IPng Working Group N. Asokan
INTERNET DRAFT Patrik Flykt
2 March 2000 Charles E. Perkins
Nokia
Thomas Eklund
Xelerated Networks
AAA for IPv6 Network Access
draft-perkins-aaav6-03.txt
Status of This Memo
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Abstract
IPv6 nodes (clients) need a way to offer credentials to the AAA
infrastructure in order to be granted access to the local network.
For IPv6, it will be more efficient and thus reasonable to expect
such access controls to be exerted by IPv6 routers, possibly as
part of performing their role as DHCPv6 relays. Routers and DHCPv6
servers are expected to work in conjunction with AAA servers to
determine whether or not the client's credentials are valid. Routers
can exert such network access control by the device of carefully
controlling entries in their packet filter and Neighbor Cache.
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Contents
Status of This Memo i
Abstract i
1. Introduction 1
2. Terminology 2
3. General Framework 3
3.1. Protocol Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3.2. Client Identifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.3. Replay Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.4. AAA Credential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
4. Instantiation with Stateless Address Autoconfiguration 6
4.1. Structure of Protocol Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
4.1.1. AAAv6 Protocol Message types . . . . . . . . . . 7
4.1.2. AAA Protocol Message options . . . . . . . . . . 7
4.2. Protocol Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.2.1. Basic operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.2.2. Challenge Request . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4.2.3. Termination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4.3. Initiation of the AAA Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
5. Instantiation with Mobile IPv6 11
6. Instantiation with DHCPv6 11
6.1. Mapping the general protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
6.2. Mapping the message options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
6.3. Protocol Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
6.3.1. Basic operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
6.3.2. Requesting a Home Challenge . . . . . . . . . . . 15
6.3.3. Termination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
6.4. Access Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
7. Message Formats for Stateless Address Autoconfiguration 15
7.1. AAA Challenge Option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
7.2. AAA Protocol Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
7.3. AAA Protocol Message Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
7.3.1. Client Identifier option . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
7.3.2. Security Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
7.3.3. Challenge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
7.3.4. Generalized Key Reply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
7.3.5. Timestamp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
7.3.6. IPv6 Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
7.3.7. Lifetime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
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7.3.8. Embedded Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
8. Message Formats for Stateful Address Autoconfiguration with
DHCPv6 25
8.1. Challenge option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
8.2. Client Identifier option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
8.3. Timestamp option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
8.4. Lifetime option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
8.5. Security Data option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
8.6. Generalized Key Reply option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
9. Security Considerations 29
10. Open Issues and Discussion 29
10.1. Packet Service Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
10.2. Use of Destination Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
10.3. AAAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
10.4. Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
References 30
Addresses 31
1. Introduction
This document proposes a way for IPv6 nodes (clients) to offer
credentials to a local AAA server in order to be granted access to
the local network. Whereas for IPv4 it is not clear that routers and
DHCP will be equipped to handle such functions, we believe that it is
more efficient and thus reasonable to expect such access controls to
be exerted by IPv6 routers, possibly as part of performing their role
as DHCPv6 relays. Routers and DHCPv6 servers are expected to work in
conjunction with AAA servers to determine whether or not the client's
credentials are valid.
Routers can exert such network access control by the device of
carefully controlling entries in their packet filter and Neighbor
Cache [5]. If a client does not supply verifiable credentials, then
the router SHOULD NOT forward packets to that client. Furthermore,
such uncredentialed devices should have no access (or perhaps only
very limited access) to the other network links adjacent to the
router. Only in this way can a new client be prevented from abusing
network connectivity before its authorization is complete.
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2. Terminology
This document makes use of many terms defined in recent AAA
requirements documents (for example, [4]). The general framework
consists of nodes in the following general relationship:
Local Domain Home Domain
+------------------------+ +--------------+
| +-------------+ | | +------+ |
| | | | | | | |
| | AAAL | | | | AAAH | |
| | +---------------+ | | |
| +----+---+----+ | | +------+ |
| | | +------+ | | |
| | | | other| | +--------------+
+------+ | +----+-+-+----+ | |
| | | | | | | | C = client
| C |- -|- -| A | F |----+ | A = attendant
| | | | | | | F = packet filter
+------+ | +------+------+ | other = other AAA clients
| | AAAL = local authority
+------------------------+ AAAH = home authority
From a system point of view:
+--------------------------+ +----------------+
| Router System | | AAA Server |
+--------------+ | | | Infrastructure |
| Client System| | +--------+ +---------+ | | +------------+ |
| | | | F | | A +-------+ AAAL | |
| | | +--------+ +---------+ | | | | |
| +------+ | | | | | | +-----+------+ |
| | C | | | +------+------+ | | | |
| +------+ | | Controlled | Uncontrolled| ==================
+------|-------+ +------------|-------------+ | | |
| | | +-----+------+ |
+-----------------------+ | | AAAH | |
| | | |
| +------------+ |
+----------------+
The entities in the pictures above are defined as follows:
Client System: The client system is the node requesting access to
the network.
Client: The client is the entity whose authorization is checked.
The client resides on the client system.
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Router System: The router is the node that provides network access
to the client. In addition to the usual packet forwarding
functionality, the router system typically consists of other
functional blocks like the attendant and the packet filter.
Attendant: The attendant is the entity that extracts
identification and authorization data sent by the client and
forwards them to AAAL for verification. It is also responsible
for making the necessary configuration updates (e.g., to the
packet filter, and the router's Neighbor Cache) so that only
authorized clients can access the network.
Packet filter: A packet filter/firewall/security gateway is the
entity responsible for disallowing unauthorized datagram
traffic. When a client is authorized, the access control list
of the filter is updated with the corresponding client's IP
address(es).
Controlled and uncontrolled access: Each network interface of
the router can be configured to provide AAA services. When
an interface is so configured, all transiting packets are
subject to controlled access. If a packet does not pass access
control, but is an AAA message addressed to the router, it is
given to the Attendant in the uncontrolled access part.
AAAL: The AAA server in the foreign domain that mediates local
access to the AAA infrastructure.
AAAH: The AAA server in the home domain which is able to authorize
each of its clients.
Other nodes: Other clients that perform some function as a result
of the policy received from AAAH, e.g. accounting, QoS, etc.
AAA credential: Data provided by a client to the AAA server in
an authorization request. For example, this can be a message
authentication code constructed using a secret shared between
the client and AAAH.
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in [3].
3. General Framework
Using the terminology just introduced, in this section we describe
the general framework for our proposals.
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3.1. Protocol Description
The client solicits access to the network in conjunction with some
protocol. Protocols considered in this document include Stateless
Address Autoconfiguration [7] Mobile IPv6 citemobileIPv6, and
DHCPv6 [2], as an example of a stateful autoconfiguration service.
If the router has AAA service enabled, a packet received on the
interface is made available to the controlled part. The controlled
part will only forward traffic that corresponds to an authorized
client. All other packets will be dropped except for upstream AAA
authorization protocol packets (sent by the client to the router).
Such packets are made available to the attendant in the uncontrolled
part. The attendant may extract the relevant AAA data and forward
them to AAAL. The overall protocol is depicted below.
Router system
+.......................+
Client . UCP CP . AAAL AAAH
| LC . | | . | |
|<--------------------| | . | |
|AAA Req: LC,RPI,ID,CR| | . | |
|-------------------->| | . | |
| . | AHR | . | |
| . |- - - - - - - - |- - - - - - - - >| AHR |
| . | | . |- - - >|
| . | | . | AHA |
| . | AHA | . |< - - -|
| . |<- - - - - - - -| -.- - - - - - - | |
| . | Update config | . | |
| . |--------------->| . | |
| . | | . | |
| . | | . | |
| . | | . | |
|AAA Rep: stat,RPI,KR | | . | |
|<--------------------| | . | |
| . | | . | |
+.......................+
LC = Local AAA Challenge
RPI = Replay Protection Indicator used between client and AAAH
CR = AAA Credential
ID = Client Identifier
KR = Key Reply
UCP = Uncontrolled part
CP = Controlled part
AHR = AAA Clientequest (using an AAA protocol)
AHA = AAA Clientnswer (using an AAA protocol)
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The figure describes the authorization protocol exchanges in the
generic case. The operation of this protocol is initiated by either
the attendant or the client. First, the attendant (uncontrolled part
in the router) sends a local challenge to the client. The client
then constructs an AAA credential which securely binds the local
challenge, the client identifier, any replay protection indicator
used between the client and AAAH, and other necessary information.
The credential is such that it can be verified by AAAH. The client
then sends an ``AAA Request'' message containing the credential
and the information necessary to verify it. The attendant checks
that the local challenge included in the AAA Request is valid,
extracts the AAA related information and sends them to AAAL using an
appropriate AAA protocol. We label this message, AAA Client Request
(AHR). AAAL forwards AHR to AAAH, which verifies the credential
and sends back the result, and any necessary keys. We label this
reply message AAA Client Answer (AHA). The AAAL forwards AHA to the
attendant. AAAL may also forward any necessary keys. The attendant
extracts the relevant data from AHA and forwards them to the client.
The attendant updates configuration of the packet filter (controlled
part in the router) so that traffic to and from the client is allowed
to pass through.
3.2. Client Identifier
The client identifier MUST enable AAAL to identify a suitable AAAH
for carrying out all necessary authorization steps. A NAI [1] is
often used to convey identities of users although IPv6 networks may
well be constructed to determine the user's identity based only
on the IPv6 address of the user's host. Therefore, the client
identifier MAY be a NAI or an IPv6 address. The NAI MAY also
identify the user to AAAL, although this is not necessary (e.g., the
user part of the NAI may be intelligible only to AAAH).
3.3. Replay Protection
Each participant in the protocol SHOULD verify the freshness of the
protocol messages in order to protect itself from replay attacks.
Replay protection between AAAL and AAAH, and between AAAL and
attendant are handled by the AAA protocol. Therefore, we only need
to consider replay protection between the client and the other
entities.
The attendant ensures freshness of an AAA Request message from the
client by verifying that the local challenge included in the Request
is a recent one.
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The client and AAAH may use either timestamps or random challenges
(nonces) for replay protection. The former is straightforward.
The latter is as follows. In the AAA Reply, AAAH sends an AAAH
challenge. When the client makes the next AAA Request, it includes
this AAAH challenge. It also includes its own client challenge.
When AAAH receives this request, it verifies that the AAAH challenge
is current. In the reply, AAAH copies the client challenge, and
includes a new AAAH challenge. This way, the client can verify the
freshness of the reply from AAAH.
If the AAAH challenge in an AAA Request is not valid, or if the
client sends an explicit request for an AAAH challenge, AAAH will
reply with a new AAAH challenge. This operation is similar to that
for nonces as specified for Mobile IP [6].
3.4. AAA Credential
An AAA credential is created by the client and is verified by AAAH.
The creation and verification is based on a security association
shared between the client and AAAH. The credential SHOULD securely
bind the following pieces of information:
- Client identifier,
- Local AAA challenge, if one was provided by the attendant, and
- Depending on the style of replay protection being used between
the client and AAAH, either a timestamp or a pair of challenges.
In certain applications, additional data may be included in the
computation of the AAA Credential.
The exact algorithm used to compute the AAA Credential depends on
the security association between the client and AAAH. HMAC_MD5 is a
suitable algorithm, based on a shared secret between the client and
AAAH.
4. Instantiation with Stateless Address Autoconfiguration
In this section, we describe how the general protocol sketched in
Section 3 can be used with Stateless address autoconfiguration [7].
4.1. Structure of Protocol Messages
We define new ICMPv6 messages to transport AAA data between the
client and the attendant. In addition, we defined several options
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that can be embedded in a AAAv6 Protocol Message. Detailed
definitions of these messages are given in Section 7. Here we give a
brief description of each AAAv6 protocol message type, and each AAAv6
option. In addition, we also defined an AAAv6 Challenge option to
Router Advertisement, enabling the attendant to send a challenge to
the client.
4.1.1. AAAv6 Protocol Message types
From client to attendant:
AAA Request: Request for client authorization.
AAA Home Challenge Request: Request for a new challenge from AAAH.
From attendant to client:
AAA Reply: Reply to AAA Request.
AAA Teardown: Indication of termination of the currently active
AAA registration. This message is always sent unsolicited to
the registered AAA client.
4.1.2. AAA Protocol Message options
Each AAA Protocol Message specifies what AAA options may accompany
it. Currently, the following options are defined.
Security Data: This option is intended to carry security data.
Currently, two subtypes are defined.
AAA Credential: Sent by the client; used by AAAH to verify
the authorization of the client.
AAAH Authenticator: Sent by AAAH; used by the client to
verify the authenticity of AAA Reply.
Client Identifier: This option should enable AAAL to determine the
AAAH to which an AAA Request is to be forwarded. Currently,
two subtypes are defined: NAI, and IPv6 address.
Generalized Key Reply: This option is used to distribute session
keys to be used by the client. Currently several pairs of
subtypes are defined.
Challenge: This option is used to carry nonces used for replay
protection. Currently three subtypes are defined:
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Local Challenge: Challenge issued by the attendant to the
client.
Home Challenge: Challenge issued by AAAH to the client.
Client Challenge: Challenge issued by the client to AAAH.
Timestamp: This option is used to carry timestamp information used
for replay protection.
IPv6 Address: This option is used to carry IP address information.
Lifetime: This option indicates the lifetime of an AAA
authorization.
4.2. Protocol Overview
4.2.1. Basic operation
The basic operation follows the model described in Section 3.1. When
an IPv6 client starts up or enter a new subnet, it receives a Router
Advertisement with a AAA Challenge option. As is usual, this Router
Advertisement is either broadcast periodically, or MAY be sent in
response to a Router Solicitation by the client.
The client will construct a tentative IP address and MAY reply with
an AAA Request ICMPv6 message with the following options:
- Local Challenge option into which the challenge from the Router
Advertisement is copied.
- Either Timestamp option or both AAAH Challenge and Client
Challenge options
- Client Identifier option consisting of the client's NAI or some
long term IPv6 address, such as the client's home address.
- AAA Credential option constructed by concatenating all of the
preceding options and applying the algorithm specified by the
security association between the client and AAAH.
When challenges are used for replay protection, the client MUST
include the currently advertised AAAH challenge (perhaps as received
from AAAH via a previous AAA Reply message) in the AAAH Challenge
option, and a random number in the Client Challenge option. If the
client does not have an AAAH challenge, it SHOULD send an AAA Home
Challenge Request message first (see Section 4.2.2.
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The client MUST perform Duplicate Address Detection (DAD) before
sending the AAA Request. The source address of AAA Request MUST be
the chosen IPv6 address.
On receiving the Request, the attendant MUST check if the chosen
address is already in use. If it is, the attendant MUST send an AAA
Reply with code ADDRESS_IN_USE.
Otherwise, the attendant will extract AAA data and forward them to
AAAL in an AHR message using an AAA protocol, which is then forwarded
to AAAH. The data in each AAA option MUST be conveyed to AAAH by
the AHR message. In return, AAAH will construct an AHA message
containing information in a suitable form that can be be extracted by
the attendant and conveyed to the client in an AAA Reply message with
appropriate options. The following options are discussed in this
document:
- Either Timestamp option or both AAAH Challenge and Client
Challenge options
- One or more Key Reply options
- Lifetime option
- AAAH Authenticator option
We describe AAAH behavior in terms of what the client should
eventually receive in the AAA Reply. If the AAA Credential
is incorrect, the client MUST receive an AAA Reply with code
INVALID_CREDENTIAL. If challenges are used for replay protection,
and if the AAAH challenge is absent or invalid, the AAA Reply SHOULD
have a code NEW_CHALLENGE, and SHOULD contain an AAAH Challenge
option. If timestamps are used for replay protection, and the
Timestamp option is absent or invalid, the AAA Reply SHOULD have code
INVALID_TIMESTAMP.
AAAH SHOULD choose a validity period for the verification which
should be included in the Lifetime option of AAA Reply. If AAAL
proposes its own lifetime value (in the AHR message), then the
Lifetime option MUST contain the lower of the two values. If AAAH
chooses a key to be used between the attendant and the client, that
key SHOULD be encoded in a Client-Attendant Key Reply option. If
timestamps are used for replay protection, there MUST be a timestamp
option. If challenges are used for replay protection, AAAH MUST copy
the Client Challenge, and include a new random number in the AAAH
Challenge. Finally, AAAH should compute an authenticator, to be
included in an AAAH Authenticator option, by concatenating all the
preceding options intended for the client, and applying the algorithm
specified by the security association between the client and AAAH. In
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addition, AAAH MAY include information in the AHA message intended
for AAAL.
If the status of the request is successful, AAAH will send back an
AHA message indicating success to AAAL. AAAL will forward this to
the attendant. If there are any keys distributed by AAAH, AAAL MUST
re-encode those keys for the attendant.
The attendant MUST add an entry for a client in its Neighbor Cache
and at the same time update the packet filter with the client's IP
address when the AAA verification for the client has been successful.
The lifetime of these entries MUST be set to the value specified in
the AHA message. The attendant will extract all information in the
AHA message intended for the client and send them back in an AAA
Reply ICMPv6 message. If the source address of the AAA Request was
the unspecified address, the corresponding AAA Reply MUST be sent to
the all-nodes multicast address. Otherwise the AAA Reply MUST be
sent to the source address of the corresponding AAA Request.
The attendant MUST create security associations for the client
corresponding to any keys distributed to it by AAAL.
When the client receives an AAA Reply indicating success, it
MUST verify the AAAH authenticator and the validity of the replay
protection indicator. If verification succeeds, the client MUST
create security associations for the attendant. The client MUST
associate the lifetime specified in the Lifetime option with
the address that was authorized. When the lifetime is close to
expiration, the client SHOULD re-initiate the AAA process.
4.2.2. Challenge Request
If the client does not have a valid AAAH challenge, it SHOULD send an
AAA Home Challenge Request message. This SHOULD include the Client
Challenge option and MAY include the Client Identifier option. The
AAA Reply SHOULD have code NEW_CHALLENGE, and SHOULD include an AAAH
Authenticator option.
4.2.3. Termination
It is also possible to terminate valid sessions. To terminate a
session, the attendant clears the packet filter and sends a AAA
Teardown message to the client which invalidates the IP address. A
typical scenario for termination would be in a pre-paid service when
the pre-paid amount is used up. The client may request termination
by sending an AAA Request message with a zero lifetime.
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4.3. Initiation of the AAA Process
The AAA process can be initiated either from the client or from the
attendant. The attendant can initiate the process by sending a
Router Advertisement with the AAA Challenge option. The client can
initiate the process by sending a Router Solicitation.
5. Instantiation with Mobile IPv6
There are two ways to handle Mobile IPv6. First, the client could
do the AAA processing when it obtains a care-of address, and then it
could send a binding update to the home agent, and possibly to the
previous router and other correspondents.
If the home agent and AAAH belong to the same domain, it may be more
efficient to bundle the binding update to the home agent in the AAA
Request message so that the delay is minimized. We support this
possibility by defining a new option called Embedded Data option.
The client generates an IPv6 packet containing the binding update to
the home agent, but instead of sending it directly, it includes it in
the AAA Request as the payload of an Embedded Data option. AAAH will
extract the binding update IPv6 packet and send it to the home agent.
The home agent SHOULD send the binding acknowledgement back to AAAH
so that it can be similarly transported to the client as part of the
AAA Reply.
In addition, we define new subtypes to the AAA Generalized Key Reply
option so that AAAH could distribute authentication keys for use
between the home agent and the mobile node.
6. Instantiation with DHCPv6
In this section we describe how the general protocol sketched in
Section 3 can be used with DHCPv6 [2].
Between the client and the server there may also be a DHCP Relay
which together with the DHCP server MAY be used to restrict access.
The exact behavior of the relay is described in Section 6.4
6.1. Mapping the general protocol
The general protocol messages in Section 3 and the instantiation with
stateless autoconfiguration in Section 4 are mapped to DHCP in the
following fashion.
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- The Local Challenge is sent as an option in the DHCP Advertise
message.
- The AAA Request and the Home Challenge Request are sent as
options in the DHCP Request message.
- The AAA Reply is sent as options in the DHCP Reply message.
- The AAA Teardown messages is not explicitly sent in any message.
Instead the DHCP Reconfigure-init and the DHCP Release messages
will be used.
In addition to these two new error values called AAA_Failed
indicating failure of the AAA registration attempt and
AAA_New_Home_Challenge indicating that a new challenge has
been sent to the DHCP client will be defined.
6.2. Mapping the message options
Most of the Protocol Message options in Section 4.1.2 are mapped to
DHCP options. The following list specifies which options are needed
for DHCP.
- Security Data: As described in Section 4.1.2.
- Client Identifier: This option contains the NAI used by the
client. The IPv6 address subtype is not supported.
- Generalized Key Reply: As described in Section 4.1.2.
- Challenge: As described in Section 4.1.2.
- Timestamp: As described in Section 4.1.2.
- Lifetime: As described in Section 4.1.2.
The detailed option formats are described in Section 8.
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DHCP DHCP
Client relay server AAAL AAAH
| | | | |
| DS | | |
|------------------|------->| | |
| DA: LC | | |
|<-----------------|--------| | |
| DReq: LC, RPI, CR, ID | | |
|------------------|------->| | |
| | | |
| | | AHR | |
| |- - - - - - - - - - >| AHR |
| | | |- - - >|
| | | AHA |
| | | AHA |< - - -|
| |<- - - - - - - - - - | |
| DRep, RPI, KR, L | | | |
|<--------------------------| | |
| | | | |
| | | |
| | | | |
DS = DHCP Solicit
DA = DHCP Advertise
DReq = DHCP Request
DRep = DHCP Reply
LC = Local AAA Challenge
RPI = Replay Protection Indicator used between client and AAAH
CR = AAA Credential
ID = Client Identifier
KR = Key Reply
L = Lifetime
AHR = AAA Client Request (using an AAA protocol)
AHA = AAA Client Answer (using an AAA protocol)
6.3. Protocol Overview
6.3.1. Basic operation
The basic operation follows the model outlined in Section 3.
When the DHCP client starts up in the subnet, it will send a DHCP
Solicit as described in the DHCPv6 draft [2]. The DHCP servers
receiving the DHCPV6 Solicit reply by sending DHCP Advertise messages
containing the Local Challenge option. Either all or none of the
DHCP servers MUST include a Local Challenge option in order to avoid
any ambiguities.
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The DHCP client will construct a DHCP Request message with the
following options added before any authentication option:
- Local Challenge option into which the challenge in the DHCP
Advertise message is copied.
- Either Timestamp option or both Home Challenge and Client
Challenge options.
- Client Identifier option.
- AAA Credential option.
When challenges are used for replay protection, the DHCP client MUST
include its current Home challenge in the Home Challenge option, and
a random number in the Client Challenge option. If the DHCP client
does not have an Home Challenge, it SHOULD request a Home Challenge
first as described in Section 6.3.2.
On receiving a valid DHCP Request the DHCP server will extract the
relevant data and forward them to the AAAL in the AHR message using
the AAA protocol. The AHR is then forwarded to the AAAH via the AAA
network. In addition to the options relating to AAA sent in the DHCP
Request message the IPv6 address that will be assigned to the DHCP
client MAY be of relevance to the AAAH.
In return, AAAH will construct an AHA message and send it to the
AAAL via the AAA infrastructure. The AAAL will then forward the AHA
message to the DHCP server.
If the AHA message indicates failure the value of the DHCP Reply will
be set to AAA_Failed and the DHCP server denies the DHCP address
acquisition.
If the AHA message indicates success it will contain information to
allow the following DHCP options to be attached to the DHCP Reply
message:
- Either Timestamp option or both Home Challenge and Client
Challenge options.
- One or more Key Reply options.
- Lifetime option.
- AAAH Authenticator option.
In addition to these options the DHCP server will attach those
options needed to satisfy the DHCP client's request.
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6.3.2. Requesting a Home Challenge
If the DHCP client does not have a Home Challenge the DHCP client
SHOULD request one by sending a DHCP Request containing an Option
Request option. The DHCP Request SHOULD also contain a Home
Challenge option and SHOULD contain a Client Identifier option. The
DHCP Reply SHOULD have the return value set to AAA_New_Home_Challenge
and SHOULD include the Home Challenge option.
6.3.3. Termination
The lease can be terminated either by the DHCP client or the DHCP
server. The DHCP client terminates the lease by sending a DHCP
Release message and waiting for a DHCP Reply. The DHCP server can
terminate the address lease by sending an Reconfigure-init message by
unicast to the DHCP client. The DHCP client will try to reacquire
its address lease which the DHCP server then will deny.
6.4. Access Control
The access to the controlled part (CP) of the network can be done in
three different ways.
In a subnetwork using a DHCP Relay to forward messages between
the client and the server the access control MAY be located in
the DHCP Relay if the default router and the DHCP relay are also
co-located. The DHCP Relay MUST add an entry in its Neighbor Cache
when forwarding a DHCP Replay indicating successful allocation of an
address. In addition to adding an entry in the Neighbor Cache subnet
or site specific filtering rules MAY also be added.
In small sites where there is one DHCP server co-located in the
default router the DHCP server MUST add the entries in its neighbor
cache and MAY also add subnet or site specific filtering rules.
The filtering rules MAY also be added to suitable locations in the
accessed network by some other means, e.g. through AAA interaction.
7. Message Formats for Stateless Address Autoconfiguration
7.1. AAA Challenge Option
The AAA challenge option is applicable to Router Advertisements.
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0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type = TBD | Length | Challenge ...
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Type The Type field identifies the option as being an AAA
challenge option and has a value of TBD.
Length The Length field gives the length measured in octets
of this option, including the Type and Length fields.
Challenge This field contains a challenge.
7.2. AAA Protocol Messages
AAA Messages are new ICMPv6 messages. They have the following
general structure.
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0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type = TBD | Code | Checksum |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Message body |
+ +
Type The following new types are defined:
AAA Request: TBD
AAA Home Challenge Request: TBD
AAA Reply: TBD
AAA Teardown: TBD
Code The code field depends on the message type. Currently the
following Code fields are defined.
- For AAA Reply
SUCCESS: 0
NEW_CHALLENGE: 1
ADDRESS_IN_USE: 20
INVALID_CREDENTIAL: 50
INVALID_TIMESTAMP: 51
- For AAA Teardown
SUCCESS: 0
- No Code values are defined for the remaining AAA
message types. The Code field MUST be set to zero.
Message body The message body may consist of one or more options.
7.3. AAA Protocol Message Options
The general structure of an AAA Protocol Message Option is as
follows.
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0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type | Subtype | Length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Option data |
+ +
Type The Type field identifies the option. Currently,
the following types are supported. The most
significant bit of the Type indicates if the option
is unskippable (0) or skippable (1).
Subtype Each option type may be further subdivided. The
Subtype field identifies option at the next level of
granularity.
Length The Length field indicates the size of the Option
data in octets.
Option data The format of option data is depends on the type and
subtype, and is defined below.
7.3.1. Client Identifier option
The Client Identifier option is used by AAAL to decide where to route
the AAA request, and by AAAH in verifying the AAA Credential.
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0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type | Subtype | Length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Identifier |
+ +
Type 1 (unskippable)
Subtype Currently two subtypes are defined: NAI (0) and IPv6
address (1)
Length For subtype 1, the Length should be 16.
Identifier For subtype 0, this field contains a NAI formatted
according to RFC2486 [1]. For subtype 1, this field
contains an IPv6 address.
7.3.2. Security Data
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type | Subtype | Length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| SPI |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Security Data |
+ +
Type 2 (unskippable)
Subtype Currently two subtypes are defined: AAA
Credential (0) and AAAH Authenticator (1)
Length Length of the option in octets, not including the
first four octets.
SPI The security parameter index to be used in
interpreting the Security Data.
Security Data The actual payload.
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7.3.3. Challenge
The Challenge option is used to convey nonces for replay protection
between various pairs of entities.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type | Subtype | Length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Challenge |
+ +
Type 3 (unskippable)
Subtype Currently three subtypes are defined:
- Local Challenge: Challenge issued by the
attendant to the client (0)
- Home Challenge: Challenge issued by AAAH to the
client (1)
- Client Challenge: Challenge issued by the client
to AAAH (2)
Length Length of the challenge in octets.
Challenge The actual challenge data.
7.3.4. Generalized Key Reply
This option is used to convey keys distributed by AAAH for use
between the client and other entities.
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0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type | Subtype | Length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| AAAH SPI |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Key SPI |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Peer IPv6 Address |
| |
| |
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Encoded Key Data |
+ +
Type 4 (unskippable)
Subtype Currently three pairs of subtypes are defined:
- Client-Attendant authentication key: Key
to be used between the current attendant
and the client for IPSec authentication
(0)
- Client-Attendant encryption key: Key to
be used between the current attendant and
the client for IPsec encryption (1)
- MN-HA authentication key: Key to be used
between the home agent and the client for
IPsec authentication (3)
If the most significant bit of the Subtype
value is 1, the ``Peer IPv6 Address'' field is
present. Otherwise, it is absent.
Length Length of the option in octets except the
first four octets.
AAAH SPI This field indicates the security association
between the client and AAAH which should be
used by the client to interpret the Encoded
Key Data field.
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Key SPI This field indicates the SPI value for the new
security association into which the key should
be inserted.
Peer IPv6 Address When present, this field indicates the IPv6
address of the peer. This is useful when the
client does not already know the address to be
used. This field is present in subtypes 128
and above.
Encoded Key Data This field contains the key, along with any
other information required by the client to
create the security association. The contents
of the field MUST be encrypted by AAAH as
specified by AAAH SPI.
7.3.5. Timestamp
Timestamp field may be used for replay protection between the client
and AAAH.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type | Subtype | Length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Timestamp |
+ +
Type 5 (unskippable)
Subtype Currently no subtypes are defined. Should be zero.
Length Length of the Timestamp in octets.
Timestamp Timestamp value in some format mutually intelligible
to the client and AAAH
7.3.6. IPv6 Address
This option is used by the client to convey the IPv6 address it has
chosen. There may be other uses for this option, too.
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0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type | Subtype | Length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| IPv6 Address |
| |
| |
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Type 6 (unskippable)
Subtype Currently no subtypes are defined. Should be zero.
Length 32
IPv6 Address A valid IPv6 address.
7.3.7. Lifetime
This option is used to indicate the validity period of a successful
AAA verification.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type | Subtype | Length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Lifetime |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Type 7 (unskippable)
Subtype Currently no subtypes are defined. Should be zero.
Length 4
Lifetime Lifetime in seconds.
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7.3.8. Embedded Data
This option is used to transport specific kinds of embedded data in
the AAA messages.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type |WH |Subtype | Length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Embedded Data |
+ +
Type 8 (unskippable)
WH This field indicates who should process the embedded data.
It is interpreted as follows (values in binary)
- 00 - Recipient of the AAA Protocol message (i.e.,
either the client or the attendant)
- 01 - AAAL
- 10 - AAAH
- 11 - reserved
Subtype Currently two subtypes are defined:
- MN-HA binding update (0)
- HA-MN binding acknowledgement (1)
Data The actual embedded data itself. For subtype 0, this MUST
be an IPv6 packet addressed to the HA, and containing
a binding update. For subtype 1, this MUST be an IPv6
packet addressed to the CoA, and containing a binding
acknowledgement from the HA.
For example, to bundle the HA binding update with AAA processing,
the client will first generate a binding update, and insert it into
an embedded data option of the AAA Request message, with WH = 10
(binary) and Subtype = 0. Based on the value of WH, the attendant
will extract the Embedded Data and forward it to AAAH via AAAL. Based
on the Subtype, AAAH will forward the binding update to the home
agent, and will receive a binding acknowledgement in reply. The
attendant will forward the binding acknowledgement in an Embedded
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Data option to the AAA Reply message, with WH - 00 (binary) and
Subtype = 1.
8. Message Formats for Stateful Address Autoconfiguration with DHCPv6
8.1. Challenge option
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type = TBD | Length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Subtype | reserved |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Challenge...
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Type The Type field identifies the option as a Local
Challenge option.
Length The Length of the option in octets not
including the Type and Length fields.
Subtype The Subtype field identifies the type of the
challenge. Currently defined subtypes are:
- Local Challenge: Challenge issued by the
DHCP server to the client, 0
- Home Challenge: Challenge issued by AAAH
to the client, 1
- Client Challenge: Challenge issued by the
client to AAAH, 2
reserved 0, used for aligning the Challenge field.
Challenge The actual challenge data.
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8.2. Client Identifier option
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type = TBD | Length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Identifier...
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Type The Type field identifies the option as
a Client Identifier option.
Length The Length of the option in octets not
including the Type and Length fields.
Identifier The client identifier formatted
according to RFC2486 [1]
8.3. Timestamp option
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type = TBD | Length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Timestamp
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Type The Type field identifies the option as a
Timestamp option.
Length The Length of the option in octets not
including the Type and Length fields.
Timestamp Timestamp value in some format mutually
intelligible to the client and AAAH.
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8.4. Lifetime option
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type = TBD | Length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Lifetime |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Type The Type field identifies the option as a
Timestamp option.
Length 4
Lifetime Lifetime in seconds indicating the validity
period of a successful AAA verification.
8.5. Security Data option
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type = TBD | Length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Subtype | reserved |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| SPI |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Security Data...
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Type The Type field identifies the option as a
Timestamp option.
Length The Length of the option in octets not
including the Type and Length fields.
Subtype Currently two subtypes are defined: AAA
Credential (0) and AAAH Authenticator (1).
reserved 0, used for aligning the Challenge field.
Security Data The actual payload.
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8.6. Generalized Key Reply option
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type = TBD | Length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Subtype | reserved |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| AAAH SPI |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Key SPI |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Encoded Key...
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Type The Type field identifies the
option as a Timestamp option.
Length The Length of the option in octets
not including the Type and Length
fields.
Subtype Currently three pairs of subtypes
are defined:
- Client-Attendant authentication
key: Key to be used between
the current attendant and the
client for IPSec authentication
(0)
- Client-Attendant encryption
key: Key to be used between
the current attendant and the
client for IPsec encryption (1)
- MN-HA authentication key: Key
to be used between the home
agent and the client for IPsec
authentication (3)
reserved 0, used for aligning the next
field.
AAAH SPI This field indicates the security
association between the client and
AAAH which should be used by the
client to interpret the Encoded Key
Data field.
AsokanKey,SPIEklund, Flykt, Perkins ThisEfieldxindicatesptheiSPIrvaluees[2PSeptembera2001ge 28]
for the new security association
into which the key should be
inserted.
Encoded Key This field contains the key, along
with any other information required
by the client to create the
security association. The contents
of the field MUST be encrypted by
AAAH as specified by AAAH SPI.
Internet Draft AAA for IPv6 2 March 2000
9. Security Considerations
Source address based packet filtering does not guarantee that only
authorized clients will be able to send out traffic through the
router. An attacker can fake the source address of IP packets. In
situations where strong protection is needed, clients should be
required to use an IPSec AH tunnel to the router.
10. Open Issues and Discussion
10.1. Packet Service Filter
There is also a future work to determine how services can be
updated dynamically based on the authorized services. A typical
service filter will permit/deny a filter rule based on upper layer
information for the authenticated IP address.
The attendant could prepare an ACL with service filters based on the
AAA response for the authenticated services for the different UDP/TCP
ports.
10.2. Use of Destination Options
An alternative to defining new ICMPv6 messages and associated options
will be to define new IPv6 destination options for all AAA related
payload. One disadvantage is that the length of destination options
is limited by the 8-bit length field. An advantage is that embedded
data may be transported more naturally using either a Routing Header
or IP-in-IP encapsulation, thereby avoiding the need for something
like the Embedded Data option.
10.3. AAAL
If QoS or other traffic parameters affecting the whole site are
received from the AAAH, the AAAL MAY have some means to enforce
these. In this case the AAAL MAY also enforce some form of filtering
separate from the DHCP infrastructure.
10.4. Other
How are the AAA Credentials computed?
AAAH Challenge or Home Challenge?
Do we need the paddings in the DHCPv6 options?
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References
[1] B. Aboba and M. Beadles. The Network Access Identifier. Request
for Comments (Proposed Standard) 2486, Internet Engineering Task
Force, January 1999.
[2] J. Bound and C. Perkins. Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
for IPv6 (DHCPv6) (work in progress). Internet Draft, Internet
Engineering Task Force, May 2000.
[3] S. Bradner. Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement
Levels. Request for Comments (Best Current Practice) 2119,
Internet Engineering Task Force, March 1997.
[4] S. Glass, T. Hiller, S. Jacobs, and C. Perkins. Mobile IP
Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting Requirements.
Internet Draft, Internet Engineering Task Force.
draft-ietf-mobileip-aaa-reqs-01.txt, January 2000.
[5] T. Narten, E. Nordmark, and W. Simpson. Neighbor Discovery for
IP Version 6 (IPv6). Request for Comments (Draft Standard) 2461,
Internet Engineering Task Force, December 1998.
[6] C. Perkins. IP Mobility Support. Request for Comments (Proposed
Standard) 2002, Internet Engineering Task Force, October 1996.
[7] S. Thomson and T. Narten. IPv6 Stateless Address
Autoconfiguration. Request for Comments (Draft Standard)
2462, Internet Engineering Task Force, December 1998.
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Addresses
The working group can be contacted via the current chairs:
Stephen E. Deering Robert M. Hinden
Cisco Systems, Inc. Nokia
170 West Tasman Drive 313 Fairchild Drive
San Jose, CA 95134-1706 Mountain View, CA 94303
USA USA
Phone: +1 408 527 8213 Phone: +1 650 625-2004
Fax: +1 408 527 8254 Fax: +1 650 625-xxxx
EMail: deering@cisco.com EMail: hinden@iprg.nokia.com
Questions about this memo can also be directed to the authors:
N. Asokan Thomas Eklund
Nokia Research Center Xelerated Networks
P.O. Box 407 Regeringsgatan 67
FIN-00045 NOKIA GROUP
Helsinki 103 86 Stockholm
Finland Sweden
Phone: +358 40 743 1961 Phone: +46 8 50625753
E-mail: n.asokan@nokia.com E-mail: thomas.eklund@xelerated.com
Fax: +358 9 4376 6852 Fax: +46 8 54553211
Patrik Flykt Charles E. Perkins
Nokia Networks Communications Systems Lab
P.O. Box 321 Nokia Research Center
FIN-00045 NOKIA GROUP 313 Fairchild Drive
Mountain View, California 94043
Finland USA
Phone: +358 9 511 68072 Phone: +1-650 625-2986
E-mail: patrik.flykt@nokia.com EMail: charliep@iprg.nokia.com
Fax: +358 9 511 68080 Fax: +1 650 625-2502
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