc11#ECDH-ES    |                   |              |
   | A128KW | http://www.w3.org/200 |                   | 2.16.840.1.1 |
   |        | 1/04/xmlenc#kw-aes128 |                   | 01.3.4.1.5   |
   | A192KW | http://www.w3.org/200 |                   | 2.16.840.1.1 |
   |        | 1/04/xmlenc#kw-aes192 |                   | 01.3.4.1.25  |
   | A256KW | http://www.w3.org/200 |                   | 2.16.840.1.1 |
   |        | 1/04/xmlenc#kw-aes256 |                   | 01.3.4.1.45  |
   | A128CB | http://www.w3.org/200 | AES/CBC/PKCS5Padd | 2.16.840.1.1 |
   | C-HS25 | 1/04/xmlenc#aes128-cb | ing               | 01.3.4.1.2   |
   | 6      | c                     |                   |              |
   | A192CB | http://www.w3.org/200 | AES/CBC/PKCS5Padd | 2.16.840.1.1 |
   | C-HS38 | 1/04/xmlenc#aes192-cb | ing               | 01.3.4.1.22  |
   | 4      | c                     |                   |              |
   | A256CB | http://www.w3.org/200 | AES/CBC/PKCS5Padd | 2.16.840.1.1 |
   | C-HS51 | 1/04/xmlenc#aes256-cb | ing               | 01.3.4.1.42  |
   | 2      | c                     |                   |              |
   | A128GC | http://www.w3.org/200 | AES/GCM/NoPadding | 2.16.840.1.1 |
   | M      | 9/xmlenc11#aes128-gcm |                   | 01.3.4.1.6   |
   | A192GC | http://www.w3.org/200 | AES/GCM/NoPadding | 2.16.840.1.1 |
   | M      | 9/xmlenc11#aes192-gcm |                   | 01.3.4.1.26  |
   | A256GC | http://www.w3.org/200 | AES/GCM/NoPadding | 2.16.840.1.1 |
   | M      | 9/xmlenc11#aes256-gcm |                   | 01.3.4.1.46  |
   +--------+-----------------------+-------------------+--------------+


Appendix C.  Test Cases for AES_CBC_HMAC_SHA2 Algorithms

   The following test cases can be used to validate implementations of
   the AES_CBC_HMAC_SHA2 algorithms defined in Section 4.10.  They are
   also intended to correspond to test cases that may appear in a future
   version of [I-D.mcgrew-aead-aes-cbc-hmac-sha2], demonstrating that
   the cryptographic computations performed are the same.



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   The variable names are those defined in Section 4.10.  All values are
   hexadecimal.

C.1.  Test Cases for AES_128_CBC_HMAC_SHA_256

   AES_128_CBC_HMAC_SHA_256

     K =       00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0a 0b 0c 0d 0e 0f
               10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 1a 1b 1c 1d 1e 1f

     MAC_KEY = 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0a 0b 0c 0d 0e 0f

     ENC_KEY = 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 1a 1b 1c 1d 1e 1f

     P =       41 20 63 69 70 68 65 72 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20
               6d 75 73 74 20 6e 6f 74 20 62 65 20 72 65 71 75
               69 72 65 64 20 74 6f 20 62 65 20 73 65 63 72 65
               74 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 69 74 20 6d 75 73 74 20 62
               65 20 61 62 6c 65 20 74 6f 20 66 61 6c 6c 20 69
               6e 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 68 61 6e 64 73 20 6f 66
               20 74 68 65 20 65 6e 65 6d 79 20 77 69 74 68 6f
               75 74 20 69 6e 63 6f 6e 76 65 6e 69 65 6e 63 65

     IV =      1a f3 8c 2d c2 b9 6f fd d8 66 94 09 23 41 bc 04

     A =       54 68 65 20 73 65 63 6f 6e 64 20 70 72 69 6e 63
               69 70 6c 65 20 6f 66 20 41 75 67 75 73 74 65 20
               4b 65 72 63 6b 68 6f 66 66 73

     AL =      00 00 00 00 00 00 01 50

     E =       c8 0e df a3 2d df 39 d5 ef 00 c0 b4 68 83 42 79
               a2 e4 6a 1b 80 49 f7 92 f7 6b fe 54 b9 03 a9 c9
               a9 4a c9 b4 7a d2 65 5c 5f 10 f9 ae f7 14 27 e2
               fc 6f 9b 3f 39 9a 22 14 89 f1 63 62 c7 03 23 36
               09 d4 5a c6 98 64 e3 32 1c f8 29 35 ac 40 96 c8
               6e 13 33 14 c5 40 19 e8 ca 79 80 df a4 b9 cf 1b
               38 4c 48 6f 3a 54 c5 10 78 15 8e e5 d7 9d e5 9f
               bd 34 d8 48 b3 d6 95 50 a6 76 46 34 44 27 ad e5
               4b 88 51 ff b5 98 f7 f8 00 74 b9 47 3c 82 e2 db

     M =       65 2c 3f a3 6b 0a 7c 5b 32 19 fa b3 a3 0b c1 c4
               e6 e5 45 82 47 65 15 f0 ad 9f 75 a2 b7 1c 73 ef

     T =       65 2c 3f a3 6b 0a 7c 5b 32 19 fa b3 a3 0b c1 c4






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C.2.  Test Cases for AES_192_CBC_HMAC_SHA_384

     K =       00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0a 0b 0c 0d 0e 0f
               10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 1a 1b 1c 1d 1e 1f
               20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 2a 2b 2c 2d 2e 2f

     MAC_KEY = 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0a 0b 0c 0d 0e 0f
               10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

     ENC_KEY = 18 19 1a 1b 1c 1d 1e 1f 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
               28 29 2a 2b 2c 2d 2e 2f

     P =       41 20 63 69 70 68 65 72 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20
               6d 75 73 74 20 6e 6f 74 20 62 65 20 72 65 71 75
               69 72 65 64 20 74 6f 20 62 65 20 73 65 63 72 65
               74 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 69 74 20 6d 75 73 74 20 62
               65 20 61 62 6c 65 20 74 6f 20 66 61 6c 6c 20 69
               6e 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 68 61 6e 64 73 20 6f 66
               20 74 68 65 20 65 6e 65 6d 79 20 77 69 74 68 6f
               75 74 20 69 6e 63 6f 6e 76 65 6e 69 65 6e 63 65

     IV =      1a f3 8c 2d c2 b9 6f fd d8 66 94 09 23 41 bc 04

     A =       54 68 65 20 73 65 63 6f 6e 64 20 70 72 69 6e 63
               69 70 6c 65 20 6f 66 20 41 75 67 75 73 74 65 20
               4b 65 72 63 6b 68 6f 66 66 73

     AL =      00 00 00 00 00 00 01 50

     E =       ea 65 da 6b 59 e6 1e db 41 9b e6 2d 19 71 2a e5
               d3 03 ee b5 00 52 d0 df d6 69 7f 77 22 4c 8e db
               00 0d 27 9b dc 14 c1 07 26 54 bd 30 94 42 30 c6
               57 be d4 ca 0c 9f 4a 84 66 f2 2b 22 6d 17 46 21
               4b f8 cf c2 40 0a dd 9f 51 26 e4 79 66 3f c9 0b
               3b ed 78 7a 2f 0f fc bf 39 04 be 2a 64 1d 5c 21
               05 bf e5 91 ba e2 3b 1d 74 49 e5 32 ee f6 0a 9a
               c8 bb 6c 6b 01 d3 5d 49 78 7b cd 57 ef 48 49 27
               f2 80 ad c9 1a c0 c4 e7 9c 7b 11 ef c6 00 54 e3

     M =       84 90 ac 0e 58 94 9b fe 51 87 5d 73 3f 93 ac 20
               75 16 80 39 cc c7 33 d7 45 94 f8 86 b3 fa af d4
               86 f2 5c 71 31 e3 28 1e 36 c7 a2 d1 30 af de 57

     T =       84 90 ac 0e 58 94 9b fe 51 87 5d 73 3f 93 ac 20
               75 16 80 39 cc c7 33 d7






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C.3.  Test Cases for AES_256_CBC_HMAC_SHA_512

     K =       00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0a 0b 0c 0d 0e 0f
               10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 1a 1b 1c 1d 1e 1f
               20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 2a 2b 2c 2d 2e 2f
               30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 3a 3b 3c 3d 3e 3f

     MAC_KEY = 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0a 0b 0c 0d 0e 0f
               10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 1a 1b 1c 1d 1e 1f

     ENC_KEY = 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 2a 2b 2c 2d 2e 2f
               30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 3a 3b 3c 3d 3e 3f

     P =       41 20 63 69 70 68 65 72 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20
               6d 75 73 74 20 6e 6f 74 20 62 65 20 72 65 71 75
               69 72 65 64 20 74 6f 20 62 65 20 73 65 63 72 65
               74 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 69 74 20 6d 75 73 74 20 62
               65 20 61 62 6c 65 20 74 6f 20 66 61 6c 6c 20 69
               6e 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 68 61 6e 64 73 20 6f 66
               20 74 68 65 20 65 6e 65 6d 79 20 77 69 74 68 6f
               75 74 20 69 6e 63 6f 6e 76 65 6e 69 65 6e 63 65

     IV =      1a f3 8c 2d c2 b9 6f fd d8 66 94 09 23 41 bc 04

     A =       54 68 65 20 73 65 63 6f 6e 64 20 70 72 69 6e 63
               69 70 6c 65 20 6f 66 20 41 75 67 75 73 74 65 20
               4b 65 72 63 6b 68 6f 66 66 73

     AL =      00 00 00 00 00 00 01 50

     E =       4a ff aa ad b7 8c 31 c5 da 4b 1b 59 0d 10 ff bd
               3d d8 d5 d3 02 42 35 26 91 2d a0 37 ec bc c7 bd
               82 2c 30 1d d6 7c 37 3b cc b5 84 ad 3e 92 79 c2
               e6 d1 2a 13 74 b7 7f 07 75 53 df 82 94 10 44 6b
               36 eb d9 70 66 29 6a e6 42 7e a7 5c 2e 08 46 a1
               1a 09 cc f5 37 0d c8 0b fe cb ad 28 c7 3f 09 b3
               a3 b7 5e 66 2a 25 94 41 0a e4 96 b2 e2 e6 60 9e
               31 e6 e0 2c c8 37 f0 53 d2 1f 37 ff 4f 51 95 0b
               be 26 38 d0 9d d7 a4 93 09 30 80 6d 07 03 b1 f6

     M =       4d d3 b4 c0 88 a7 f4 5c 21 68 39 64 5b 20 12 bf
               2e 62 69 a8 c5 6a 81 6d bc 1b 26 77 61 95 5b c5
               fd 30 a5 65 c6 16 ff b2 f3 64 ba ec e6 8f c4 07
               53 bc fc 02 5d de 36 93 75 4a a1 f5 c3 37 3b 9c

     T =       4d d3 b4 c0 88 a7 f4 5c 21 68 39 64 5b 20 12 bf
               2e 62 69 a8 c5 6a 81 6d bc 1b 26 77 61 95 5b c5




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Appendix D.  Example ECDH-ES Key Agreement Computation

   This example uses ECDH-ES Key Agreement and the Concat KDF to derive
   the Content Encryption Key (CEK) in the manner described in
   Section 4.7.  In this example, the ECDH-ES Direct Key Agreement mode
   ("alg" value "ECDH-ES") is used to produce an agreed upon key for AES
   GCM with 128 bit keys ("enc" value "A128GCM").

   In this example, a sender Alice is encrypting content to a recipient
   Bob. The sender (Alice) generates an ephemeral key for the key
   agreement computation.  Alice's ephemeral key (in JWK format) used
   for the key agreement computation in this example (including the
   private part) is:

     {"kty":"EC",
      "crv":"P-256",
      "x":"gI0GAILBdu7T53akrFmMyGcsF3n5dO7MmwNBHKW5SV0",
      "y":"SLW_xSffzlPWrHEVI30DHM_4egVwt3NQqeUD7nMFpps",
      "d":"0_NxaRPUMQoAJt50Gz8YiTr8gRTwyEaCumd-MToTmIo"
     }

   The recipient's (Bob's) key (in JWK format) used for the key
   agreement computation in this example (including the private part)
   is:

     {"kty":"EC",
      "crv":"P-256",
      "x":"weNJy2HscCSM6AEDTDg04biOvhFhyyWvOHQfeF_PxMQ",
      "y":"e8lnCO-AlStT-NJVX-crhB7QRYhiix03illJOVAOyck",
      "d":"VEmDZpDXXK8p8N0Cndsxs924q6nS1RXFASRl6BfUqdw"
     }

   Header Parameter values used in this example are as follows.  In this
   example, the "apu" (agreement PartyUInfo) parameter value is the
   base64url encoding of the UTF-8 string "Alice" and the "apv"
   (agreement PartyVInfo) parameter value is the base64url encoding of
   the UTF-8 string "Bob".  The "epk" parameter is used to communicate
   the sender's (Alice's) ephemeral public key value to the recipient
   (Bob).












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     {"alg":"ECDH-ES",
      "enc":"A128GCM",
      "apu":"QWxpY2U",
      "apv":"Qm9i",
      "epk":
       {"kty":"EC",
        "crv":"P-256",
        "x":"gI0GAILBdu7T53akrFmMyGcsF3n5dO7MmwNBHKW5SV0",
        "y":"SLW_xSffzlPWrHEVI30DHM_4egVwt3NQqeUD7nMFpps"
       }
     }

   The resulting Concat KDF [NIST.800-56A] parameter values are:

   Z  This is set to the ECDH-ES key agreement output.  (This value is
      often not directly exposed by libraries, due to NIST security
      requirements, and only serves as an input to a KDF.)  In this
      example, Z is the octet sequence:
      [158, 86, 217, 29, 129, 113, 53, 211, 114, 131, 66, 131, 191, 132,
      38, 156, 251, 49, 110, 163, 218, 128, 106, 72, 246, 218, 167, 121,
      140, 254, 144, 196].

   keydatalen  This value is 128 - the number of bits in the desired
      output key (because "A128GCM" uses a 128 bit key).

   AlgorithmID  This is set to the octets representing the 32 bit big
      endian value 7 - [0, 0, 0, 7] - the number of octets in the
      AlgorithmID content "A128GCM", followed, by the octets
      representing the UTF-8 string "A128GCM" - [65, 49, 50, 56, 71, 67,
      77].

   PartyUInfo  This is set to the octets representing the 32 bit big
      endian value 5 - [0, 0, 0, 5] - the number of octets in the
      PartyUInfo content "Alice", followed, by the octets representing
      the UTF-8 string "Alice" - [65, 108, 105, 99, 101].

   PartyVInfo  This is set to the octets representing the 32 bit big
      endian value 3 - [0, 0, 0, 3] - the number of octets in the
      PartyUInfo content "Bob", followed, by the octets representing the
      UTF-8 string "Bob" - [66, 111, 98].

   SuppPubInfo  This is set to the octets representing the 32 bit big
      endian value 128 - [0, 0, 0, 128] - the keydatalen value.

   SuppPrivInfo  This is set to the empty octet sequence.

   Concatenating the parameters AlgorithmID through SuppPubInfo results
   in an OtherInfo value of:



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   [0, 0, 0, 7, 65, 49, 50, 56, 71, 67, 77, 0, 0, 0, 5, 65, 108, 105,
   99, 101, 0, 0, 0, 3, 66, 111, 98, 0, 0, 0, 128]

   Concatenating the round number 1 ([0, 0, 0, 1]), Z, and the OtherInfo
   value results in the Concat KDF round 1 hash input of:
   [0, 0, 0, 1,
   158, 86, 217, 29, 129, 113, 53, 211, 114, 131, 66, 131, 191, 132, 38,
   156, 251, 49, 110, 163, 218, 128, 106, 72, 246, 218, 167, 121, 140,
   254, 144, 196,
   0, 0, 0, 7, 65, 49, 50, 56, 71, 67, 77, 0, 0, 0, 5, 65, 108, 105, 99,
   101, 0, 0, 0, 3, 66, 111, 98, 0, 0, 0, 128]

   The resulting derived key, which is the first 128 bits of the round 1
   hash output is:
   [86, 170, 141, 234, 248, 35, 109, 32, 92, 34, 40, 205, 113, 167, 16,
   26]

   The base64url encoded representation of this derived key is:

     VqqN6vgjbSBcIijNcacQGg


Appendix E.  Acknowledgements

   Solutions for signing and encrypting JSON content were previously
   explored by Magic Signatures [MagicSignatures], JSON Simple Sign
   [JSS], Canvas Applications [CanvasApp], JSON Simple Encryption [JSE],
   and JavaScript Message Security Format [I-D.rescorla-jsms], all of
   which influenced this draft.

   The Authenticated Encryption with AES-CBC and HMAC-SHA
   [I-D.mcgrew-aead-aes-cbc-hmac-sha2] specification, upon which the
   AES_CBC_HMAC_SHA2 algorithms are based, was written by David A.
   McGrew and Kenny Paterson.  The test cases for AES_CBC_HMAC_SHA2 are
   based upon those for [I-D.mcgrew-aead-aes-cbc-hmac-sha2] by John
   Foley.

   Matt Miller wrote Using JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) Web
   Encryption (JWE) for Protecting JSON Web Key (JWK) Objects
   [I-D.miller-jose-jwe-protected-jwk], which the password-based
   encryption content of this draft is based upon.

   This specification is the work of the JOSE Working Group, which
   includes dozens of active and dedicated participants.  In particular,
   the following individuals contributed ideas, feedback, and wording
   that influenced this specification:

   Dirk Balfanz, Richard Barnes, John Bradley, Brian Campbell, Breno de



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   Medeiros, Yaron Y. Goland, Dick Hardt, Jeff Hodges, Edmund Jay, James
   Manger, Matt Miller, Tony Nadalin, Axel Nennker, John Panzer,
   Emmanuel Raviart, Nat Sakimura, Jim Schaad, Hannes Tschofenig, and
   Sean Turner.

   Jim Schaad and Karen O'Donoghue chaired the JOSE working group and
   Sean Turner and Stephen Farrell served as Security area directors
   during the creation of this specification.


Appendix F.  Document History

   [[ to be removed by the RFC Editor before publication as an RFC ]]

   -17

   o  Explicitly named all the logical components of a JWS and JWE and
      defined the processing rules and serializations in terms of those
      components, addressing issues #60, #61, and #62.

   o  Removed processing steps in algorithm definitions that duplicated
      processing steps in JWS or JWE, addressing issue #56.

   o  Replaced verbose repetitive phases such as "base64url encode the
      octets of the UTF-8 representation of X" with mathematical
      notation such as "BASE64URL(UTF8(X))".

   o  Terms used in multiple documents are now defined in one place and
      incorporated by reference.  Some lightly used or obvious terms
      were also removed.  This addresses issue #58.

   o  Changes to address minor issue #53.

   -16

   o  Added a DataLen prefix to the AlgorithmID value in the Concat KDF
      computation.

   o  Added OIDs for encryption algorithms, additional signature
      algorithm OIDs, and additional XML DSIG/ENC URIs in the algorithm
      cross-reference tables.

   o  Changes to address editorial and minor issues #28, #36, #39, #52,
      #53, #55, #127, #128, #136, #137, #141, #150, #151, #152, and
      #155.

   -15




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   o  Changed statements about rejecting JWSs to statements about
      validation failing, addressing issue #35.

   o  Stated that changes of implementation requirements are only
      permitted on a Specification Required basis, addressing issue #38.

   o  Made "oct" a required key type, addressing issue #40.

   o  Updated the example ECDH-ES key agreement values.

   o  Changes to address editorial and minor issues #34, #37, #49, #63,
      #123, #124, #125, #130, #132, #133, #138, #139, #140, #142, #143,
      #144, #145, #148, #149, #150, and #162.

   -14

   o  Removed "PBKDF2" key type and added "p2s" and "p2c" header
      parameters for use with the PBES2 algorithms.

   o  Made the RSA private key parameters that are there to enable
      optimizations be RECOMMENDED rather than REQUIRED.

   o  Added algorithm identifiers for AES algorithms using 192 bit keys
      and for RSASSA-PSS using HMAC SHA-384.

   o  Added security considerations about key lifetimes, addressing
      issue #18.

   o  Added an example ECDH-ES key agreement computation.

   -13

   o  Added key encryption with AES GCM as specified in
      draft-jones-jose-aes-gcm-key-wrap-01, addressing issue #13.

   o  Added security considerations text limiting the number of times
      that an AES GCM key can be used for key encryption or direct
      encryption, per Section 8.3 of NIST SP 800-38D, addressing issue
      #28.

   o  Added password-based key encryption as specified in
      draft-miller-jose-jwe-protected-jwk-02.

   -12

   o  In the Direct Key Agreement case, the Concat KDF AlgorithmID is
      set to the octets of the UTF-8 representation of the "enc" header
      parameter value.



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   o  Restored the "apv" (agreement PartyVInfo) parameter.

   o  Moved the "epk", "apu", and "apv" Header Parameter definitions to
      be with the algorithm descriptions that use them.

   o  Changed terminology from "block encryption" to "content
      encryption".

   -11

   o  Removed the Encrypted Key value from the AAD computation since it
      is already effectively integrity protected by the encryption
      process.  The AAD value now only contains the representation of
      the JWE Encrypted Header.

   o  Removed "apv" (agreement PartyVInfo) since it is no longer used.

   o  Added more information about the use of PartyUInfo during key
      agreement.

   o  Use the keydatalen as the SuppPubInfo value for the Concat KDF
      when doing key agreement, as RFC 2631 does.

   o  Added algorithm identifiers for RSASSA-PSS with SHA-256 and SHA-
      512.

   o  Added a Parameter Information Class value to the JSON Web Key
      Parameters registry, which registers whether the parameter conveys
      public or private information.

   -10

   o  Changed the JWE processing rules for multiple recipients so that a
      single AAD value contains the header parameters and encrypted key
      values for all the recipients, enabling AES GCM to be safely used
      for multiple recipients.

   -09

   o  Expanded the scope of the JWK parameters to include private and
      symmetric key representations, as specified by
      draft-jones-jose-json-private-and-symmetric-key-00.

   o  Changed term "JWS Secured Input" to "JWS Signing Input".

   o  Changed from using the term "byte" to "octet" when referring to 8
      bit values.




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   o  Specified that AES Key Wrap uses the default initial value
      specified in Section 2.2.3.1 of RFC 3394.  This addressed issue
      #19.

   o  Added Key Management Mode definitions to terminology section and
      used the defined terms to provide clearer key management
      instructions.  This addressed issue #5.

   o  Replaced "A128CBC+HS256" and "A256CBC+HS512" with "A128CBC-HS256"
      and "A256CBC-HS512".  The new algorithms perform the same
      cryptographic computations as [I-D.mcgrew-aead-aes-cbc-hmac-sha2],
      but with the Initialization Vector and Authentication Tag values
      remaining separate from the Ciphertext value in the output
      representation.  Also deleted the header parameters "epu"
      (encryption PartyUInfo) and "epv" (encryption PartyVInfo), since
      they are no longer used.

   o  Changed from using the term "Integrity Value" to "Authentication
      Tag".

   -08

   o  Changed the name of the JWK key type parameter from "alg" to
      "kty".

   o  Replaced uses of the term "AEAD" with "Authenticated Encryption",
      since the term AEAD in the RFC 5116 sense implied the use of a
      particular data representation, rather than just referring to the
      class of algorithms that perform authenticated encryption with
      associated data.

   o  Applied editorial improvements suggested by Jeff Hodges.  Many of
      these simplified the terminology used.

   o  Added seriesInfo information to Internet Draft references.

   -07

   o  Added a data length prefix to PartyUInfo and PartyVInfo values.

   o  Changed the name of the JWK RSA modulus parameter from "mod" to
      "n" and the name of the JWK RSA exponent parameter from "xpo" to
      "e", so that the identifiers are the same as those used in RFC
      3447.

   o  Made several local editorial changes to clean up loose ends left
      over from to the decision to only support block encryption methods
      providing integrity.



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   -06

   o  Removed the "int" and "kdf" parameters and defined the new
      composite Authenticated Encryption algorithms "A128CBC+HS256" and
      "A256CBC+HS512" to replace the former uses of AES CBC, which
      required the use of separate integrity and key derivation
      functions.

   o  Included additional values in the Concat KDF calculation -- the
      desired output size and the algorithm value, and optionally
      PartyUInfo and PartyVInfo values.  Added the optional header
      parameters "apu" (agreement PartyUInfo), "apv" (agreement
      PartyVInfo), "epu" (encryption PartyUInfo), and "epv" (encryption
      PartyVInfo).

   o  Changed the name of the JWK RSA exponent parameter from "exp" to
      "xpo" so as to allow the potential use of the name "exp" for a
      future extension that might define an expiration parameter for
      keys.  (The "exp" name is already used for this purpose in the JWT
      specification.)

   o  Applied changes made by the RFC Editor to RFC 6749's registry
      language to this specification.

   -05

   o  Support both direct encryption using a shared or agreed upon
      symmetric key, and the use of a shared or agreed upon symmetric
      key to key wrap the CMK.  Specifically, added the "alg" values
      "dir", "ECDH-ES+A128KW", and "ECDH-ES+A256KW" to finish filling in
      this set of capabilities.

   o  Updated open issues.

   -04

   o  Added text requiring that any leading zero bytes be retained in
      base64url encoded key value representations for fixed-length
      values.

   o  Added this language to Registration Templates: "This name is case
      sensitive.  Names that match other registered names in a case
      insensitive manner SHOULD NOT be accepted."

   o  Described additional open issues.

   o  Applied editorial suggestions.




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   -03

   o  Always use a 128 bit "authentication tag" size for AES GCM,
      regardless of the key size.

   o  Specified that use of a 128 bit IV is REQUIRED with AES CBC.  It
      was previously RECOMMENDED.

   o  Removed key size language for ECDSA algorithms, since the key size
      is implied by the algorithm being used.

   o  Stated that the "int" key size must be the same as the hash output
      size (and not larger, as was previously allowed) so that its size
      is defined for key generation purposes.

   o  Added the "kdf" (key derivation function) header parameter to
      provide crypto agility for key derivation.  The default KDF
      remains the Concat KDF with the SHA-256 digest function.

   o  Clarified that the "mod" and "exp" values are unsigned.

   o  Added Implementation Requirements columns to algorithm tables and
      Implementation Requirements entries to algorithm registries.

   o  Changed AES Key Wrap to RECOMMENDED.

   o  Moved registries JSON Web Signature and Encryption Header
      Parameters and JSON Web Signature and Encryption Type Values to
      the JWS specification.

   o  Moved JSON Web Key Parameters registry to the JWK specification.

   o  Changed registration requirements from RFC Required to
      Specification Required with Expert Review.

   o  Added Registration Template sections for defined registries.

   o  Added Registry Contents sections to populate registry values.

   o  No longer say "the UTF-8 representation of the JWS Secured Input
      (which is the same as the ASCII representation)".  Just call it
      "the ASCII representation of the JWS Secured Input".

   o  Added "Collision Resistant Namespace" to the terminology section.

   o  Numerous editorial improvements.

   -02



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   o  For AES GCM, use the "additional authenticated data" parameter to
      provide integrity for the header, encrypted key, and ciphertext
      and use the resulting "authentication tag" value as the JWE
      Authentication Tag.

   o  Defined minimum required key sizes for algorithms without
      specified key sizes.

   o  Defined KDF output key sizes.

   o  Specified the use of PKCS #5 padding with AES CBC.

   o  Generalized text to allow key agreement to be employed as an
      alternative to key wrapping or key encryption.

   o  Clarified that ECDH-ES is a key agreement algorithm.

   o  Required implementation of AES-128-KW and AES-256-KW.

   o  Removed the use of "A128GCM" and "A256GCM" for key wrapping.

   o  Removed "A512KW" since it turns out that it's not a standard
      algorithm.

   o  Clarified the relationship between "typ" header parameter values
      and MIME types.

   o  Generalized language to refer to Message Authentication Codes
      (MACs) rather than Hash-based Message Authentication Codes (HMACs)
      unless in a context specific to HMAC algorithms.

   o  Established registries: JSON Web Signature and Encryption Header
      Parameters, JSON Web Signature and Encryption Algorithms, JSON Web
      Signature and Encryption "typ" Values, JSON Web Key Parameters,
      and JSON Web Key Algorithm Families.

   o  Moved algorithm-specific definitions from JWK to JWA.

   o  Reformatted to give each member definition its own section
      heading.

   -01

   o  Moved definition of "alg":"none" for JWSs here from the JWT
      specification since this functionality is likely to be useful in
      more contexts that just for JWTs.





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   o  Added Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) Key Wrap Algorithm using
      512 bit keys ("A512KW").

   o  Added text "Alternatively, the Encoded JWS Signature MAY be
      base64url decoded to produce the JWS Signature and this value can
      be compared with the computed HMAC value, as this comparison
      produces the same result as comparing the encoded values".

   o  Corrected the Magic Signatures reference.

   o  Made other editorial improvements suggested by JOSE working group
      participants.

   -00

   o  Created the initial IETF draft based upon
      draft-jones-json-web-signature-04 and
      draft-jones-json-web-encryption-02 with no normative changes.

   o  Changed terminology to no longer call both digital signatures and
      HMACs "signatures".


Author's Address

   Michael B. Jones
   Microsoft

   Email: mbj@microsoft.com
   URI:   http://self-issued.info/





















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