Internet Research Task Force D. McGrew
Internet-Draft Cisco Systems
Intended status: Informational S. Shen
Expires: September 6, 2012 Chinese Academy of Science
March 5, 2012
Ciphers in Use in the Internet
draft-irtf-cfrg-cipher-catalog-00
Abstract
This note catalogs the ciphers in use on the Internet, to guide users
and standards processes. It presents the security goals, security
analysis and results, specification, intellectual property
considerations, and publication dates of each cipher. Background
information and security guidance is provided as well.
Status of this Memo
By submitting this Internet-Draft, each author represents that any
applicable patent or other IPR claims of which he or she is aware
have been or will be disclosed, and any of which he or she becomes
aware will be disclosed, in accordance with Section 6 of BCP 79.
Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute
working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet-
Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.
Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."
This Internet-Draft will expire on September 6, 2012.
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Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.1. Requirements Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2. Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.1. Attack Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.2. Security Goals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3. Guidance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.1. AES Compatibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4. 128-bit Block Ciphers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4.1. ARIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4.2. CLEFIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.3. SMS4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.4. SEED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.5. Camellia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4.6. CAST-256 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
4.7. Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4.8. Twofish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
4.9. Serpent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
5. 64-bit Block Ciphers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
5.1. MISTY1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
5.2. SKIPJACK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
5.3. RC2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
5.4. CAST-128 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
5.5. BLOWFISH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
5.6. International Data Encryption Algorithm (IDEA) . . . . . . 21
5.7. GOST 28147-89 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
5.8. Triple Data Encryption Standard (TDES) . . . . . . . . . . 22
5.9. Data Encryption Standard (DES) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
6. Stream Ciphers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
6.1. Kcipher-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
6.2. Rabbit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
6.3. RC4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
7. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
8. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
9. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
10. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
10.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
10.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Intellectual Property and Copyright Statements . . . . . . . . . . 63
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1. Introduction
This note is a catalog of the ciphers in use on the Internet, and/or
defined or referenced in IETF RFCs.
This note is not a standards document; instead it aims to capture the
consensus of the Cryto Forum Research Group at the time of
publication, and to provide technical guidance to standards groups
that are selecting ciphers.
This note groups together ciphers with similar block structure, and
lists ciphers in decreasing order of the year of their publication.
This is the initial version of this note; it is a work in progress,
and it should not yet be considered as representative of any
consensus. Comments are solicited and should be sent to the authors
and to cfrg@irtf.org.
1.1. Requirements Language
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [RFC2119].
2. Background
A cipher is an encryption method. Encryption is a transformation of
data that uses a secret key to change a plaintext value, which needs
to be kept secret, into a ciphertext value, which can be safely
revealed without the loss of the confidentiality of the plaintext.
Ciphertext can be converted back into plaintext, through the use of
the secret key, via a decryption algorithm that is the reverse of the
encryption algorithm. Importantly, encryption does not protect the
integrity or authenticity of the plaintext; it does not provide a
data integrity service, or a data origin authentication service
[RFC4949].
Authenticated Encryption is an encryption method that does protect
the integrity and authenticity of the plaintext, as well as the
confidentiality of the plaintext. Authenticated Encryption with
Associated Data (AEAD) protects the confidentiality, integrity, and
authenticity of the plaintext, and also protects the integrity and
authenticity of some associated data [RFC5116].
A Block Cipher is an encryption algorithm that encrypts a fixed-size
plaintext block with a secret key, resulting in a fixed-size
ciphertext block. The encryption is reversible, so that the
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plaintext block can be computed from the key and the ciphertext
block. Block ciphers are not directly used to encrypt data, but
instead are used in a mode of operation, as described below. A block
cipher has two parameters: block size (the number of bits in the
fixed-size blocks), and key size (the number of bits in the key).
Some block ciphers accept different key sizes.
A Block Cipher Mode of Operation is a method for encrypting and/or
authenticating data. Most modes of operation can operate on
arbitrary-length data, unlike the block cipher itself, which can only
operate on fixed length data. The mode of operation logically breaks
plaintext into fixed-size blocks, and processes these blocks using
the block cipher (and other operations such as bitwise exclusive-or).
A Stream Cipher is an encryption method that does not use a block
cipher, and is not used in a mode of operation; instead, the stream
cipher defines its own encryption method. Most stream ciphers
encrypt plaintext by generating pseudorandom data with a secret key,
then bitwise exclusive-oring the pseudorandom data with the plaintext
to produce the ciphertext. Some stream ciphers take an
Initialization Vector (IV) as input; a different IV is provided to
the cipher for each different message that is encrypted. A stream
cipher has two parameters: IV size (the number of bits in the IV),
and key size (the number of bits in the key). Some stream ciphers
accept different key sizes.
2.1. Attack Models
There are many different attack models that are used to analyze the
security of ciphers. An attack model is a formal statement of the
attacker's capabilities. A particular cipher may be strong in one
attack model, but weak in another; the suitability of that cipher for
use in a particular application will depend entirely on the
attacker's actual capabilities in the real world.
In a Known-Plaintext Attack (KPA), the attacker knows some of the
plaintexts that encrypted, and can learn the resulting ciphertexts.
The attacker can observe the ciphertext resulting from the encryption
of some unknown plaintexts, and observe the ciphertext resulting from
the encryption of some plaintexts of its choice.
In a Chosen-Plaintext Attack (CPA), the attacker can choose the
plaintexts that encrypted, and can learn the resulting ciphertexts.
The attacker can observe the ciphertext resulting from the encryption
of some unknown plaintexts, and can cause the encryption of some
plaintexts of its choice, and can observe the resulting ciphertexts.
A CPA is adaptive if the attacker can adapt the plaintexts that it
chooses based on other data that it observes.
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In a Chosen-Ciphertext Attack (CCA), the attacker can cause the
decryption of some ciphertexts of its choice, and can learn the
results of those decryptions. The attacker can also observe the
ciphertext resulting from the encryption of some unknown plaintexts.
A CCA is adaptive if the attacker can adapt the ciphertexts that it
chooses based on other data that it observes. (Authenticated
Encryption protects against these attacks.)
In a Related-Key Attack (RKA), the attacker can cause the encryption
of unknown plaintext values under two or more keys, where the
relationship between the keys is known to the attacker, but the
actual value of the keys is not known. For example, if keys K1 and
K2 are in use, the attacker might know the value of the bitwise
exclusive-or of K1 and K2, while not knowing the value of either key.
Related-Key Attacks do not have any effect on security when keys are
chosen independently, as is the case in most security protocols. It
is unclear that it is a reasonable theoretical goal for a cipher to
be resistant to RKAs.
In a Side-Channel Attack (SCA), the attacker has access to physical
side information beyond the digital representation of the plaintexts
and ciphertexts, such as the voltage levels used during the
encryption process, or fine-grained timing information about the
duration of the encryption operations. Side-Channel Attacks act
against an implementation of a cipher, rather than against the cipher
itself, since the side information is a property of an implementation
and not of a cipher design.
In a Key Recovery Attack (KRA), the attacker learns the secret key
that is used to encrypt some ciphertext. In a Plaintext Recovery
Attack (PRA), the attacker learns some unknown plaintext, but does
not learn the secret key. A successful KRA is devastating, but a
successful PRA can also be quite damaging.
2.2. Security Goals
An encryption method is indistinguishable from random whenever its
ciphertext cannot be distinguished from a random value by a
computationally limited adversary. This idea has been mathematically
formalized, and is fundamental to the analysis of ciphers. A cipher
cannot be secure unless it is indistinguishable, and thus, this is
the main security goal.
Typical block cipher modes of operation are insecure when the amount
of data processed by a single key is larger than w * 2^(w/2) bits,
where w is the block size of the block cipher. (Here and below 2^w
denotes 2 to the power w.) This limit is called the birthday bound,
by analogy to the fact that, in a group of people, a birthday common
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to two people is more likely than one might expect. The birthday
bound is a primary consideration for the security of block ciphers.
Above the birthday bound, all of the block cipher modes of operation
that are in common use are distinguishable from random, and are
vulnerable to plaintext recovery attacks.
The bound for a 64-bit block cipher is 2^34 bytes, or 4 Gigabytes,
and
The bound for a 128-bit block cipher is 2^67 bytes, or 128
Trillion Gigabytes.
In practice, it is highly desirable that the amount of data is
significantly below the birthday bound, in order to make the
likelihood of a successful plaintext recovery attack negligible.
It is highly desirable that a block cipher be indistinguishable from
random even if the attacker knows most of the 2^w possible w-bit
plaintext/ciphertext pairs for a given key. However, because of the
birthday bound, a block cipher should not be used to encrypt more
than 2^(w/2) plaintexts, and attacks against a block cipher that
require more than 2^(w/2) plaintexts or ciphertexts may have no
effect on the practical security of that cipher.
3. Guidance
It is STRONGLY RECOMMENDED that any cipher used be secure in the KPA,
adaptive CPA, and adaptive CCA models. The security against this
type of attack is determined by the cipher design.
It is RECOMMENDED that any implementation of a cipher be secure in
the SCA model, and it is STRONGLY RECOMMENDED that any implementation
that must operate while in the physical possession of an attacker be
secure in the SCA model. The security against this type of attack is
determined by the particulars of the implementation, and not the
design of the cipher. However, a specific cipher design may be
easier to implement such that it is secure in the SCA model, compared
to other ciphers.
When encryption is in use, it is STRONGLY RECOMMENDED that either 1)
Authenticated Encryption or AEAD be used, or 2) an encryption method
be used in conjunction with an algorithm that protects the
authenticity of the data, such as a Message Authentication Code
[RFC4949].
64-bit block ciphers SHOULD NOT be used, because of the plaintext
recovery attacks that are possible against them. When a 64-bit block
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cipher is used for legacy reasons, it is RECOMMENDED that the amount
of data encrypted by a single key is 1 Megabyte.
3.1. AES Compatibility
At present, the most widely used cipher is the Advanced Encryption
Standard (see Section Section 4.7), which is believed to provide
adequate security for the foreseeable future. It has a block size of
128 bits, and key sizes of 128, 192, or 256 bits. We say that a
cipher is AES-compatible if it supports the same block and key sizes,
and that a cipher is partially AES-compatible if it supports the same
block size and at least one of the key sizes.
AES-compatible ciphers include ARIA, CAST-256, Camellia, Serpent, and
Twofish. Partly-AES-compatible ciphers include SEED and SMS4, both
of which only support 128 bit keys. All of these ciphers, except for
SMS4, are either free from intellectual property claims, or are
available worldwide royalty free.
The existence of strong ciphers that are free of intellectual
property restrictions shows that it is not necessary to use
encumbered ciphers in order to obtain good security.
4. 128-bit Block Ciphers
4.1. ARIA
ARIA was first published in 2003 [NBC:KKP03] by a large group of
South Korean researchers. It is specified in [RFC5794], and supports
a keys length of 128 bits, 192 bits, and 256 bits.
IETF use includes 21 RFCs and 11 Internet Drafts.
Intellectual Property Rights have not been claimed on ARIA.
Attack: The best known attack against this cipher is meet-in-the-
middle attack on 8 rounds with data complexity 2^56.It was shown in
[MMA:TSLL10]. Analysis: Classical linear and differential
cryptanalysis were shown in [SPAA:BC03]. Truncated
differentials,boomerang and slide attack were shown in [SPAA:BC03].
New Boomerang Attacks on ARIA was shown in [INDOCRYPT:FFGL10].
Impossible Differential Cryptanalysis was shown in [CANS:DuChe10].
The Smallest ARIA Module with 16-Bit Architecture was shown in
[ICISC:YanParYou06]. Investigations of Power Analysis Attacks and
Countermeasures for ARIA was shown in [WISA:YHMOM06].
ARIA is designed by a large group of South Korean researchers. In
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2004, the Korean Agency for Technology and Standards selected it as a
standard cryptographic technique. The algorithm uses a SPN structure
based on AES. The interface is the same as AES. The number of
rounds is 12, 14, or 16, depending on the key sizes. ARIA uses two
8*8-bit S-boxes and their inverses in alternate rounds; one of these
is the Rijndael S-box. The key schedule processes the key using a
3-round 256-bit Feistel cipher.
4.2. CLEFIA
CLEFIA was first published in 2007 [BC:SSAMI07],[FSE:SSAMI07]. It is
specified in [RFC6114], and supports keys lengths of 128, 192, and
256.
IETF uses include 1 RFC, which specifies the cipher, and 2 Internet
Drafts, defining its use in IPsec and TLS.
Intellectual Property Rights have been claimed on CLEFIA. The owner
of those rights is SONY.
Attack: The best known attack against this cipher is requiring
2^126.83 chosen plaintexts breaks 13 rounds with a complexity of
2^126.83 encryptions for the key size of length 128 bits (Tezcan,
2010). Similar attacks apply for 14 and 15 rounds of CLEFIA for the
key sizes 192 and 256 bits,respectively. The Improbable Differential
Attack: Cryptanalysis of Reduced Round CLEFIA was shown in
[INDOCRYPT:Tezcan10]. Analysis: This cipher has been analyzed by
differential cryptanalysis,linear cryptanalysis. Impossible
Differential Cryptanalysis was shown in [IDCC:TTSSSK08].
Cryptanalysis of CLEFIA Using Differential Methods with Cache Trace
Patterns was shown in [RSA:RebMuk11]. Differential Fault Analysis on
CLEFIA was shown in [ICICS:CheWuFen07].
CLEFIA has rounds of 18, 22, or 16. It is intended to be used in DRM
systems.
4.3. SMS4
CIPHER was first published in 2006. It is specified in [SMS4], and
supports a keys length of 128 bits.
There are no IETF uses yet.
Intellectual Property Rights have been claimed on SMS4. The owner of
those rights is BDST.
Attack: The best known attack against this cipher is linear and
differential attacking 22 rounds, which was shown in [LDC:KKHS08].
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Rectangle and impossible differential attack were shown in [AARRS:
DT08]. Attacking Reduced-Round Versions of the SMS4 Block Cipher in
the Chinese WAPI Standard was shown in [ICICS:Lu07]. Analysis:
Cryptanalysis of Reduced-Round SMS4 Block Cipher was shown in [ACISP:
ZhaZhaWu08],[SAC:EtrRob08]. An Analysis of the Compact XSL Attack on
BES and Embedded SMS4 was shown in [CANS:ChoYapKho09]. Analysis of
Two Attacks on Reduced-Round Versions of the SMS4 was shown in
[ICICS:TozDun08]. Algebraic Cryptanalysis of SMS4 was shown in
[ICISC:EriDinChr09]. New Description of SMS4 by an Embedding over
GF(2^8) was shown in [INDOCRYPT:JiHu07]. Parallelizing the Camellia
and SMS4 Block Ciphers was shown in [AFRICACRYPT:YapKhoPos10].
SMS4 is used in the Chinese National Standard for Wireless LAN
WAPI.SMS4 was a proposed cipher to be used in IEEE 802.11i
standard,but so far been rejected by ISO.One of the reasons for the
rejection has been opposition to the WAPI fast-track proposal by the
IEEE. SMS4 uses an 8-bit S-box,performs 32 rounds to process one
block.A non-linear key schedule is used to produce the round keys.
4.4. SEED
SEED was first published in 1998. It is specified in [RFC4269], and
supports a key length of 128 bits.
IETF use includes 7 RFCs and 1 Internet Draft, which specify the
cipher and define its use in CMS, TLS, IPsec, SRTP, and MIKEY.
Intellectual Property Rights have not been claimed on SEED.
Attack: The best known attack against this cipher is an exhaustive
search for the key. Differential and linear attack were shown in
[DC:YS03], [SKES:WMF03]. Analysis: Differential Cryptanalysis of a
Reduced-Round SEED was shown in [SCN:YanShi02]. Side Channel
Cryptanalysis on SEED was shown in [WISA:YKHMP04].
SEED is developed by the Korean Information Security Agency.It is
used broadly throughout South Korean industry,but seldom found
elsewhere.It gained popularity in Korea because 40-bit SSL was not
considered strong enough (see 40-bit encryption), so the Korean
Information Security Agency developed its own standard.However, this
decision has historically limited the competition of web browsers in
Korea. SEED is a 16-round Feistel network with 128-bit blocks. It
uses two 8 !A 8 S-boxes which, like those of SAFER, are derived from
discrete exponentiation (in this case, x247 and x251 "C plus some
"incompatible operations"). It also has some resemblance to MISTY1
in the recursiveness of its structure: the 128-bit full cipher is a
Feistel network with an F-function operating on 64-bit halves, while
the F-function itself is a Feistel network composed of a G-function
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operating on 32-bit halves. However the recursion does not extend
further because the G-function is not a Feistel network. In the
G-function, the 32-bit word is considered as four 8-bit bytes, each
of which is passed through one or the other of the S-boxes, then
combined in a moderately complex set of boolean functions such that
each output bit depends on 3 of the 4 input bytes. SEED has a fairly
complex key schedule, generating its thirty-two 32-bit subkeys
through application of its G-function on a series of rotations of the
raw key, combined with round constants derived (as in TEA) from the
Golden ratio.
4.5. Camellia
Camellia was first published in 2000 in [SC:AIKMMNT00]. It is
specified in [RFC3713], and supports keys lengths 128, 192, and 256.
IETF uses include 15 RFCs and 6 Internet Drafts, which specify the
cipher and define its use in XMLsec, TLS, IPsec, OpenPGP, CMS, PSKC,
and Kerberos.
Intellectual Property Rights have been claimed on CAMELLIA. The
owner of those rights is NTT.
Attack: The best known attack against this cipher is truncated
differentials. Differential attack: Higher order differential attack
was shown in [HRDA:HSK02]. Higher Order Differential Attack of
Camellia (II) was shown in [SAC:HatSekKan02]. Square Attack: Square
Like Attack on Camellia was shown in [ICICS:LeiLiFen07]. Square
Attack on Reduced Camellia Cipher was shown in [ICICS:HeQin01]. On
the Security of CAMELLIA against the Square Attack was shown in [FSE:
YeoParKim02]. Collision Attack: Collision Attack and
Pseudorandomness of Reduced-Round Camellia was shown in [SAC:
WuFenChe04]. Improved Collision Attack on Reduced Round Camellia was
shown in [CANS:JieZho06]. Analysis: Truncated and Impossible
Differential Cryptanalysis was shown in [AC:SugKobIma01]. Truncated
Differential Cryptanalysis of Camellia was shown in [ICISC:LHLLY01].
Security of Camellia against Truncated Differential Cryptanalysis was
shown in [FSE:KanMat01]. Impossible Differential Cryptanalysis:
Differential,linear,boomerang and rectangle cryptannalysis were shown
in [DLBRC:S02]. Improving the Efficiency of Impossible Differential
Cryptanalysis of Reduced Camellia and MISTY1 was shown in [RSA:
LKKD08]. Improved Impossible Differential Cryptanalysis of Reduced-
Round Camellia was shown in [SAC:WuZhaZha08]. New Results on
Impossible Differential Cryptanalysis of Reduced-Round Camellia-128
was shown in [SAC:MSDB09]. Improved Upper Bounds of Differential and
Linear Characteristic Probability for Camellia was shown in [FSE:
ShiKanAbe02]. Parallelizing the Camellia and SMS4 Block Ciphers was
shown in [AFRICACRYPT:YapKhoPos10]. Unified Hardware Architecture
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for 128-Bit Block Ciphers AES and Camellia was shown in [CHES:
SatMor03]. Automatic Search for Related-Key Differential
Characteristics in Byte-Oriented Block Ciphers was shown in [EC:
BirNik10]. Hardware-Focused Performance Comparison for the Standard
Block Ciphers AES Camellia,and Triple-DES was shown in [ISC:
SatMor03]. New Observation on Camellia was shown in [SAC:
LeiChaFen05].
Camellia is a 128-bit block cipher jointly developed by Mitsubishi
and NTT. The cipher has been approved for use by the ISO/IEC, the
European Union's NESSIE project and the Japanese CRYPTREC project.
The cipher has security levels and processing abilities comparable to
the Advanced Encryption Standard.Camellia's block size is 16 bytes
(128 bits).The block cipher was designed to be suitable for both
software and hardware implementations, from low-cost smart cards to
high-speed network systems. Camellia is a Feistel cipher with either
18 rounds or 24 rounds. Every six rounds, a logical transformation
layer is applied: the so-called "FL-function" or its inverse.
Camellia uses four 8 x 8-bit S-boxes with input and output affine
transformations and logical operations. The cipher also uses input
and output key whitening. The diffusion layer uses a linear
transformation based on an MDS matrix with a branch number of 5.
4.6. CAST-256
CAST-256 was first published in 1998 in [EA:C98]. It is specified in
[RFC2612], and supports keys lengths 128, 160, 192, 224 and 256.
IETF use is RFC 2612, which defines the cipher.
Intellectual Property Rights have been claimed on CAST-256 by
Entrust. According to RFC 2612, it "is available worldwide on a
royalty-free and license-free basis for commercial and non-
commercial uses."
Attack: The best known attack against this cipher is linear attack.
Analysis: Differential and linear cryptanalysis was shown in [CA:
AHTW99]. Higher Order Differential Attack of CAST Cipher was shown
in [FSE:MorShiKan98]. Related-key cryptanalysis of 3-WAY Biham-
DES,CAST DES-X, NewDES, RC2, and TEA was shown in [ICICS:
KelSchWag97]. New Linear Cryptanalytic Results of Reduced-Round of
CAST-128 and CAST-256 was shown in [SAC:WamWanHu08].
CAST-256 (or CAST6) is a block cipher. It was submitted as a
candidate for the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES); however, it was
not among the five AES finalists. It is an extension of an earlier
cipher, CAST-128; both were designed according to the "CAST" design
methodology invented by Carlisle Adams and Stafford Tavares. Howard
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Heys and Michael Wiener also contributed to the design. CAST-256
uses the same elements as CAST-128, including S-boxes, but is adapted
for a block size of 128 bits !a twice the size of its 64-bit
predecessor. (A similar construction occurred in the evolution of
RC5 into RC6).CAST-256 is composed of 48 rounds, sometimes described
as 12 "quad-rounds", arranged in a generalised Feistel network.
4.7. Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)
AES was first published in 1998 in [AP:DR99], and was originally
called RIJNDAEL. It is specified in [FIPS-197], and supports keys
lengths of 128, 192, and 256 bits.
IETF uses include 29 RFCs and 3 Internet Drafts.
Intellectual Property Rights have not been claimed on AES.
The best known attack against this cipher is integrel
cryptanalysis,whick was shown in [AP:DR99]. Collision, related-key
boomerang,rectangle,related-key impossible differential,a meet-in-
the-middle attack were shown in [CAOR:GM00],[KRBR:BDK05],[RKIDA:
BDK06],[MITMA:DS08]. Attacking 9 and 10 Rounds of AES-256 was shown
in [ACISP:FleGorLuc09]. Cache Based Power Analysis Attacks on AES
was shown in [ACISP:FouTun06]. Principles on the Security of AES
against First and Second-Order Differential Power Analysis was shown
in [ACNS:LuPanHar10]. A Very Compact ``Perfectly Masked'' S-Box for
AES was shown in [ACNS:CanBat08]. Protecting AES Software
Implementations on 32-Bit Processors Against Power Analysis was shown
in [ACNS:TilHerMan07]. Differential Fault Analysis on AES was shown
in [ACNS:DusLetViv03]. Montgomery's Trick and Fast Implementation of
Masked AES was shown in [AFRICACRYPT:GenProQui11]. An Improved
Differential Fault Analysis on AES-256 was shown in [AFRICACRYPT:
AliMuk11]. Implementation of the AES-128 on Virtex-5 FPGAs was shown
in [AFRICACRYPT:BSQPR08]. AES side-channel analysis was shown in
[ASIACCS:NevSeiWan06]. Improved Single-Key Attacks on 8-Round AES-
192 and AES-256 was shown in [AC:DunKelSha10]. Related-Key
Cryptanalysis of the Full AES-192 and AES-256 was shown in [AC:
BirKho09]. The Intel AES Instructions Set and the SHA-3 Candidates
was shown in [AC:BBGR09]. Unbelievable Security. Matching AES
Security Using Public Key Systems was shown in [AC:Lenstra01]. An
Algorithm Based Concurrent Error Detection Scheme for AES was shown
in [CANS:ZhaYuLiu10]. Bitslice Implementation of AES was shown in
[CANS:RebSelDev06]. Improved Collision-Correlation Power Analysis on
First Order Protected AES was shown in [CHES:CFGRV11]. Higher-Order
Glitches Free Implementation of the AES Using Secure Multi-party
Computation Protocols was shown in [CHES:ProRoc11]. Protecting AES
with Shamir's Secret Sharing Scheme was shown in [CHES:GouMar11]. A
Fast and Provably Secure Higher-Order Masking of AES S-Box was shown
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in [CHES:KimHonLim11]. Information Theoretic and Security Analysis
of a 65-Nanometer DDSLL AES S-Box was shown in [CHES:RKSF11]. Meet-
in-the-Middle and Impossible Differential Fault Analysis on AES was
shown in [CHES:DerFouLer11]. Efficient Hashing Using the AES
Instruction Set was shown in [CHES:BosOzeSta11]. Mixed Bases for
Efficient Inversion in F_((2^2)^2)^2 and Conversion Matrices of
SubBytes of AES was shown in [CHES:NNTHM10]. Provably Secure Higher-
Order Masking of AES was shown in [CHES:RivPro10]. Faster and
Timing-Attack Resistant AES-GCM was shown in [CHES:KasSch09].
Accelerating AES with Vector Permute Instructions was shown in [CHES:
Hamburg09]. Algebraic Side-Channel Attacks on the AES was shown in
[CHES:RenStaVey09]. Multiple-Differential Side-Channel Collision
Attacks on AES was shown in [CHES:Bogdanov08]. High-Performance
Concurrent Error Detection Scheme for AES Hardware was shown in
[CHES:SSHA08]. A Lightweight Concurrent Fault Detection Scheme for
the AES S-Boxes Using Normal Basis was shown in [CHES:KerRey08].
Attacking State-of-the-Art Software Countermeasures-A Case Study for
AES was shown in [CHES:TilHer08]. A First-Order DPA Attack Against
AES in Counter Mode with Unknown Initial Counter was shown in [CHES:
Jaffe07]. Collision Attacks on AES-Based MAC: Alpha-MAC was shown in
[CHES:BBKK07]. Multi-gigabit GCM-AES Architecture Optimized for
FPGAs was shown in [CHES:LWFB07]. Power Analysis Resistant AES was
shown in [CHES:TilGro07]. Pinpointing the Side-Channel Leakage of
Masked AES Hardware Implementations was shown in [CHES:ManSch06]. A
Generalized Method of Differential Fault Attack Against AES
Cryptosystem was shown in [CHES:MorShaSal06]. Cache-Collision Timing
Attacks Against AES was shown in [CHES:BonMir06]. Instruction Set
Extensions for Efficient AES Implementation on 32-bit Processors was
shown in [CHES:TilGro06]. Successfully Attacking Masked AES ardware
Implementations was shown in [CHES:ManPraOsw05]. AES on FPGA from
the Fastest to the Smallest was shown in [CHES:GooBen05]. A Very
Compact S-Box for AES was shown in [CHES:Canright05]. A Collision-
Attack on AES:Combining Side Channel- and Differential-Attack was
shown in [CHES:SLFP04]. Strong Authentication for RFID Systems Using
the AES Algorithm was shown in [CHES:FelDomWol04]. A Differential
Fault Attack Technique against SPN Structures with Application to the
AES and KHAZAD was shown in [CHES:PirQui03]. Unified Hardware
Architecture for 128-Bit Block Ciphers AES and Camellia was shown in
[CHES:SatMor03]. Very Compact FPGA Implementation of the AES
Algorithm was shown in [CHES:ChoGaj03]. An Optimized S-Box Circuit
Architecture for Low Power AES Design was shown in [CHES:MorSat02].
Simplified Adaptive Multiplicative Masking for AES was shown in
[CHES:TriDeSGer02]. Multiplicative Masking and Power Analysis of AES
was shown in [CHES:GolTym02]. Architectural Optimization for a
1.82Gbits/sec VLSI Implementation of the AES Rijndael Algorithm was
shown in [CHES:KuoVer01]. An Implementation of DES and AES Secure
against Some Attacks was shown in [CHES:AkkGir01]. A Comparative
Study of Performance of AES Final Candidates Using FPGAs was shown in
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[CHES:DanPraRol00]. Automatic Search of Attacks on Round-Reduced AES
and Applications was shown in [C:BouDerFou11]. Distinguisher and
Related-Key Attack on the Full AES-256 was shown in [C:BirKhoNik09].
Essential Algebraic Structure within the AES was shown in
[C:MurRob02]. Differential Cache-Collision Timing Attacks on AES
with Applications to Embedded CPUs was shown in [RSA:BEPW10]. Fault
Analysis Attack against an AES Prototype Chip Using RSL was shown in
[RSA:SakYagOht09]. Boosting AES Performance on a Tiny Processor Core
was shown in [RSA:TilHer08]. A Fast and Cache-Timing Resistant
Implementation of the AES was shown in [RSA:Konighofer08]. Cache
Based Remote Timing Attack on the AES was shown in [RSA:AciSchKoc07].
Cache Attacks and Countermeasures: The Case of AES was shown in [RSA:
OsvShaTro06]. Related-Key Impossible Differential Attacks on 8-Round
AES-192 was shown in [RSA:BihDunKel06]. Higher Order Masking of the
AES was shown in [RSA:SchPaa06]. Design of AES Based on Dual Cipher
and Composite Field was shown in [RSA:WuLuLai04]. An ASIC
Implementation of the AES S-Boxes was shown in [RSA:WolOswLam02].
Pushing the Limits: A Very Compact and a Threshold Implementation of
AES was shown in [EC:MPLPW11]. Key Recovery Attacks of Practical
Complexity on AES-256 Variants with up to 10 Rounds was shown in [EC:
BDKKS10]. Automatic Search for Related-Key Differential
Characteristics in Byte-Oriented Block Ciphers was shown in [EC:
BirNik10]. AES and the Wide Trail Design Strategy (Invited Talk) was
shown in [EC:DaeRij02]. Secure Multiparty AES was shown in [FC:
DamKel10]. Fault Based Cryptanalysis of the AES was shown in [FC:
BloSei03]. Meet-in-the-Middle Preimage Attacks on AES Hashing Modes
and an Application to Whirlpool was shown in [FSE:Sasaki11]. Fast
Software AES Encryption was shown in [FSE:OBSC10]. Uper-Sbox
Cryptanalysis: Improved Attacks for AES-Like Permutations was shown
in [FSE:GilPey10]. Intel's New AES Instructions for Enhanced
Performance and Security (Invited Talk) was shown in [FSE:Gueron09].
A Meet-in-the-Middle Attack on 8-Round AES was shown in [FSE:
DemSel08]. Related-Key Rectangle Attacks on Reduced AES-192 and AES-
256 was shown in [FSE:KimHonPre07]. A Zero-Dimensional Gr\obner
Basis for AES-128 was shown in [FSE:BucPysWei06]. Provably Secure
MACs from Differentially-Uniform Permutations and AES-Based
Implementations was shown in [FSE:MinTsu06]. The Poly1305-AES
Message-Authentication Code was shown in [FSE:Bernstein05]. Small
Scale Variants of the AES was shown in [FSE:CidMurRob05]. Related-
Key Rectangle Attacks on Reduced Versions of SHACAL-1 and AES-192 was
shown in [FSE:HKLP05]. A Side-Channel Analysis Resistant Description
of the AES S-Box was shown in [FSE:OMPR05]. Further Observations on
the Structure of the AES Algorithm was shown in [FSE:SonSeb03].
Securing the AES Finalists Against Power Analysis Attacks was shown
in [FSE:Messerges00]. On the Pseudorandomness of the AES Finalists -
RC6 and Serpent was shown in [FSE:IwaKur00]. Advanced Encryption
Standard (Discussion) was shown in [FSE:AES97]. Compact and Secure
Design of Masked AES S-Box was shown in [ICICS:ZSMTS07]. Trace-
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Driven Cache Attacks on AES (Short Paper) was shown in [ICICS:
AciKoc06]. On Some Weak Extensions of AES and BES was shown in
[ICICS:MonVau04]. Cryptanalysis of some AES Candidate Algorithms was
shown in [ICICS:WLFQ9]. Protecting White-Box AES with Dual Ciphers
was shown in [ICISC:Karroumi10]. New Results on Impossible
Differential Cryptanalysis of Reduced AES was shown in [ICISC:
ZhaWuFen07]. An Algebraic Masking Method to Protect AES Against
Power Attacks was shown in [ICISC:CouGou05]. A Simple Power-Analysis
(SPA) Attackon Implementations of the AES Key Expansion was shown in
[ICISC:Mangard02]. Cache Games - Bringing Access-Based Cache Attacks
on AES to Practice was shown in [SP:GulBanKre11]. Attack on a
Higher-Order Masking of the AES Based on Homographic Functions was
shown in [INDOCRYPT:ProRoc10]. Improved Impossible Differential
Cryptanalysis of 7-Round AES-128 was shown in [INDOCRYPT:MDRM10].
Cryptanalysis of a Perturbated White-Box AES Implementation was shown
in [INDOCRYPT:MulWysPre10]. Improved Meet-in-the-Middle Attacks on
AES was shown in [INDOCRYPT:DTCB09]. New Related-Key Boomerang
Attacks on AES was shown in [INDOCRYPT:GorLuc08]. New Impossible
Differential Attacks on AES was shown in [INDOCRYPT:LDKK08].
Related-Key Differential-Linear Attacks on Reduced AES-192 was shown
in [INDOCRYPT:ZZWF07]. Design of a Differential Power Analysis
Resistant Masked AES S-Box (Short Presentation) was shown in
[INDOCRYPT:KumMukCho07]. Comparative Evaluation of Rank Correlation
Based DPA on an AES Prototype Chip was shown in [ISC:BatGieLem08].
Improved Cryptanalysis of the Reduced Gr\ostl Compression Function
ECHO Permutation and AES Block Cipher was shown in [SAC:MPRS09]. An
FPGA Implementation of CCM Mode Using AES was shown in [ICISC:
LopRodDia05]. (AES) - An Update was shown in [IMA:Knudsen99]. A
Program Generator for Intel AES-NI Instructions was shown in
[INDOCRYPT:ManGre10]. New AES Software Speed Records was shown in
[INDOCRYPT:BerSch08]. AES Software Implementations on ARM7TDMI
[INDOCRYPT:DarKuh06]. Vortex: A New Family of One-Way Hash Functions
Based on AES Rounds and Carry-Less Multiplication was shown in [ISC:
GueKou08]. Hardware-Focused Performance Comparison for the Standard
Block Ciphers AES Camellia,and Triple-DES was shown in [ISC:
SatMor03]. Bitstream Encryption and Authentication Using AES-GCM in
Dynamically Reconfigurable Systems was shown in [IWSEC:HSST08]. Low
Power AES Hardware Architecture for Radio Frequency Identification
was shown in [IWSEC:KRCJ06]. Securing RSA-KEM via the AES was shown
in [PKC:JonRob05]. Transactional contention management as a non-
clairvoyant scheduling problem was shown in [PODC:AEST06]. Tweaking
AES was shown in [SAC:Nikolic10]. A More Compact AES was shown in
[SAC:CanOsv09]. An Improved Recovery Algorithm for Decayed AES Key
Schedule Images was shown in [SAC:Tsow09]. Improved Side-Channel
Collision Attacks on AES was shown in [SAC:Bogdanov07]. Analysis of
Countermeasures Against Access Driven Cache Attacks on AES was shown
in [SAC:BloKru07]. Improved Related-Key Impossible Differential
Attacks on Reduced-Round AES-192 was shown in [SAC:ZWZF06]. Advances
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on Access-Driven Cache Attacks on AES was shown in [SAC:NevSei06].
Proving the Security of AES Substitution-Permutation Network was
shown in [SAC:BaiVau05]. Provably Secure Masking of AES was shown in
[SAC:BloGuaKru04]. Cryptanalysis of a White Box AES Implementation
was shown in [SAC:BilGilEch04]. Related-Key Differential
Cryptanalysis of 192-bit Key AES Variants was shown in [SAC:
JakDes03]. White-Box Cryptography and an AES Implementation was
shown in[SAC:CEJV02]. Using Normal Bases for Compact Hardware
Implementations of the AES S-Box was shown in [SCN:NikRijSch08].
Understanding Two-Round Differentials in AES was shown in [SCN:
DaeRij06]. Improved Trace-Driven Cache-Collision Attacks against
Embedded AES Implementations was shown in [WISA:GalKizTun10]. A
Probing Attack on AES was shown in [WISA:SchKim08]. An Efficient
Masking Scheme for AES Software Implementations was shown in [WISA:
OswSch05]. Secure and Efficient AES Software Implementation for
Smart Cards was shown in [WISA:TriKor04]. Distinguishers for Ciphers
and Known Key Attack against Rijndael with Large Blocks was shown in
[AFRICACRYPT:MinPhaPou09]. Improving Integral Attacks Against
Rijndael-256 Up to 9 Rounds was shown in [AFRICACRYPT:GalMin08].
!oHow Many Ways Can You Write Rijndael?!+/- was shown in [AC:
BarBih02]. On the Security of Rijndael-Like Structures against
Differential and Linear Cryptanalysis was shown in [AC:PSCYL02]. A
Compact Rijndael Hardware Architecture with S-Box Optimization was
shown in [AC:SMTM01]. NanoCMOS-Molecular Realization of Rijndael was
shown in [CHES:MasRaiAhm06]. EM Analysis of Rijndael and ECC on a
Wireless Java-Based PDA was shown in [CHES:GebHoTiu05]. Power
Analysis of an FPGA was shown in [CHES:StaBerPre04]. Efficient
Implementation of Rijndael Encryption in Reconfigurable Hardware was
shown in [CHES:SRQL03]. Architectural Optimization for a 1.82Gbits/
sec VLSI Implementation of the AES Rijndael Algorithm was shown in
[CHES:KuoVer01]. High Performance Single-Chip FPGA Rijndael
Algorithm Implementations was shown in [CHES:McLMcC01]. Two Methods
of Rijndael Implementation in Reconfigurable Hardware was shown in
[CHES:FisDru01]. A Systematic Evaluation of Compact Hardware
mplementations for the Rijndael S-Box was shown in [RSA:MBPV05].
Consistent Differential Patterns of Rijndael was shown in [ICISC:
SonSeb02]. Improved Impossible Differential Attacks on Large-Block
Rijndael was shown in [ISC:ZWPKY08]. Impossible-Differential Attacks
on Large-Block Rijndael was shown in [ISC:NakPav07]. Experimental
Testing of the Gigabit IPSec-Compliant Implementations of Rijndael
and Triple DES Using SLAAC-1V FPGA Accelerator Board was shown in
[ISC:CGBS01]. Known-Key Attacks on Rijndael with Large Blocks and
Strengthening ShiftRow Parameter was shown in [IWSEC:Sasaki10]. A
Simple Algebraic Representation of Rijndael was shown in [SAC:
FegSchWhi01]. Improving the Upper Bound on the Maximum Average
Linear Hull Probability for Rijndael was shown in [SAC:KelMeiTav01].
The Round Functions of RIJNDAEL Generate the Alternating Group was
shown in [FSE:Wernsdorf02].
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(AES) is a specification for the encryption of electronic data. It
has been adopted by the U.S. government and is now used worldwide.
AES was announced by National Institute of Standards and Technology
(NIST) as U.S. FIPS PUB 197 (FIPS 197) on November 26, 2001 after a
five-year standardization process in which fifteen competing designs
were presented and evaluated before it was selected as the most
suitable. It became effective as a Federal government standard on
May 26, 2002 after approval by the Secretary of Commerce. It is
available in many different encryption packages. AES is the first
publicly accessible and open cipher approved by the National Security
Agency (NSA) for top secret information. Originally called Rijndael,
the cipher was developed by two Belgian cryptographers, Joan Daemen
and Vincent Rijmen, and submitted by them to the AES selection
process. AES is based on a design principle known as a substitution-
permutation network. It is fast in both software and hardware. AES
operates on a 4!A4 column-major order matrix of bytes, termed the
state (versions of Rijndael with a larger block size have additional
columns in the state). Most AES calculations are done in a special
finite field.The AES cipher is specified as a number of repetitions
of transformation rounds that convert the input plaintext into the
final output of ciphertext. Each round consists of several
processing steps, including one that depends on the encryption key.
A set of reverse rounds are applied to transform ciphertext back into
the original plaintext using the same encryption key.
4.8. Twofish
Twofish was first published in 1998. It is specified in [Twofish],
and supports keys lengths of 128, 192, and 256 bits.
IETF use include 9 RFCs, that specify its use in OpenPGP, SSH, and
ZRTP.
Intellectual Property Rights have not been claimed on Twofish.
Attack: The best known attack against this cipher is truncated
differential attack,which was shown in [TC:MY00]. Truncated
differential,impossible differential attack that breaks was shown in
[TC:MY00]. The Saturation Attack - A Bait for Twofish was shown in
[FSE:Lucks01]. Analysis: Improved Impossible Differentials on
Twofish was shown in [INDOCRYPT:BihFur00]. On the Twofish Key
Schedul was shown in [SAC:SKWWH98].
Twofish is a symmetric key block cipher with a block size of 128
bits. It was one of the five finalists of the Advanced Encryption
Standard contest, but was not selected for standardisation. Twofish
is related to the earlier block cipher Blowfish. Twofish's
distinctive features are the use of pre-computed key-dependent
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S-boxes, and a relatively complex key schedule.Twofish borrows some
elements from other designs; for example, the pseudo-Hadamard
transform (PHT) from the SAFER family of ciphers. Twofish uses the
same Feistel structure as DES. On most software platforms Twofish
was slightly slower than Rijndael for 128-bit keys, but somewhat
faster for 256-bit keys. Twofish was designed by Bruce Schneier,
John Kelsey, Doug Whiting, David Wagner, Chris Hall, and Niels
Ferguson; Twofish algorithm is free for anyone to use without any
restrictions whatsoever. It is one of a few ciphers included in the
OpenPGP standard (RFC 4880). However, Twofish has seen less
widespread usage than Blowfish, which has been available longer.
4.9. Serpent
Serpent was first published in 1998. It is specified in [Serpent],
and supports keys lengths of 128, 192, and 256 bits.
IETF uses include 6 RFCs, which specify its use in SSH.
Intellectual Property Rights have not been claimed on Serpent.
Attack: The best known attack against this cipher is linear attack.
The Rectangle Attack - Rectangling the Serpent was shown in [EC:
BihDunKel01]. Amplified Boomerang Attacks Against Reduced-Round MARS
and Serpent was shown in [FSE:KelKohSch00]. A Differential-Linear
Attack on 12-Round Serpent was shown in [INDOCRYPT:DunIndKel08].
Analysis: Amplified boomerang,rectangle,differential
cryptanalysis,linear cryptanalysis and differential-linear
cryptanalysis were shown in [ABA:KKS00],[RA:BDK01],[DC:WH00],[LC:
BDK02],[DLC:BDK03]. Multidimensional Linear Cryptanalysis of Reduced
Round Serpent was shown in [ACISP:HerChoNyb08]. Experiments on the
Multiple Linear Cryptanalysis of Reduced Round Serpent was shown in
[FSE:ColStaQui08]. Differential-Linear Cryptanalysis of Serpent was
shown in [FSE:BihDunKel03a]. Linear Cryptanalysis of Reduced Round
Serpent was shown in [FSE:BihDunKel01]. A New Technique for
Multidimensional Linear Cryptanalysis with Applications on Reduced
Round Serpent was shown in [ICISC:ChoHerNyb08]. A Dynamic FPGA
Implementation of the Serpent Block Cipher was shown in [CHES:
Patterson00]. On the Pseudorandomness of the AES Finalists - RC6 and
Serpent was shown in [FSE:IwaKur00]. Serpent: A New Block Cipher
Proposal was shown in [FSE:BihAndKnu98].
Serpent was a finalist in the AES contest,where it came second to
Rijndael.Serpent was designed by Ross Anderson,Eli Biham,and Lars
Knudsen. Serpent was widely viewed as taking a more conservative
approach to security than the other AES finalists, opting for a
larger security margin: the designers deemed 16 rounds to be
sufficient against known types of attack, but specified 32 rounds as
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insurance against future discoveries in cryptanalysis. The Serpent
cipher is in the public domain and has not been patented. There are
no restrictions or encumbrances whatsoever regarding its use. As a
result, anyone is free to incorporate Serpent in their software (or
hardware implementations) without paying license fees.
5. 64-bit Block Ciphers
5.1. MISTY1
MISTY1 was first published in 1995. It is specified in [RFC2994],
and supports key lengths 128.
IETF use includes RFC 2994, which specifies the cipher.
Intellectual Property Rights have been claimed on MISTY1. The owner
of those rights is Mistsubishi. According to [RFC2994], "the
algorithm is freely available for academic (non-profit) use.
Additionally, the algorithm can be used for commercial use without
paying the patent fee if you contract with Mitsubishi Electric
Corporation. For more information, please contact at
MISTY@isl.melco.co.jp."
Attack: An Improved Impossible Differential Attack on MISTY1 was
shown in [AC:DunKel08a]. Higher Order Differential Attacks on
Reduced-Round MISTY1 was shown in [ICISC:TSSK08]. Improved Integral
Attacks on MISTY1 was shown in [SAC:SunLai09]. Analysis:
Cryptanalysis of Reduced-Round MISTY was shown in [EC:Kuhn01].
Improved Cryptanalysis of MISTY1 was shown in [FSE:Kuhn02]. Security
Analysis of MISTY1 was shown in [WISA:THSK07]. Improving the
Efficiency of Impossible Differential Cryptanalysis of Reduced
Camellia and MISTY1 was shown in [RSA:LKKD08]. On MISTY1 Higher
Order Differential Cryptanalysis was shown in [ICISC:BabFri00].
Security of the MISTY Structure in the Luby-Rackoff Model was shown
in [SAC:PirQui04]. Round Security and Super-Pseudorandomness of
MISTY Type Structure was shown in [FSE:IYYK01]. A Very Compact
Hardware Implementation of the MISTY1 Block Cipher was shown in
[CHES:YamYajIto08]. New Block Encryption Algorithm MISTY was shown
in [FSE:Matsui97].
This space for commentary - history, background, interesting
properties.
5.2. SKIPJACK
SKIPJACK was first published in 1998, and is specified in [SKIPJACK].
It supports a key length of 80 bits.
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IETF use includes 15 RFCs, which describe its use in CMS and TELNET.
Intellectual Property Rights have not been claimed on SKIPJACK.
Attack: Saturation Attacks on Reduced Round Skipjack was shown in
[FSE:KLLLL02]. Analysis: Provable Security for the Skipjack-like
Structure against Differential Cryptanalysis and Linear Cryptanalysis
was shown in [AC:SLLHP00]. Truncated Differentials and Skipjack was
shown in [C:KnuRobWag99]. Cryptanalysis of Skipjack Reduced to 31
Rounds Using Impossible Differentials was shown in [EC:BihBirSha99].
Flaws in Differential Cryptanalysis of Skipjack was shown in [FSE:
Granboulan01]. Markov Truncated Differential Cryptanalysis of
Skipjack was shown in [SAC:ReiWag02]. Initial Observations on
Skipjack:Cryptanalysis of Skipjack-3XOR (Invited Talk) was shown in
[SAC:BBDRS98].
This space for commentary - history, background, interesting
properties.
5.3. RC2
RC2 was first published in 1998. It is specified in [RFC2268], and
supports keys lengths of 8, 16, 24, !, and 1024 bits.
IETF use includes 36 RFCs, which specify the cipher and describe its
use in CMS, SMIME, TLS, and PKIX.
Intellectual Property Rights have not been claimed on RC2, though
[RFC2268] says that "RC2 is a registered trademark of RSA Data
Security, Inc. RSA's copyrighted RC2 software is available under
license from RSA Data Security, Inc."
On the Design and Security of RC2 was shown in [FSE:KRRR98].
Related-key cryptanalysis of 3-WAY Biham-DES,CAST DES-X, NewDES, RC2,
and TEA was shown in [ICICS:KelSchWag97].
This space for commentary - history, background, interesting
properties.
5.4. CAST-128
CAST-128 was first published in 1997. It is specified in [RFC2144],
and supports a key length of 128 bits.
IETF use includes 20 RFCs that specify the cipher and define its use
in OpenPGP, IPsec, CMS, and PKIX.
Intellectual Property Rights have been claimed on CAST-128 by
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Entrust. According to [RFC2144], "The CAST-128 cipher described in
this document is available worldwide on a royalty-free basis for
commercial and non-commercial uses."
5.5. BLOWFISH
BLOWFISH was first published in 1994. It is specified in [Blowfish],
and supports keys lengths 32,64,96,!, and 448.
IETF use includes None.
Intellectual Property Rights have not been claimed on BLOWFISH.
A New Class of Weak Keys for Blowfish was shown in [FSE:KarMan07].
On the Weak Keys of Blowfish was shown in [FSE:Vaudenay96].
Description of a New Variable-Length Key 64-bit Block Cipher
(Blowfish) was shown in [FSE:Schneier93].
This space for commentary - history, background, interesting
properties.
5.6. International Data Encryption Algorithm (IDEA)
IDEA was first published in 1992. It is specified in [IDEA], and
supports key length of 128 bits.
IETF use includes 9 RFCs, which describe its use in TLS and IPsec
(but not in OpenPGP, though IDEA was used in earlier PGP versions).
Intellectual Property Rights have been claimed on IDEA. The owner of
those rights is MediaCrypt AG.
Attack: Two Attacks on Reduced IDEA was shown in [EC:BorKnuRij97]. A
New Attack on 6-Round IDEA was shown in [FSE:BihDunKel07b]. New
Attacks Against Reduced-Round Versions of IDEA was shown in [FSE:
Junod05]. Miss in the Middle Attacks on IDEA and Khufu was shown in
[FSE:BihBirSha99]. A New Meet-in-the-Middle Attack on the IDEA Block
Cipher was shown in [SAC:DemSelTur03]. Square-like Attacks on
Reduced Rounds of IDEA was shown in [SAC:Demirci02]. Analysis: On
the Security of the IDEA Block Cipher was shown in [EC:Meier93].
Cryptanalysis of IDEA-X/2 was shown in [FSE:Raddum03]. New
Cryptanalytic Results on IDEA was shown in [AC:BihDunKel06]. On
Applying Linear Cryptanalysis to IDEA was shown in [AC:HawOCo96].
Key-Schedule Cryptoanalysis of IDEA G-DES,GOST SAFER, and Triple-DES
was shown in [C:KelSchWag96]. Fault Analysis Study of IDEA was shown
in [RSA:ClaGieVer08]. Differential-Linear Weak Key Classes of IDEA
was shown in [EC:Hawkes98]. Improved DST Cryptanalysis of IDEA was
shown in [SAC:AyaSel06]. Weak Keys for IDEA was shown in
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[C:DaeGovVan93]. New Weak-Key Classes of IDEA was shown in [ICICS:
BNPV02].
This space for commentary - history, background, interesting
properties. DPA on n-Bit Sized Boolean and Arithmetic Operations and
Its Application to IDEA RC6, and the HMAC-Construction was shown in
[CHES:LemSchPaa04]. Switching Blindings with a View Towards IDEA was
shown in [CHES:NeiPul04]. Tradeoffs in Parallel and Serial
Implementations of the International Data Encryption Algorithm IDEA
was shown in [CHES:CTLL01]. Revisiting the IDEA Philosophy was shown
in [FSE:JunMac09]. Nonlinearity Properties of the Mixing Operations
of the Block Cipher IDEA was shown in [INDOCRYPT:Yildirim03]. A Note
on Weak Keys of PES IDEA,and Some Extended Variants was shown in
[ISC:NakPreVan03]. !oIDEA: A Cipher For Multimedia Architectures?!+/-
was shown in [SAC:Lipmaa98].
5.7. GOST 28147-89
The GOST 28147-89 was first published in 1989. It is specified in
[RFC5830], and supports a key length of 256 bits. 256 Bit
Standardized Crypto for 650 GE - GOST Revisited was shown in [CHES:
PosLinWan10].
IETF use includes 7 RFCs.
Intellectual Property Rights have not been claimed on GOST 28147-89.
Attack: A Single-Key Attack on the Full GOST Block Ciphe was shown in
[FSE:Isobe11]. Analysis: Cryptanalysis of the GOST Hash Function was
shown in [C:MPRKS08]. Key-Schedule Cryptoanalysis of IDEA G-DES,GOST
SAFER, and Triple-DES was shown in [C:KelSchWag96]. Differential
Cryptanalysis of Reduced Rounds of GOST was shown in [SAC:SekKan00].
This space for commentary - history, background, interesting
properties.
5.8. Triple Data Encryption Standard (TDES)
The Triple Data Encryption Standard (TDES, or sometimes 3DES) was
first published in 1979. It is specified in [FIPS-46-3], and
supports key lengths of 112.
IETF uses include citations in 143 RFCs, which describe the use of
the cipher in IPsec, TLS, SMIME, CMS, PKIX, PPP, SSH, GSAKMP.
Intellectual Property Rights have been claimed on TDES. The owner of
those rights is IBM. According to [FIPS-46-3], TDES may be "covered
by U.S. and foreign patents, including patents issued to the
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International Business Machines Corporation. However, IBM has
granted nonexclusive, royalty-free licenses under the patents to
make, use and sell apparatus which complies with the standard."
Attack: Attacking Triple Encryption was shown in [FSE:Lucks98]. A
Known Plaintext Attack on Two-Key Triple Encryption was shown in [EC:
VanWie90]. Analysis: The Security of Triple Encryption and a
Framework for Code-Based Game-Playing Proofs was shown in [EC:
BelRog06].
This space for commentary - history, background, interesting
properties.
5.9. Data Encryption Standard (DES)
DES was first published in 1977. It is specified in [FIPS-46], and
its key length is 56 bits.
IETF use includes 66 drafts and 158 RFCs.
Intellectual Property Rights have been claimed on DES. The owner of
those rights is IBM. According to [FIPS-46-3], TDES may be "covered
by U.S. and foreign patents, including patents issued to the
International Business Machines Corporation. However, IBM has
granted nonexclusive, royalty-free licenses under the patents to
make, use and sell apparatus which complies with the standard."
DES is currently obsolete; its key size is inadequate to protect
against attackers with access to modern computing resources. The
security implications of using DES are discussed at length in
[RFC4772]. Historically, DES was intstrumental in the development of
moden cryptography; Differential [C:BihSha90] and Linear [EC:
Matsui93] Cryptanalysis were developed through the analysis of the
DES algorithm.
DES was designed by an IBM research team led by Horst Feistel, a
German-born cryptographer. DES was a refinement of the earlier
LUCIFER cipher, which is the first modern block cipher that has been
publicly described.
6. Stream Ciphers
6.1. Kcipher-2
Kcipher-2 was first published in 2011. It is specified in
[I-D.kiyomoto-kcipher2] and supports a key length of 128 bits, and a
128-bit initialization vector.
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IETF use includes 2 drafts, which specify the cipher and describe its
use in TLS.
Intellectual Property Rights have been claimed on Kcipher-2. The
owners of those rights are KDDI and Qualcomm.
KCipher-2 has been used for industrial applications, especially for
mobile health monitoring and diagnostic services in Japan.
6.2. Rabbit
Rabbit was first published in 2003 [FSE:BVPCS03] in a peer-reviewed
workshop. It is specified in [RFC4503], and supports a keys length
of 128 bits, and a 64-bit IV.
The only citation in IETF documents is the cipher specification
itself.
Intellectual Property Rights have been claimed on this cipher. The
owner of those rights is Cryptico A/S.
The best known attacks against this cipher have a complexity greather
than 2^128, and thus do not violate its security goals.
Distinguishing attacks were shown in [ISC:LuDes10] [ISC:LuWanLin08].
Side channels and fault injection attacks were considered in
[INDOCRYPT:BerCanGou09] and [SAC:KirYou09], which described state-
recovery attacks with 2^38 complexity.
Rabbit is the only finalist from eSTREAM, the ECRYPT Stream Cipher
Project, that appears in this note. Rabbit has a relatively small
internal state of about 64 bytes, and it updates all words of state
at each iteration, in contrast to RC4 (Section 6.3).
6.3. RC4
RC4 was first described in 1994. No normative specification exists;
it is sometimes called ARCFOUR, which is short for alleged RC4. The
cipher supports key lengths of 8, 16, 24, ..., 1024 bits. RC4 does
not accept an initialization vector.
IETF use includes 54 RFCs and 23 drafts, which describe the use of
RC4 in TLS, Kerberos, and SSH.
Intellectual Property Rights have not been claimed on RC4.
Attack: A Practical Attack on the Fixed RC4 in the WEP Mode was shown
in [AC:Mantin05]. New State Recovery Attack on RC4 was shown in
[C:MaxKho08]. Statistical Attack on RC4 - Distinguishing WPA was
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shown in [EC:SepVauVua11]. Predicting and Distinguishing Attacks on
RC4 Keystream Generator was shown in [EC:Mantin05]. Attack on
Broadcast RC4 Revisited was shown in [FSE:MaiPauSen11]. Key
Collisions of the RC4 Stream Cipher was shown in [FSE:Matsui09]. Two
Linear Distinguishing Attacks on VMPC and RC4A and Weakness of RC4
Family of Stream Ciphers was shown in [FSE:Maximov05]. A Practical
Attack on Broadcast RC4 was shown in [FSE:ManSha01]. Collisions for
RC4-Hash was shown in [ISC:IndPre08]. Passive-Only Key Recovery
Attacks on RC4 was shown in [SAC:VauVua07]. Generalized RC4 Key
Collisions and Hash Collisions was shown in [SCN:CheMiy10].
Analysis: New Correlations of RC4 PRGA Using Nonzero-Bit Differences
was shown in [ACISP:MiySuk09]. Cache Timing Analysis of RC4 was
shown in [ACNS:ChaFouLer11]. Impossible Fault Analysis of RC4 and
Differential Fault Analysis of RC4 was shown in [FSE:BihGraNgu05].
Statistical Analysis of the Alleged RC4 Keystream Generator was shown
in [FSE:FluMcG00]. Analysis of RC4 and Proposal of Additional Layers
for Better Security Margin was shown in [INDOCRYPT:MaiPau08].
Analysis of Non-fortuitous Predictive States of the RC4 Keystream
Generator was shown in [INDOCRYPT:PauPre03]. Cryptanalysis of RC4-
like Ciphers was shown in [SAC:MisTav98]. Recovering RC4 Permutation
from 2048 Keystream Bytes if j Is Stuck was shown in [ACISP:
MaiPau08]. (Not So) Random Shuffles of RC4 was shown in
[C:Mironov02]. Linear Statistical Weakness of Alleged RC4 Keystream
Generator was shown in [EC:Golic97a]. New Form of Permutation Bias
and Secret Key Leakage in Keystream Bytes of RC4 was shown in [FSE:
MaiPau08]. Efficient Reconstruction of RC4 Keys from Internal States
was shown in [FSE:BihCar08]. A New Weakness in the RC4 Keystream
Generator and an Approach to Improve the Security of the Cipher was
shown in [FSE:PauPre04]. One Byte per Clock: A Novel RC4 Hardware
was shown in [INDOCRYPT:SSMS10]. New Results on the Key Scheduling
Algorithm of RC4 was shown in [INDOCRYPT:AkgKavDem08]. Discovery and
Exploitation of New Biases in RC4 was shown in [SAC:SepVauVua10].
Permutation After RC4 Key Scheduling Reveals the Secret Key was shown
in [SAC:PauMai07]. Weaknesses in the Key Scheduling Algorithm of RC4
was shown in [SAC:FluManSha01].
This space for commentary - history, background, interesting
properties.
7. Acknowledgements
Thanks are due to Jon Callas and Kevin Igoe.
8. IANA Considerations
This memo includes no request to IANA.
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9. Security Considerations
Security is the main topic of this note.
10. References
10.1. Normative References
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
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[ACNS:ChaFouLer11]
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[AFRICACRYPT:AliMuk11]
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[AFRICACRYPT:BSQPR08]
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[AFRICACRYPT:GalMin08]
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[AFRICACRYPT:GenProQui11]
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[AFRICACRYPT:MinPhaPou09]
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[AFRICACRYPT:YapKhoPos10]
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Internet-Draft Internet Ciphers March 2012
[INDOCRYPT:AkgKavDem08]
Kavak, P., Demirci, H., and M. Akg\\un, "New Results on
the Key Scheduling Algorithm of RC4", Lecture Notes in
Computer Science indocrypt08vol, 2008.
[INDOCRYPT:BerCanGou09]
Canovas-Dumas, C., Goubin, L., and A. Berzati, "Fault
Analysis of Rabbit: Toward a Secret Key Leakage", Lecture
Notes in Computer Science indocrypt09vol, 2009.
[INDOCRYPT:BerSch08]
Schwabe, P. and D. J., "New AES Software Speed Records",
Lecture Notes in Computer Science indocrypt08vol, 2008.
[INDOCRYPT:BihFur00]
Furman, V. and E. Biham, "Improved Impossible
Differentials on Twofish", Lecture Notes in Computer
Science indocrypt00vol, 2000.
[INDOCRYPT:DTCB09]
Taskin, I., \\cCoban, M., Baysal, A., and H. Demirci,
"Improved Meet-in-the-Middle Attacks on AES", Lecture
Notes in Computer Science indocrypt09vol, 2009.
[INDOCRYPT:DarKuh06]
Kuhlman, D. and M. Darnall, "AES Software Implementations
on ARM7TDMI", Lecture Notes in Computer
Science indocrypt06vol, 2006.
[INDOCRYPT:DunIndKel08]
Indesteege, S., Keller, N., and O. Dunkelman, "A
Differential-Linear Attack on 12-Round Serpent", Lecture
Notes in Computer Science indocrypt08vol, 2008.
[INDOCRYPT:FFGL10]
Forler, C., Gorski, M., Lucks, S., and E. Fleischmann,
"New Boomerang Attacks on ARIA", Lecture Notes in Computer
Science indocrypt10vol, 2010.
[INDOCRYPT:GorLuc08]
Lucks, S. and M. Gorski, "New Related-Key Boomerang
Attacks on AES", Lecture Notes in Computer
Science indocrypt08vol, 2008.
[INDOCRYPT:JiHu07]
Hu, L. and W. Ji, "New Description of SMS4 by an Embedding
over GF(2^8)", Lecture Notes in Computer
Science indocrypt07vol, 2007.
McGrew & Shen Expires September 6, 2012 [Page 49]
Internet-Draft Internet Ciphers March 2012
[INDOCRYPT:KumMukCho07]
Mukhopadhyay, D., Roy, D., and K. Kumar, "Design of a
Differential Power Analysis Resistant Masked AES S-Box
(Short Presentation)", Lecture Notes in Computer
Science indocrypt07vol, 2007.
[INDOCRYPT:LDKK08]
Dunkelman, O., Keller, N., Kim, J., and J. Lu, "New
Impossible Differential Attacks on AES", Lecture Notes in
Computer Science indocrypt08vol, 2008.
[INDOCRYPT:MDRM10]
Dakhilalian, M., Rijmen, V., Modarres-Hashemi, M., and H.
Mala, "Improved Impossible Differential Cryptanalysis of
7-Round AES-128", Lecture Notes in Computer
Science indocrypt10vol, 2010.
[INDOCRYPT:MaiPau08]
Paul, G. and S. Maitra, "Analysis of RC4 and Proposal of
Additional Layers for Better Security Margin", Lecture
Notes in Computer Science indocrypt08vol, 2008.
[INDOCRYPT:ManGre10]
Gregg, D. and R. Manley, "A Program Generator for Intel
AES-NI Instructions", Lecture Notes in Computer
Science indocrypt10vol, 2010.
[INDOCRYPT:MulWysPre10]
Wyseur, B., Preneel, B., and Y. De, "Cryptanalysis of a
Perturbated White-Box AES Implementation", Lecture Notes
in Computer Science indocrypt10vol, 2010.
[INDOCRYPT:PauPre03]
Preneel, B. and S. Paul, "Analysis of Non-fortuitous
Predictive States of the RC4 Keystream Generator", Lecture
Notes in Computer Science indocrypt03vol, 2003.
[INDOCRYPT:ProRoc10]
Roche, T. and E. Prouff, "Attack on a Higher-Order Masking
of the AES Based on Homographic Functions", Lecture Notes
in Computer Science indocrypt10vol, 2010.
[INDOCRYPT:SSMS10]
Sinha, K., Maitra, S., P., B., and S. Sengupta, "One Byte
per Clock: A Novel RC4 Hardware", Lecture Notes in
Computer Science indocrypt10vol, 2010.
[INDOCRYPT:Tezcan10]
McGrew & Shen Expires September 6, 2012 [Page 50]
Internet-Draft Internet Ciphers March 2012
Tezcan, C., "The Improbable Differential Attack:
Cryptanalysis of Reduced Round CLEFIA", Lecture Notes in
Computer Science indocrypt10vol, 2010.
[INDOCRYPT:Yildirim03]
Murat, H., "Nonlinearity Properties of the Mixing
Operations of the Block Cipher IDEA", Lecture Notes in
Computer Science indocrypt03vol, 2003.
[INDOCRYPT:ZZWF07]
Zhang, L., Wu, W., Feng, D., and W. Zhang, "Related-Key
Differential-Linear Attacks on Reduced AES-192", Lecture
Notes in Computer Science indocrypt07vol, 2007.
[ISC:BatGieLem08]
Gierlichs, B., Lemke-Rust, K., and L. Batina, "Comparative
Evaluation of Rank Correlation Based DPA on an AES
Prototype Chip", Lecture Notes in Computer
Science isc08vol, 2008.
[ISC:CGBS01]
Gaj, K., Bellows, P., Schott, B., and P. Chodowiec,
"Experimental Testing of the Gigabit IPSec-Compliant
Implementations of Rijndael and Triple DES Using SLAAC-1V
FPGA Accelerator Board", Lecture Notes in Computer
Science isc01vol, 2001.
[ISC:GueKou08]
E., M. and S. Gueron, "Vortex: A New Family of One-Way
Hash Functions Based on AES Rounds and Carry-Less
Multiplication", Lecture Notes in Computer
Science isc08vol, 2008.
[ISC:IndPre08]
Preneel, B. and S. Indesteege, "Collisions for RC4-Hash",
Lecture Notes in Computer Science isc08vol, 2008.
[ISC:LuDes10]
Desmedt, Y. and Y. Lu, "Improved Distinguishing Attack on
Rabbit", Lecture Notes in Computer Science isc10vol, 2010.
[ISC:LuWanLin08]
Wang, H., Ling, S., and Y. Lu, "Cryptanalysis of Rabbit",
Lecture Notes in Computer Science isc08vol, 2008.
[ISC:NakPav07]
Carlos, I. and J. Nakahara, "Impossible-Differential
Attacks on Large-Block Rijndael", Lecture Notes in
McGrew & Shen Expires September 6, 2012 [Page 51]
Internet-Draft Internet Ciphers March 2012
Computer Science isc07vol, 2007.
[ISC:NakPreVan03]
Preneel, B., Vandewalle, J., and J. Nakahara, "A Note on
Weak Keys of PES IDEA,and Some Extended Variants", Lecture
Notes in Computer Science isc03vol, 2003.
[ISC:SatMor03]
Morioka, S. and A. Satoh, "Hardware-Focused Performance
Comparison for the Standard Block Ciphers AES Camellia,and
Triple-DES", Lecture Notes in Computer Science isc03vol,
2003.
[ISC:ZWPKY08]
Wu, W., Hong, J., Wook, B., Yeom, Y., and L. Zhang,
"Improved Impossible Differential Attacks on Large-Block
Rijndael", Lecture Notes in Computer Science isc08vol,
2008.
[IWSEC:HSST08]
Satoh, A., Sakane, H., Toda, K., and Y. Hori, "Bitstream
Encryption and Authentication Using AES-GCM in Dynamically
Reconfigurable Systems", Lecture Notes in Computer
Science iwsec08vol, 2008.
[IWSEC:KRCJ06]
Ryou, J., Choi, Y., Jun, S., and M. Kim, "Low Power AES
Hardware Architecture for Radio Frequency Identification",
Lecture Notes in Computer Science iwsec06vol, 2006.
[IWSEC:Sasaki10]
Sasaki, Y., "Known-Key Attacks on Rijndael with Large
Blocks and Strengthening ShiftRow Parameter", Lecture
Notes in Computer Science iwsec10vol, 2010.
[KRBR:BDK05]
Bilham, E., Dunkelman, O., and N. Keller, "AES: Related-
key boomerang and rectangle attacks", Advances in
cryptology-EUROCRYPT KRBR:BDK05, 2005.
[LC:BDK02]
Bilham, E., Dunkelman, O., and N. Keller, "Serpent: Linear
cryptanalysis of reduced round serpent", Fast software
encryption-FSE 2003 LC:BDK02, 2002.
[LDC:KKHS08]
Kim, T., Kim, J., Hong, S., and J. Sun, "SMS4: Linear and
Differential Cryptanalysis of Reduced SMS4 Block Cipher",
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Cryptology ePrint Archive LDC08vol, 2008.
[MITMA:DS08]
Demirci, H. and A. Selcuk, "AES: A meet-in-the-middle
attack on 8-round AES", Fast software Encryption-
FSE MITMA:DS08, 2008.
[MMA:TSLL10]
Tang, X., Sun, B., Li, R., and C. Li, "Aria: A Meet-in-
the-middle Attack on Aria", 2010.
[NBC:KKP03]
Kwon, D., Kim, J., and S. Park, "Aria: New Block Cipher",
In Proc.Information Security and Cryptology-
ICISC NBC03vol, 2003.
[PKC:JonRob05]
J., M. and J. Jonsson, "Securing RSA-KEM via the AES",
Lecture Notes in Computer Science pkc05vol, 2005.
[PODC:AEST06]
Epstein, L., Shachnai, H., Tamir, T., and H. Attiya,
"Transactional contention management as a non-clairvoyant
scheduling problem", , 2006.
[RA:BDK01]
Bilham, E., Dunkelman, O., and N. Keller, "Serpent: The
rectangle attack-rectangling the serpent", Advances in
cryptology-EUROCRYPT RA:BDK01, 2001.
[RFC2144] Adams, C., "The CAST-128 Encryption Algorithm", RFC 2144,
May 1997.
[RFC2268] Rivest, R., "A Description of the RC2(r) Encryption
Algorithm", RFC 2268, March 1998.
[RFC2612] Adams, C. and J. Gilchrist, "The CAST-256 Encryption
Algorithm", RFC 2612, June 1999.
[RFC2629] Rose, M., "Writing I-Ds and RFCs using XML", RFC 2629,
June 1999.
[RFC2994] Ohta, H. and M. Matsui, "A Description of the MISTY1
Encryption Algorithm", RFC 2994, November 2000.
[RFC3552] Rescorla, E. and B. Korver, "Guidelines for Writing RFC
Text on Security Considerations", BCP 72, RFC 3552,
July 2003.
McGrew & Shen Expires September 6, 2012 [Page 53]
Internet-Draft Internet Ciphers March 2012
[RFC3713] Matsui, M., Nakajima, J., and S. Moriai, "A Description of
the Camellia Encryption Algorithm", RFC 3713, April 2004.
[RFC4269] Lee, H., Lee, S., Yoon, J., Cheon, D., and J. Lee, "The
SEED Encryption Algorithm", RFC 4269, December 2005.
[RFC4503] Boesgaard, M., Vesterager, M., and E. Zenner, "A
Description of the Rabbit Stream Cipher Algorithm",
RFC 4503, May 2006.
[RFC4772] Kelly, S., "Security Implications of Using the Data
Encryption Standard (DES)", RFC 4772, December 2006.
[RFC4949] Shirey, R., "Internet Security Glossary, Version 2",
RFC 4949, August 2007.
[RFC5116] McGrew, D., "An Interface and Algorithms for Authenticated
Encryption", RFC 5116, January 2008.
[RFC5794] Lee, J., Lee, J., Kim, J., Kwon, D., and C. Kim, "A
Description of the ARIA Encryption Algorithm", RFC 5794,
March 2010.
[RFC5830] Dolmatov, V., "GOST 28147-89: Encryption, Decryption, and
Message Authentication Code (MAC) Algorithms", RFC 5830,
March 2010.
[RFC6114] Katagi, M. and S. Moriai, "The 128-Bit Blockcipher
CLEFIA", RFC 6114, March 2011.
[RKIDA:BDK06]
Bilham, E., Dunkelman, O., and N. Keller, "AES: Related-
key impossible defferential attacks on 8-round AES-192",
Topics in Cryptology-CT-RSA KRBR:BDK06, 2006.
[RSA:AciSchKoc07]
Schindler, W., Kaya, ., and O. Acii\\ccmez, "Cache Based
Remote Timing Attack on the AES", Lecture Notes in
Computer Science rsa07vol, 2007.
[RSA:BEPW10]
Eisenbarth, T., Paar, C., Wienecke, M., and A. Bogdanov,
"Differential Cache-Collision Timing Attacks on AES with
Applications to Embedded CPUs", Lecture Notes in Computer
Science rsa10vol, 2010.
[RSA:BihDunKel06]
Dunkelman, O., Keller, N., and E. Biham, "Related-Key
McGrew & Shen Expires September 6, 2012 [Page 54]
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Impossible Differential Attacks on 8-Round AES-192",
Lecture Notes in Computer Science rsa06vol, 2006.
[RSA:ClaGieVer08]
Gierlichs, B., Verbauwhede, I., and C. Clavier, "Fault
Analysis Study of IDEA", Lecture Notes in Computer
Science rsa08vol, 2008.
[RSA:Konighofer08]
K\\onighofer, R., "A Fast and Cache-Timing Resistant
Implementation of the AES", Lecture Notes in Computer
Science rsa08vol, 2008.
[RSA:LKKD08]
Kim, J., Keller, N., Dunkelman, O., and J. Lu, "Improving
the Efficiency of Impossible Differential Cryptanalysis of
Reduced Camellia and MISTY1", Lecture Notes in Computer
Science rsa08vol, 2008.
[RSA:MBPV05]
Batina, L., Preneel, B., Verbauwhede, I., and N. Mentens,
"A Systematic Evaluation of Compact Hardware
mplementations for the Rijndael S-Box", Lecture Notes in
Computer Science rsa05vol, 2005.
[RSA:OsvShaTro06]
Shamir, A., Tromer, E., and D. Arne, "Cache Attacks and
Countermeasures: The Case of AES", Lecture Notes in
Computer Science rsa06vol, 2006.
[RSA:RebMuk11]
Mukhopadhyay, D. and C. Rebeiro, "Cryptanalysis of CLEFIA
Using Differential Methods with Cache Trace Patterns",
Lecture Notes in Computer Science rsa11vol, 2011.
[RSA:SakYagOht09]
Yagi, T., Ohta, K., and K. Sakiyama, "Fault Analysis
Attack against an AES Prototype Chip Using RSL", Lecture
Notes in Computer Science rsa09vol, 2009.
[RSA:SchPaa06]
Paar, C. and K. Schramm, "Higher Order Masking of the
AES", Lecture Notes in Computer Science rsa06vol, 2006.
[RSA:TilHer08]
Herbst, C. and S. Tillich, "Boosting AES Performance on a
Tiny Processor Core", Lecture Notes in Computer
Science rsa08vol, 2008.
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Internet-Draft Internet Ciphers March 2012
[RSA:WolOswLam02]
Oswald, E., Lamberger, M., and J. Wolkerstorfer, "An ASIC
Implementation of the AES S-Boxes", Lecture Notes in
Computer Science rsa02vol, 2002.
[RSA:WuLuLai04]
Lu, S., Laih, C., and S. Wu, "Design of AES Based on Dual
Cipher and Composite Field", Lecture Notes in Computer
Science rsa04vol, 2004.
[SAC:AyaSel06]
Aydin, A. and E. Serdar, "Improved DST Cryptanalysis of
IDEA", Lecture Notes in Computer Science sac06vol, 2006.
[SAC:BBDRS98]
Biryukov, A., Dunkelman, O., Richardson, E., Shamir, A.,
and E. Biham, "Initial Observations on Skipjack:
Cryptanalysis of Skipjack-3XOR (Invited Talk)", Lecture
Notes in Computer Science sac98vol, 1999.
[SAC:BaiVau05]
Vaudenay, S. and T. Baign\\`eres, "Proving the Security of
AES Substitution-Permutation Network", Lecture Notes in
Computer Science sac05vol, 2005.
[SAC:BilGilEch04]
Gilbert, H., Ech-Chatbi, C., and O. Billet, "Cryptanalysis
of a White Box AES Implementation", Lecture Notes in
Computer Science sac04vol, 2004.
[SAC:BloGuaKru04]
Guajardo, J., Krummel, V., and J. Bl\\omer, "Provably
Secure Masking of AES", Lecture Notes in Computer
Science sac04vol, 2004.
[SAC:BloKru07]
Krummel, V. and J. Bl\\omer, "Analysis of Countermeasures
Against Access Driven Cache Attacks on AES", Lecture Notes
in Computer Science sac07vol, 2007.
[SAC:Bogdanov07]
Bogdanov, A., "Improved Side-Channel Collision Attacks on
AES", Lecture Notes in Computer Science sac07vol, 2007.
[SAC:CEJV02]
A., P., Johnson, H., C., P., and S. Chow, "White-Box
Cryptography and an AES Implementation", Lecture Notes in
Computer Science sac02vol, 2003.
McGrew & Shen Expires September 6, 2012 [Page 56]
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[SAC:CanOsv09]
Arne, D. and D. Canright, "A More Compact AES", Lecture
Notes in Computer Science sac09vol, 2009.
[SAC:DemSelTur03]
Aydin, A., Ture, E., and H. Demirci, "A New Meet-in-the-
Middle Attack on the IDEA Block Cipher", Lecture Notes in
Computer Science sac03vol, 2004.
[SAC:Demirci02]
Demirci, H., "Square-like Attacks on Reduced Rounds of
IDEA", Lecture Notes in Computer Science sac02vol, 2003.
[SAC:EtrRob08]
J., M. and J. Etrog, "The Cryptanalysis of Reduced-Round
SMS4", Lecture Notes in Computer Science sac08vol, 2008.
[SAC:FegSchWhi01]
Schroeppel, R., Whiting, D., and N. Ferguson, "A Simple
Algebraic Representation of Rijndael", Lecture Notes in
Computer Science sac01vol, 2001.
[SAC:FluManSha01]
Mantin, I., Shamir, A., and S. R., "Weaknesses in the Key
Scheduling Algorithm of RC4", Lecture Notes in Computer
Science sac01vol, 2001.
[SAC:HatSekKan02]
Sekine, H., Kaneko, T., and Y. Hatano, "Higher Order
Differential Attack of Camellia (II)", Lecture Notes in
Computer Science sac02vol, 2003.
[SAC:JakDes03]
Desmedt, Y. and G. Jakimoski, "Related-Key Differential
Cryptanalysis of 192-bit Key AES Variants", Lecture Notes
in Computer Science sac03vol, 2004.
[SAC:KelMeiTav01]
Meijer, H., E., S., and L. Keliher, "Improving the Upper
Bound on the Maximum Average Linear Hull Probability for
Rijndael", Lecture Notes in Computer Science sac01vol,
2001.
[SAC:KirYou09]
M., A. and A. Kircanski, "Differential Fault Analysis of
Rabbit", Lecture Notes in Computer Science sac09vol, 2009.
[SAC:LeiChaFen05]
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Internet-Draft Internet Ciphers March 2012
Chao, L., Feng, K., and D. Lei, "New Observation on
Camellia", Lecture Notes in Computer Science sac05vol,
2005.
[SAC:Lipmaa98]
Lipmaa, H., "IDEA: A Cipher For Multimedia
Architectures?", Lecture Notes in Computer
Science sac98vol, 1999.
[SAC:MPRS09]
Peyrin, T., Rechberger, C., Schl\\affer, M., and F.
Mendel, "Improved Cryptanalysis of the Reduced Gr\ostl
Compression Function ECHO Permutation and AES Block
Cipher,", Lecture Notes in Computer Science sac09vol,
2009.
[SAC:MSDB09]
Shakiba, M., Dakhilalian, M., Bagherikaram, G., and H.
Mala, "New Results on Impossible Differential
Cryptanalysis of Reduced-Round Camellia-128", Lecture
Notes in Computer Science sac09vol, 2009.
[SAC:MisTav98]
E., S. and S. Mister, "Cryptanalysis of RC4-like Ciphers",
Lecture Notes in Computer Science sac98vol, 1999.
[SAC:NevSei06]
Seifert, J. and M. Neve, "Advances on Access-Driven Cache
Attacks on AES", Lecture Notes in Computer
Science sac06vol, 2006.
[SAC:Nikolic10]
Nikolic, I., "Tweaking AES", Lecture Notes in Computer
Science sac10vol, 2010.
[SAC:PauMai07]
Maitra, S. and G. Paul, "Permutation After RC4 Key
Scheduling Reveals the Secret Key", Lecture Notes in
Computer Science sac07vol, 2007.
[SAC:PirQui04]
Quisquater, J. and G. Piret, "Security of the MISTY
Structure in the Luby-Rackoff Model: Improved Results",
Lecture Notes in Computer Science sac04vol, 2004.
[SAC:ReiWag02]
Wagner, D. and B. Reichardt, "Markov Truncated
Differential Cryptanalysis of Skipjack", Lecture Notes in
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Internet-Draft Internet Ciphers March 2012
Computer Science sac02vol, 2003.
[SAC:SKWWH98]
Kelsey, J., Whiting, D., Wagner, D., Hall, C., and B.
Schneier, "On the Twofish Key Schedule", Lecture Notes in
Computer Science sac98vol, 1999.
[SAC:SekKan00]
Kaneko, T. and H. Seki, "Differential Cryptanalysis of
Reduced Rounds of GOST", Lecture Notes in Computer
Science sac00vol, 2001.
[SAC:SepVauVua10]
Vaudenay, S., Vuagnoux, M., and P. Sepehrdad, "Discovery
and Exploitation of New Biases in RC4", Lecture Notes in
Computer Science sac10vol, 2010.
[SAC:SunLai09]
Lai, X. and X. Sun, "Improved Integral Attacks on MISTY1",
Lecture Notes in Computer Science sac09vol, 2009.
[SAC:Tsow09]
Tsow, A., "An Improved Recovery Algorithm for Decayed AES
Key Schedule Images", Lecture Notes in Computer
Science sac09vol, 2009.
[SAC:VauVua07]
Vuagnoux, M. and S. Vaudenay, "Passive-Only Key Recovery
Attacks on RC4", Lecture Notes in Computer
Science sac07vol, 2007.
[SAC:WamWanHu08]
Wang, X., Hu, C., and M. Wang, "New Linear Cryptanalytic
Results of Reduced-Round of CAST-128 and CAST-256",
Lecture Notes in Computer Science sac08vol, 2008.
[SAC:WuFenChe04]
Feng, D., Chen, H., and W. Wu, "Collision Attack and
Pseudorandomness of Reduced-Round Camellia", Lecture Notes
in Computer Science sac04vol, 2004.
[SAC:WuZhaZha08]
Zhang, L., Zhang, W., and W. Wu, "Improved Impossible
Differential Cryptanalysis of Reduced-Round Camellia",
Lecture Notes in Computer Science sac08vol, 2008.
[SAC:ZWZF06]
Wu, W., Zhang, L., Feng, D., and W. Zhang, "Improved
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Related-Key Impossible Differential Attacks on Reduced-
Round AES-192", Lecture Notes in Computer
Science sac06vol, 2006.
[SC:AIKMMNT00]
AOKI, K., ICHIKAWA, T., KANDA, M., MATSUI, M., MORIAI, S.,
NAKAJIMA, J., and T. TOKITA, "Camellia: Specification of
Camellia--128-bit block cipher", 2000.
[SCN:CheMiy10]
Miyaji, A. and J. Chen, "Generalized RC4 Key Collisions
and Hash Collisions", Lecture Notes in Computer
Science scn10vol, 2010.
[SCN:DaeRij06]
Rijmen, V. and J. Daemen, "Understanding Two-Round
Differentials in AES", Lecture Notes in Computer
Science scn06vol, 2006.
[SCN:NikRijSch08]
Rijmen, V., Schl\\affer, M., and S. Nikova, "Using Normal
Bases for Compact Hardware Implementations of the AES
S-Box", Lecture Notes in Computer Science scn08vol, 2008.
[SCN:YanShi02]
Shimoyama, T. and H. Yanami, "Differential Cryptanalysis
of a Reduced-Round SEED", Lecture Notes in Computer
Science scn02vol, 2002.
[SKES:WMF03]
Wu, W., Ma, H., and D. Feng, "SEED: Security on Korean
Encryption Standard", Electronic Journal SKES:WMF03, 2003.
[SKIPJACK]
U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology,
"SKIPJACK and KEA Specifications", 1998.
[SMS4] OSCCA, "The SMS4 Block Cipher", 2006.
[SP:GulBanKre11]
Bangerter, E., Krenn, S., and D. Gullasch, "Cache Games -
Bringing Access-Based Cache Attacks on AES to Practice",
, 2011.
[SPAA:BC03]
Biryukov, A. and C. Canniere, "Security and Performance
Analysis of Aira", ARIA-COSIC report.pdf SPAA03vol, 2003.
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Internet-Draft Internet Ciphers March 2012
[Serpent] Anderson, Biham, and Knudsen, "The Serpent Block Cipher",
1998.
[TC:MY00] Moriai, S. and Y. Yin, "Twofish: Cryptanalysis of
twofish(2)", Technical report,IEICE TC:MY00, 2000.
[Twofish] Schneier, Kelsey, Whiting, Wagner, Hall, and Fergusen,
"The Twofish Block Cipher", 1998.
[WISA:GalKizTun10]
Kizhvatov, I., Tunstall, M., and J. Gallais, "Improved
Trace-Driven Cache-Collision Attacks against Embedded AES
Implementations", Lecture Notes in Computer
Science wisa10vol, 2010.
[WISA:OswSch05]
Schramm, K. and E. Oswald, "An Efficient Masking Scheme
for AES Software Implementations", Lecture Notes in
Computer Science wisa05vol, 2005.
[WISA:SchKim08]
Hee, C. and J. Schmidt, "A Probing Attack on AES", Lecture
Notes in Computer Science wisa08vol, 2008.
[WISA:THSK07]
Hatano, Y., Sugio, N., Kaneko, T., and H. Tanaka,
"Security Analysis of MISTY1", Lecture Notes in Computer
Science wisa07vol, 2007.
[WISA:TriKor04]
Korkishko, L. and E. Trichina, "Secure and Efficient AES
Software Implementation for Smart Cards", Lecture Notes in
Computer Science wisa04vol, 2004.
[WISA:YHMOM06]
Herbst, C., Mangard, S., Oswald, E., Moon, S., and H. Yoo,
"Investigations of Power Analysis Attacks and
Countermeasures for ARIA", Lecture Notes in Computer
Science wisa06vol, 2006.
[WISA:YKHMP04]
Kim, C., Ha, J., Moon, S., Park, I., and H. Yoo, "Side
Channel Cryptanalysis on SEED", Lecture Notes in Computer
Science wisa04vol, 2004.
McGrew & Shen Expires September 6, 2012 [Page 61]
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Authors' Addresses
David McGrew
Cisco Systems
13600 Dulles Technology Drive
Herndon, VA 20171
USA
Email: mcgrew@cisco.com
Sean Shen
Chinese Academy of Science
No.4 South 4th Zhongguancun Street
Beijing, 100190
China
Phone: +86 10-58813038
Email: shenshuo@cnnic.cn
McGrew & Shen Expires September 6, 2012 [Page 62]
Internet-Draft Internet Ciphers March 2012
Full Copyright Statement
Copyright (C) The IETF Trust (2012).
This document is subject to the rights, licenses and restrictions
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McGrew & Shen Expires September 6, 2012 [Page 63]
