Network Working Group A. Vainshtein - Editor (Axerra Networks)
INTERNET-DRAFT I. Sasson (Axerra Networks)
Expiration Date: E. Metz (TNO Telecom)
November 2006 T. Frost (Zarlink Semiconductor)
P. Pate (Overture Networks)
May 2006
Structure-aware TDM Circuit Emulation Service over Packet Switched
Network (CESoPSN)
draft-ietf-pwe3-cesopsn-07.txt
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ABSTRACT
This document describes a method for encapsulating structured (NxDS0)
Time Division Multiplexed (TDM)signals as pseudo-wires over packet-
switching networks (PSN). In this regard, it complements similar work
for structure-agnostic emulation of TDM bit-streams [PWE3-SAToP].
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Introduction......................................................2
2. Terminology and Reference Models..................................3
2.1. Terminology...................................................3
2.2. Reference Models..............................................3
2.3. Requirements and Design Constraint............................4
3. Emulated Services.................................................4
4. CESoPSN Encapsulation Layer.......................................5
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4.1. CESoPSN Packet Format.........................................5
4.2. PSN and Multiplexing Layer Headers............................7
4.3. CESoPSN Control Word..........................................8
4.4. Usage of the RTP header......................................10
5. CESoPSN Payload Layer............................................11
5.1. Common Payload Format Considerations.........................11
5.2. Basic NxDS0 Services.........................................11
5.3. Extending Basic NxDS0 Services with CE Application Signaling.13
5.4. Trunk-Specific NxDS0 Services with CAS.......................14
6. CESoPSN Operation................................................16
6.1. Common Considerations........................................16
6.2. IWF operation................................................17
6.2.1. PSN-bound Direction......................................17
6.2.2. CE-bound Direction.......................................17
6.3. CESoPSN Defects..............................................19
6.4. CESoPSN PW Performance Monitoring............................20
7. QoS Issues.......................................................21
8. Congestion Control...............................................21
9. Security Considerations..........................................22
10. IANA Considerations.............................................23
11. Applicability Statement.........................................23
12. Disclaimer of Validity..........................................24
13. NORMATIVE REFERENCES............................................25
14. INFORMATIVE REFERENCES..........................................26
ANNEX A. A COMMON CE APPLICATION STATE SIGNALING MECHANISM..........28
Annex B. Reference PE Architecture for Emulation of NxDS0 SERvices..29
Annex C. Old Mode of CESoPSN Encapsulation over L2TPv3..............31
1. Introduction
This document describes a method for encapsulating structured (NxDS0)
Time Division Multiplexed (TDM) signals as pseudo-wires over packet-
switching networks (PSN). In this regard, it complements similar work
for structure-agnostic emulation of TDM bit-streams [PWE3-SAToP].
Emulation of NxDS0 circuits provides for saving PSN bandwidth, supports
DS0-level grooming and distributed cross-connect applications. It also
enhances resilience of CE devices to effects of loss of packets in the
PSN.
The CESoPSN solution presented in this document fits the PWE3
architecture described in [RFC3985], satisfies the general requirements
put forward in [RFC3916] and specific requirements for structured TDM
emulation put forward in [RFC4197].
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2. Terminology and Reference Models
2.1. Terminology
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].
The terms defined in [RFC3985], Section 1.4 and in [RFC4197], Section 3, are consistently used without additional explanations.
This document uses some terms and acronyms that are commonly used in
conjunction with the TDM services. In particular:
o Loss of Signal (LOS) is a common term denoting a condition
where a valid TDM signal cannot be extracted from the
physical layer of the trunk. Actual criteria for detecting
and clearing LOS are described in [G.775]
o Frame Alignment Signal (FAS) is a common term denoting a
special periodic pattern that is used to impose TDM
structures on E1 and T1 circuits. These patterns are
described in [G.704]
o Out of Frame Synchronization (OOF) is a common term
denoting the state of the receiver of a TDM signal when it
failed to find valid FAS. Actual criteria for declaring and
clearing OOF are described in [G.706]. Handling of this
condition includes invalidation of the TDM data
o Alarm Indication Signal (AIS) is a common term denoting a
special bit pattern in the TDM bit stream that indicates
presence of an upstream circuit outage. Actual criteria for
declaring and clearing the AIS condition in a TDM stream
are defined in [G.775]
o Remote Alarm Indication (RAI) and Remote Defect Indication
(RDI) are common terms (often used as synonyms) denoting a
special pattern in the framing of a TDM service that is
sent back by the receiver that experiences an AIS
condition. This condition cannot be detected while a LOS,
OOF or AIS condition is detected. Specific rules for
encoding this pattern in the TDM framing are discussed in
[G.775].
We also use the term Interworking Function (IWF) to describe
the functional block that segments and encapsulates TDM into
CESoPSN packets and in the reverse direction decapsulates
CESoPSN packets and reconstitutes TDM.
2.2. Reference Models
Generic models that have been defined in Sections 4.1, 4.2 and 4.4 of
[RFC3985] are fully applicable for the purposes of this document
without any modifications.
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The Network Synchronization reference model and deployment scenarios
for emulation of TDM services have been described in [RFC4197], Section 4.3.
Structured services considered in this document represent special cases
of the structured bit stream payload type defined in Section 3.3.4 of
[RFC3985]. In each specific case the basic service structures that are
preserved by a CESoPSN PW are explicitly specified (see Section 3
below).
In accordance with the principle of minimum intervention ([RFC3985],
Section 3.3.5) the TDM payload is encapsulated without any changes.
2.3. Requirements and Design Constraint
The CESoPSN protocol has been designed in order to meet the following
design constrains:
1. Fixed amount of TDM data per packet: All the packets belonging to a
given CESoPSN PW MUST carry the same amount of TDM data. This
approach simplifies compensation of a lost PW packet with a packet
carrying exactly the same amount of "replacement" TDM data
2. Fixed end-to-end delay: CESoPSN implementations SHOULD provide the
same end-to-end delay between a given pair of CEs regardless of the
bit-rate of the emulated service.
3. Packetization latency range:
a) All the implementations of CESoPSN SHOULD support packetization
latencies in the range 1 to 5 milliseconds
b) CESoPSN implementations that support configurable packetization
latency MUST allow configuration of this parameter with the
granularity which is a multiple of 125 microseconds
4. Common data path for services with and without CE application
signaling (e.g., Channel-Associated Signaling (CAS), see
[RFC4197]): if, in addition to TDM data, CE signaling must be
transferred between a pair of CE devices for the normal operation
of the emulated service, this signaling is passed in dedicated
signaling packets specific for the signaling protocol while format
and processing of the packets carrying TDM data remains unchanged.
3. Emulated Services
In accordance with [RFC4197], structured services considered in this
specification are NxDS0 services with and without CAS.
NxDS0 services are usually carried within appropriate physical trunks,
and PEs providing their emulation include appropriate Native Service
Processing (NSP) blocks commonly referred to as Framers.
The NSPs may also act as digital cross-connects, creating structured
TDM services from multiple synchronous trunks. As a consequence, the
service may contain more timeslots that could be carried over any
single trunk, or the timeslots may not originate from any single trunk.
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The reference PE architecture supporting these services is described in
Annex B.
This document defines a single format for packets carrying TDM data
regardless of the need to carry CAS or any other CE application
signaling. The resulting "basic NxDS0 service" can be extended to carry
CE application signaling (e.g. CAS) using separate signaling packets.
Signaling packets MAY be carried in the same PW as the packets carrying
TDM data or in a separate dedicated PW.
In addition, this document also defines dedicated formats for carrying
NxDS0 services with CAS in signaling sub-structures in some of the
packets. These formats effectively differ for NxDS0 services that
originated in different trunks so that their usage results in emulating
trunk-specific NxDS0 services with CAS.
4. CESoPSN Encapsulation Layer
4.1. CESoPSN Packet Format
The CESoPSN header MUST contain the CESoPSN Control Word (4 bytes) and
MAY also contain a fixed RTP header [RFC3550]. If the RTP header is
included in the CESoPSN header, it MUST immediately follow the CESoPSN
control word in all cases except UDP demultiplexing, where it
MUST precede it (see Fig. 1a, Fig. 1b and Fig. 1c below).
Note: The difference in the CESoPSN packet formats for IP PSN using
UDP-based demultiplexing and the rest of the PSN and demultiplexing
combinations is based on the following considerations:
1. Compliance with the existing header compression mechanisms for
IPv4/IPv6 PSNs with UDP demultiplexing requires placing the RTP
header immediately after the UDP header
2. Compliance with the common PWE3 mechanisms for keeping PWs ECMP-
safe for the MPLS PSN by providing for PW-IP packet discrimination
(see [RFC3985], Section 5.4.3). This requires placing the PWE3
control word immediately after the PW label
3. Commonality of the CESoPSN packet formats for MPLS networks and
IPv4/IPv6 networks with L2TPv3 demultiplexing facilitates smooth
stitching of L2TPv3-based and MPLS-based segments of CESoPSN PWs
(see [PWE3-MS]).
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0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| ... |
| IPv4/IPv6 and UDP (demultiplexing layer) headers |
| ... |
+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+
| OPTIONAL |
+-- --+
| |
+-- --+
| Fixed RTP Header (see [RFC3550]) |
+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+
| CESoPSN Control Word |
+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+
| Packetized TDM data (Payload) |
| ... |
| ... |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 1a. CESoPSN Packet Format for an IPv4/IPv6 PSN with
UDP demultiplexing
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| ... |
| MPLS Label Stack |
| ... |
+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+
| CESoPSN Control Word |
+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+
| OPTIONAL |
+-- --+
| |
+-- --+
| Fixed RTP Header (see [RFC3550]) |
+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+
| Packetized TDM data (Payload) |
| ... |
| ... |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 1b. CESoPSN Packet Format for an MPLS PSN
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0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| ... |
| IPv4/IPv6 and L2TPv3 (demultiplexing layer) headers |
| ... |
+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+
| CESoPSN Control Word |
+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+
| OPTIONAL |
+-- --+
| |
+-- --+
| Fixed RTP Header (see [RFC3550]) |
+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+
| Packetized TDM data (Payload) |
| ... |
| ... |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 1c. CESoPSN Packet Format for an IPv4/IPv6 PSN with
L2TPv3 Demultiplexing
4.2. PSN and Multiplexing Layer Headers
The total size of a CESoPSN packet for a specific PW MUST NOT exceed
path MTU between the pair of PEs terminating this PW.
CESoPSN implementations working with IPv4 PSN MUST set the "Don't
Fragment" flag in IP headers of the packets they generate.
Usage of MPLS and L2TPv3 as demultiplexing layers is explained in
[RFC3985] and [RFC3931 ] respectively.
Setup and maintenance of CESoPSN PWs over MPLS PSN is described in
[PWE3-TDM-CONTROL].
Setup and maintenance of CESoPSN PWs over IPv4/IPv6 using L2TPv3
demultiplexing is defined in [L2TPEXT-TDM].
When using UDP as the multiplexing mechanism for PWs, manual
configuration of both source and destination UDP ports MUST be used.
In addition, CESoPSN assumes that UDP-based demultiplexing is aligned
with traditional demultiplexing of peer-to-peer applications, i.e.:
1. Each CESoPSN IWF instance is associated with ("local association"):
a) One of the routable IP addresses of its containing PE. This IP
address is treated as the local end-point of the PSN tunnel
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b) A unique (within the scope defined by this address) UDP port
number that is used as the local demultiplexor of the CESoPSN PW
packets within the corresponding PSN tunnel
2. Each CESoPSN IWF instance is aware (e.g., by configuration) of the
similar association of its remote peer ("remote association") and,
in each packet it generates, uses:
a) The IP address and the UDP port number of its "remote"
association as correspondingly the Destination IP address and
UDP port
b) The IP address and the UDP port number of its "local"
association as correspondingly the Source IP address and UDP
port.
4.3. CESoPSN Control Word
The structure of the CESoPSN Control Word that MUST be used with all
combinations of the PSN and demultiplexing mechanisms described in the
previous section is shown in Fig. 2 below.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|0|0|0|0|L|R| M |FRG| LEN | Sequence number |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 2. Structure of the CESoPSN Control Word
The use of Bits 0 to 3 is described in [RFC4385]. These bits MUST
be set to zero unless they are being used to indicate the start of an
Associated Channel Header (ACH). An ACH is needed if the state of the
CESoPSN PW is being monitored using Virtual Circuit Connectivity
Verification [PWE3-VCCV].
L - if set, indicates some abnormal condition of the
attachment circuit.
M - a 2-bit modifier field. In case of L cleared this field
allows discrimination of signaling packets and carrying
RDI of the attachment circuit across the PSN. In case of L
set only the '00' value is currently defined, other values
are reserved for future extensions. L and M bits can be
treated as a 3-bit code point space that is described in
detail in Table 1 below
R - if set by the PSN-bound IWF, indicates that its local CE-bound
IWF is in the packet loss state, i.e. has lost a pre-configured
number of consecutive packets. The R bit MUST be cleared by the
PSN-bound IWF once its local CE-bound IWF has exited the packet
loss state, i.e. has received a pre-configured number of
consecutive packets.
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|=================================================================|
| L | M | Code Point Interpretation |
|===|=====|=======================================================|
| 0 | 00 | CESoPSN data packet - normal situation. All CESoPSN |
| | | implementations MUST recognize this code point. |
| | | Payload MUST be played out "as received". |
|---|-----|-------------------------------------------------------|
| 0 | 01 | Reserved for future extensions. |
|---|-----|-------------------------------------------------------|
| 0 | 10 | CESoPSN data packet, RDI condition of the AC. All |
| | | CESoPSN implementations MUST support this codepoint: |
| | | payload MUST be played out "as received", and, if |
| | | so configured, the receiving CESoPSN IWF instance |
| | | SHOULD be able to command the NSP to force the RDI |
| | | condition on the outgoing TDM trunk. |
|---|-----|-------------------------------------------------------|
| 0 | 11 | Reserved for CESoPSN signaling packets. |
|---|-----|-------------------------------------------------------|
| 1 | 00 | TDM data is invalid, payload MAY be omitted. All |
| | | implementations MUST recognize this code point and |
| | | insert appropriate amount of the configured "idle |
| | | code" in the outgoing attachment circuit. In addition,|
| | | if so configured, the receiving CESoPSN IWF instance |
| | | SHOULD be able to force the AIS condition on the |
| | | outgoing TDM trunk. |
|---|-----|-------------------------------------------------------|
| 1 | 01 | Reserved for future extensions |
|---|-----|-------------------------------------------------------|
| 1 | 10 | Reserved for future extensions |
|---|-----|-------------------------------------------------------|
| 1 | 11 | Reserved for future extensions |
|=================================================================|
Table 1. Interpretation of bits L and M in the CESoPSN CW.
Notes:
1. Bits in the M field are shown in the same order as in Figure 2
(i.e., bit 6 of the CW followed by bit 7 of the CW).
2. Implementations that do not support the reserved code points MUST
silently discard the corresponding packets upon reception.
The FRG bits in the CESoPSN control word MUST be cleared for all
services excluding trunk-specific NxDS0 with CAS. In case of these
services they MAY be used to denote fragmentation of the multiframe
structures between CESoPSN packets as described in [PWE3-FRAG], see
Section @5.4 below.
LEN (bits (10 to 15) MAY be used to carry the length of the CESoPSN
packet (defined as the size of the CESoPSN header + the payload size)
if it is less than 64 bytes, and MUST be set to zero otherwise.
Note: If fixed RTP header is used in the encapsulation, it is
considered part of the CESoPSN header.
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The sequence number is used to provide the common PW sequencing
function as well as detection of lost packets. It MUST be generated in
accordance with the rules defined in Section 5.1 of [RFC3550] , for the
RTP sequence number, i.e.:
o Its space is a 16-bit unsigned circular space
o Its initial value SHOULD be random (unpredictable)
o It MUST be incremented with each CESoPSN data packet sent in the
specific PW.
4.4. Usage of the RTP header
When a fixed RTP header (see [RFC3550], Section 5.1) is used with
CESoPSN, its fields are used in the following way:
1. V (version) is always set to 2
2. P (padding), X (header extension), CC (CSRC count) and M (marker)
are always set to 0
3. PT (payload type) is used as following:
a) One PT value MUST be allocated from the range of dynamic values
(see [RTP-TYPES]) for each direction of the PW. The same PT
value MAY be reused for both directions of the PW and also
reused between different PWs
b) The PE at the PW ingress MUST set the PT field in the RTP header
to the allocated value
c) The PE at the PW egress MAY use the received value to detect
malformed packets
4. Sequence number in the RTP header MUST be equal to the sequence
number in the CESoPSN CW
5. Timestamps are used for carrying timing information over the
network:
a) Their values are generated in accordance with the rules
established in [RFC3550]
b) Frequency of the clock used for generating timestamps MUST be an
integer multiple of 8 kHz. All implementations of CESoPSN MUST
support the 8 kHz clock. Other frequencies that are integer
multiples of 8 kHz MAY be used if both sides agree to that
c) Possible modes of timestamp generation are discussed below
6. The SSRC (synchronization source) value in the RTP header MAY be
used for detection of misconnections.
The RTP header in CESoPSN can be used in conjunction with at least the
following modes of timestamp generation:
1. Absolute mode: the ingress PE sets timestamps using the clock
recovered from the incoming TDM circuit. As a consequence, the
timestamps are closely correlated with the sequence numbers. All
CESoPSN implementations MUST support this mode
2. Differential mode: PE devices connected by the PW have access to
the same high-quality synchronization source, and this
synchronization source is used for timestamp generation. As a
consequence, the second derivative of the timestamp series
represents the difference between the common timing source and the
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clock of the incoming TDM circuit. Support of this mode is
OPTIONAL.
5. CESoPSN Payload Layer
5.1. Common Payload Format Considerations
All the services considered in this document are treated as sequences
of "basic structures" (see Section 3 above). The payload of a CESoPSN
packet always consists of a fixed number of octets filled, octet by
octet, with the data contained in the corresponding consequent basic
structures preserving octet alignment between these structures and the
packet payload boundaries in accordance with the following rules:
1. The order of the payload octets corresponds to their order on the
TDM AC.
2. Consecutive bits coming from the TDM AC fill each payload octet
starting from its most significant bit to the least significant
one.
3. All the CESoPSN packets MUST carry the same amount of valid TDM
data in both directions of the PW. In other words, the time that is
required to fill a CESoPSN packet with the TDM data must be
constant. The PE devices terminating a CESoPSN PW MUST agree on the
number of TDM payload octets in the PW packets for both directions
of the PW at the time of the PW setup.
Notes:
1. CESoPSN packets MAY omit invalid TDM data in order to save the PSN
bandwidth. If the CESoPSN packet payload is omitted, the L bit in
the CESoPSN control word MUST be set
2. CESoPSN PWs MAY carry CE signaling information either in separate
packets or appended to packets carrying valid TDM data. If
signaling information and valid TDM data are carried in the same
CESoPSN packet, the amount of the former does not affect the amount
of the latter.
5.2. Basic NxDS0 Services
As mentioned above, the basic structure preserved across the PSN for
this service consists of N octets filled with the data of the
corresponding NxDS0 channels belonging to the same frame of the
originating trunk(s), and the service generates 8000 such structures
per second.
CESoPSN MUST use alignment of the basic structures with the packet
payload boundaries in order to carry the structures across the PSN.
This means that:
1. The amount of TDM data in a CESoPSN packet MUST be an integer
multiple of the basic structure size
2. The first structure in the packet MUST start immediately at the
beginning of the packet payload.
The resulting payload format is shown in Fig. 3 below.
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0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
--- +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Timeslot 1 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Timeslot 2 |
Frame #1 | ... |
| Timeslot N |
--- +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Timeslot 1 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Timeslot 2 |
Frame #2 | ... |
| Timeslot N |
--- +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
... | ... |
--- +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Timeslot 1 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Timeslot 2 |
Frame #m | ... |
| Timeslot N |
--- +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 3. The CESoPSN Packet Payload Format for the Basic NxDS0 Service
This mode of operation complies with the recommendation in [RFC3985] to
use similar encapsulations for structured bit stream and cell generic
payload types.
Packetization latency, number of timeslots and payload size are linked
by the following obvious relationship:
L = 8*N*D
where:
o D is packetization latency, milliseconds
o L is packet payload size, octets
o N is number of DS0 channels.
CESoPSN implementations supporting NxDS0 services MUST support the
following set of configurable packetization latency values:
o For N = 1: 8 milliseconds (with the corresponding
packet payload size of 64 bytes)
o For 2 <=N <= 4: 4 millisecond (with the corresponding
packet payload size of 32*N bytes)
o For N >= 5: 1 millisecond (with the corresponding
packet payload size of 8*N octets).
Support of 5 ms packetization latency for N = 1 is RECOMMENDED.
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Usage of any other packetization latency (packet payload size) that is
compatible with the restrictions described above is OPTIONAL.
5.3. Extending Basic NxDS0 Services with CE Application
Signaling
Implementations that have chosen to extend the basic NxDS0 service to
support CE application state signaling carry encoded CE application
state signals in separate signaling packets.
The format of the CESoPSN signaling packets over both IPv4/IPv6 and
MPLS PSNs for the case when the CE maintains a separate application
state per DS0 channel (e.g., CAS for the telephony applications) is
shown in Fig. 4a and 4b below respectively.
Signaling packets SHOULD be carried in a separate dedicated PW.
However, implementations MAY carry them in the same PW as the TDM data
packets for the basic NxDS0 service. The methods of "pairing" the PWs
carrying TDM data and signaling packets for the same extended NxDS0
service are out of scope of this document.
Regardless of the way signaling packets are carried across the PSN, the
following rules apply:
1. The CESoPSN signaling packets MUST:
a) Use their own sequence numbers in the control word
b) Set the flags in the control word like following:
i) L = 0
ii) M = '11'
iii) R = 0
2. If an RTP header is used in the data packets, it MUST be also used
in the signaling packets with the following restrictions:
a) An additional RTP payload type (from the range of dynamically
allocated types) MUST be allocated for the signaling packets.
b) In addition, the signaling packets MUST use their own SSRC
value.
The protocol used to assure reliable delivery of signaling packets is
discussed in Annex A.
Encoding of CE application state for telephony applications using CAS
follows [RFC2833].
Encoding of CE application state for telephony application using CCS
will be considered in a separate document.
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0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| ... |
| IPv4/IPv6 and multiplexing layer headers |
| ... |
+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+
| OPTIONAL Fixed |
+-- --+
| RTP |
+-- --+
| Header (see [RFC3550]) |
+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+
| CESoPSN Control Word |
+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+
| Encoded CE application state entry for the DS0 channel #1 |
+-- --+
| ... |
+-- --+
| Encoded CE application state entry for the DS0 channel #N |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 4a. CESoPSN Signaling Packet Format over an IPv4/IPv6 PSN
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| ... |
| MPLS Label Stack |
| ... |
+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+
| CESoPSN Control Word |
+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+
| OPTIONAL Fixed |
+-- --+
| RTP |
+-- --+
| Header (see [RFC3550]) |
+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+
| Encoded CE application state entry for the DS0 channel #1 |
+-- --+
| ... |
+-- --+
| Encoded CE application state entry for the DS0 channel #N |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 4b. CESoPSN Signaling Packet Format over an MPLS PSN
5.4. Trunk-Specific NxDS0 Services with CAS
The structure preserved by CESoPSN for this group of services is the
trunk multiframe sub-divided into the trunk frames, and signaling
information is carried appended to the TDM data using the signaling
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substructures defined in [ATM-CES]. These substructures comprise N
consecutive nibbles, so that the i-th nibble carries CAS bits for the
i-th DS0 channel, and are padded with a dummy nibble for odd values of
N.
CESoPSN implementations supporting trunk-specific NxDS0 services with
CAS MUST NOT carry more TDM data per packet than is contained in a
single trunk multiframe.
All CESoPSN implementations supporting trunk-specific NxDS0 with CAS
MUST support the default mode where a single CESoPSN packet carries
exactly the amount of TDM data contained in exactly one trunk
multiframe and appended with the signaling sub-structure. The TDM data
is aligned with the packet payload. In this case:
1. Packetization latency is:
a) 2 milliseconds for E1 NxDS0
b) 3 milliseconds for T1 NxDS0
2. The packet payload size is:
a) 16*n + floor((N+1)/2) for E1-NxDS0
b) 24*n + floor((N+1)/2) for T1/ESF-NxDS0 and T1/SF-
NxDS0
3. The packet payload format coincides with the multiframe
structure described in [ATM-CES] (Section 2.3.1.2).
In order to provide lower packetization latency, CESoPSN
implementations for trunk-specific NxDS0 with CAS SHOULD support
fragmentation of multiframe structures between multiple CESoPSN
packets. In this case:
1. The FRG bits MUST be used to indicate first, intermediate and last
fragment of a multiframe as described in [PWE3-FRAG]
2. The amount of the TDM data per CESoPSN packet must be constant.
3. Each multiframe fragment MUST comprise an integer multiple of the
trunk frames
4. The signaling substructure MUST be appended to the last fragment of
each multiframe.
Format of CESoPSN packets carrying trunk-specific NxDS0 service with
CAS that do and do not contain signaling substructures is shown in Fig.
5 (a) and (b) respectively. In these figures the number of the trunk
frames per multiframe fragment ("m") MUST be an integer divisor of the
number of frames per trunk multiframe.
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0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
--- +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ --- +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Timeslot 1 | | Timeslot 1 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Timeslot 2 | | Timeslot 2 |
Frame #1 | ... | Frame #1 | ... |
| Timeslot N | | Timeslot N |
--- +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ --- +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Timeslot 1 | | Timeslot 1 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Timeslot 2 | Frame #2 | Timeslot 2 |
Frame #2 | ... | | ... |
| Timeslot N | | Timeslot N |
--- +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ --- +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
... | ... | | ... |
--- +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ --- +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Timeslot 1 | | Timeslot 1 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Timeslot 2 | | Timeslot 2 |
Frame #m | ... | Frame #m | ... |
| Timeslot N | | Timeslot N |
--- +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ --- +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Nibbles 1,2 |A B C D|A B C D|
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Nibbles 3,4 |A B C D|A B C D|
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Nibble n |A B C D| (pad) |
(odd) & pad +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
(a) The packet with (b) The packet without
the signaling structure the signaling structure
(the last fragment of (not the last fragment
the multiframe) of the multiframe)
Figure 5. The CESoPSN Packet Payload Format for
Trunk-Specific NxDS0 with CAS
Notes:
1. In case of T1-NxDS0 with CAS, the signaling bits are
carried in the TDM data as well as in the signaling
substructure. However, the receiver MUST use the CAS bits
as carried in the signaling substructures
2. In case of trunk-specific NxDS0 with CAS originating in a
T1-SF trunk, each nibble of the signaling substructure
contains A and B bits from two consecutive trunk
multiframes as described in [ATM-CES].
6. CESoPSN Operation
6.1. Common Considerations
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Edge-to-edge emulation of a TDM service using CESoPSN is only possible
when the two PW attachment circuits are of the same type (basic NxDS0
or one of the trunk-specific NxDS0 with CAS) and bit rate. The service
type and bit rate are exchanged at PW setup as described in [RFC4447].
6.2. IWF operation
6.2.1. PSN-bound Direction
Once the PW is set up, the PSN-bound CESoPSN IWF operates as follows:
TDM data is packetized using the configured number of payload bytes per
packet.
Sequence numbers, flags, and timestamps (if the RTP header is used) are
inserted in the CESoPSN headers and, for trunk-specific NxDS0 with CAS,
signaling substructures are appended to the packets carrying the last
fragment of a multiframe.
CESoPSN, multiplexing layer and PSN headers are prepended to the
packetized service data.
The resulting packets are transmitted over the PSN.
6.2.2. CE-bound Direction
The CE-bound CESoPSN IWF SHOULD include a jitter buffer where payload
of the received CESoPSN packets is stored prior to play-out to the
local TDM attachment circuit. The size of this buffer SHOULD be locally
configurable to allow accommodation to the PSN-specific packet delay
variation.
The CE-bound CESoPSN IWF MUST detect lost and mis-ordered packets. It
SHOULD use the sequence number in the control word for these purposes
but, if the RTP header is used, the RTP sequence number MAY be used
instead.
The CE-bound CESoPSN IWF MAY re-order mis-ordered packets. Mis-ordered
packets that cannot be reordered MUST be discarded and treated as lost.
The payload of the received CESoPSN data packets marked with the L bit
set SHOULD be replaced by the equivalent amount of some locally
configured "idle" bit pattern even if it has not been omitted. In
addition, the CE-bound CESoPSN IWF will be locally configured to
command its local NSP to perform one of the following actions:
o None (MUST be supported by all the implementations)
o Transmit the AIS pattern towards the local CE on the E1 or T1 trunk
carrying the local attachment circuit (support of this action is
RECOMMENDED)
o Send the "Channel Idle" signal to the local CE for all the DS0
channels comprising the local attachment circuit (support of this
action is OPTIONAL).
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If the data packets received are marked with L bit cleared and M bits
set to '10' or with R bit set, the CE-bound CESoPSN IWF will be locally
configured to command its local NSP to perform one of the following
actions:
o None (MUST be supported by all the implementations)
o Transmit the RAI pattern towards the local CE on the E1 or T1 trunk
carrying the local attachment circuit (support of this action is
RECOMMENDED)
o Send the "Channel Idle" signal to the local CE for all the DS0
channels comprising the local attachment circuit (support of this
action is OPTIONAL and requires also that the CE-bound CES IWF
replaces the actually received payload with the equivalent amount
of the locally configured "idle" bit pattern.
Notes:
1. If the pair of IWFs at the two ends of the PW have been configured
to force the TDM trunks carrying their ACs to transmit AIS upon
reception of data packets with the L bit set and to transmit RAI
upon reception of data packets with the R bit set or with the L bit
cleared and M bits set to '10', this PW provides a bandwidth-saving
emulation of a fractional E1 or T1 service between the pair of CE
devices
2. If the pair of IWFs at the two ends of the PW have been configured
to signal "Channel Idle" CE application state to its local CE upon
reception of packets marked with L bit set, R bit set or (L,M) set
to '010' and to replace the actually received payload with the
locally configured "idle" bit pattern, the resulting PW will comply
with the requirements for Downstream Trunk conditioning as defined
in [TR-NWT-170].
3. Usage of bits R,L and M described above additionally provides the
tools for "single-ended" management of the CESoPSN pseudo-wires
with ability to distinguish between the problems in the PSN and in
the TDM attachment circuits.
The payload of each lost CESoPSN data packet MUST be replaced with the
equivalent amount of the replacement data. The contents of the
replacement data are implementation-specific and MAY be locally
configurable. By default, all CESoPSN implementations MUST support
generation of the locally configurable "idle" pattern as the
replacement data.
Before a PW has been set up and after a PW has been torn down, the IWF
MUST play out the locally configurable "idle" pattern to its TDM
attachment circuit.
Once the PW has been set up, the CE-bound IWF begins to receive CESoPSN
packets and to store their payload in the jitter buffer but continues
to play out the locally configurable "idle" pattern to its TDM
attachment circuit. This intermediate state persists until a pre-
configured amount of TDM data (usually half of the jitter buffer) has
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been received in consecutive CESoPSN packets or until a pre-configured
intermediate state timer expires.
Once the pre-configured amount of the TDM data has been received, the
CE-bound CESoPSN IWF enters its normal operation state where it
continues to receive CESoPSN packets and to store their payload in the
jitter buffer while playing out the contents of the jitter buffer in
accordance with the required clock. In this state the CE-bound IWF
performs clock recovery, MAY monitor PW defects, and MAY collect PW
performance monitoring data.
If the CE-bound CESoPSN IWF detects loss of a pre-configured number of
consecutive packets or if the intermediate state timer expires before
the required amount of TDM data has been received, it enters its packet
loss state. While in this state:
o The locally configurable "idle" pattern SHOULD be played out to the
TDM attachment circuit
o The local PSN-bound CESoPSN IWF SHOULD mark every packet it
transmits with the R bit set.
The CE-bound CESoPSN IWF leaves this state and transits to the
normal one once a pre-configured number of consecutive CESoPSN
packets have been received.
6.3. CESoPSN Defects
In addition to the packet loss state of the CE-bound CESoPSN IWF
defined above, it MAY detect the following defects:
o Stray packets
o Malformed packets
o Excessive packet loss rate
o Buffer overrun
o Remote packet loss.
Corresponding to each defect is a defect state of the IWF, a detection
criterion that triggers transition from the normal operation state to
the appropriate defect state, and an alarm that MAY be reported to the
management system and thereafter cleared. Alarms are only reported when
the defect state persists for a pre-configured amount of time
(typically 2.5 seconds) and MUST be cleared after the corresponding
defect is undetected for a second pre-configured amount of time
(typically 10 seconds). The trigger and release times for the various
alarms may be independent.
Stray packets MAY be detected by the PSN and multiplexing layers. When
RTP is used, the SSRC field in the RTP header MAY be used for this
purpose as well. Stray packets MUST be discarded by the CE-bound IWF
and their detection MUST NOT affect mechanisms for detection of packet
loss.
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Malformed packets MAY be detected by mismatch between the expected
packet size (taking the value of the L bit into account) and the actual
packet size inferred from the PSN and multiplexing layers. When RTP is
used, lack of correspondence between the PT value and that allocated
for this direction of the PW MAY also be used for this purpose. Other
methods of detecting malformed packets are implementation-specific.
Malformed in-order packets MUST be discarded by the CE-bound IWF and
replacement data generated as for lost packets.
Excessive packet loss rate is detected by computing the average packet
loss rate over a configurable amount of times and comparing it with a
pre-configured threshold.
Buffer overrun is detected in the normal operation state when the
jitter buffer of the CE-bound IWF cannot accommodate newly arrived
CESoPSN packets.
Remote packet loss is indicated by reception of packets with their R
bit set.
6.4. CESoPSN PW Performance Monitoring
Performance monitoring (PM) parameters are routinely collected for TDM
services and provide an important maintenance mechanism in TDM
networks. Ability to collect compatible PM parameters for CESoPSN PWs
enhances their maintenance capabilities.
Collection of the CESoPSN PW performance monitoring parameters is
OPTIONAL, and if implemented, is only performed after the CE-bound IWF
has exited its intermediate state.
CESoPSN defines error events, errored blocks and defects as follows:
o A CESoPSN error event is defined as insertion of a single
replacement packet into the jitter buffer (replacement of
payload of CESoPSN packets with the L bit set is not
considered as insertion of a replacement packet)
o A CESoPSN errored data block is defined as a block of data
played out to the TDM attachment circuit and of size
defined in accordance with the [G.826] rules for the
corresponding TDM service that has experienced at least one
CESoPSN error event
o A CESoPSN defect is defined as the packet loss state of the
CE-bound CESoPSN IWF.
The CESoPSN PW PM parameters (Errored, Severely Errored and Unavailable
Seconds) are derived from these definitions in accordance with [G.826].
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7. QoS Issues
If the PSN providing connectivity between PE devices is Diffserv-
enabled and provides a per-domain behavior (PDB) [RFC3086] that
guarantees low-jitter and low-loss, the CESoPSN PW SHOULD use this PDB
in compliance with the admission and allocation rules the PSN has put
in place for that PDB (e.g., marking packets as directed by the PSN).
8. Congestion Control
As explained in [RFC3985], the PSN carrying the PW may be subject to
congestion. CESoPSN PWs represent inelastic constant bit-rate (CBR)
flows and cannot respond to congestion in a TCP-friendly manner
prescribed by [RFC2914], although the percentage of total bandwidth
they consume remains constant.
Unless appropriate precautions are taken, undiminished demand of
bandwidth by CESoPSN PWs can contribute to network congestion that may
impact network control protocols.
Whenever possible, CESoPSN PWs SHOULD be carried across traffic-
engineered PSNs that provide either bandwidth reservation and admission
control or forwarding prioritization and boundary traffic conditioning
mechanisms. IntServ-enabled domains supporting Guaranteed Service (GS)
[RFC2212] and DiffServ-enabled domains [RFC2475] supporting Expedited
Forwarding (EF) [RFC3246] provide examples of such PSNs. Such
mechanisms will negate, to some degree, the effect of the CESoPSN PWs
on the neighboring streams. In order to facilitate boundary traffic
conditioning of CESoPSN traffic over IP PSNs, the CESoPSN IP packets
SHOULD NOT use the DiffServ Code Point (DSCP) value reserved for the
Default PHB[RFC2474].
If CESoPSN PWs run over a PSN providing best-effort service, they
SHOULD monitor packet loss in order to detect "severe congestion". If
such a condition is detected, a CESoPSN PW SHOULD shut down bi-
directionally for some period of time as described in Section 6.5 of
[RFC3985].
Note that:
1. The CESoPSN IWF can inherently provide packet loss measurement
since the expected rate of arrival of CESoPSN packets is fixed and
known
2. The results of the CESoPSN packet loss measurement may not be a
reliable indication of presence or absence of severe congestion if
the PSN provides enhanced delivery, e.g.:
a) If CESoPSN traffic takes precedence over non-CESoPSN traffic,
severe congestion can develop without significant CESoPSN packet
loss
b) If non-CESoPSN traffic takes precedence over CESoPSN traffic,
CESoPSN may experience substantial packet loss due to a short-
term burst of high-priority traffic
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3. The TDM services emulated by the CESoPSN PWs have high availability
objectives (see [G.826]) that MUST be taken into account when
deciding on temporary shutdown of CESoPSN PWs.
This specification does not define the exact criteria for detecting
"severe congestion" using the CESoPSN packet loss rate or the specific
methods for bi-directional shutdown the CESoPSN PWs (when such severe
congestion has been detected) and their consequent re-start after a
suitable delay. This is left for further study. However, the following
considerations may be used as guidelines for implementing the CESoPSN
severe congestion shutdown mechanism:
1. CESoPSN Performance Monitoring techniques (see Section 6.4) provide
entry and exit criteria for the CESoPSN PW "Unavailable" state that
make it closely correlated with the "Unavailable" state of the
emulated TDM circuit as specified in [G.826]. Using the same
criteria for "severe congestion" detection may decrease the risk of
shutting down the CESoPSN PW while the emulated TDM circuit is
still considered available by the CE.
2. If the CESoPSN PW has been set up using either PWE3 control
protocol [RFC4447] or L2TPv3 [RFC 3931], the regular PW teardown
procedures of these protocols SHOULD be used.
3. If one of the CESoPSN PW end points stops transmission of packets
for a sufficiently long period, its peer (observing 100% packet
loss) will necessarily detect "severe congestion" and also stop
transmission, thus achieving bi-directional PW shutdown.
9. Security Considerations
CESoPSN does not enhance or detract from the security performance of
the underlying PSN; rather it relies upon the PSN mechanisms for
encryption, integrity, and authentication whenever required.
CESoPSN PWs share susceptibility to a number of pseudowire-layer
attacks, and will use whatever mechanisms for confidentiality,
integrity and authentication that are developed for general PWs. These
methods are beyond the scope of this document.
Although CESoPSN PWs MAY employ an RTP header when explicit transfer of
timing information is required, SRTP (see [RFC3711]) mechanisms are NOT
RECOMMENDED as a substitute for PW layer security.
Misconnection detection capabilities of CESoPSN increase its resilience
to misconfiguration and some types of DoS attacks.
Random initialization of sequence numbers, in both the control word and
the optional RTP header, makes known-plaintext attacks on encrypted
CESoPSN PWs more difficult. Encryption of PWs is beyond the scope of
this document.
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10. IANA Considerations
Allocation of PW Types for the corresponding CESoPSN PWs is defined in
[RFC4446].
11. Applicability Statement
CESoPSN is an encapsulation layer intended for carrying NxDS0 services
with or without CAS over PSN.
CESoPSN allows emulation of certain end-to-end delay properties of TDM
networks. In particular, the end-to-end delay of a TDM circuit emulated
by a CESoPSN PW does not depend upon the bit-rate of the service.
CESoPSN fully complies with the principle of minimal intervention
minimizing overhead and computational power required for encapsulation.
CESoPSN can be used in conjunction with various clock recovery
techniques and does not presume availability of a global synchronous
clock at the ends of a PW. However, if the global synchronous clock is
available at both ends of a CESoPSN PW, using RTP and differential mode
of timestamp generation improves the quality of the recovered clock.
CESoPSN allows carrying CE application state signaling that requires
synchronization with data in-band in separate signaling packets. A
special combination of flags in the CESoPSN control word is used to
distinguish between data and signaling packets, while the Timestamp
field in the RTP headers is used for synchronization. This makes
CESoPSN extendable to support different types of CE signaling without
affecting the data path in the PE devices.
CESoPSN also allows emulation of NxDS0 services with CAS carrying the
signaling information appended to (some of) the packets carrying TDM
data.
CESoPSN allows the PSN bandwidth conservation by carrying only AIS
and/or Idle Code indications instead of data.
CESoPSN allows deployment of bandwidth-saving Fractional point-to-point
E1/T1 applications. These applications can be described like following:
o The pair of CE devices operates as if they were connected
by an emulated E1 or T1 circuit. In particular they react
to AIS and RAI states of their local ACs in the standard
way
o The PSN carries only an NxDS0 service where N is the number
of actually used timeslots in the circuit connecting the
pair of CE devices thus saving the bandwidth.
Being a constant bit rate (CBR) service, CESoPSN cannot provide TCP-
friendly behavior under network congestion. If the service encounters
congestion, it SHOULD be temporarily shut down.
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CESoPSN allows collection of TDM-like faults and performance monitoring
parameters hence emulating 'classic' carrier services of TDM circuits
(e.g., SONET/SDH). Similarity with these services is increased by the
CESoPSN ability to carry 'far end error' indications.
CESoPSN provides for a carrier-independent ability to detect
misconnections and malformed packets. This feature increases resilience
of the emulated service to misconfiguration and DoS attacks.
CESoPSN provides for detection of lost packets and allows using various
techniques for generation of "replacement packets".
CESoPSN carries indications of outages of incoming attachment circuit
across the PSN thus providing for effective fault isolation.
Faithfulness of a CESoPSN PW may be increased if the carrying PSN is
Diffserv-enabled and implements a PDB that guarantees low loss and low
jitter.
CESoPSN does not provide any mechanisms for protection against PSN
outages. As a consequence, resilience of the emulated service to such
outages is defined by the PSN behavior. On the other hand:
o The jitter buffer and packets' reordering mechanisms
associated with CESoPSN increase resilience of the emulated
service to fast PSN re-convergence events
o Remote indication of lost packets is carried backward
across the PSN from the receiver (that has detected loss of
packets) to transmitter. Such an indication MAY be used as
a trigger for activation of proprietary service-specific
protection mechanisms.
Security of TDM services provided by CESoPSN across a shared PSN may be
below the level of security traditionally associated with TDM services
carried across TDM networks.
12. Disclaimer of Validity
The IETF takes no position regarding the validity or scope of any
Intellectual Property Rights or other rights that might be claimed
to pertain to the implementation or use of the technology
described in this document or the extent to which any license
under such rights might or might not be available; nor does it
represent that it has made any independent effort to identify any
such rights. Information on the procedures with respect to rights
in RFC documents can be found in BCP 78 and BCP 79.
Copies of IPR disclosures made to the IETF Secretariat and any
assurances of licenses to be made available, or the result of an
attempt made to obtain a general license or permission for the use
of such proprietary rights by implementers or users of this
specification can be obtained from the IETF on-line IPR repository
at http://www.ietf.org/ipr.
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The IETF invites any interested party to bring to its attention
any copyrights, patents or patent applications, or other
proprietary rights that may cover technology that may be required
to implement this standard. Please address the information to the
IETF at ietf-ipr@ietf.org.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Akiva Sadovski has been an active participant of the team that co-
authored early versions of this document.
We express deep gratitude to Stephen Casner who reviewed an early
version of this document in detail, corrected some serious errors and
provided many valuable inputs.
The present version of the text of the QoS section has been suggested
by Kathleen Nichols.
We thank Maximilian Riegel, Sim Narasimha, Tom Johnson, Ron Cohen and
Yaron Raz for valuable feedbacks.
We thank Alik Shimelmits for many fruitful discussions.
13. NORMATIVE REFERENCES
[RFC2119] Bradner, S. Key Words in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels,
RFC 2119, March 1997
[RFC 2401] Kent S., Atkinson, R., Security Architecture for the
Internet Protocol, RFC 2401, November 1998
[RFC2833] Schulzrinne, H., Petrack, S., RTP Payload for DTMF Digits,
Telephony Tones and Telephony Signals, RFC 2833, May 2000
[RFC2914] Floyd, S., Congestion Control Principles, RFC 2914, September
2000
[RFC3086] Nichols, K., Carpenter, B., Definition of Differentiated
Services Per Domain Behaviors and Rules for their Specification, RFC
3086, April 2001
[RFC3916] Xiao, X., et al, Requirements for Pseudo Wire Emulation Edge-
to-Edge (PWE3), RFC 3916, September 2004
[RFC4197] Riegel, M., Requirements for Edge-to-Edge Emulation of TDM
Circuits over Packet Switching Networks (PSN, RFC 4197, October 2005
[RFC3985] Bryant, S., Pate, P., PWE3 Architecture, RFC 3985, March 2005
[RFC3550] Schulzrinne, H., et al, RTP: A Transport Protocol for Real-
Time Applications, RFC 3550, July 2003
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Structured TDM Circuit Emulation Service over PSN May 2006
[RTP-TYPES] RTP PARAMETERS, http://www.iana.org/assignments/rtp-
parameters
[RFC4385] Bryant, S., et al, PWE3 Control Word for use over an MPLS PSN
RFC 4385, February 2006
[PWE3-FRAG] Malis, A, Townsley, M., PWE3 Fragmentation and Reassembly,
Work in Progress, November 2005, draft-ietf-pwe3-fragmentation-10.txt
[G.702] ITU-T Recommendation G.702 (11/88) - Digital Hierarchy Bit
Rates
[G.704] ITU-T Recommendation G.704 (10/98) - Synchronous frame
structures used at 1544, 6312, 2048, 8448 and 44 736 Kbit/s
hierarchical levels
[G.706] ITU-T Recommendation G.706 (04/91) - Frame Alignment and Cyclic
Redundancy Check (CRC) Procedures Relating to Basic Frame Structured
Defined in Recommendation G.704
[G.775] ITU-T Recommendation G.775 (10/98) - Loss of Signal (LOS),
Alarm Indication Signal (AIS) and Remote Defect Indication (RDI) Defect
Detection and Clearance Criteria for PDH Signals
[G.826] ITU-T Recommendation G.826 (02/99) - Error performance
parameters and objectives for international, constant bit rate digital
paths at or above the primary rate
[T1.107] American National Standard for Telecommunications - Digital
Hierarchy - Format Specifications, ANSI T1.107-1988
[ATM-CES] The ATM Forum Technical Committee. Circuit Emulation Service
Interoperability Specification version 2.0 af-vtoa-0078.000, January
1997.
[TR-NWT-170] Digital Cross Connect Systems - Generic Requirements and
Objectives, Bellcore, TR-NWT-170, January 1993
[RFC4447] Martini L. et al, Pseudowire Setup and Maintenance Using the
Label Distribution Protocol (LDP), RFC 4447, April 2006
14. INFORMATIVE REFERENCES
[RFC4446] Martini, L., Townsley, M., IANA Allocations for pseudo Wire
Edge to Edge Emulation (PWE3), RFC 4446, April 2006
[PWE3-SAToP] Vainshtein, A., Stein, Y., Structure-Agnostic TDM over
Packet (SAToP), Work in Progress, February 2006, draft-ietf-pwe3-satop-
05.txt
Vainshtein et al. Expires November 2007 [Page 26]
Structured TDM Circuit Emulation Service over PSN May 2006
[RFC3931 ] Lau, J., Townsley, M., Goyret, I., (editors), Layer Two
Tunneling Protocol (Version 3), RFC 3931, March 2005
[RFC3711] M. Baugher et al, The Secure Real-time Transport Protocol
(SRTP), RFC 3711, 2004
[RFC2212] S. Shenker et al, Specification of Guaranteed Quality of
Service, RFC 2212, 1997
[RFC3246], B. Davie et al, An Expedited Forwarding PHB (Per-Hop
Behavior), RFC 3246, 2002
[RFC2474] K. Nichols et al, Definition of the Differentiated Services
Field (DS Field) in the IPv4 and IPv6 Headers, RFC 2474, 19998
[RFC2475] S. Blake et al, An Architecture for Differentiated Services,
RFC 2475, 1998
[RFC3246], B. Davie et al, An Expedited Forwarding PHB (Per-Hop
Behavior), RFC 3246, 2002
[PWE3-MS] Martini, L., et al, Segmented Pseudo Wire, Work in Progress,
March 2006, draft-ietf-pwe3-segmented-pw-02.txt
[PWE3-VCCV] Nadeau, T., Aggarwal, R., Pseudo Wire Virtual Circuit
Connectivity Verification (VCCV), Work in Progress, September 2005,
draft-ietf-pwe3-vccv-07.txt
[PWE3-TDM-CONTROL] Vainshtein, A., Stein, Y., Control Protocol
Extensions for Setup of TDM Pseudowires, Work in Progress, March 2006,
draft-ietf-pwe3-tdm-control-protocol-extensi-01.txt
[L2TPEXT-TDM] Galtsur, S., Layer Two Tunneling Protocol - Setup of TDM
Pseudowires, Work in Progress, November 2005, draft-ietf-l2tpext-tdm-
02.txt
Authors' Addresses
Alexander ("Sasha") Vainshtein
Axerra Networks
24 Raoul Wallenberg St.,
Tel Aviv 69719, Israel
email: sasha@axerra.com
Israel Sasson
Axerra Networks
24 Raoul Wallenberg St.,
Tel Aviv 69719, Israel
email: israel@axerra.com
Eduard Metz
Thrupoint
Paasheuvelweg 16,
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Structured TDM Circuit Emulation Service over PSN May 2006
email: e.t.metz@telecom.tno.nl
Tim Frost
Zarlink Semiconductor
Tamerton Road, Roborough, Plymouth, PL6 7BQ, UK
email: tim.frost@zarlink.com
Prayson Pate
Overture Networks
507 Airport Boulevard
Building 111 Morrisville, North Carolina, 27560
Email: prayson.pate@overturenetworks.com
Full Copyright Statement
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2006).
This document is subject to the rights, licenses and restrictions
contained in BCP 78, and except as set forth therein, the authors
retain all their rights.
This document and the information contained herein are provided on an
"AS IS" basis and THE CONTRIBUTOR, THE ORGANIZATION HE/SHE REPRESENTS
OR IS SPONSORED BY (IF ANY), THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET
ENGINEERING TASK FORCE DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED,
INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE
INFORMATION HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED
WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
Acknowledgement
Funding for the RFC Editor function is currently provided by the
Internet Society.
ANNEX A. A COMMON CE APPLICATION STATE SIGNALING MECHANISM
Format of the CESoPSN signaling packets is discussed in
Section 5.3 above.
The sequence number in the CESoPSN control word for the
signaling packets is generated according to the same rules as
for the TDM data packets.
If the RTP header is used in the CESoPSN signaling packets,
the timestamp in this header represents the time when the CE
application state has been collected.
Signaling packets are generated by the ingress PE in accordance with
the following logic (adapted from [RFC2833]):
1. The CESoPSN signaling packet with the same information
(including the timestamp in the case RTP header is used) is
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Structured TDM Circuit Emulation Service over PSN May 2006
sent 3 times at an interval of 5 ms under one of the
following conditions:
a) The CESoPSN PW has been set up
b) A change in the CE application state has been
detected. If another change of the CE application
state has been detected during the 10 ms period
(i.e. before all three signaling packets reporting
the previous change have been sent), this process is
re-started, i.e.:
i) The unsent signaling packet(s) with the
previous CE application state are discarded
ii) Triple send of packets with the new CE
application state begins.
c) Loss of packets defect has been cleared
d) Remote Loss of Packets indication has been cleared
(after previously being set)
2. Otherwise, the CESoPSN signaling packet with the current CE
application state information is sent every 5 seconds.
These rules allow fast probabilistic recovery after loss of a single
signaling packet as well as deterministic (but, possibly, slow)
recovery following PW setup and PSN outages.
ANNEX B. REFERENCE PE ARCHITECTURE FOR EMULATION OF NXDS0 SERVICES
Structured TDM services do not exist as physical circuits. They are
always carried within appropriate physical attachment circuits (AC),
and the PE providing their emulation always includes a Native Service
Processing Block (NSP) commonly referred to as Framer. As a
consequence, the architecture of a PE device providing edge-to-edge
emulation for these services includes the Framer and Forwarder blocks.
In case of NxDS0 services (the only type of structured services
considered in this document), the AC is either an E1 or a T1 trunk, and
bundles of NxDS0 are cut out of it using one of the framing methods
described in [G.704].
In addition to detecting the FAS and imposing associated structure on
the "trunk" AC, E1 and T1 framers commonly support some additional
functionality including:
1. Detection of special states of the incoming AC (e.g.,
AIS, OOF or RAI)
2. Forcing special states (e.g., AIS and RAI) on the
outgoing AC upon an explicit request
3. Extraction and insertion of CE application signals
that may accompany specific DS0 channel(s).
The resulting PE architecture for NxDS0 services is shown in Fig. B.1
below. In this diagram:
1. In the PSN-bound direction:
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Structured TDM Circuit Emulation Service over PSN May 2006
a) The Framer:
i) Detects frame alignment signal (FAS)
and splits the incoming ACs into separate
DS0 channels
ii) Detects special AC states
iii) If necessary, extracts CE application
signals accompanying each of the separate
DS0 services
b) The Forwarder:
i) Creates one or more NxDS0 bundles
ii) Sends the data received in each such
bundle to the PSN-bound direction of a
respective CESoPSN IWF instance
iii) If necessary, sends the current CE
application state data of the DS0
services in the bundle to the PSN-bound
direction of the respective CESoPSN IWF
instance
iv) If necessary sends the AC state
indications to the PSN-bound directions
of all the CESoPSN instances associated
with the given AC
c) Each PSN-bound PW IWF instance encapsulates the
received data, application state signal and the
AC state into PW PDUs and sends the resulting
packets to the PSN
2. In the CE-bound direction:
i) Each CE-bound instance of the CESoPSN
IWF receives the PW PDUs from the PSN,
extracts the TDM data, AC state and CE
application state signals and sends them
b) The Forwarder sends the TDM data, application
state signals and, if necessary, a single
command representing the desired AC state, to
the Framer
c) The Framer accepts all the data of one or more
NxDS0 bundles possibly accompanied by the
associated CE application state and commands
referring to the desired AC state, and
generates a single AC accordingly with correct
FAS.
Notes: This model is asymmetric:
o AC state indication can be forwarded from the framer
to multiple instances of the CESoPSN IWF
o No more than one CESoPSN IWF instance should forward
AC state-affecting commands to the framer.
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Structured TDM Circuit Emulation Service over PSN May 2006
+------------------------------------------+
| PE Device |
+------------------------------------------+
| | Forwarder | |
| |---------------------| |
| | | |
| +<-- AC State---->- | |
| | | | |
| | | | |
E1 or T1 | | | | |
AC | | | | |
<=======>| |-----------------+---|--------------|
| | | | At most one |
| | |-->+ PW IWF |
| | | instance im- |
... | +<---NxDS0 TDM Data-->+ posing state | PW Instance
| F | | on the X<===========>
| +<---CE App State --->+ outgoing AC |
E1 or T1 | R | | |
AC | +<--AC Command -------+ |
<=======>o A |---------------------|--------------|
| | ... | ... | ...
| M |-----------------+---|--------------|
| | | | Zero, one or |
| E | |-->+ more PW IWF |
| | | instances
| R +<---NxDS0 TDM Data-->+ that do not | PW Instance
| | | impose state X<===========>
| +<---CE App State --->+ on the outgo-|
| | | ing AC |
+------------------------------------------+
Figure B.1. Reference PE Architecture for NxDS0 Services
ANNEX C. OLD MODE OF CESoPSN ENCAPSULATION OVER L2TPV3
Previous versions of this specification defined a CESOPSN PW
encapsulation over L2TPv3 which differs from one described in Section
4.3 and Diagram 2b. In these versions the RTP header, if used, precedes
the CESoPSN control word.
Existing implementations of the old encapsulation mode MUST be
distinguished from the encapsulations conforming to this specification
via the CESOPSN PW setup.
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