INTERNET-DRAFT                                               D. Eastlake
Intended status: Proposed Standard                Futurewei Technologies
                                                              B. Briscoe
                                                             Independent
                                                                   Y. Li
                                                     Huawei Technologies
                                                                A. Malis
                                                        Malis Consulting
                                                                  X. Wei
                                                     Huawei Technologies
Expires: October 16, 2022                                 April 17, 2022


     Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN) and Congestion Feedback
            Using the Network Service Header (NSH) and IPFIX
                <draft-ietf-sfc-nsh-ecn-support-09.txt>


Abstract

   Explicit congestion notification (ECN) allows a forwarding element to
   notify downstream devices of the onset of congestion without having
   to drop packets. Coupled with a means to feed information about
   congestion back to upstream nodes, this can improve network
   efficiency through better congestion control, frequently without
   packet drops. This document specifies ECN and congestion feedback
   support within a Service Function Chaining (SFC) enabled domain
   through use of the Network Service Header (NSH, RFC 8300) and IP Flow
   Information Export (IPFIX, RFC 7011).


Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Distribution of this document is unlimited. Comments should be sent
   to the SFC Working Group mailing list <sfc@ietf.org> or to the
   authors.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups.  Note that
   other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-
   Drafts.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."






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   The list of current Internet-Drafts can be accessed at
   https://www.ietf.org/1id-abstracts.html. The list of Internet-Draft
   Shadow Directories can be accessed at
   https://www.ietf.org/shadow.html.
















































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Table of Contents

      1. Introduction............................................4
      1.1 NSH Background.........................................4
      1.2 ECN Background.........................................6
      1.3 Tunnel Congestion Feedback Background..................6
      1.4 Conventions Used in This Document......................8

      2. The NSH ECN Field......................................10

      3. ECN Support in the NSH.................................12
      3.1 At The Ingress........................................13
      3.2 At Transit Nodes......................................14
      3.2.1 At NSH Transit Nodes................................14
      3.2.2 At an SF/Proxy......................................15
      3.2.3 At Other Forwarding Nodes...........................15
      3.3 At Exit/Egress........................................16
      3.4 Congestion Statistics and the Conservation of Packets.16

      4. Tunnel Congestion Feedback Support.....................18
      4.1 Congestion Level Measurements.........................18
      4.3 Congestion Information Delivery.......................19
      4.3 IPFIX Extensions......................................21
      4.3.1 nshServicePathID....................................21
      4.3.2 tunnelEcnCeCeByteTotalCount.........................22
      4.3.3 tunnelEcnEctNectBytetTotalCount.....................22
      4.3.4 tunnelEcnCeNectByteTotalCount.......................22
      4.3.5 tunnelEcnCeEctByteTotalCount........................23
      4.3.6 tunnelEcnEctEctByteTotalCount.......................23
      4.3.7 tunnelEcnCEMarkedRatio..............................24

      5. Example of Use.........................................25

      6. IANA Considerations....................................28
      6.1 SFC NSH Header ECN Bits...............................28
      6.2 IPFIX Information Element IDs.........................28

      7. Security Considerations................................30
      8. Acknowledgements.......................................30

      Normative References......................................31
      Informative References....................................32

      Authors' Addresses........................................33








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1. Introduction

   Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN [RFC3168]) allows a forwarding
   element to notify downstream nodes of the onset of congestion without
   having to drop packets. Coupled with a means to feed information
   about congestion back to upstream nodes, this can improve network
   efficiency through better congestion control, frequently without
   packet drops. This document specifies ECN and congestion feedback
   support within a Service Function Chaining (SFC [RFC7665]) enabled
   domain through use of the Network Service Header (NSH [RFC8300]) and
   IP Flow Information Export (IPFIX [RFC7011]).

   This document requires that all ingress and egress nodes of the SFC
   domain implement ECN. While congestion management will be the most
   effective if all interior nodes of the SFC enabled domain implement
   ECN, some benefit is obtained even if some interior nodes do not
   implement ECN. Congestion at any interior bottleneck where ECN
   marking is not implemented will be unmanaged.

   The following subsections provide background information on NSH, ECN,
   congestion feedback, and terminology used in this document.



1.1 NSH Background

   The Service Function Chaining (SFC [RFC7665]) architecture calls for
   the encapsulation of traffic within a service function chaining
   domain with a Network Service Header (NSH [RFC8300]) added by the
   "Classifier" (ingress node) on entry to the domain and the NSH being
   removed on exit from the domain at the egress node. The NSH is used
   to control the path of a packet in an SFC domain. The NSH is a
   reasonable place, in a domain where traffic is NSH encapsulated, to
   accumulate congestion information.


















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                  |
                  v
             +----------+
          . .|Classifier|. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
          .  +----------+                          .
          .       |          +----+                .
          .       |        --+ SF |     Service    .
          .       |       /  +----+     Function   .
          .       v    ---              Chaining   .
          .    +-----+/       +----+    domain     .
          .    | SFF |--------+ SF |               .
          .    +-----+\       +----+               .
          .       |    ---                         .
          .       |       \  +----+                .
          .       |        --+ SF |                .
          .       v          +----+                .
          .    +-----+                 +----+      .
          .    | SFF |-----------------+ SF |      .
          .    +-----+                 +----+      .
          .       |          +----+                .
          .       |        --+ SF |                .
          .       |       /  +----+                .
          .       v    ---                         .
          .    +-----+/       +----+               .
          .    | SFF |--------+ SF |               .
          .    +-----+\       +----+               .
          .       |    ---                         .
          .       |       \  +----+                .
          .       |        --+ SF |                .
          .       v          +----+                .
          .    +------+                            .
          . . .|Egress|. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
               +------+
                  |
                  v

                Figure 1. Example SFC Forwarding Nodes Path


   Figure 1 shows an SFC enabled domain for the purpose of illustrating
   the use of the NSH. Traffic passes through a sequence of Service
   Function Forwarders (SFFs) each of which sends the traffic to one or
   more Service Functions (SFs). Each SF performs some operation on the
   traffic, for example firewalling or Network Address Translation (NAT)
   or load balancing, and then returns the traffic to the SFF from which
   it was received.

   Logically, during the transit of each SFF, the outer transport header
   that got the packet to the SFF is stripped (see Figure 3), the SFF
   decides on the next forwarding step, either adding a new outer


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   transport header or, if the SFF is the exit/egress, removing the NSH
   header. The outer transport headers added may be different in
   different regions of the SFC enabled domain. For example, IP could be
   used for some SFF-to-SFF communication and MPLS used for other SFF-
   to-SFF communication.



1.2 ECN Background

   Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN [RFC3168]) allows a forwarding
   element (such as a router or a Service Function Forwarder (SFF) or
   Service Function (SF)) to notify downstream nodes of the onset of
   congestion without having to drop packets. This can be used as an
   element in active queue management (AQM) [RFC7567] to improve network
   efficiency through better traffic control without packet drops. The
   forwarding element can explicitly mark some packets in an ECN field
   instead of dropping the packet. For example, a two-bit field is
   available for ECN marking in IP headers [RFC3168].



1.3 Tunnel Congestion Feedback Background

   Tunnels are widely deployed in various networks including data center
   networks, enterprise network, and the public Internet. A tunnel
   consists of ingress, egress, and a set of intermediate nodes
   including routers.  Tunnel Congestion Feedback (Section 4) is a
   building block for congestion mitigation methods. It supports
   feedback of congestion information from an egress node to an ingress
   node. This document treats the SFC emabled domain as a tunnel with
   the initial Classifier node being the ingress; however, the tunnel
   congestion feedback facilities specified in this document MAY be used
   in contexts other than SFC.

   Any action by a tunnel ingress to reduce congestion needs to allow
   sufficient time for the end-to-end congestion control loop to respond
   first, otherwise the system could go unstable. For instance by the
   ingress taking a smoothed average of the level of congestion signaled
   by feedback from the tunnel egress or delaying any action for at
   least the worst case end-to-end round-trip time (for example, 200
   milliseconds).

   Examples of actions that can be taken by an ingress node when it has
   knowledge of downstream congestion include those listed below.
   Details of implementing these traffic control methods, beyond those
   given here, are outside the scope of this document.

   (1) Traffic throttling (policing), where the downstream traffic
       flowing out of the ingress node is limited to reduce or eliminate


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       congestion.

   (2) Upstream congestion feedback, where the ingress node sends
       messages upstream to or towards the ultimate traffic source, a
       function that can throttle traffic generation/transmission.

   (3) Traffic re-direction, where the ingress node configures the NSH
       of some future traffic so that it avoids congested paths. Great
       care must be taken with this option to avoid (a) significant re-
       ordering of traffic in flows that it is desirable to keep in
       order (due to end-to-end requiresment or due to a stateful SF)
       and (b) oscillation/instability in traffic paths due to alternate
       congestion of previously idle paths and the idling of previously
       congested paths. For example, it is preferable to classify
       traffic into flows of a sufficiently coarse granularity that the
       flows are long lived and to use a stable path per flow, sending
       only newly appearing flows on apparently uncongested paths.

   Figure 2 shows an example path from an original sender to a final
   receiver passing through a chain of service functions between the
   ingress and egress of an SFC enabled domain. The path is also likely
   to pass through other network nodes outside the SFC enabled domain
   (not shown) before entering that domain and after leaving that
   domain.

   Figure 2 shows typical congestion feedback that would be expected
   from the final receiver to the origin sender, which controls the load
   the origin sender directs to all elements on the path. The figure
   also shows the congestion feedback from the egress to the ingress of
   the SFC enabled domain that is described in this document, to control
   or balance load within that domain.





















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    .:= = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = :.
   _||_                 End-to-End Congestion Feedback              ||
   \  /                                                             ||
    \/                                                              ||
    __                Inner Transport Header and Payload            __
   |  | ->- - - - - - - - - - - - - - ->- - - - - -- - - - - - ->- |  |
   |  |                                                            |  |
   |  |       .:= = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =:.      |  |
   |  |      _||_         Tunnel Congestion Feedback       ||      |  |
   |  |      \  /                                          ||      |  |
   |  |       \/                                           ||      |  |
   |  |       __                    NSH                    __      |  |
   |  |      |  |-------------------------->--------------|  |     |  |
   |  |. . . |  |      ___         ___           ___      |  |. . .|  |
   |  |      |  | OT1 |   |  OT4  |   |  . . .  |   | OTn |  |     |  |
   |  |      |  |-->--|SFF|--->---|SFF|         |SFF|-->--|  |     |  |
   |__|      |__|     |___|       |___|         |___|     |__|     |__|
   origin    SFC       | ^         | ^                    SFC     final
   sender   domain  OT2| |OT3   OT6| |OT7                domain   rcvr
            ingress    v |         v |                   egress
                      +---+       +---+                   SFF
                      |SF |       |SF |
                      +---+       +---+

        Figure 2. Congestion Feedback across an SFC enabled Domain


   SFC enabled Domain congestion feedback in Figure 2 is shown within
   the context of an end-to-end congestion feedback loop. Also shown is
   the encapsulated layering of NSH headers within a series of outer
   transport headers (OT1, OT2, ... OTn).



1.4 Conventions Used in This Document

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
   "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP
   14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all
   capitals, as shown here.

   Acronyms:

      AQM - Active Queue Management [RFC7567]

      CE - Congestion Experienced [RFC3168]

      downstream - The direction from ingress to egress



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      ECN - Explicit Congestion Notification [RFC3168]

      ECT - ECN Capable Transport [RFC3168]

      IPFIX - IP Flow Information Export [RFC7011]

      Not-ECT - Not ECN-Capable Transport [RFC3168]

      NSH - Network Service Header [RFC8300]

      SF - Service Function [RFC7665]

      SFC - Service Function Chaining [RFC7665]

      SFF - Service Function Forwarder [RFC7665] - A type of node that
         forwards based on the NSH.

      TLV - Type Length Value

      upstream - The direction from egress to ingress
































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2. The NSH ECN Field

   The NSH is used to encapsulate traffic and control its subsequent
   path (see Section 2 of [RFC8300]). The NSH also provides for optional
   metadata inclusion, as shown in Figure 3.

                   +-----------------------------------+
                   |   Outer Transport Header          |
                   +-----------------------------------+
                   |   Network Service Header (NSH)    |
                   | +------------------------------+  |
                   | | Base Header                  |  |
                   | +------------------------------+  |
                   | | Service Path Header          |  |
                   | +------------------------------+  |
                   | | Metadata (Context Header(s)) |  |
                   | +------------------------------+  |
                   +-----------------------------------+
                   | Original Packet / Frame / Payload |
                   +-----------------------------------+

                 Figure 3. Data Encapsulation with the NSH


   This document assigns two currently unused bits (indicated by "U") in
   the NSH Base Header (Section 2.2 of [RFC8300]) for the purpose of ECN
   indication as shown in Figure 4.

      0                   1                   2                   3
      0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |Ver|O|U|    TTL    |   Length  |U|U|U|U|MD Type| Next Protocol |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
                                      ^ ^
                                      | |
                                   +-------+
                                   |NSH ECN|
                                   | field |
                                   +-------+

                     Figure 4. Updated NSH Base Header

   RFC Editor NOTE: The above figure should be adjusted based on the
   bits actually assigned by IANA (see Section 5) and this note deleted.


   Table 1 shows the meaning of the code points in the NSH ECN field.
   These have the same meaning as the ECN field code points in the IPv4
   or IPv6 header as defined in Section 23.1 of [RFC3168].



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          Binary  Name     Meaning
          ------  -------  --------------------------------
            00    Not-ECT  Not ECN-Capable Transport
            01    ECT(1)   ECN-Capable Transport
            10    ECT(0)   ECN-Capable Transport
            11    CE       Congestion Experienced

                      Table 1. ECN Field Code Points












































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3. ECN Support in the NSH

   This section describes the required behavior to support ECN using the
   NSH. There are two aspects to ECN support:
      1. ECN propagation during encapsulation or decapsulation;
      2. ECN marking during congestion at bottlenecks.

   While this section covers all combinations of ECN-aware and ECN-
   unaware, it is expected that in most cases the NSH domain will be
   uniform so that, if this document is applicable, all SFFs will
   support ECN; however, some SFs might not support ECN.

   ECN Propagation:

      The specification of ECN tunneling [RFC6040] explains that an
      ingress must not propagate ECN support into an encapsulating
      header unless the egress supports correct onward propagation of
      the ECN field during decapsulation. We define Compliant ECN
      Decapsulation here as decapsulation compliant with either
      [RFC6040] or an earlier compatible equivalent ([RFC4301], or the
      full functionality mode of [RFC3168]).

      The procedures in Section 3.2.1 ensure that each ingress of the
      transport links within the SFC enabled domain does not propagate
      ECN support into the encapsulating outer transport header unless
      the corresponding egress of that link supports Compliant ECN
      Decapsulation.

      Section 3.3 requires that all the egress nodes of the SFC enabled
      domain support Compliant ECN Decapsulation in conjunction with
      tunnel congestion feedback, otherwise the scheme in this document
      will not work.

   ECN Marking:

      At transit nodes the marking behavior specified in Section 3.2.1
      is recommended and if not implemented at such transit nodes, there
      may be unmanaged congestion.

      Detection of congestion will be most effective if ECN marking is
      supported by all potential bottlenecks inside the domain in which
      NSH is being used to route traffic as well as at the ingress and
      egress.  Nodes that do not support ECN marking, or that support
      AQM but not ECN, will naturally use drop to relieve congestion.
      The gap in the end-to-end packet sequence will be detected as
      congestion by the final receiving endpoint, but not by the NSH
      egress (see Figure 2).





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3.1 At The Ingress

   When the ingress/Classifier encapsulates an incoming packet with an
   NSH, it MUST set the NSH ECN field using the "Normal mode" specified
   in [RFC6040] (e.g., copied from the incoming IP header).

   Then, if the resulting NSH ECN field is Not-ECT, the ingress SHOULD
   set it to ECT(0). This indicates that, even though the end-to-end
   transport is not ECN-capable, the egress and ingress of the SFC
   enabled domain are acting as an ECN-capable transport. This approach
   supports all known variants of ECN, including the experimental L4S
   capability [RFC8311] [ecnL4S].

   Packets arriving at the ingress might not use IP. If the protocol of
   arriving packets supports an ECN field similar to IP, for example
   MPLS [RFC5129], the procedures for IP packets can be used. If
   arriving packets do not support an ECN field similar to IP, they MUST
   be treated as if they are Not-ECT IP packets.

   Then, as the NSH encapsulated packet is further encapsulated with a
   transport header, if ECN marking is available for that transport (as
   it is for IP [RFC3168] and MPLS [RFC5129]), the ECN field of the
   transport header MUST be set using the "Normal mode" specified in
   [RFC6040] (i.e., copied from the NSH ECN field).

   A summary of these normative steps is given in Table 2.

                    +-----------------+---------------+
                    | Incoming Header | Departing NSH |
                    | (also equal to  |  and Outer    |
                    | departing Inner |    Headers    |
                    |     Header)     |               |
                    +-----------------+---------------+
                    |    Not-ECT      |   ECT(0)      |
                    |     ECT(0)      |   ECT(0)      |
                    |     ECT(1)      |   ECT(1)      |
                    |       CE        |     CE        |
                    +-----------------+---------------+

          Table 2. Setting of ECN fields by an Ingress/Classifier


   The requirements in this section apply to all ingress nodes for the
   domain in which an NSH is being used to steer traffic.








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3.2 At Transit Nodes

   This section describes the behavior at nodes that forward based on
   the NSH such as SFF and other forwarding nodes such as IP routers.
   Figure 5 shows a packet on the wire between forwarding nodes.

                            +-----------------+
                            |   Outer Header  |
                            +-----------------+
                            |       NSH       |
                            +-----------------+
                            |   Inner Header  |
                            +-----------------+
                            |     Payload     |
                            +-----------------+

                        Figure 5. Packet in Transit



3.2.1 At NSH Transit Nodes

   When a packet is received at an NSH based forwarding node such as an
   SFF, say N1, the outer transport encapsulation is removed and its ECN
   marking SHOULD be combined into the NSH ECN marking as specified in
   [RFC6040]. If this is not done, any congestion encountered at non-NSH
   transit nodes between N1 and the previous upstream NSH based
   forwarding node will be lost and not transmitted downstream.

   The NSH forwarding node SHOULD use a recognized AQM algorithm
   [RFC7567] to detect congestion. If the NSH ECN field indicates ECT,
   it will probabilistically set the NSH ECN field to the Congestion
   Experienced (CE) value or, in cases of extreme congestion, drop the
   packet.

   When the NSH encapsulated packet is further encapsulated for
   transmission to the next SFF or SF, ECN marking behavior depends on
   whether or not the node that will decapsulate the outer header
   supports Compliant ECN Decapsulation (see Section 3). If it does,
   then the encapsulating node propagates the NSH ECN field to this
   outer encapsulation using the "Normal Mode" of ECN encapsulation
   [RFC6040] (the ECN field is copied). If it does not, then the
   encapsulating node MUST clear ECN in the outer encapsulation to non-
   ECT (the "Compatibility Mode" of [RFC6040]).








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3.2.2 At an SF/Proxy

   If the SF is NSH and ECN-aware, the processing is essentially the
   same at the SF as at an SFF as discussed in Section 3.2.1 (except in
   the case where the SF terminates the packets path).

   If the SF is NSH-aware but ECN-unaware, then the SFF transmitting the
   packet to the SF will use Compatibility Mode. Congestion encountered
   in the SFF to SF and SF to SFF paths will be unmanaged.

   If the SF is not NSH-aware, then an NSH proxy will be between the SFF
   and the SF to avoid exposure of the SF that does not understand NSHs
   to the NSH as shown in Figure 6. This is described in Section 4.6 of
   [RFC7665]. The SF and proxy together look to the SFF like an NSH-
   aware SF. The behavior at the proxy and SF in this case is as below:

      If such a proxy is not ECN-aware then congestion in the entire
      path from SFF to proxy to SF back to proxy to SFF will be
      unmanaged.

                  |
                  v
            +----------+                   +---------+
            |          |     +-------+     |   NSH   |
            |   SFF    +---->|  NSH  +---->|un-aware |
            |(Service  |     | aware |     |   SF    |
            | Function |<----+ proxy |<----+(Service |
            |Forwarder)|     +-------+     |Function)|
            +----------+                   +---------+
                  |
                  v

                     Figure 6. Proxy for NSH Un-aware SFF

      If the proxy is ECN-aware, the proxy uses an AQM to indicate
      congestion within the proxy in the NSH that it returns to the SFF.
      The outer header used for the proxy-to-SF path uses Normal Mode.
      The outer header used for the proxy-to-SFF path uses Normal Mode
      based copying of the NSH ECN field to the outer header. Thus
      congestion in the proxy will be managed.

      Congestion in the SF will be managed only if the SF is ECN-aware
      and implements an AQM.



3.2.3 At Other Forwarding Nodes

   Other forwarding nodes, that is non-NSH forwarding nodes between NSH
   forwarding nodes, such as IP or label switched routers, might also


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   contain potential bottlenecks. If so, they SHOULD implement an AQM
   algorithm to update the ECN marking in the outer transport header as
   specified in [RFC3168].



3.3 At Exit/Egress

   At the SFC enabled domain egress node, first any actions are taken
   based on Congestion Experienced or other values of ECN marking, such
   as accumulating statistics to send back to the ingress (see Section
   4) or for other uses. If the packet being carried inside the NSH is
   IP, when the NSH is removed the NSH ECN field MUST be combined with
   the IP ECN field as specified in Table 3 that was extracted from
   Section 3.2 of [RFC6040].  This requirement applies to all egress
   nodes for the domain in which NSH is being used to route traffic.

         +---------+---------------------------------------------+
         |Arriving |         Arriving Outer Header               |
         |   Inner +---------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
         |  Header | Not-ECT |  ECT(0)   |  ECT(1)   |     CE    |
         +---------+---------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
         | Not-ECT | Not-ECT | Not-ECT   | Not-ECT   |  <drop>   |
         |  ECT(0) |  ECT(0) |  ECT(0)   |  ECT(0)   |     CE    |
         |  ECT(1) |  ECT(1) |  ECT(1)   |  ECT(1)   |     CE    |
         |    CE   |      CE |      CE   |      CE   |     CE    |
         +---------+---------+-----------+-----------+-----------+

            Table 3. Exit ECN Fields Merger (Source [RFC6040])


   All the egress nodes of the SFC enabled domain MUST support Compliant
   ECN Decapsulation as specified in this section. If this is not the
   case, the scheme described in this document will not work, and cannot
   be used.



3.4 Congestion Statistics and the Conservation of Packets

   The SFC specification permits an SF to absorb packets and to generate
   new packets as well as simply processing and returning the packets it
   receives to an SFF.  Such actions might appear to be packet loss due
   to congestion or might mask the loss of packets by generating
   additional packets.

   The tunnel congestion feedback approach (Section 4) can detect
   congestions in several ways. One way detects traffic loss by counting
   payload packets and bytes in at the ingress and counting them out at
   the egress. This does not work unless nodes conserve the number of


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   payload packets and/or bytes. Therefore, it will not be possible to
   accurately detect packet loss using this technique if traffic volume,
   as measured by the metric in used (packets or bytes), is not
   conserved by the service function chain processing that traffic.

   Nonetheless, if a bottleneck supports ECN marking, it will be
   possible to detect the high level of CE markings that are associated
   with congestion at that bottleneck by looking at the ratio of CE-
   marked to non-CE-marked packets. However, it will not be possible to
   detect any congestion based on ECN marking, whether slight or severe,
   if it occurs at a bottleneck that does not support ECN marking.









































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4. Tunnel Congestion Feedback Support

   The collection and storage of congestion information at the egress
   may be useful for later analysis and MAY be used without the feedback
   mechanisms specified in this Section. However, if congestion
   information is not fed back to a point which can take action to
   reduce congestion, it will not be useful in real time. Such
   congestion feedback to the ingress enables it to take actions such as
   those listed in Section 1.3.

   IP Flow Information Export (IPFIX [RFC7011]) provides a standard for
   communicating traffic flow statistics. As extended by this document,
   IPFIX messages from the egress to the ingress are used to communicate
   the extent of congestion between an ingress and egress based on ECN
   marking in the NSH. The ingress MUST be configured to know the
   relevant egress for a flow. The egress MUST be able to identify the
   relevant ingress for a packet based on the SPI, the Ingress Network
   Node Information Context Header [NSHTLV], or the like.



4.1 Congestion Level Measurements

   The congestion level measurements are based on ECN marking in the NSH
   and packet drop. In particular congestion information includes at
   least one of cumulative bytes counts of packets with each type of
   outer/inner header ECN marking combination, the ratio of CE-marked
   packets to all packets, and the ratio of dropped packets to all
   packets.

   If the congestion level is low enough, the packets are marked as CE
   instead of being dropped, and then it is easy to calculate congestion
   level according to the ratio of CE-marked packets. If the congestion
   level is so high that ECT packets will be dropped, then the packet
   loss ratio could be calculated by comparing total packets entering
   ingress and total packets arriving at egress over the same span of
   packets. If packet loss is detected for a flow that would preserve
   the number of packets in the absence of congestion, then it can be
   assumed that severe congestion has occurred in the tunnel.

   The egress calculates the CE-marked packet ratio by counting packets
   with different ECN markings. The CE-marked packet ratio will be used
   as an indication of tunnel load level. It is assumed that nodes
   between the ingress and egress will not drop packets biased towards
   certain ECN codepoints, so calculating of CE-marked packet ratio is
   not affected by packet drop.

   The calculation of the fraction of packets dropped is by comparing
   the traffic volumes between ingress and egress.



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   Faked ECN-Capable Transport (ECT) is used at the ingress to defer
   packet loss to the egress. The basic idea of faked ECT is that, when
   encapsulating packets, the ingress first marks the tunnel outer
   header according to [RFC6040], and then remarks the outer header of
   Not-ECT packets as ECT. (ECT(0) and ECT(1) are treated as the same.)
   In this case, the NSH is treated as the tunnel outer header because
   it will be present for the entire SFC enabled domain transit while
   transport headers may change. Thus, as transmitted by the ingress
   node, there will be one of three combinations of outer header ECN
   field and inner header ECN field as follows: CE|CE, ECT|N-ECT, and
   ECT|ECT (in the format of outer-ECN|inner-ECN); when decapsulating
   packets at the egress, [RFC6040] defined decapsulation behavior is
   used, and according to [RFC6040], the packets marked as CE|N-ECT will
   be dropped. Faked-ECT is used to shift some drops to the egress in
   order to allow the egress to calculate the CE-marked packet ratio
   more precisely.

   The ingress encapsulates packets and marks their outer header
   according to faked ECT as described above. The ingress cumulatively
   counts packet bytes for three types of ECN combination (CE|CE, ECT|N-
   ECT, and ECT|ECT) and then the ingress regularly sends cumulative
   bytes counts message of each type of ECN combination to the egress.

   When each message arrives at the egress, the following two steps
   occur: (1) the egress calculates the ratio of CE-marked packets; (2)
   the egress cumulatively counts packet bytes coming from the ingress
   and adds its own bytes counts of each type of ECN combination (CE|CE,
   ECT|N-ECT, CE|N-ECT, CE|ECT, and ECT|ECT) to the message for the
   ingress to calculate packet loss. The egress feeds back the CE-marked
   packet ratio, packet loss ratio, bytes counts information, and the
   like to the ingress as requested for evaluating congestion level in
   the tunnel.

   The statistics can be at the granularity of all traffic from the
   ingress to the egress to learn about the overall congestion status of
   the path between the ingress and the egress or at the granularity of
   individual customer's traffic or a specific set of flows to learn
   about their congestion contribution.

   For example, the tunnelEcnCEMarkedRatio field (specified below)
   indicates the fraction of traffic that has been marked in the ECN
   field of the NSH as Congestion Experienced (CE).



4.3 Congestion Information Delivery

   As described above, the tunnel ingress sends a message containing
   cumulative byte counts of packets of each type of ECN marking to the
   tunnel egress, and the tunnel egress feeds back messages to the


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   ingress with at least one of the following: cumulative byte counts of
   packets of each type of ECN combination, the ratio of CE-marked
   packets to all packets, and the ratio of dropped packets to all
   packets. (It is possible for these messages to contribute to
   congestion.) This section specifies how the messages are conveyed.

   IPFIX recommends, but does not require, use of SCTP [RFC4960] in
   partial reliability mode [RFC3758] for the transport of its messages.
   This mode allows loss of some packets, which is tolerable because
   IPFIX communicates cumulative statistics. IPFIX over SCTP over IP
   SHOULD be used directly where there is IP connectivity between the
   ingress and egress; however, there might be different transport
   protocols or address spaces used in different regions of an SFC
   enabled domain that block such direct IP connectivity. The NSH
   provides the general method of routing traffic within an SFC enabled
   domain so the encapsulation of the required IPFIX traffic in NSH MUST
   be implemented and, when IP connectivity is not available, IPFIX over
   NSH SHOULD be used along with configuration of appropriate SFC paths
   for the IPFIX over NSH traffic.

   IPFIX messages could travel along the same path as network data
   traffic. In any case, an IPFIX message packet may get lost in case of
   network congestion. Even though the missing information could be
   recovered because of the use of cumulative counts, the message SHOULD
   be transmitted at a higher priority than users' traffic flows to
   improve the promptness of congestion information feedback.

   The ingress node can do congestion management at different
   granularity which means both the overall aggregated inner tunnel
   congestion level and congestion level contributed by certain traffic
   flows could be measured for different congestion management purposes.
   For example, if the ingress only wants to limit congestion volume
   caused by certain traffic flows, such as UDP-based traffic, then
   congestion volume for that traffic can be fed back; or if the ingress
   is doing overall congestion management, the aggregated congestion
   volume can be fed back.

   When sending IPFIX messages from ingress to egress, the ingress acts
   as IPFIX exporter and the egress acts as IPFIX collector; When
   feeding back congestion level information from egress to ingress,
   then the egress acts as IPFIX exporter and ingress acts as IPFIX
   collector.

   The combination of congestion level measurement and congestion
   information delivery procedures are as following:

   o  The ingress node determines the IPFIX template record to be used.
      The template record can be pre-configured or determined at
      runtime, the content of the template record will be determined
      according to the granularity of congestion management; if the


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      ingress wants to limit congestion volume contributed by specific
      traffic flows then the elements such as source IP address,
      destination IP address, flow ID, and CE-marked packet volume of
      the flows, etc., will be included in the template record.

   o  Metering at the ingress measures traffic volume according to the
      template record chosen and then the measurement records are sent
      to the egress.

   o  Metering on the egress measures congestion level information
      according to template record which SHOULD be the same as the
      template record sent by the ingress.

   o  The egress sends its measurement records together with the
      measurement records of the ingress back to the ingress.



4.3 IPFIX Extensions

   This section specifies the new IPFIX Information Elements needed. It
   conforms to [RFC7013].



4.3.1 nshServicePathID

   In order to identify SFC flows, so that congestion can be measured
   and reported at that granularity, it is necessary for IPFIX to be
   able to classify traffic based on the Service Path Identifier field
   of the NSH [RFC8300]. Thus an NSH Service Path Identifier
   (nshServicePathID) IPFIX Information Element [RFC7012] is specified.

      Name: nshServicePathID

      Description: Network Service Header [RFC8300] Service Path
         Identifier.  This is a 24-bit value which is left justified in
         the Information Element. The low order byte MUST be sent as
         zero and ignored on receipt.

      Abstract Data Type: unsigned32

      Data Type Semantics: identifier

      ElementId: TBD0

      Status: current





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4.3.2 tunnelEcnCeCeByteTotalCount

      Description: The total number of bytes of incoming packets with
         the CE|CE ECN marking combination at the Observation Point
         since the Metering Process (re-)initialization for this
         Observation Point.

      Abstract Data Type: unsigned64

      Data Type Semantics: totalCounter

      ElementId: TBD1

      Statues: current

      Units: bytes



4.3.3 tunnelEcnEctNectBytetTotalCount

      Description: The total number of bytes of incoming packets with
         the ECT|N-ECT ECN marking combination (ECT(0) and ECT(1) are
         treated the same as each other) at the Observation Point since
         the Metering Process (re-)initialization for this Observation
         Point.

      Abstract Data Type: unsigned64

      Data Type Semantics: totalCounter

      ElementId: TBD2

      Statues: current

      Units: bytes



4.3.4 tunnelEcnCeNectByteTotalCount

      Description: The total number of bytes of incoming packets with
         the CE|N-ECT ECN marking combination at the Observation Point
         since the Metering Process (re-)initialization for this
         Observation Point.

      Abstract Data Type: unsigned64

      Data Type Semantics: totalCounter



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      ElementId: TBD3

      Statues: current

      Units: bytes



4.3.5 tunnelEcnCeEctByteTotalCount

      Description: The total number of bytes of incoming packets with
         the CE|ECT ECN marking combination (ECT(0) and ECT(1) are
         treated the same as each other) at the Observation Point since
         the Metering Process (re-)initialization for this Observation
         Point.

      Abstract Data Type: unsigned64

      Data Type Semantics: totalCounter

      ElementId: TBD4

      Statues: current

      Units: bytes



4.3.6 tunnelEcnEctEctByteTotalCount

      Description: The total number of bytes of incoming packets with
         the ECT|ECT ECN marking combination (ECT(0) and ECT(1) are
         treated the same as each other) at the Observation Point since
         the Metering Process (re-)initialization for this Observation
         Point.

      Abstract Data Type: unsigned64

      Data Type Semantics: totalCounter

      ElementId: TBD5

      Statues: current

      Units: bytes







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4.3.7 tunnelEcnCEMarkedRatio

      Description: The ratio of packets that are CE-marked to packets
         that are not CE-marked at the Observation Point.

      Abstract Data Type: float32

      ElementId: TBD6

      Statues: current










































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5. Example of Use

   This section provides an example of the solution described in this
   document.

   First, IPFIX template records are exchanged between ingress and
   egress to negotiate the format of the data records to be exchanged.
   The example here is to measure the congestion level for the overall
   tunnel caused by all the traffic. After the negotiation is finished,
   the ingress sends in-band messages to the egress containing the
   number of each kind of ECN-marked packets (i.e., CE|CE, ECT|N-ECT and
   ECT|ECT) received before it sent the message.

   After the egress receives the message, the egress calculates the CE-
   marked packet ratio and counts the number of different kinds of ECN-
   marking packets received before it received the message. Then the
   egress sends a feedback message containing the counts together with
   the information in the ingress's message back to the ingress.

   Figures 7 to 10 below illustrate the example procedure between
   ingress and egress.

        +---------------------------------+----------------------+
        |Set ID=2                              Length=40         |
        |---------------------------------|----------------------|
        |Template ID=256                       Field Count=8     |
        |---------------------------------|----------------------|
        |tunnelEcnCeCeByteTotalCount           Field Length=8    |
        |---------------------------------|----------------------|
        |tunnelEcnEctNectByteTotalCount        Field Length=8    |
        |---------------------------------|----------------------|
        |tunnelEcnEctEctByteTotalCount         Field Length=8    |
        |---------------------------------|----------------------|
        |tunnelEcnCeNectByteTotalCount         Field Length=8    |
        |---------------------------------|----------------------|
        |tunnelEcnCeEctByteTotalCount          Field Length=8    |
        +---------------------------------|----------------------+
        |tunnelEcnCEMarkedRatio                Field Length=4    |
        +---------------------------------+----------------------+

           Figure 7. Template Record Sent From Egress to Ingress











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        +---------------------------------+----------------------+
        |Set ID=2                              Length=28         |
        |---------------------------------|----------------------|
        |Template ID=257                       Field Count=3     |
        |---------------------------------|----------------------|
        |tunnelEcnCeCeByteTotalCount           Field Length=8    |
        |---------------------------------|----------------------|
        |tunnelEcnEctNectByteTotalCount        Field Length=8    |
        |---------------------------------|----------------------|
        |tunnelEcnEctEctByteTotalCount         Field Length=8    |
        |---------------------------------+----------------------|

           Figure 8. Template Record Sent From Ingress to Egress


         +-------+                                        +-------+
         |       |  +-+ +-+ +-+  +-+ +-+ +-+  +-+         |       |
         |       |  |P| |P| |M|  |P| |P| |P|  |M|         |       |
         |       |  +-+ +-+ +-+  +-+ +-+ +-+  +-+         |       |
         |       |--------------------------------------->|       |
         |       |                                        |       |
         |ingress|                                        |egress |
         |       |            +-+             +-+         |       |
         |       |            |M|             |M|         |       |
         |       |            +-+             +-+         |       |
         |       |<---------------------------------------|       |
         |       |                                        |       |
         +-------+                                        +-------+

                    +-+
                    |M| : IPFIX Message Packet
                    +-+

                    +-+
                    |P| : User Data Packet
                    +-+

             Figure 9. Traffic flow Between Ingress and Egress














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                           Set ID=257, Length=28
           +-------+             A1                    +-------+
           |       |             B1                    |       |
           |       |             C1                    |       |
           |       |  ----------------------------->   |       |
           |       |                                   |       |
           |       |                                   |       |
           |       |        SetID=256, Length=72       |       |
           |       |             A1                    |       |
           |       |             B1                    |       |
           |ingress|             C1                    |egress |
           |       |             A2                    |       |
           |       |             B2                    |       |
           |       |             C2                    |       |
           |       |             D                     |       |
           |       |             E                     |       |
           |       |             R                     |       |
           |       |    <----------------------------  |       |
           |       |                                   |       |
           +-------+                                   +-------+

              Figure 10. Messages Between Ingress and Egress


   The following provides an example of how the tunnel congestion level
   can be calculated (see Figure 10):

      The congestion Level could be divided into two categories: (1)
      slight congestion (no packets dropped); (2) serious congestion
      (packets are being dropped).

      For slight congestion, the congestion level is indicated by the
      ratio of CE-marked packets:


         R = ce_marked_ratio = ce-marked / total_egress ;

      For serious congestion, the congestion level is indicated as the
      volume of traffic loss:

         total_ingress = (A1 + B1 + C1)

         total_egress = (A2 + B2 + C2 + D + E)

         volume_loss = (total_ingress - total_egress)







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6. IANA Considerations

   The following subsections provide IANA assignment considerations.



6.1 SFC NSH Header ECN Bits

   IANA is requested to assign two contiguous bits in the NSH Base
   Header Bits registry for ECN (bits 16 and 17 suggested) and note this
   assignment as follows:

        Bit         Description    Reference
      ----------    -----------   -----------------
      tbd(16-17)     NSH ECN       [this document]



6.2 IPFIX Information Element IDs

   IANA is requested to assign seven IPFIX Information Element IDs as
   follows:

      ElementID: TBD0
      Name: nshServicePathID
      Data Type: unsigned32
      Data Type Semantics: identifier
      Status: current
      Description: The Network Service Header [RFC8300] Service Path
         Identifier.

      ElementID: TBD1
      Name: tunnelEcnCeCePacketTotalCount
      Data Type: unsigned64
      Data Type Semantics: totalCounter
      Status: current
      Description: The total number of bytes of incoming packets with
         the CE|CE ECN marking combination at the Observation Point
         since the Metering Process (re-)initialization for this
         Observation Point.
      Units: octets

      ElementID: TBD2
      Name: tunnelEcnEctNectPacketTotalCount
      Data Type: unsigned64
      Data Type Semantics: totalCounter
      Status: current
      Description: The total number of bytes of incoming packets with
         the ECT|N-ECT ECN marking combination at the Observation Point
         since the Metering Process (re-)initialization for this


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         Observation Point.
      Units: octets

      ElementID: TBD3
      Name: tunnelEcnCeNectPacketTotalCount
      Data Type: unsigned64
      Data Type Semantics: totalCounter
      Status: current
      Description: The total number of bytes of incoming packets with
         the CE|N-ECT ECN marking combination at the Observation Point
         since the Metering Process (re-)initialization for this
         Observation Point.
      Units: octets

      ElementID: TBD4
      Name: tunnelEcnCeEctPacketTotalCount
      Data Type: unsigned64
      Data Type Semantics: totalCounter
      Status: current
      Description: The total number of bytes of incoming packets with
         the CE|ECT ECN marking combination at the Observation Point
         since the Metering Process (re-)initialization for this
         Observation Point.
      Units: octets

      ElementID: TBD5
      Name: tunnelEcnEctEctPacketTotalCount
      Data Type: unsigned64
      Data Type Semantics: totalCounter
      Status: current
      Description: The total number of bytes of incoming packets with
         the CE|ECT(0) ECN marking combination at the Observation Point
         since the Metering Process (re-)initialization for this
         Observation Point.
      Units: octets

      ElementID: TBD6
      Name: tunnelEcnCEMarkedRatio
      Data Type: float32
      Status: current
      Description: The ratio of CE-marked Packet at the Observation
         Point.










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7. Security Considerations

   For general NSH security considerations, see [RFC8300].

   For security considerations concerning ECN signaling tampering, see
   [RFC3168]. For security considerations concerning ECN and
   encapsulation, see [RFC6040].

   For general IPFIX security considerations, see [RFC7011]. If deployed
   in an untrusted environment, the signaling traffic between ingress
   and egress can be protected utilizing the security mechanisms
   provided by IPFIX (see Section 11 in [RFC7011]).  The tunnel
   endpoints (the ingress and egress for an SFC enabled domain) are
   assumed to be in the same administrative domain, so they will trust
   each other.

   The solution in this document does not introduce any greater
   potential to invade privacy than would have been available without
   the solution.




8. Acknowledgements

   Most of the material on Tunnel Congestion Feedback was originally in
   draft-ietf-tsvwg-tunnel-congestion-feedback. After discussion with
   the authors of that draft, the authors of this draft, and the Chairs
   of the TSVWG and SFC Working Groups, the Tunnel Congestion Feedback
   draft was merged into this draft.

   The authors wish to thank the following for their comments,
   suggestions, and reviews:

       David Black, Mohamed Boucadair, Sami Boutros, Anthony Chan,
       Lingli Deng, Liang Geng, Joel Halpern, Jake Holland,
       John Kaippallimalil, Tal Mizrahi, Vincent Roca, Lei Zhu















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Normative References

   [RFC2119] - Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
         Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, DOI 10.17487/RFC2119,
         March 1997, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.

   [RFC3168] - Ramakrishnan, K., Floyd, S., and D. Black, "The Addition
         of Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN) to IP", RFC 3168, DOI
         10.17487/RFC3168, September 2001, <http://www.rfc-
         editor.org/info/rfc3168>.

   [RFC3758] - Stewart, R., Ramalho, M., Xie, Q., Tuexen, M., and P.
         Conrad, "Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) Partial
         Reliability Extension", RFC 3758, DOI 10.17487/RFC3758, May
         2004, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3758>.

   [RFC5129] - Davie, B., Briscoe, B., and J. Tay, "Explicit Congestion
         Marking in MPLS", RFC 5129, DOI 10.17487/RFC5129, January 2008,
         <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5129>.

   [RFC6040] - Briscoe, B., "Tunnelling of Explicit Congestion
         Notification", RFC 6040, DOI 10.17487/RFC6040, November 2010,
         <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6040>.

   [RFC7011] - Claise, B., Ed., Trammell, B., Ed., and P. Aitken,
         "Specification of the IP Flow Information Export (IPFIX)
         Protocol for the Exchange of Flow Information", STD 77, RFC
         7011, DOI 10.17487/RFC7011, September 2013, <https://www.rfc-
         editor.org/info/rfc7011>.

   [RFC7013] - Trammell, B. and B. Claise, "Guidelines for Authors and
         Reviewers of IP Flow Information Export (IPFIX) Information
         Elements", BCP 184, RFC 7013, DOI 10.17487/RFC7013, September
         2013, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7013>.

   [RFC7567] - Baker, F., Ed., and G. Fairhurst, Ed., "IETF
         Recommendations Regarding Active Queue Management", BCP 197,
         RFC 7567, DOI 10.17487/RFC7567, July 2015, <http://www.rfc-
         editor.org/info/rfc7567>.

   [RFC8174] - Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC
         2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174, May
         2017, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8174>

   [RFC8300] - Quinn, P., Ed., Elzur, U., Ed., and C. Pignataro, Ed.,
         "Network Service Header (NSH)", RFC 8300, DOI 10.17487/RFC8300,
         January 2018, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8300>.





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Informative References

   [RFC4301] - Kent, S. and K. Seo, "Security Architecture for the
         Internet Protocol", RFC 4301, DOI 10.17487/RFC4301, December
         2005, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4301>.

   [RFC4960] - Stewart, R., Ed., "Stream Control Transmission Protocol",
         RFC 4960, DOI 10.17487/RFC4960, September 2007,
         <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4960>.

   [RFC7012] - Claise, B., Ed., and B. Trammell, Ed., "Information Model
         for IP Flow Information Export (IPFIX)", RFC 7012, DOI
         10.17487/RFC7012, September 2013, <https://www.rfc-
         editor.org/info/rfc7012>.

   [RFC7665] - Halpern, J., Ed., and C. Pignataro, Ed., "Service
         Function Chaining (SFC) Architecture", RFC 7665, DOI
         10.17487/RFC7665, October 2015, <https://www.rfc-
         editor.org/info/rfc7665>.

   [RFC8311] - Black, D., "Relaxing Restrictions on Explicit Congestion
         Notification (ECN) Experimentation", RFC 8311, DOI
         10.17487/RFC8311, January 2018, <https://www.rfc-
         editor.org/info/rfc8311>.

   [ecnL4S] - De Schepper, K., and B. Briscoe, "Identifying Modified
         Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN) Semantics for Ultra-Low
         Queuing Delay (L4S)", draft-ietf-tsvwg-ecn-l4s-id, work in
         progress.

   [NSHTLV] - Wei, Y., U. Elzur, S. Majee, C. Pignataro, and D.
         Eastlake, "Network Service Header Metadata Type 2 Variable-
         Length Context Headers" , draft-ietf-sfc-nsh-tlv, work in
         progress.


















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Authors' Addresses

      Donald E. Eastlake, 3rd
      Futurewei Technologies
      2386 Panoramic Circle
      Apopka, FL 32703 USA

      Tel: +1-508-333-2270
      Email: d3e3e3@gmail.com


      Bob Briscoe
      Independent
      UK

      Email: ietf@bobbriscoe.net
      URI:   http://bobbriscoe.net/


      Yizhou Li
      Huawei Technologies
      101 Software Avenue,
      Nanjing 210012, P. R China

      Phone: +86-25-56624584
      EMail: liyizhou@huawei.com


      Andrew G. Malis
      Malis Consulting

      Email: agmalis@gmail.com


      Xinpeng Wei
      Huawei Technologies
      Beiqing Rd. Z-park No.156, Haidian District,
      Beijing,  100095, P. R. China

      EMail: weixinpeng@huawei.com












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Copyright and IPR Provisions

   Copyright (c) 2022 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors. All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
   (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
   publication of this document. Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
   to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must
   include Revised BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the
   Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described
   in the Revised BSD License.






































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