Network Working Group                                         B. Kothari
Internet-Draft                                               K. Kompella
Updates: 4761 (if approved)                             Juniper Networks
Intended status: Standards Track                              T. Spencer
Expires: May 2, 2009                                                AT&T
                                                        October 29, 2008


    Automatic Generation of Site IDs for Virtual Private LAN Service
                draft-kothari-l2vpn-auto-site-id-01.txt

Status of this Memo

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Abstract

   This document defines procedures that allow for Virtual Private LAN
   Service (VPLS) provider edge (PE) devices that use BGP in the control
   plane to automatically generate VE ID values in a consistent manner.










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Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  3
   2.  Terminology  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4
     2.1.  Conventions Used in This Document  . . . . . . . . . . . .  4
   3.  Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4
     3.1.  Keeping track of site IDs in use . . . . . . . . . . . . .  5
     3.2.  Claiming an unused site ID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  6
     3.3.  Collision Detection  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  6
     3.4.  Resolving a Collision  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  7
       3.4.1.  New control flags in a VPLS site advertisement . . . .  7
       3.4.2.  Collision Resolution Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  8
     3.5.  Interaction with BGP path selection  . . . . . . . . . . .  8
     3.6.  Lifetime of a claimed site ID  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  9
     3.7.  Graceful Restart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  9
     3.8.  Timers used in this approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  9
     3.9.  Interoperating with explicitly configured site IDs . . . . 10
     3.10. Operation over a Multi-AS/Multi-provider MPLS core . . . . 11
   4.  Security Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
   5.  IANA Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
   6.  Acknowledgments  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
   7.  References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
     7.1.  Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
     7.2.  Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
   Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
   Intellectual Property and Copyright Statements . . . . . . . . . . 14

























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1.  Introduction

   Service providers are actively deploying VPLS in their networks.
   [RFC4761] describes mechanisms that allow VPLS PEs to use the BGP
   protocol to automatically discover PE membership in VPLS domains and
   to signal pseudowires required to carry VPLS traffic.  These
   mechanisms make VPLS much easier to deploy and manage compared to
   when manual configuration of a full mesh of pseudowires is required.

   A VPLS domain is an instantiation of an emulated LAN.  A VPLS domain
   consists of a number of VPLS instances, one on each PE to which a
   customer site of the VPLS domain is attached.  For each VPLS instance
   on a given PE, [RFC4761] requires a service provider to configure a
   route distinguisher (RD), a route target (RT) that identifies the
   VPLS domain, and a VE ID that is used to uniquely identify the VPLS
   site in the VPLS domain.  The VE IDs configured must generally be
   unique per VPLS domain.  The exception to having unique VE IDs in a
   VPLS domain is when a particular VPLS site is multi-homed to two or
   more PEs.  Having the same VE ID on all the PEs to which the site is
   attached can be used to indicate multi-homing.

   Site IDs are used by a VPLS PE to index into label blocks in order to
   derive the transmit and receive pseudowire labels for the pseudowires
   needed for transport of VPLS traffic.  Thus, it is desirable for VE
   ID allocation in each VPLS domain to be in dense clusters in order to
   both minimize the number of label blocks advertised per VPLS domain
   and to maximize the usage of labels in a label block.  For example,
   the set of VE IDs 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 101, 102, 103, 104 and 105 is an
   efficient allocation of VE IDs for a VPLS domain.

   This document describes procedures by which PEs that are offering
   VPLS service using BGP, as described in [RFC4761], can automatically
   generate VE IDs in dense clusters, thereby easing the burden on the
   service provider to configure and manage VE IDs per VPLS domain.  The
   procedures to automatically generate route distinguishers for VPLS or
   IP VPN [RFC4364] instances on each PE are already well known.  Thus,
   from a control plane perspective, a service provider is only required
   to provision route targets for each VPLS domain.

   The procedures are designed to be backward compatible with the
   current approach of explicitly configured VE IDs.  In other words, it
   is perfectly acceptable to have some sites in a VPLS domain with
   explicitly configured VE IDs (for example, to indicate multi-homing),
   while others have their VE IDs automatically generated.  The
   procedures are also designed to work not only in a single autonomous
   system, but also in scenarios where VPLS domains span multiple
   autonomous systems.




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2.  Terminology

   Terminology as described in [RFC4761] is used in this document.
   Additional terms are describe below.

        VPLS domain:         A VPLS domain represents a bridging domain
                             per customer.  A Route Target community as
                             described in [RFC4360] is used to identify
                             all the PE routers participating in a
                             particular VPLS domain.

        VPLS site:           A VPLS site is a set of attachment circuits
                             (ports) on a PE that belong to the same
                             VPLS domain.  Sites are referred to as
                             local or remote depending on whether they
                             belong to the PE router in context or to
                             one of the remote PE routers (network
                             peers).

        Site ID:             VE ID as encoded in VPLS BGP NLRI.

        Real advertisement:  A VPLS BGP NLRI that contains a non-zero
                             value for VE ID, VE block offset and VE
                             block size.  Information contained in a
                             real advertisement is required to bring up
                             pseudowires between PEs in the same VPLS
                             domain.

        Claim advertisement: A VPLS BGP NLRI that contains VE block
                             offset of zero and VE block size of zero.
                             Information contained in a claim
                             advertisement is insufficient to bring up
                             pseudowires between PEs in the same VPLS
                             domain.

2.1.  Conventions Used in This Document

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
   document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].


3.  Solution

   The central idea of this solution is that within a VPLS domain, each
   PE that is configured for automatic negotiation of site identifiers
   will allocate an unused site ID for the VPLS site configured on the
   PE.  It accomplishes this by keeping track of all site IDs used



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   within the VPLS domain based on received advertisements.  A Route
   Target community (RT), as described in [RFC4360], is used to identify
   all the PE routers participating in a particular VPLS domain.  When
   the PE needs a new site ID for an RT, it picks one of the unused site
   IDs for that RT and tries to claim it for a certain time period by a
   "claim advertisement" for this site ID.  A collision occurs if this
   PE receives another advertisement within this time period with the
   same site ID and route target.

   If no collision occurs, the PE takes ownership of the claimed site ID
   by a real advertisement for that site ID, and begins using it
   (establishing pseudowires, etc.).  In case of a collision, the PE
   runs procedures as outlined in this document to resolve the
   collision, whereby it would either use the site ID or pick a new one
   based on whether it won or lost the collision resolution.

   It is expected that the chance of a collision is small, especially if
   optimizations such as those described in this document are
   implemented.

   The following sections provide details on the procedures required for
   automatic negotiation of site IDs among PEs participating in a VPLS
   domain.

3.1.  Keeping track of site IDs in use

   When a PE comes up, it SHOULD wait for time period T1 to receive
   advertisements from all other PEs participating in the same VPLS
   domain.  Similarly, when a new VPLS site is configured, it SHOULD
   wait for time period T2 to receive advertisements from all other PEs
   participating in the same VPLS domain.  For either of these, a PE may
   use BGP route refresh as described in [RFC2918] or other similar
   mechanisms.

   The time to wait (T1 or T2) to receive relevant information can be
   based on configurable timers in addition to implementation specific
   heuristics.  For example, if BGP End-of-RIB marker functionality as
   described in [RFC4724] is in use, the PE knows exactly when it has
   received all VPLS advertisements after it has come up.

   A PE synthesizes a list of site IDs in use per route target from the
   advertisements it receives from other PEs.  Note that maintaining a
   list of site IDs in use within a VPLS domain adds very little extra
   state on the VPLS PE since a VPLS PE is required to keep all VPLS
   advertisements for configured route targets.

   When all advertisements for a site with a particular site ID are
   withdrawn, the site ID is deemed to be no longer in use, and MUST be



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   removed from the list of used site IDs.  Note that a PE may advertise
   a single site using multiple advertisements with each advertisement
   carrying the label block to be used by a different set of remote
   sites in the VPLS domain.  If the site is multi-homed, multiple PEs
   may advertise the same site ID.

3.2.  Claiming an unused site ID

   When either timer T1 or T2 expires, a PE SHOULD pick an unused site
   ID based on the list of site IDs in use within that VPLS domain.  To
   indicate its interest in the selected site ID, a PE MUST send a
   "claim advertisement" for this site ID to all other PEs participating
   in the same VPLS domain.  A VPLS BGP NLRI, as described in [RFC4761],
   for a claim advertisement MUST contain a site ID that a PE is
   interested in, a block offset of zero and a block size of zero.

   Optimizations are possible to reduce the chance of collisions when
   selecting an unused site ID.  For example, an implementation could
   determine a subset of unused site IDs and randomly select one of them
   instead of always selecting the unused site ID with the lowest value.
   An implementation might also decide to use heuristics designed to
   minimize the number of label blocks per VPLS domain by selecting an
   unused site ID that falls in the range of VPLS site advertisements
   from other PEs.

3.3.  Collision Detection

   After a claim advertisement has been send to all other PEs in a VPLS
   domain, a PE SHOULD wait for time period T3 to detect any collision
   of site ID.

   A collision occurs if a PE receives any advertisement that contains
   the same site ID that was send in the claim advertisement.  In case
   of a collision, a PE MUST follow the collision resolution procedures
   described in Section 3.4.

   If a PE does not receive any advertisement with the same site ID from
   other PEs within time interval T3, the PE can then start using the
   site ID it claimed for "real advertisements".  A BGP VPLS NLRI for a
   real advertisement MUST contain a valid site ID, a non-zero block
   offset and a non-zero block size in addition to valid label base
   value.  Note that a claim advertisement contains a block offset and a
   block size of zero.  Thus, a PE MUST withdraw a claim advertisement
   it previously advertised after it has send a real advertisement for
   its site ID.

   Even after a PE starts using the site ID, it is still possible for it
   to receive advertisements from other PEs using the same site ID.



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   This can happen for example, if two PEs are trying to claim the same
   site ID, but neither has received each other's claim advertisements
   within interval interval T3.  The collision resolution procedures
   described in Section 3.4 will handle this case as well.

3.4.  Resolving a Collision

   When a PE that is using a site ID or trying to claim it for its use
   detects a collision, it MUST run collision resolution procedures to
   resolve the collision.  The collision could be caused by another PE
   using the site ID or trying to claim the site ID for its use.  The
   collision is resolved in favor of the PE that has a better site
   advertisement.

   Two new control flags are defined in Section 3.4.1 and collision
   resolution rules are described in Section 3.4.2

3.4.1.  New control flags in a VPLS site advertisement

   Two new control flags are proposed in this document.

   1.  'A' (Automatic): Indicates whether an advertisement is for a site
       with explicit site ID configuration or with automatic site ID
       negotiation.  The bit MUST be set to one in both a claim and a
       real advertisement for a site that is negotiating site ID by
       using procedures described in this document, otherwise the bit
       MUST be set to zero.

   2.  'D' (Down): Indicates connectivity status between a CE site and a
       VPLS PE.  The bit MUST be set to one if all the attachment
       circuits connecting a CE site to a VPLS PE are down.

   Figure 1 shows the position of 'A' and 'D' bits in the control flags
   field.

                         Control Flags Bit Vector



                            0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
                            +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
                            |D|A|Z|Z|Z|Z|C|S| (Z = MUST Be Zero)
                            +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+


                                 Figure 1





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3.4.2.  Collision Resolution Rules

   The algorithm to compare two site advertisements with the same site
   ID is as follows:

   1.  An advertisement with the 'A' bit clear in the control flags is
       always better than an advertisement with the A bit set to one.

   2.  For advertisements with the same A bit value, a real
       advertisement is always better than a claim advertisement.

   3.  Between real advertisements, an advertisement with the higher BGP
       local preference is better.  Similarly, between claim
       advertisements, an advertisement with the higher BGP local
       preference is better.

   4.  For advertisements with the same BGP local preference value, an
       advertisement with the lowest BGP next hop value is better.

   The rules above MUST be applied in the order specified.  The rules
   will pick the best advertisement in a deterministic manner, and the
   PE that has the best advertisement will end up using the site ID.

   The PEs that have worse advertisements must withdraw all
   advertisements for their site ID and SHOULD try to claim another
   unused site ID for their use.  Optimizations are possible to reduce
   chance of further collisions.  It is recommended that a PE that lost
   a collision resolution wait for a short time period before making an
   attempt to claim another site ID.  A PE that has experienced multiple
   collisions in succession could consider to select an unused site ID
   that does not fall within the range of other PEs label block
   advertisements, even though this would potentially result in the
   expansion of existing label blocks from other PEs.

3.5.  Interaction with BGP path selection

   In order to avoid unnecessary interaction between the rules in the
   previous sections and those of BGP path selection, it is recommended
   that PEs use unique route distinguishers (RDs) when advertising VPLS
   site information.  This will prevent BGP route reflectors (RRs) from
   inadvertently filtering VPLS site advertisement information that the
   PEs need to receive.  The procedures to automatically generate unique
   route distinguishers for VPLS or IP VPN [RFC4364] instances on each
   PE are already well known.







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3.6.  Lifetime of a claimed site ID

   The lifetime of a claimed site ID is the duration for which the site
   is being advertised by the PE using a real advertisement.  In other
   words, if all advertisements for a site that is allocated an
   automatically generated site ID are withdrawn, the site ID is
   implicitly released.

   If all interfaces that connect a VPLS site to a PE are down, VPLS
   requires that the PE signal this event to other PEs by either
   withdrawing all site advertisements, or by some other means.  Since
   withdrawing all site advertisements for a site with an automatically
   generated site ID has a side effect of relinquishing the site ID, it
   is RECOMMENDED to re-advertise the site advertisements with a "down"
   bit ('D' bit) set to one in the control flags instead of withdrawing
   the advertisements.  Upon receiving a site advertisement with the 'D'
   bit set to one, a PE SHOULD remove all pseudowires to the advertising
   PE for this site ID, but MUST still consider the site ID in the
   advertisement to be in use.  However since the new 'D' bit will not
   be understood by older implementations, a configurable knob should be
   provided in newer implementations for backward compatibility to force
   the withdrawal of site advertisements when all attachment circuits
   connecting a site to the PE go down.

3.7.  Graceful Restart

   When graceful restart procedures are in use for VPLS, a restarting PE
   SHOULD select the same site ID that it used before the restart.  If a
   PE selects a different site ID than the one it used before the
   restart, VPLS forwarding will be disrupted as all other PEs within
   the same VPLS domain will bring down the pseudowires that were
   established based on the old site ID.

   Without graceful restart, a restarting PE SHOULD use the procedures
   defined in this document for site ID negotiation.

3.8.  Timers used in this approach

   The procedures described in this document relies on three timers.  It
   is RECOMMENDED that these timers be configurable.  A brief
   description of each timer along with default values for each is given
   below.  Note that the default values are worst case values and as
   such the corresponding events could be triggered by implementation
   specific heuristics even before the corresponding timers expire.

   o  T1: time to wait at startup to receive all VPLS information for
      configured route targets from other PEs.  If End-of-RIB marker
      functionality [RFC4724] is in use, the PE could terminate its wait



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      earlier than T1 if it receives End-of-RIB markers for VPLS NLRI
      from all other BGP peers.  The default value for T1 is recommended
      to be 2 minutes.

   o  T2: time to wait to receive VPLS information for a newly
      configured route target or a newly configured site for automatic
      site ID negotiation.  The default value for T2 is recommended to
      be 20 seconds.

   o  T3: time to wait after issuing a "claim advertisement" before the
      PE can start using the site ID if it does not hear a competing
      claim.  If the PE hears a competing claim within this time
      interval, it runs collision resolution procedures.  The default
      value for T3 is recommended to be 30 seconds.

   With the default values as specified above, a newly configured site
   on an operational PE will take T2 + T3 = 50 seconds before it can
   claim a site ID and start using it, assuming that there are no
   collisions with other PEs trying to use the same site ID.  Similarly
   a PE that is restarting will take T1 + T3 = 150 seconds in the worst
   case before it can claim site IDs for all its sites and start using
   them, assuming that there are no collisions with other PEs.

3.9.  Interoperating with explicitly configured site IDs

   The solution presented in this document allows for automatic
   generation of unique site IDs per VPLS domain.  However the service
   provider might want to explicitly configure site IDs in the network
   for the following reasons:

   o  When a site is multi-homed to two or more PEs, then the site MUST
      be configured with the same site ID on all the PEs.  Since the
      solution presented here always generates unique site IDs, a
      service provider has to explicitly configure site IDs for multi-
      homed sites.

   o  The service provider might have PEs in the network that do not
      support the functionality for automatic generation of site IDs.
      This could be because the service provider network is multi-vendor
      and one or more vendors do not support this functionality, or
      because some PEs have older versions of software running on them
      that do not support the new functionality.

   The procedures described in this document for sites with automatic
   negotiation of site IDs will interoperate with sites with explicit
   site configuration.  Sites with explicitly configured site IDs will
   always use the site ID as configured.  For example, if a PE detects
   that one of the automatically generated site IDs that it is already



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   using (or in the process of claiming) conflicts with an explicit site
   ID, it will stop using the site ID by withdrawing all advertisements
   with this site ID and try to claim another available site ID for its
   use.  This behavior is achieved by the first rule in the site
   advertisement comparison algorithm that mandates that site
   advertisements with explicitly configured site IDs always win over
   site advertisements with automatically generated site IDs.  In order
   for PEs to distinguish between explicitly configured and
   automatically generated site IDs, PEs that use automatically
   generated site IDs MUST set a new 'A' bit in the control flags bit-
   vector in advertisements for sites using automatically generated site
   IDs.

   The compatibility of this approach with implementations that do not
   support this functionality also relies on these implementations
   ignoring claim advertisements.  As explained in Section 3.2, a VPLS
   BGP NLRI for a claim advertisements contains a label block size of
   zero and a block offset of zero.  An implementation that do not
   support automatic negotiation of site IDs SHOULD ignore an
   advertisement that has either a block size of zero or a block offset
   of zero.  A claim advertisement does not have any valid labels
   advertised with it due to the block size of zero.  In addition the
   block offset of zero is an invalid block offset for a real
   advertisement.  Thus, a claim advertisement cannot be used by a
   remote PE to bring up a pseudowire to the site advertising the claim.

   Also see the note on the 'D' bit at the end of Section 3.6.

3.10.  Operation over a Multi-AS/Multi-provider MPLS core

   The solution presented in this document works over a multi-AS and
   multi-provider core.

   Section 3.4 in [RFC4761] describes three methods (a, b and c) to
   connect sites in a VPLS to PEs that are across multiple AS.  Since
   VPLS advertisements in method (a) do not cross AS boundaries,
   procedures defined in this document for automatic site ID work in
   exactly the same manner as they work within an AS.  In methods (b)
   and (c), the VPLS advertisement do cross AS boundaries, but the VE ID
   contained in the VPLS BGP NLRI is not changed by the intermediate
   ASBRs or RRs if any.  Thus, each VPLS PE will receive site
   advertisements from all other PEs for each VPLS domain, and as
   described in this document, each PE will synthesize a list of site
   IDs in use per VPLS domain based on the remote PEs site
   advertisements.  In such scenarios, since the advertisements have to
   cross AS boundaries, it is recommended to increase the time that a PE
   waits to hear advertisements from other PEs, both when it starts up
   (T1, T2) and when it waits to hear competing claims after it has



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   issued a claim of its own (T3).

   Note that this solution only ensures that automatically generated
   site IDs are unique across AS boundaries.  However, managing
   uniqueness of explicitly configured site IDs across multiple AS is
   outside the scope of this document.


4.  Security Considerations

   The procedures defined in this document allow VPLS PEs to
   automatically generate site IDs per VPLS domain without the service
   provider having to explicitly configure them.  As such, no new
   security issues are raised beyond those that already exist in
   networks that use BGP-4 for exchanging VPN and VPLS membership and
   signaling information.  Moreover, since real advertisements have
   priority over claim advertisements, the procedures defined in this
   document do not introduce new means of disrupting VPLS traffic.


5.  IANA Considerations

   At this time, this memo includes no request to IANA.


6.  Acknowledgments

   The authors would like to thank Chaitanya Kodeboyina, Nischal Sheth,
   Yakov Rekhter, Amit Shukla and others for the useful discussions on
   the subject, their review and comments.


7.  References

7.1.  Normative References

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.

   [RFC2918]  Chen, E., "Route Refresh Capability for BGP-4", RFC 2918,
              September 2000.

   [RFC4761]  Kompella, K. and Y. Rekhter, "Virtual Private LAN Service
              (VPLS) Using BGP for Auto-Discovery and Signaling",
              RFC 4761, January 2007.






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7.2.  Informative References

   [RFC4360]  Sangli, S., Tappan, D., and Y. Rekhter, "BGP Extended
              Communities Attribute", RFC 4360, February 2006.

   [RFC4364]  Rosen, E. and Y. Rekhter, "BGP/MPLS IP Virtual Private
              Networks (VPNs)", RFC 4364, February 2006.

   [RFC4724]  Sangli, S., Chen, E., Fernando, R., Scudder, J., and Y.
              Rekhter, "Graceful Restart Mechanism for BGP", RFC 4724,
              January 2007.


Authors' Addresses

   Bhupesh Kothari
   Juniper Networks
   1194 N. Mathilda Ave.
   Sunnyvale, CA  94089
   US

   Email: bhupesh@juniper.net


   Kireeti Kompella
   Juniper Networks
   1194 N. Mathilda Ave.
   Sunnyvale, CA  94089
   US

   Email: kireeti@juniper.net


   Thomas Spencer
   AT&T

   Email: tsiv@att.com














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Full Copyright Statement

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