RFC 8727 JSON-IODEF August 2020
Takahashi, et al. Standards Track [Page]
Stream:
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
RFC:
8727
Category:
Standards Track
Published:
ISSN:
2070-1721
Authors:
T. Takahashi
NICT
R. Danyliw
CERT
M. Suzuki
NICT

RFC 8727

JSON Binding of the Incident Object Description Exchange Format

Abstract

The Incident Object Description Exchange Format (IODEF) defined in RFC 7970 provides an information model and a corresponding XML data model for exchanging incident and indicator information. This document gives implementers and operators an alternative format to exchange the same information by defining an alternative data model implementation in JSON and its encoding in Concise Binary Object Representation (CBOR).

Status of This Memo

This is an Internet Standards Track document.

This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). It represents the consensus of the IETF community. It has received public review and has been approved for publication by the Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Further information on Internet Standards is available in Section 2 of RFC 7841.

Information about the current status of this document, any errata, and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8727.

1. Introduction

The Incident Object Description Exchange Format (IODEF) [RFC7970] defines a data representation for security incident reports and indicators commonly exchanged by operational security teams. It facilitates the automated exchange of this information to enable mitigation and watch-and-warning. An information model using Unified Modeling Language (UML) is defined in Section 3 of [RFC7970] and a corresponding Extensible Markup Language (XML) schema data model is defined in Section 8 of [RFC7970]. This UML-based information model and XML-based data model are referred to as IODEF UML and IODEF XML, respectively, in this document.

IODEF documents are structured and thus suitable for machine processing. They will streamline incident response operations. Another well-used and structured format that is suitable for machine processing is JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) [RFC8259]. To facilitate the automation of incident response operations, IODEF documents and implementations should support JSON representation and its encoding in Concise Binary Object Representation (CBOR) [RFC7049].

This document defines an alternate implementation of the IODEF UML information model by specifying a JSON data model using Concise Data Definition Language (CDDL) [RFC8610] and a JSON Schema [JSON-SCHEMA]. This JSON data model is referred to as IODEF JSON in this document. IODEF JSON provides all of the expressivity of IODEF XML. It gives implementers and operators an alternative format to exchange the same information.

The normative IODEF JSON data model is found in Section 6. Sections 2 and 3 describe the data types and elements of this data model. Section 4 provides examples.

1.1. Requirements Language

The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all capitals, as shown here.

2. IODEF Data Types

IODEF JSON implements the abstract data types specified in Section 2 of [RFC7970].

2.1. Abstract Data Type to JSON Data Type Mapping

IODEF JSON uses native and derived JSON data types. Table 1 describes the mapping between the abstract data types in Section 2 of [RFC7970] and their corresponding implementations in IODEF JSON.

Table 1: JSON Data Types
IODEF Data Type Reference JSON Data Type
INTEGER Section 2.1 of [RFC7970] integer; see Section 2.2.1
REAL Section 2.2 of [RFC7970] "number" per [RFC8259]
CHARACTER Section 2.3 of [RFC7970] "string" per [RFC8259]
STRING Section 2.3 of [RFC7970] "string" per [RFC8259]
ML_STRING Section 2.4 of [RFC7970] see Section 2.2.2
BYTE Section 2.5.1 of [RFC7970] "string" per [RFC8259]
BYTE[] Section 2.5.1 of [RFC7970] "string" per [RFC8259]
HEXBIN Section 2.5.2 of [RFC7970] "string" per [RFC8259]
HEXBIN[] Section 2.5.2 of [RFC7970] "string" per [RFC8259]
ENUM Section 2.6 of [RFC7970] see Section 2.2.3
DATETIME Section 2.7 of [RFC7970] "string" per [RFC8259]
TIMEZONE Section 2.8 of [RFC7970] "string" per [RFC8259]
PORTLIST Section 2.9 of [RFC7970] "string" per [RFC8259]
POSTAL Section 2.10 of [RFC7970] ML_STRING; see Section 2.2.2
PHONE Section 2.11 of [RFC7970] "string" per [RFC8259]
EMAIL Section 2.12 of [RFC7970] "string" per [RFC8259]
URL Section 2.13 of [RFC7970] "string" per [RFC8259]
ID Section 2.14 of [RFC7970] "string" per [RFC8259]
IDREF Section 2.14 of [RFC7970] "string" per [RFC8259]
SOFTWARE Section 2.15 of [RFC7970] see Section 2.2.4
STRUCTUREDINFO Section 4.4 of [RFC7203] see Section 2.2.5
EXTENSION Section 2.16 of [RFC7970] see Section 2.2.6
Table 2: CBOR Data Types
IODEF Data Type CBOR Data Type CDDL Prelude [RFC8610]
INTEGER 0, 1, 6 tag 2, 6 tag 3 integer
REAL 7 bits 26 float32
CHARACTER 3 text
STRING 3 text
ML_STRING 5 Maps/Structs (Section 3.5.1 of [RFC8610])
BYTE 6 tag 22 eb64legacy
BYTE[] 6 tag 22 eb64legacy
HEXBIN 6 tag 23 eb16
HEXBIN[] 6 tag 23 eb16
ENUM - Choices (Section 2.2.2 of [RFC8610])
DATETIME 6 tag 0 tdate
TIMEZONE 3 text
PORTLIST 3 text
POSTAL 3 ML_STRING (Section 2.2.2)
PHONE 3 text
EMAIL 3 text
URL 6 tag 32 uri
ID 3 text
IDREF 3 text
SOFTWARE 5 Maps/Structs (Section 3.5.1 of [RFC8610])
STRUCTUREDINFO 5 Maps/Structs (Section 3.5.1 of [RFC8610])
EXTENSION 5 Maps/Structs (Section 3.5.1 of [RFC8610])

2.2. Complex JSON Types

2.2.1. Integer

An integer is a subset of the "number" type of JSON, which represents signed digits encoded in Base 10. The definition of this integer is "[ minus ] int" per [RFC8259], Section 6.

2.2.2. Multilingual Strings

A string that needs to be represented in a human-readable language different from the default encoding of the document is represented in the information model by the ML_STRING data type. This data type is implemented as either an object with "value", "lang", and "translation-id" elements or a text string as defined in Section 6. An example is shown below.

"MLStringType": {
  "value": "free-form text",                              # STRING
  "lang": "en",                                             # ENUM
  "translation-id": "jp2en0023"                           # STRING
}

Note that in figures throughout this document, some supplementary information follows "#", but these are not valid syntax in JSON; instead, they are intended to facilitate reader understanding.

2.2.3. Enum

Enum is an ordered list of acceptable string values. Each value has a representative keyword. Within the data model, the enumerated type keywords are used as attribute values.

2.2.4. Software and Software Reference

A particular version of software is represented in the information model by the SOFTWARE data type. This software can be described by using a reference, a Uniform Resource Locator (URL) [RFC3986], or free-form text. The SOFTWARE data type is implemented as an object with "SoftwareReference", "URL", and "Description" elements as defined in Section 6. Examples are shown below.

"SoftwareType": {
  "SoftwareReference": {...},                  # SoftwareReference
  "Description": ["MS Windows"]                           # STRING
}

SoftwareReference class is a reference to a particular version of software. Examples are shown below.

"SoftwareReference": {
  "value": "cpe:/a:google:chrome:59.0.3071.115",          # STRING
  "spec-name": "cpe",                                       # ENUM
  "dtype": "string"                                         # ENUM
}

2.2.5. Structured Information

Information provided in the form of a structured string, such as an ID, or structured information, such as XML documents, is represented in the information model by the STRUCTUREDINFO data type. Note that this type was originally specified in Section 4.4 of [RFC7203] as a basic structure of its extension classes. The STRUCTUREDINFO data type is implemented as an object with "SpecID", "ext-SpecID", "ContentID", "RawData", and "Reference" elements. An example for embedding a structured ID is shown below.

"STRUCTUREDINFO": {
  "SpecID": "urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:mile:cwe:3.3",          # ENUM
  "ContentID": "CWE-89"                                   # STRING
}

When embedding the raw data, it should be encoded as a BYTE type object, as shown below.

"STRUCTUREDINFO": {
  "SpecID": "urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:mile:mmdef:1.2",        # ENUM
  "RawData": "<<< encoded structured data >>>"              # BYTE
}

When embedding the raw data, base64 encoding defined in Section 4 of [RFC4648] MUST be used for JSON IODEF while binary representation MUST be used for CBOR IODEF.

2.2.6. EXTENSION

Information not otherwise represented in the IODEF can be added using the EXTENSION data type. This data type is a generic extension mechanism. The EXTENSION data type is implemented as an ExtensionType object with "value", "name", "dtype", "ext-dtype", "meaning", "formatid", "restriction", "ext-restriction", and "observable-id" elements. An example for embedding a structured ID is shown below.

"ExtensionType": {
  "value": "xxxxxxx",                                     # STRING
  "name": "Syslog",                                       # STRING
  "dtype": "string",                                        # ENUM
  "meaning": "Syslog from the security appliance X"       # STRING
}

Note that this data type is specified in [RFC7970] as its generic extension mechanism. If a data item has internal structure that is intended to be processed outside of the IODEF framework, one may consider using the STRUCTUREDINFO data type mentioned in Section 2.2.5.

3. IODEF JSON Data Model

3.1. Classes and Elements

The following table shows the list of IODEF classes and their elements and the corresponding sections in [RFC7970]. Note that the complete JSON schema is defined in Section 6 using CDDL.

Table 3: IODEF Classes
IODEF Class Class, Element, and Attribute Section in [RFC7970]
IODEF-Document
  • version
  • lang?
  • format-id?
  • private-enum-name?
  • private-enum-id?
  • Incident+
  • AdditionalData*
3.1
Incident
  • purpose
  • ext-purpose?
  • status?
  • ext-status?
  • lang?
  • restriction?
  • ext-restriction?
  • observable-id?
  • IncidentID
  • AlternativeID?
  • RelatedActivity*
  • DetectTime?
  • StartTime?
  • EndTime?
  • RecoveryTime?
  • ReportTime?
  • GenerationTime
  • Description*
  • Discovery*
  • Assessment*
  • Method*
  • Contact+
  • EventData*
  • Indicator*
  • History?
  • AdditionalData*
3.2
IncidentID
  • id
  • name
  • instance?
  • restriction?
  • ext-restriction?
3.4
AlternativeID
  • restriction?
  • ext-restriction?
  • IncidentID+
3.5
RelatedActivity
  • restriction?
  • ext-restriction?
  • IncidentID*
  • URL*
  • ThreatActor*
  • Campaign*
  • IndicatorID*
  • Confidence?
  • Description*
  • AdditionalData*
3.6
ThreatActor
  • restriction?
  • ext-restriction?
  • ThreatActorID*
  • URL*
  • Description*
  • AdditionalData*
3.7
Campaign
  • restriction?
  • ext-restriction?
  • CampaignID*
  • URL*
  • Description*
  • AdditionalData*
3.8
Contact
  • role
  • ext-role?
  • type
  • ext-type?
  • restriction?
  • ext-restriction?
  • ContactName*
  • ContactTitle*
  • Description*
  • RegistryHandle*
  • PostalAddress*
  • Email*
  • Telephone*
  • Timezone?
  • Contact*
  • AdditionalData*
3.9
RegistryHandle
  • handle
  • registry
  • ext-registry?
3.9.1
PostalAddress
  • type?
  • ext-type?
  • PAddress
  • Description*
3.9.2
Email
  • type?
  • ext-type?
  • EmailTo
  • Description*
3.9.3
Telephone
  • type?
  • ext-type?
  • TelephoneNumber
  • Description*
3.9.4
Discovery
  • source?
  • ext-source?
  • restriction?
  • ext-restriction?
  • Description*
  • Contact*
  • DetectionPattern*
3.10
DetectionPattern
  • restriction?
  • ext-restriction?
  • observable-id?
  • Application
  • Description*
  • DetectionConfiguration*
3.10.1
Method
  • restriction?
  • ext-restriction?
  • Reference*
  • Description*
  • AttackPattern*
  • Vulnerability*
  • Weakness*
  • AdditionalData*
3.11
Weakness
  • restriction?
  • ext-restriction?
4.5.5 in [RFC7203]
Reference
  • observable-id?
  • ReferenceName?
  • URL*
  • Description*
3.11.1
Assessment
  • occurrence?
  • restriction?
  • ext-restriction?
  • observable-id?
  • IncidentCategory*
  • SystemImpact*
  • BusinessImpact*
  • TimeImpact*
  • MonetaryImpact*
  • IntendedImpact*
  • Counter*
  • MitigatingFactor*
  • Cause*
  • Confidence?
  • AdditionalData*
3.12
SystemImpact
  • severity?
  • completion?
  • type
  • ext-type?
  • Description*
3.12.1
BusinessImpact
  • severity?
  • ext-severity?
  • type
  • ext-type?
  • Description*
3.12.2
TimeImpact
  • value
  • severity?
  • metric
  • ext-metric?
  • duration?
  • ext-duration?
3.12.3
MonetaryImpact
  • value
  • severity?
  • currency?
3.12.4
Confidence
  • value
  • rating
  • ext-rating?
3.12.5
History
  • restriction?
  • ext-restriction?
  • HistoryItem+
3.13
HistoryItem
  • action
  • ext-action?
  • restriction?
  • ext-restriction?
  • observable-id?
  • DateTime
  • IncidentID?
  • Contact?
  • Description*
  • DefinedCOA*
  • AdditionalData*
3.13.1
EventData
  • restriction?
  • ext-restriction?
  • observable-id?
  • Description*
  • DetectTime?
  • StartTime?
  • EndTime?
  • RecoveryTime?
  • ReportTime?
  • Contact*
  • Discovery*
  • Assessment?
  • Method*
  • System*
  • Expectation*
  • RecordData*
  • EventData*
  • AdditionalData*
3.14
Expectation
  • action?
  • ext-action?
  • severity?
  • restriction?
  • ext-restriction?
  • observable-id?
  • Description*
  • DefinedCOA*
  • StartTime?
  • EndTime?
  • Contact?
3.15
System
  • category?
  • ext-category?
  • interface?
  • spoofed?
  • virtual?
  • ownership?
  • ext-ownership?
  • restriction?
  • ext-restriction?
  • Node
  • NodeRole*
  • Service*
  • OperatingSystem*
  • Counter*
  • AssetID*
  • Description*
  • AdditionalData*
3.17
Node
  • DomainData*
  • Address*
  • PostalAddress?
  • Location*
  • Counter*
3.18
Address
  • value
  • category
  • ext-category?
  • vlan-name?
  • vlan-num?
  • observable-id?
3.18.1
NodeRole
  • category
  • ext-category?
  • Description*
3.18.2
Counter
  • value
  • type
  • ext-type?
  • unit
  • ext-unit?
  • meaning?
  • duration?
  • ext-duration?
3.18.3
DomainData
  • system-status
  • ext-system-status?
  • domain-status
  • ext-domain-status?
  • observable-id?
  • Name
  • DateDomainWasChecked?
  • RegistrationDate?
  • ExpirationDate?
  • RelatedDNS*
  • Nameservers*
  • DomainContacts?
3.19
Nameservers
  • Server
  • Address*
3.19.1
DomainContacts
  • SameDomainContact?
  • Contact+
3.19.2
Service
  • ip-protocol?
  • observable-id?
  • ServiceName?
  • Port?
  • Portlist?
  • ProtoCode?
  • ProtoType?
  • ProtoField?
  • ApplicationHeaderField*
  • EmailData?
  • Application?
3.20
ServiceName
  • IANAService?
  • URL*
  • Description*
3.20.1
EmailData
  • observable-id?
  • EmailTo*
  • EmailFrom?
  • EmailSubject?
  • EmailX-Mailer?
  • EmailHeaderField*
  • EmailHeaders?
  • EmailBody?
  • EmailMessage?
  • HashData*
  • Signature*
3.21
RecordData
  • restriction?
  • ext-restriction?
  • observable-id?
  • DateTime?
  • Description*
  • Application?
  • RecordPattern*
  • RecordItem*
  • URL*
  • FileData*
  • WindowsRegistryKeysModified*
  • CertificateData*
  • AdditionalData*
3.22.1
RecordPattern
  • type
  • ext-type?
  • offset?
  • offsetunit?
  • ext-offsetunit?
  • instance?
  • value
3.22.2
WindowsRegistryKeysModified
  • observable-id?
  • Key+
3.23
Key
  • registryaction?
  • ext-registryaction?
  • observable-id?
  • KeyName
  • KeyValue?
3.23.1
CertificateData
  • restriction?
  • ext-restriction?
  • observable-id?
  • Certificate+
3.24
Certificate
  • observable-id?
  • X509Data
  • Description*
3.24.1
FileData
  • restriction?
  • ext-restriction?
  • observable-id?
  • File+
3.25
File
  • observable-id?
  • FileName?
  • FileSize?
  • FileType?
  • URL*
  • HashData?
  • Signature*
  • AssociatedSoftware?
  • FileProperties*
3.25.1
HashData
  • scope
  • HashTargetID?
  • Hash*
  • FuzzyHash*
3.26
Hash
  • DigestMethod
  • DigestValue
  • CanonicalizationMethod?
  • Application?
3.26.1
FuzzyHash
  • FuzzyHashValue+
  • Application?
  • AdditionalData*
3.26.2
Indicator
  • restriction?
  • ext-restriction?
  • IndicatorID
  • AlternativeIndicatorID*
  • Description*
  • StartTime?
  • EndTime?
  • Confidence?
  • Contact*
  • Observable?
  • uid-ref?
  • IndicatorExpression?
  • IndicatorReference?
  • NodeRole*
  • AttackPhase*
  • Reference*
  • AdditionalData*
3.29
IndicatorID 3.29.1
AlternativeIndicatorID
  • restriction?
  • ext-restriction?
  • IndicatorID+
3.29.2
Observable
  • restriction?
  • ext-restriction?
  • System?
  • Address?
  • DomainData?
  • Service?
  • EmailData?
  • WindowsRegistryKeysModified?
  • FileData?
  • CertificateData?
  • RegistryHandle?
  • RecordData?
  • EventData?
  • Incident?
  • Expectation?
  • Reference?
  • Assessment?
  • DetectionPattern?
  • HistoryItem?
  • BulkObservable?
  • AdditionalData*
3.29.3
BulkObservable
  • type?
  • ext-type?
  • BulkObservableFormat?
  • BulkObservableList
  • AdditionalData*
3.29.3.1
BulkObservableFormat
  • Hash?
  • AdditionalData*
3.29.3.1.1
IndicatorExpression
  • operator?
  • ext-operator?
  • IndicatorExpression*
  • Observable*
  • uid-ref*
  • IndicatorReference*
  • Confidence?
  • AdditionalData*
3.29.4
IndicatorReference
  • uid-ref?
  • euid-ref?
  • version?
3.29.7
AttackPhase
  • AttackPhaseID*
  • URL*
  • Description*
  • AdditionalData*
3.29.8

3.2. Mapping between JSON and XML IODEF

  • Attributes and elements of each class in the XML IODEF document are both presented as JSON attributes in the JSON IODEF document, and the order of their appearances is ignored.
  • Flow class is deleted, and classes with its instances now directly have instances of the EventData class that used to belong to the Flow class.
  • ApplicationHeader class is deleted, and classes with its instances now directly have instances of the ApplicationHeaderField class that used to belong to the ApplicationHeader class.
  • SignatureData class is deleted, and classes with its instances now directly have instances of the Signature class that used to belong to the SignatureData class.
  • IndicatorData class is deleted, and classes with its instances now directly have instances of the Indicator class that used to belong to the IndicatorData class.
  • ObservableReference class is deleted, and classes with its instances now directly have uid-ref as an element.
  • Record class is deleted, and classes with its instances now directly have instances of the RecordData class that used to belong to the Record class.
  • The MLStringType was modified to support simple string by allowing the type to have not only a predefined object type but also a text type, in order to allow simple descriptions of elements of the type. Implementations need to be capable of parsing an MLStringType that could take the form of both text and an object.
  • The elements of the ML_STRING type in the XML IODEF document are presented as either STRING type or ML_STRING type in the JSON IODEF document. When converting from the XML IODEF document to the JSON IODEF document, or vice versa, the information contained in the original data of the ML_STRING type must be preserved. When STRING is used instead of ML_STRING, parsers can assume that its "xml:lang" is set to "en".
  • Data models of the extension classes defined by [RFC7203] and referenced by [RFC7970] are represented by the STRUCTUREDINFO class defined in this document.
  • Signature, X509Data, and RawData are encoded using base64 encoding for JSON IODEF and binary representation for CBOR IODEF to represent them as BYTE objects.
  • EmailBody represents a whole message body including MIME structure in the same manner defined in [RFC7970]. In case of an email composed of a MIME multipart, the EmailBody contains multiple body parts separated by boundary strings.
  • The "ipv6-net-mask" type attribute of the BulkObservable class remains available for the purpose of backward compatibility, but the use of this attribute is not recommended because IPv6 does not use netmask any more.
  • ENUM values in this document are extensible and managed by IANA, which is also the case in [RFC7970]. The values in the table are used both by [RFC7970] implementations and by their JSON (and CBOR) bindings as specified by this document.
  • This document uses JSON's "number" type to represent integers that only have full precision for integer values between -253 and 253. When dealing with integers outside the range, this issue needs to be considered.
  • Binaries are encoded in bytes. Note that XML IODEF in [RFC7970] uses HEXBIN due to the incapability of XML for embedding binaries as they are.

4. Examples

This section provides examples of IODEF documents. These examples do not represent the full capabilities of the data model or the only way to encode particular information.

4.1. Minimal Example

A document containing only the mandatory elements and attributes is shown below in JSON and CBOR, respectively.

{
  "version": "2.0",
  "lang": "en",
  "Incident": [{
      "purpose": "reporting",
      "restriction": "private",
      "IncidentID": {
        "id": "492382",
        "name": "csirt.example.com"
      },
      "GenerationTime": "2015-07-18T09:00:00-05:00",
      "Contact": [{
          "type": "organization",
          "role": "creator",
          "Email": [{"EmailTo": "contact@csirt.example.com"}]
      }]
  }]
}
Figure 1: A Minimal Example in JSON 
A3                                    # map(3)
   37                                 # negative(23)
   63                                 # text(3)
      322E30                          # "2.0"
   36                                 # negative(22)
   62                                 # text(2)
      656E                            # "en"
   32                                 # negative(18)
   81                                 # array(1)
      A5                              # map(5)
         21                           # negative(1)
         69                           # text(9)
            7265706F7274696E67        # "reporting"
         29                           # negative(9)
         67                           # text(7)
            70726976617465            # "private"
         02                           # unsigned(2)
         A2                           # map(2)
            12                        # unsigned(18)
            66                        # text(6)
               343932333832           # "492382"
            2E                        # negative(14)
            71                        # text(17)
               63736972742E6578616D706C652E636F6D
                                      # "csirt.example.com"
         0A                           # unsigned(10)
         78 19                        # text(25)
            323031352D30372D31385430393A30303A30302D30353A3030
                                      # "2015-07-18T09:00:00
                                      # -05:00"
         0E                           # unsigned(14)
         81                           # array(1)
            A3                        # map(3)
               18 1C                  # unsigned(28)
               6C                     # text(12)
                  6F7267616E697A6174696F6E # "organization"
               18 1A                  # unsigned(26)
               67                     # text(7)
                  63726561746F72      # "creator"
               18 22                  # unsigned(34)
               81                     # array(1)
                  A1                  # map(1)
                     18 29            # unsigned(41)
                     78 19            # text(25)
                        636F6E746163744063736972742E6578616D70
                        6C652E636F6D
                                      # "contact@csirt.example.com"
Figure 2: A Minimal Example in CBOR

4.2. Indicators from a Campaign

An example of C2 domains from a given campaign is shown below in JSON and CBOR, respectively.

{
  "version": "2.0",
  "lang": "en",
  "Incident": [{
    "purpose": "watch",
    "restriction": "green",
    "IncidentID": {
      "id": "897923",
      "name": "csirt.example.com"
    },
    "RelatedActivity": [{
      "ThreatActor": [{
        "ThreatActorID": ["TA-12-AGGRESSIVE-BUTTERFLY"],
        "Description": ["Aggressive Butterfly"]}],
      "Campaign": [{
        "CampaignID": ["C-2015-59405"],
        "Description": ["Orange Giraffe"]
      }]
    }],
    "GenerationTime": "2015-10-02T11:18:00-05:00",
    "Description": ["Summarizes the Indicators of Compromise for the
      Orange Giraffe campaign of the Aggressive Butterfly crime
      gang."],
    "Assessment": [{
      "Impact": [{"BusinessImpact": {"type": "breach-proprietary"}}]
    }],
    "Contact": [{
      "type": "organization",
      "role": "creator",
      "ContactName": ["CSIRT for example.com"],
      "Email": [{
        "EmailTo": "contact@csirt.example.com"
      }]
    }],
    "Indicator": [{
      "IndicatorID": {
        "id": "G90823490",
        "name": "csirt.example.com",
        "version": "1"
      },
      "Description": ["C2 domains"],
      "StartTime": "2014-12-02T11:18:00-05:00",
      "Observable": {
        "BulkObservable": {
          "type": "domain-name",
          "BulkObservableList": "kj290023j09r34.example.com"}
      }
    }]
  }]
}
Figure 3: Indicators from a Campaign in JSON 
A3                                      # map(3)
   37                                   # negative(23)
   63                                   # text(3)
      322E30                            # "2.0"
   36                                   # negative(22)
   62                                   # text(2)
      656E                              # "en"
   32                                   # negative(18)
   81                                   # array(1)
      A9                                # map(9)
         21                             # negative(1)
         65                             # text(5)
            7761746368                  # "watch"
         29                             # negative(9)
         65                             # text(5)
            677265656E                  # "green"
         02                             # unsigned(2)
         A2                             # map(2)
            12                          # unsigned(18)
            66                          # text(6)
               383937393233             # "897923"
            2E                          # negative(14)
            71                          # text(17)
               63736972742E6578616D706C652E636F6D
                                        # "csirt.example.com"
         04                             # unsigned(4)
         81                             # array(1)
            A2                          # map(2)
               14                       # unsigned(20)
               81                       # array(1)
                  A2                    # map(2)
                     18 18              # unsigned(24)
                     81                 # array(1)
                        78 1A           # text(26)
                           54412D31322D414747524553534956452D4
                           25554544552464C59
                                        # "TA-12-AGGRESSIVE
                                        # -BUTTERFLY"
                     24                 # negative(4)
                     81                 # array(1)
                        74              # text(20)
                           41676772657373697665204275747465726
                           66C79
                                        # "Aggressive Butterfly"
               15                       # unsigned(21)
               81                       # array(1)
                  A2                    # map(2)
                     18 19              # unsigned(25)
                     81                 # array(1)
                        6C              # text(12)
                           432D323031352D3539343035
                                        # "C-2015-59405"
                     24                 # negative(4)
                     81                 # array(1)
                        6E              # text(14)
                           4F72616E67652047697261666665
 # "Orange Giraffe"
         0A                             # unsigned(10)
         78 19                          # text(25)
            323031352D31302D30325431313A31383A30302D30353A3030
                                       # "2015-10-02T11:18:00-05:00"
         24                             # negative(4)
         81                             # array(1)
            78 6F                       # text(111)
               53756D6D6172697A65732074686520496E64696361746F7
               273206F6620436F6D70726F6D69736520666F7220746865
               204F72616E676520476972616666652063616D706169676
               E206F662074686520416767726573736976652042757474
               6572666C79206372696D652067616E672E
                                        # "Summarizes the Indicators
                                        # of Compromise for the
                                        # Orange Giraffe campaign
                                        # of the Aggressive
                                        # Butterfly crime gang."
         0C                             # unsigned(12)
         81                             # array(1)
            A1                          # map(1)
               18 3F                    # unsigned(63)
               81                       # array(1)
                  A1                    # map(1)
                     18 41              # unsigned(65)
                     A1                 # map(1)
                        18 1C           # unsigned(28)
                        72              # text(18)
                           6272656163682D70726F7072696574617279
                                        # "breach-proprietary"
         0E                             # unsigned(14)
         81                             # array(1)
            A4                          # map(4)
               18 1C                    # unsigned(28)
               6C                       # text(12)
                  6F7267616E697A6174696F6E
                                        # "organization"
               18 1A                    # unsigned(26)
               67                       # text(7)
                  63726561746F72        # "creator"
               18 1E                    # unsigned(30)
               81                       # array(1)
                  75                    # text(21)
                     435349525420666F72206578616D706C652E636F6D
                                        # "CSIRT for example.com"
               18 22                    # unsigned(34)
               81                       # array(1)
                  A1                    # map(1)
                     18 29              # unsigned(41)
                     78 19              # text(25)
                        636F6E746163744063736972742E6578616D70
                        6C652E636F6D
                                       # "contact@csirt.example.com"
         10                             # unsigned(16)
         81                             # array(1)
            A4                          # map(4)
               16                       # unsigned(22)
               A3                       # map(3)
                  12                    # unsigned(18)
                  69                    # text(9)
                     473930383233343930 # "G90823490"
                  2E                    # negative(14)
                  71                    # text(17)
                     63736972742E6578616D706C652E636F6D
                                        # "csirt.example.com"
                  37                    # negative(23)
                  61                    # text(1)
                     31                 # "1"
               24                       # negative(4)
               81                       # array(1)
                  6A                    # text(10)
                     433220646F6D61696E73 # "C2 domains"
               06                       # unsigned(6)
               78 19                    # text(25)
                  323031342D31322D30325431313A31383A30302D30353A3030
                                       # "2014-12-02T11:18:00-05:00"
               18 AB                    # unsigned(171)
               A1                       # map(1)
                  18 B0                 # unsigned(176)
                  A2                    # map(2)
                     18 1C              # unsigned(28)
                     6B                 # text(11)
                        646F6D61696E2D6E616D65
                                        # "domain-name"
                     18 B2              # unsigned(178)
                     78 1A              # text(26)
                        6B6A3239303032336A30397233342E6578616D
                        706C652E636F6D
                                      # "kj290023j09r34.example.com"
Figure 4: Indicators from a Campaign in CBOR

5. Mapkeys

The mapkeys are provided in Table 4 for minimizing the CBOR size.

Table 4: Mapkeys
mapkey cborkey
iodef-version -24
iodef-lang -23
iodef-format-id -22
iodef-private-enum-name -21
iodef-private-enum-id -20
iodef-Incident -19
iodef-AdditionalData -18
iodef-value -17
iodef-translation-id -16
iodef-name -15
iodef-dtype -14
iodef-ext-dtype -13
iodef-meaning -12
iodef-formatid -11
iodef-restriction -10
iodef-ext-restriction -9
iodef-observable-id -8
iodef-SoftwareReference -7
iodef-URL -6
iodef-Description -5
iodef-spec-name -4
iodef-ext-spec-name -3
iodef-purpose -2
iodef-ext-purpose -1
iodef-status 0
iodef-ext-status 1
iodef-IncidentID 2
iodef-AlternativeID 3
iodef-RelatedActivity 4
iodef-DetectTime 5
iodef-StartTime 6
iodef-EndTime 7
iodef-RecoveryTime 8
iodef-ReportTime 9
iodef-GenerationTime 10
iodef-Discovery 11
iodef-Assessment 12
iodef-Method 13
iodef-Contact 14
iodef-EventData 15
iodef-Indicator 16
iodef-History 17
iodef-id 18
iodef-instance 19
iodef-ThreatActor 20
iodef-Campaign 21
iodef-IndicatorID 22
iodef-Confidence 23
iodef-ThreatActorID 24
iodef-CampaignID 25
iodef-role 26
iodef-ext-role 27
iodef-type 28
iodef-ext-type 29
iodef-ContactName 30
iodef-ContactTitle 31
iodef-RegistryHandle 32
iodef-PostalAddress 33
iodef-Email 34
iodef-Telephone 35
iodef-Timezone 36
iodef-handle 37
iodef-registry 38
iodef-ext-registry 39
iodef-PAddress 40
iodef-EmailTo 41
iodef-TelephoneNumber 42
iodef-source 43
iodef-ext-source 44
iodef-DetectionPattern 45
iodef-DetectionConfiguration 46
iodef-Application 47
iodef-Reference 48
iodef-AttackPattern 49
iodef-Vulnerability 50
iodef-Weakness 51
iodef-SpecID 52
iodef-ext-SpecID 53
iodef-ContentID 54
iodef-RawData 55
iodef-Platform 56
iodef-Scoring 57
iodef-ReferenceName 58
iodef-specIndex 59
iodef-ID 60
iodef-occurrence 61
iodef-IncidentCategory 62
iodef-Impact 63
iodef-SystemImpact 64
iodef-BusinessImpact 65
iodef-TimeImpact 66
iodef-MonetaryImpact 67
iodef-IntendedImpact 68
iodef-Counter 69
iodef-MitigatingFactor 70
iodef-Cause 71
iodef-severity 72
iodef-completion 73
iodef-ext-severity 74
iodef-metric 75
iodef-ext-metric 76
iodef-duration 77
iodef-ext-duration 78
iodef-currency 79
iodef-rating 80
iodef-ext-rating 81
iodef-HistoryItem 82
iodef-action 83
iodef-ext-action 84
iodef-DateTime 85
iodef-DefinedCOA 86
iodef-System 87
iodef-Expectation 88
iodef-RecordData 89
iodef-category 90
iodef-ext-category 91
iodef-interface 92
iodef-spoofed 93
iodef-virtual 94
iodef-ownership 95
iodef-ext-ownership 96
iodef-Node 97
iodef-NodeRole 98
iodef-Service 99
iodef-OperatingSystem 100
iodef-AssetID 101
iodef-DomainData 102
iodef-Address 103
iodef-Location 104
iodef-vlan-name 105
iodef-vlan-num 106
iodef-unit 107
iodef-ext-unit 108
iodef-system-status 109
iodef-ext-system-status 110
iodef-domain-status 111
iodef-ext-domain-status 112
iodef-Name 113
iodef-DateDomainWasChecked 114
iodef-RegistrationDate 115
iodef-ExpirationDate 116
iodef-RelatedDNS 117
iodef-NameServers 118
iodef-DomainContacts 119
iodef-Server 120
iodef-SameDomainContact 121
iodef-ip-protocol 122
iodef-ServiceName 123
iodef-Port 124
iodef-Portlist 125
iodef-ProtoCode 126
iodef-ProtoType 127
iodef-ProtoField 128
iodef-ApplicationHeaderField 129
iodef-EmailData 130
iodef-IANAService 131
iodef-EmailFrom 132
iodef-EmailSubject 133
iodef-EmailX-Mailer 134
iodef-EmailHeaderField 135
iodef-EmailHeaders 136
iodef-EmailBody 137
iodef-EmailMessage 138
iodef-HashData 139
iodef-Signature 140
iodef-RecordPattern 141
iodef-RecordItem 142
iodef-FileData 143
iodef-WindowsRegistryKeysModified 144
iodef-CertificateData 145
iodef-offset 146
iodef-offsetunit 147
iodef-ext-offsetunit 148
iodef-Key 149
iodef-registryaction 150
iodef-ext-registryaction 151
iodef-KeyName 152
iodef-KeyValue 153
iodef-Certificate 154
iodef-X509Data 155
iodef-File 156
iodef-FileName 157
iodef-FileSize 158
iodef-FileType 159
iodef-AssociatedSoftware 160
iodef-FileProperties 161
iodef-scope 162
iodef-HashTargetID 163
iodef-Hash 164
iodef-FuzzyHash 165
iodef-DigestMethod 166
iodef-DigestValue 167
iodef-CanonicalizationMethod 168
iodef-FuzzyHashValue 169
iodef-AlternativeIndicatorID 170
iodef-Observable 171
iodef-uid-ref 172
iodef-IndicatorExpression 173
iodef-IndicatorReference 174
iodef-AttackPhase 175
iodef-BulkObservable 176
iodef-BulkObservableFormat 177
iodef-BulkObservableList 178
iodef-operator 179
iodef-ext-operator 180
iodef-euid-ref 181
iodef-AttackPhaseID 182

6. The IODEF Data Model (CDDL)

This section provides the IODEF data model. Note that mapkeys are described at the beginning of the CDDL data model for better readability.

start = iodef

;;; iodef.json: IODEF-Document

iodef-version = -24
iodef-lang = -23
iodef-format-id = -22
iodef-private-enum-name = -21
iodef-private-enum-id = -20
iodef-Incident = -19
iodef-AdditionalData = -18
iodef-value = -17
iodef-translation-id = -16
iodef-name = -15
iodef-dtype = -14
iodef-ext-dtype = -13
iodef-meaning = -12
iodef-formatid = -11
iodef-restriction = -10
iodef-ext-restriction = -9
iodef-observable-id = -8
iodef-SoftwareReference = -7
iodef-URL = -6
iodef-Description = -5
iodef-spec-name = -4
iodef-ext-spec-name = -3
iodef-purpose = -2
iodef-ext-purpose = -1
iodef-status = 0
iodef-ext-status = 1
iodef-IncidentID = 2
iodef-AlternativeID = 3
iodef-RelatedActivity = 4
iodef-DetectTime = 5
iodef-StartTime = 6
iodef-EndTime = 7
iodef-RecoveryTime = 8
iodef-ReportTime = 9
iodef-GenerationTime = 10
iodef-Discovery = 11
iodef-Assessment = 12
iodef-Method = 13
iodef-Contact = 14
iodef-EventData = 15
iodef-Indicator = 16
iodef-History = 17
iodef-id = 18
iodef-instance = 19
iodef-ThreatActor = 20
iodef-Campaign = 21
iodef-IndicatorID = 22
iodef-Confidence = 23
iodef-ThreatActorID = 24
iodef-CampaignID = 25
iodef-role = 26
iodef-ext-role = 27
iodef-type = 28
iodef-ext-type = 29
iodef-ContactName = 30
iodef-ContactTitle = 31
iodef-RegistryHandle = 32
iodef-PostalAddress = 33
iodef-Email = 34
iodef-Telephone = 35
iodef-Timezone = 36
iodef-handle = 37
iodef-registry = 38
iodef-ext-registry = 39
iodef-PAddress = 40
iodef-EmailTo = 41
iodef-TelephoneNumber = 42
iodef-source = 43
iodef-ext-source = 44
iodef-DetectionPattern = 45
iodef-DetectionConfiguration = 46
iodef-Application = 47
iodef-Reference = 48
iodef-AttackPattern = 49
iodef-Vulnerability = 50
iodef-Weakness = 51
iodef-SpecID = 52
iodef-ext-SpecID = 53
iodef-ContentID = 54
iodef-RawData = 55
iodef-Platform = 56
iodef-Scoring = 57
iodef-ReferenceName = 58
iodef-specIndex = 59
iodef-ID = 60
iodef-occurrence = 61
iodef-IncidentCategory = 62
iodef-Impact = 63
iodef-SystemImpact = 64
iodef-BusinessImpact = 65
iodef-TimeImpact = 66
iodef-MonetaryImpact = 67
iodef-IntendedImpact = 68
iodef-Counter = 69
iodef-MitigatingFactor = 70
iodef-Cause = 71
iodef-severity = 72
iodef-completion = 73
iodef-ext-severity = 74
iodef-metric = 75
iodef-ext-metric = 76
iodef-duration = 77
iodef-ext-duration = 78
iodef-currency = 79
iodef-rating = 80
iodef-ext-rating = 81
iodef-HistoryItem = 82
iodef-action = 83
iodef-ext-action = 84
iodef-DateTime = 85
iodef-DefinedCOA = 86
iodef-System = 87
iodef-Expectation = 88
iodef-RecordData = 89
iodef-category = 90
iodef-ext-category = 91
iodef-interface = 92
iodef-spoofed = 93
iodef-virtual = 94
iodef-ownership = 95
iodef-ext-ownership = 96
iodef-Node = 97
iodef-NodeRole = 98
iodef-Service = 99
iodef-OperatingSystem = 100
iodef-AssetID = 101
iodef-DomainData = 102
iodef-Address = 103
iodef-Location = 104
iodef-vlan-name = 105
iodef-vlan-num = 106
iodef-unit = 107
iodef-ext-unit = 108
iodef-system-status = 109
iodef-ext-system-status = 110
iodef-domain-status = 111
iodef-ext-domain-status = 112
iodef-Name = 113
iodef-DateDomainWasChecked = 114
iodef-RegistrationDate = 115
iodef-ExpirationDate = 116
iodef-RelatedDNS = 117
iodef-NameServers = 118
iodef-DomainContacts = 119
iodef-Server = 120
iodef-SameDomainContact = 121
iodef-ip-protocol = 122
iodef-ServiceName = 123
iodef-Port = 124
iodef-Portlist = 125
iodef-ProtoCode = 126
iodef-ProtoType = 127
iodef-ProtoField = 128
iodef-ApplicationHeaderField = 129
iodef-EmailData = 130
iodef-IANAService = 131
iodef-EmailFrom = 132
iodef-EmailSubject = 133
iodef-EmailX-Mailer = 134
iodef-EmailHeaderField = 135
iodef-EmailHeaders = 136
iodef-EmailBody = 137
iodef-EmailMessage = 138
iodef-HashData = 139
iodef-Signature = 140
iodef-RecordPattern = 141
iodef-RecordItem = 142
iodef-FileData = 143
iodef-WindowsRegistryKeysModified = 144
iodef-CertificateData = 145
iodef-offset = 146
iodef-offsetunit = 147
iodef-ext-offsetunit = 148
iodef-Key = 149
iodef-registryaction = 150
iodef-ext-registryaction = 151
iodef-KeyName = 152
iodef-KeyValue = 153
iodef-Certificate = 154
iodef-X509Data = 155
iodef-File = 156
iodef-FileName = 157
iodef-FileSize = 158
iodef-FileType = 159
iodef-AssociatedSoftware = 160
iodef-FileProperties = 161
iodef-scope = 162
iodef-HashTargetID = 163
iodef-Hash = 164
iodef-FuzzyHash = 165
iodef-DigestMethod = 166
iodef-DigestValue = 167
iodef-CanonicalizationMethod = 168
iodef-FuzzyHashValue = 169
iodef-AlternativeIndicatorID = 170
iodef-Observable = 171
iodef-uid-ref = 172
iodef-IndicatorExpression = 173
iodef-IndicatorReference = 174
iodef-AttackPhase = 175
iodef-BulkObservable = 176
iodef-BulkObservableFormat = 177
iodef-BulkObservableList = 178
iodef-operator = 179
iodef-ext-operator = 180
iodef-euid-ref = 181
iodef-AttackPhaseID = 182

iodef = {
 iodef-version => text,
 ? iodef-lang => lang,
 ? iodef-format-id => text
 ? iodef-private-enum-name => text,
 ? iodef-private-enum-id => text,
 iodef-Incident => [+ Incident],
 ? iodef-AdditionalData => [+ ExtensionType]
}

duration = "second" / "minute" / "hour" / "day" / "month" /
"quarter" / "year" / "ext-value"
lang = "" / text .regexp "[a-zA-Z]{1,8}(-[a-zA-Z0-9]{1,8})*"

restriction = "public" / "partner" / "need-to-know" / "private" /
"default" / "white" / "green" / "amber" / "red" /
"ext-value"
SpecID = "urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:mile:mmdef:1.2" /  "private"
IDtype = text .regexp "[a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z0-9_.-]*"
IDREFType = IDtype
URLtype = uri
TimeZonetype = text .regexp "Z|[\\+\\-](0[0-9]|1[0-4]):[0-5][0-9]"
PortlistType = text .regexp
                        "[0-9]+(\\-[0-9]+)?(,[0-9]+(\\-[0-9]+)?)*"
action = "nothing" / "contact-source-site" / "contact-target-site" /
"contact-sender" / "investigate" / "block-host" /
"block-network" / "block-port" / "rate-limit-host" /
"rate-limit-network" / "rate-limit-port" / "redirect-traffic" /
"honeypot" / "upgrade-software" / "rebuild-asset" /
"harden-asset" / "remediate-other" / "status-triage" /
"status-new-info" / "watch-and-report" / "training" /
"defined-coa" / "other" / "ext-value"

DATETIME = tdate

BYTE = eb64legacy

MLStringType = {
    iodef-value => text,
    ? iodef-lang => lang,
    ? iodef-translation-id => text
} / text

PositiveFloatType = float32 .gt 0

PAddressType = MLStringType

ExtensionType  = {
 iodef-value => text,
 ? iodef-name => text,
 iodef-dtype => "boolean" / "byte" / "bytes" / "character" /
"date-time" / "ntpstamp" / "integer" / "portlist" / "real" /
"string" / "file" / "path" / "frame" / "packet" / "ipv4-packet" /
"json" / "ipv6-packet" / "url" / "csv" / "winreg" / "xml" /
"ext-value"
.default "string"
 ? iodef-ext-dtype => text,
 ? iodef-meaning => text,
 ? iodef-formatid => text,
 ? iodef-restriction => restriction .default "private",
 ? iodef-ext-restriction => text,
 ? iodef-observable-id => IDtype,
}

SoftwareType = {
 ? iodef-SoftwareReference => SoftwareReference,
 ? iodef-URL => [+ URLtype],
 ? iodef-Description => [+ MLStringType]
}

SoftwareReference = {
 ? iodef-value => text,
 iodef-spec-name => "custom" / "cpe" / "swid" / "ext-value",
 ? iodef-ext-spec-name => text,
 ? iodef-dtype => "bytes" / "integer" / "real" / "string" / "xml" /
"ext-value" .default "string",
 ? iodef-ext-dtype => text
}

Incident = {
 iodef-purpose => "traceback" / "mitigation" / "reporting" /
"watch" / "other" / "ext-value",
 ? iodef-ext-purpose => text,
 ? iodef-status => "new" / "in-progress"/ "forwarded" / "resolved" /
"future" / "ext-value",
 ? iodef-ext-status => text,
 ? iodef-lang => lang,
 ? iodef-restriction => restriction .default "private",
 ? iodef-ext-restriction => text,
 ? iodef-observable-id => IDtype,
 iodef-IncidentID => IncidentID,
 ? iodef-AlternativeID => AlternativeID,
 ? iodef-RelatedActivity => [+ RelatedActivity],
 ? iodef-DetectTime => DATETIME,
 ? iodef-StartTime => DATETIME,
 ? iodef-EndTime => DATETIME,
 ? iodef-RecoveryTime => DATETIME,
 ? iodef-ReportTime => DATETIME,
 iodef-GenerationTime => DATETIME,
 ? iodef-Description => [+ MLStringType],
 ? iodef-Discovery => [+ Discovery],
 ? iodef-Assessment => [+ Assessment],
 ? iodef-Method => [+ Method],
 iodef-Contact => [+ Contact],
 ? iodef-EventData => [+ EventData],
 ? iodef-Indicator => [+ Indicator],
 ? iodef-History => History,
 ? iodef-AdditionalData => [+ ExtensionType]
}

IncidentID = {
 iodef-id => text,
 iodef-name => text,
 ? iodef-instance => text,
 ? iodef-restriction => restriction .default "private",
 ? iodef-ext-restriction => text
}

AlternativeID = {
 ? iodef-restriction => restriction .default "private",
 ? iodef-ext-restriction => text,
 iodef-IncidentID => [+ IncidentID]
}

RelatedActivity = {
 ? iodef-restriction => restriction .default "private",
 ? iodef-ext-restriction => text,
 ? iodef-IncidentID => [+ IncidentID],
 ? iodef-URL => [+ URLtype],
 ? iodef-ThreatActor => [+ ThreatActor],
 ? iodef-Campaign => [+ Campaign],
 ? iodef-IndicatorID => [+ IndicatorID],
 ? iodef-Confidence => Confidence,
 ? iodef-Description => [+ text],
 ? iodef-AdditionalData => [+ ExtensionType]
}

ThreatActor = {
 ? iodef-restriction => restriction .default "private",
 ? iodef-ext-restriction => text,
 ? iodef-ThreatActorID => [+ text],
 ? iodef-URL => [+ URLtype],
 ? iodef-Description => [+ MLStringType],
 ? iodef-AdditionalData => [+ ExtensionType]
}

Campaign  = {
 ? iodef-restriction => restriction .default "private",
 ? iodef-ext-restriction => text,
 ? iodef-CampaignID => [+ text],
 ? iodef-URL => [+ URLtype],
 ? iodef-Description => [+ MLStringType],
 ? iodef-AdditionalData => [+ ExtensionType]
}

Contact = {
 iodef-role => "creator" / "reporter" / "admin" / "tech" /
"provider" / "user" / "billing" / "legal" / "irt" / "abuse" /
"cc" / "cc-irt" / "leo" / "vendor" / "vendor-support" /
"victim" / "victim-notified" / "ext-value",
 ? iodef-ext-role => text,
 iodef-type => "person" / "organization" / "ext-value",
 ? iodef-ext-type => text,
 ? iodef-restriction => restriction .default "private",
 ? iodef-ext-restriction => text,
 ? iodef-ContactName => [+ MLStringType],
 ? iodef-ContactTitle => [+ MLStringType],
 ? iodef-Description => [+ MLStringType],
 ? iodef-RegistryHandle => [+ RegistryHandle],
 ? iodef-PostalAddress => [+ PostalAddress],
 ? iodef-Email => [+ Email],
 ? iodef-Telephone => [+ Telephone],
 ? iodef-Timezone => TimeZonetype,
 ? iodef-Contact => [+ Contact],
 ? iodef-AdditionalData => [+ ExtensionType]
}

RegistryHandle = {
 iodef-handle => text,
 iodef-registry => "internic" / "apnic" / "arin" / "lacnic" /
"ripe" / "afrinic" / "local" / "ext-value",
 ? iodef-ext-registry => text
}

PostalAddress = {
 ? iodef-type => "street" / "mailing" / "ext-value",
 ? iodef-ext-type => text,
 iodef-PAddress => PAddressType,
 ? iodef-Description => [+ MLStringType]
}

Email = {
 ? iodef-type => "direct" / "hotline" / "ext-value",
 ? iodef-ext-type => text,
 iodef-EmailTo => text,
 ? iodef-Description => [+ MLStringType]
}

Telephone = {
 ? iodef-type => "wired" / "mobile" / "fax" / "hotline" /
 "ext-value",
 ? iodef-ext-type => text,
 iodef-TelephoneNumber => text,
 ? iodef-Description => [+ MLStringType]
}

Discovery = {
 ? iodef-source => "nidps" / "hips" / "siem" / "av" /
"third-party-monitoring" / "incident" / "os-log" /
"application-log" / "device-log" / "network-flow" /
"passive-dns" / "investigation" / "audit" /
"internal-notification" / "external-notification" /
"leo" / "partner" / "actor" / "unknown" / "ext-value",
 ? iodef-ext-source => text,
 ? iodef-restriction => restriction .default "private",
 ? iodef-ext-restriction => text,
 ? iodef-Description => [+ MLStringType],
 ? iodef-Contact => [+ Contact],
 ? iodef-DetectionPattern => [+ DetectionPattern]
}

DetectionPattern = {
 ? iodef-restriction => restriction .default "private",
 ? iodef-ext-restriction => text,
 ? iodef-observable-id => IDtype,
 (iodef-Description => [+ MLStringType] //
               iodef-DetectionConfiguration => [+ text]),
 iodef-Application => SoftwareType
}

Method = {
 ? iodef-restriction => restriction .default "private",
 ? iodef-ext-restriction => text,
 ? iodef-Reference => [+ Reference],
 ? iodef-Description => [+ MLStringType],
 ? iodef-AttackPattern => [+ STRUCTUREDINFO],
 ? iodef-Vulnerability => [+ STRUCTUREDINFO],
 ? iodef-Weakness => [+ STRUCTUREDINFO],
 ? iodef-AdditionalData => [+ ExtensionType]
}

STRUCTUREDINFO = {
 iodef-SpecID => SpecID,
 ? iodef-ext-SpecID => text,
 ? iodef-ContentID => text,
 ? (iodef-RawData => [+ BYTE] // iodef-Reference => [+ Reference]),
 ? iodef-Platform => [+ Platform],
 ? iodef-Scoring => [+ Scoring]
}

Platform = {
    iodef-SpecID => SpecID,
    ? iodef-ext-SpecID => text,
    ? iodef-ContentID => text,
    ? iodef-RawData => [+ BYTE],
    ? iodef-Reference => [+ Reference]
}
Scoring = {
    iodef-SpecID => SpecID,
    ? iodef-ext-SpecID => text,
    ? iodef-ContentID => text,
    ? iodef-RawData => [+ BYTE],
    ? iodef-Reference => [+ Reference]
}
Reference = {
 ? iodef-observable-id => IDtype,
 ? iodef-ReferenceName => ReferenceName,
 ? iodef-URL => [+ URLtype],
 ? iodef-Description => [+ MLStringType]
}

ReferenceName = {
 iodef-specIndex => integer,
 iodef-ID => IDtype
}

Assessment = {
 ? iodef-occurrence => "actual" / "potential",
 ? iodef-restriction => restriction .default "private",
 ? iodef-ext-restriction => text,
 ? iodef-observable-id => IDtype,
 ? iodef-IncidentCategory => [+ MLStringType],
 iodef-Impact => [+ {iodef-SystemImpact => SystemImpact} /
          {iodef-BusinessImpact => BusinessImpact /
          {iodef-TimeImpact => TimeImpact} /
          {iodef-MonetaryImpact => MonetaryImpact} /
          {iodef-IntendedImpact => BusinessImpact}],
 ? iodef-Counter => [+ Counter],
 ? iodef-MitigatingFactor => [+ MLStringType],
 ? iodef-Cause => [+ MLStringType],
 ? iodef-Confidence => Confidence,
 ? iodef-AdditionalData => [+ ExtensionType]
}

SystemImpact = {
 ? iodef-severity => "low" / "medium" / "high",
 ? iodef-completion => "failed" / "succeeded",
 iodef-type => "takeover-account" / "takeover-service" /
"takeover-system" / "cps-manipulation" / "cps-damage" /
"availability-data" / "availability-account" /
"availability-service" / "availability-system" / "damaged-system" /
"damaged-data" / "breach-proprietary" / "breach-privacy" /
"breach-credential" / "breach-configuration" / "integrity-data" /
"integrity-configuration" / "integrity-hardware" /
"traffic-redirection" / "monitoring-traffic" / "monitoring-host" /
"policy" / "unknown" / "ext-value" .default "unknown",
 ? iodef-ext-type => text,
 ? iodef-Description => [+ MLStringType]
}

BusinessImpact = {
? iodef-severity => "none" / "low" / "medium" / "high" / "unknown" /
"ext-value" .default "unknown",
 ? iodef-ext-severity => text,
 iodef-type => "breach-proprietary" / "breach-privacy" /
"breach-credential" / "loss-of-integrity" / "loss-of-service" /
"theft-financial" / "theft-service" / "degraded-reputation" /
"asset-damage" / "asset-manipulation" / "legal" / "extortion" /
"unknown" / "ext-value" .default "unknown",
 ? iodef-ext-type => text,
 ? iodef-Description => [+ MLStringType]
}

TimeImpact = {
 iodef-value => PositiveFloatType,
 ? iodef-severity => "low" / "medium" / "high",
 iodef-metric => "labor" / "elapsed" / "downtime" / "ext-value",
 ? iodef-ext-metric => text,
 ? iodef-duration => duration .default "hour",
 ? iodef-ext-duration => text
}

MonetaryImpact = {
 iodef-value => PositiveFloatType,
 ? iodef-severity => "low" / "medium" / "high",
 ? iodef-currency => text
}

Confidence = {
 iodef-value => float32,
 iodef-rating => "low" / "medium" / "high" / "numeric" / "unknown" /
"ext-value",
 ? iodef-ext-rating => text
}

History = {
 ? iodef-restriction => restriction .default "private",
 ? iodef-ext-restriction => text,
 iodef-HistoryItem => [+ HistoryItem]
}

HistoryItem = {
 iodef-action => action .default "other",
 ? iodef-ext-action => text,
 ? iodef-restriction => restriction .default "private",
 ? iodef-ext-restriction => text,
 ? iodef-observable-id => IDtype,
 iodef-DateTime => DATETIME,
 ? iodef-IncidentID => IncidentID,
 ? iodef-Contact => Contact,
 ? iodef-Description => [+ MLStringType],
 ? iodef-DefinedCOA => [+ text],
 ? iodef-AdditionalData => [+ ExtensionType]
}

EventData = {
 ? iodef-restriction => restriction .default "default",
 ? iodef-ext-restriction => text,
 ? iodef-observable-id => IDtype,
 ? iodef-Description => [+ MLStringType],
 ? iodef-DetectTime => DATETIME,
 ? iodef-StartTime => DATETIME,
 ? iodef-EndTime => DATETIME,
 ? iodef-RecoveryTime => DATETIME,
 ? iodef-ReportTime => DATETIME,
 ? iodef-Contact => [+ Contact],
 ? iodef-Discovery => [+ Discovery],
 ? iodef-Assessment => Assessment,
 ? iodef-Method => [+ Method],
 ? iodef-System => [+ System],
 ? iodef-Expectation => [+ Expectation],
 ? iodef-RecordData => [+ RecordData],
 ? iodef-EventData => [+ EventData],
 ? iodef-AdditionalData => [+ ExtensionType]
}

Expectation = {
 ? iodef-action => action .default "other",
 ? iodef-ext-action => text,
 ? iodef-severity => "low" / "medium" / "high",
 ? iodef-restriction => restriction .default "default",
 ? iodef-ext-restriction => text,
 ? iodef-observable-id => IDtype,
 ? iodef-Description => [+ MLStringType],
 ? iodef-DefinedCOA => [+ text],
 ? iodef-StartTime => DATETIME,
 ? iodef-EndTime => DATETIME,
 ? iodef-Contact => Contact
}

System = {
 ? iodef-category => "source" / "target" / "intermediate" /
"sensor" / "infrastructure" / "ext-value",
 ? iodef-ext-category => text,
 ? iodef-interface => text,
 ? iodef-spoofed => "unknown" / "yes" / "no" .default "unknown",
 ? iodef-virtual => "yes" / "no" / "unknown" .default "unknown",
 ? iodef-ownership => "organization" / "personal" / "partner" /
"customer" / "no-relationship" / "unknown" / "ext-value",
 ? iodef-ext-ownership => text,
 ? iodef-restriction => restriction .default "private",
 ? iodef-ext-restriction => text,
 ? iodef-observable-id => IDtype,
 iodef-Node => Node,
 ? iodef-NodeRole => [+ NodeRole],
 ? iodef-Service => [+ Service],
 ? iodef-OperatingSystem => [+ SoftwareType],
 ? iodef-Counter => [+ Counter],
 ? iodef-AssetID => [+ text],
 ? iodef-Description => [+ MLStringType],
 ? iodef-AdditionalData => [+ ExtensionType]
}

Node = {
 (iodef-DomainData => [+ DomainData] //
                               iodef-Address => [+ Address]),
 ? iodef-PostalAddress => PostalAddress,
 ? iodef-Location => [+ MLStringType],
 ? iodef-Counter => [+ Counter]
}

Address = {
 iodef-value => text,
 iodef-category => "asn" / "atm" / "e-mail" / "ipv4-addr" /
"ipv4-net" / "ipv4-net-masked" / "ipv4-net-mask" / "ipv6-addr" /
"ipv6-net" / "ipv6-net-masked" / "mac" / "site-uri" /
"ext-value" .default "ipv6-addr",
 ? iodef-ext-category => text,
 ? iodef-vlan-name => text,
 ? iodef-vlan-num => integer,
 ? iodef-observable-id => IDtype
}

NodeRole = {
 iodef-category => "client" / "client-enterprise" /
"client-partner" / "client-remote" / "client-kiosk" /
"client-mobile" / "server-internal" / "server-public" /
"www" / "mail" / "webmail" / "messaging" / "streaming" /
"voice" / "file" / "ftp" / "p2p" / "name" / "directory" /
"credential" / "print" / "application" / "database" /
"backup" / "dhcp" / "assessment" / "source-control" /
"config-management" / "monitoring" / "infra" / "infra-firewall" /
"infra-router" / "infra-switch" / "camera" / "proxy" /
"remote-access" / "log" / "virtualization" / "pos" /  "scada" /
"scada-supervisory" / "sinkhole" / "honeypot" /
"anomyzation" / "c2-server" / "malware-distribution" /
"drop-server" / "hop-point" / "reflector" /
"phishing-site" / "spear-phishing-site" / "recruiting-site" /
"fraudulent-site" / "ext-value",
 ? iodef-ext-category => text,
 ? iodef-Description => [+ MLStringType]
}

Counter = {
 iodef-value => float32,
 iodef-type => "count" / "peak" / "average" / "ext-value",
 ? iodef-ext-type => text,
 iodef-unit => "byte" / "mbit" / "packet" / "flow" / "session" /
"alert" / "message" / "event" / "host" / "site" / "organization" /
"ext-value",
 ? iodef-ext-unit => text,
 ? iodef-meaning => text,
 ? iodef-duration => duration .default "hour",
 ? iodef-ext-duration => text
}

DomainData = {
 iodef-system-status => "spoofed" / "fraudulent" /
"innocent-hacked" / "innocent-hijacked" / "unknown" / "ext-value",
 ? iodef-ext-system-status => text,
 iodef-domain-status => "reservedDelegation" / "assignedAndActive" /
"assignedAndInactive" / "assignedAndOnHold" /
"revoked" / "transferPending" / "registryLock" /
"registrarLock" / "other" / "unknown" / "ext-value",
 ? iodef-ext-domain-status => text,
 ? iodef-observable-id => IDtype,
 iodef-Name => text,
 ? iodef-DateDomainWasChecked => DATETIME,
 ? iodef-RegistrationDate => DATETIME,
 ? iodef-ExpirationDate => DATETIME,
 ? iodef-RelatedDNS => [+ ExtensionType],
 ? iodef-NameServers => [+ NameServers],
 ? iodef-DomainContacts => DomainContacts
}

NameServers = {
 iodef-Server => text,
 iodef-Address => [+ Address]
}

DomainContacts = {
 (iodef-SameDomainContact => text // iodef-Contact => [+ Contact])
}

Service = {
 ? iodef-ip-protocol => integer,
 ? iodef-observable-id => IDtype,
 ? iodef-ServiceName => ServiceName,
 ? iodef-Port => integer,
 ? iodef-Portlist => PortlistType,
 ? iodef-ProtoCode => integer,
 ? iodef-ProtoType => integer,
 ? iodef-ProtoField => integer,
 ? iodef-ApplicationHeaderField => [+ ExtensionType],
 ? iodef-EmailData => EmailData,
 ? iodef-Application => SoftwareType
}

ServiceName = {
 ? iodef-IANAService => text,
 ? iodef-URL => [+ URLtype],
 ? iodef-Description => [+ MLStringType]
}

EmailData = {
 ? iodef-observable-id => IDtype,
 ? iodef-EmailTo => [+ text],
 ? iodef-EmailFrom => text,
 ? iodef-EmailSubject => text,
 ? iodef-EmailX-Mailer => text,
 ? iodef-EmailHeaderField => [+ ExtensionType],
 ? iodef-EmailHeaders => text,
 ? iodef-EmailBody => text,
 ? iodef-EmailMessage => text,
 ? iodef-HashData => [+ HashData],
 ? iodef-Signature => [+ BYTE]
}

RecordData = {
 ? iodef-restriction => restriction .default "private",
 ? iodef-ext-restriction => text,
 ? iodef-observable-id => IDtype,
 ? iodef-DateTime => DATETIME,
 ? iodef-Description => [+ MLStringType],
 ? iodef-Application => SoftwareType,
 ? iodef-RecordPattern => [+ RecordPattern],
 ? iodef-RecordItem => [+ ExtensionType],
 ? iodef-URL => [+ URLtype],
 ? iodef-FileData => [+ FileData],
 ? iodef-WindowsRegistryKeysModified =>
                                [+ WindowsRegistryKeysModified],
 ? iodef-CertificateData => [+ CertificateData],
 ? iodef-AdditionalData => [+ ExtensionType]
}

RecordPattern = {
 iodef-value => text,
 iodef-type => "regex" / "binary" / "xpath" /
"ext-value"  .default "regex",
 ? iodef-ext-type => text,
 ? iodef-offset => integer,
 ? iodef-offsetunit => "line" / "byte" /
"ext-value" .default "line",
 ? iodef-ext-offsetunit => text,
 ? iodef-instance => integer
}

WindowsRegistryKeysModified = {
 ? iodef-observable-id => IDtype,
 iodef-Key => [+ Key]
}

Key = {
 ? iodef-registryaction => "add-key" / "add-value" / "delete-key" /
"delete-value" / "modify-key" / "modify-value" /
"ext-value",
 ? iodef-ext-registryaction => text,
 ? iodef-observable-id => IDtype,
 iodef-KeyName => text,
 ? iodef-KeyValue => text
}

CertificateData = {
 ? iodef-restriction => restriction .default "private",
 ? iodef-ext-restriction => text,
 ? iodef-observable-id => IDtype,
 iodef-Certificate => [+ Certificate]
}

Certificate = {
 ? iodef-observable-id => IDtype,
 iodef-X509Data => BYTE,
 ? iodef-Description => [+ MLStringType]
}

FileData = {
 ? iodef-restriction => restriction .default "private",
 ? iodef-ext-restriction => text,
 ? iodef-observable-id => IDtype,
 iodef-File => [+ File]
}

File = {
 ? iodef-observable-id => IDtype,
 ? iodef-FileName => text,
 ? iodef-FileSize => integer,
 ? iodef-FileType => text,
 ? iodef-URL => [+ URLtype],
 ? iodef-HashData => HashData,
 ? iodef-Signature => [+ BYTE],
 ? iodef-AssociatedSoftware => SoftwareType,
 ? iodef-FileProperties => [+ ExtensionType]
}

HashData = {
 iodef-scope => "file-contents" / "file-pe-section" /
"file-pe-iat" / "file-pe-resource" / "file-pdf-object" /
"email-hash" / "email-headers-hash" / "email-body-hash" /
"ext-value",
 ? iodef-HashTargetID => text,
 ? iodef-Hash => [+ Hash],
 ? iodef-FuzzyHash => [+ FuzzyHash]
}

Hash = {
 iodef-DigestMethod => BYTE,
 iodef-DigestValue => BYTE,
 ? iodef-CanonicalizationMethod => BYTE,
 ? iodef-Application => SoftwareType
}

FuzzyHash = {
 iodef-FuzzyHashValue => [+ ExtensionType],
 ? iodef-Application => SoftwareType,
 ? iodef-AdditionalData => [+ ExtensionType]
}

Indicator = {
 ? iodef-restriction => restriction .default "private",
 ? iodef-ext-restriction => text,
 iodef-IndicatorID => IndicatorID,
 ? iodef-AlternativeIndicatorID => [+ AlternativeIndicatorID],
 ? iodef-Description => [+ MLStringType],
 ? iodef-StartTime => DATETIME,
 ? iodef-EndTime => DATETIME,
 ? iodef-Confidence => Confidence,
 ? iodef-Contact => [+ Contact],
 (iodef-Observable => Observable // iodef-uid-ref => IDREFType //
  iodef-IndicatorExpression => IndicatorExpression //
  iodef-IndicatorReference => IndicatorReference),
 ? iodef-NodeRole => [+ NodeRole],
 ? iodef-AttackPhase => [+ AttackPhase],
 ? iodef-Reference => [+ Reference],
 ? iodef-AdditionalData => [+ ExtensionType]
}

IndicatorID = {
 iodef-id => IDtype,
 iodef-name => text,
 iodef-version => text
}

AlternativeIndicatorID = {
 ? iodef-restriction => restriction .default "private",
 ? iodef-ext-restriction => text,
 iodef-IndicatorID => [+ IndicatorID]
}

Observable = {
 ? iodef-restriction => restriction .default "private",
 ? iodef-ext-restriction => text,
 ? (iodef-System => System // iodef-Address => Address //
    iodef-DomainData => DomainData //
    iodef-EmailData => EmailData //
    iodef-Service => Service //
    iodef-WindowsRegistryKeysModified =>
                                  WindowsRegistryKeysModified //
    iodef-FileData => FileData //iodef-CertificateData =>
                                              CertificateData //
    iodef-RegistryHandle =>RegistryHandle// iodef-RecordData =>
                                                  RecordData //
    iodef-EventData => EventData // iodef-Incident => Incident //
    iodef-Expectation => Expectation // iodef-Reference =>
                                                    Reference //
    iodef-Assessment => Assessment //
    iodef-DetectionPattern => DetectionPattern //
    iodef-HistoryItem => HistoryItem //
    iodef-BulkObservable => BulkObservable //
    iodef-AdditionalData => [+ ExtensionType])
}

BulkObservable = {
 ? iodef-type => "asn" / "atm" / "e-mail" / "ipv4-addr" /
"ipv4-net" / "ipv4-net-mask" / "ipv6-addr" / "ipv6-net" /
"ipv6-net-mask" / "mac" / "site-uri" / "domain-name" /
"domain-to-ipv4" / "domain-to-ipv6" /
"domain-to-ipv4-timestamp" / "domain-to-ipv6-timestamp" /
"ipv4-port" / "ipv6-port" / "windows-reg-key" / "file-hash" /
"email-x-mailer" / "email-subject" / "http-user-agent" /
"http-request-uri" / "mutex" / "file-path" / "user-name" /
"ext-value",
 ? iodef-ext-type => text,
 ? iodef-BulkObservableFormat => BulkObservableFormat,
 iodef-BulkObservableList => text,
 ? iodef-AdditionalData => [+ ExtensionType]
}

BulkObservableFormat = {
 (iodef-Hash => Hash // iodef-AdditionalData => [+ ExtensionType])
}

IndicatorExpression = {
 ? iodef-operator => "not" / "and" / "or" / "xor" .default "and",
 ? iodef-ext-operator => text,
 ? iodef-IndicatorExpression => [+ IndicatorExpression],
 ? iodef-Observable => [+ Observable],
 ? iodef-uid-ref => [+ IDREFType],
 ? iodef-IndicatorReference => [+ IndicatorReference],
 ? iodef-Confidence => Confidence,
 ? iodef-AdditionalData => [+ ExtensionType]
}

IndicatorReference = {
 (iodef-uid-ref => IDREFType // iodef-euid-ref => text),
 ? iodef-version => text
}

AttackPhase = {
 ? iodef-AttackPhaseID => [+ text],
 ? iodef-URL => [+ URLtype],
 ? iodef-Description => [+ MLStringType],
 ? iodef-AdditionalData => [+ ExtensionType]
}
Figure 5: Data Model in CDDL

7. IANA Considerations

This document has no IANA actions.

8. Security Considerations

This document provides a mapping from XML IODEF defined in [RFC7970] to JSON, and Section 3.2 describes several issues that arise when converting XML IODEF and JSON IODEF. Though it does not provide any further security considerations other than the one described in [RFC7970], implementers of this document should be aware of those issues to avoid any unintended outcome.

9. References

9.1. Normative References

[RFC2119]
Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.
[RFC3986]
Berners-Lee, T., Fielding, R., and L. Masinter, "Uniform Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax", STD 66, RFC 3986, DOI 10.17487/RFC3986, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3986>.
[RFC4648]
Josefsson, S., "The Base16, Base32, and Base64 Data Encodings", RFC 4648, DOI 10.17487/RFC4648, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4648>.
[RFC7049]
Bormann, C. and P. Hoffman, "Concise Binary Object Representation (CBOR)", RFC 7049, DOI 10.17487/RFC7049, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7049>.
[RFC7203]
Takahashi, T., Landfield, K., and Y. Kadobayashi, "An Incident Object Description Exchange Format (IODEF) Extension for Structured Cybersecurity Information", RFC 7203, DOI 10.17487/RFC7203, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7203>.
[RFC7970]
Danyliw, R., "The Incident Object Description Exchange Format Version 2", RFC 7970, DOI 10.17487/RFC7970, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7970>.
[RFC8174]
Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC 2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8174>.
[RFC8259]
Bray, T., Ed., "The JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) Data Interchange Format", STD 90, RFC 8259, DOI 10.17487/RFC8259, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8259>.
[RFC8610]
Birkholz, H., Vigano, C., and C. Bormann, "Concise Data Definition Language (CDDL): A Notational Convention to Express Concise Binary Object Representation (CBOR) and JSON Data Structures", RFC 8610, DOI 10.17487/RFC8610, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8610>.

9.2. Informative References

[JSON-SCHEMA]
Wright, A., Andrews, H., and B. Hutton, "JSON Schema Validation: A Vocabulary for Structural Validation of JSON", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-handrews-json-schema-validation-02, , <https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-handrews-json-schema-validation-02>.

Appendix A. Data Types Used in This Document

The CDDL prelude used in this document is mapped to JSON as shown in the table below.

Table 5: CDDL Prelude Mapping in JSON
CDDL Prelude Use of JSON Instance Validation
bytes n/a string tool available
text string string unnecessary
tdate n/a string date-time per Section 7.3.1 of [JSON-SCHEMA]
integer n/a number integer
eb64legacy n/a string tool available
uri n/a string uri per Section 7.3.6 of [JSON-SCHEMA]
float32 float32 number unnecessary

Appendix B. The IODEF Data Model (JSON Schema)

This section provides a JSON schema [JSON-SCHEMA] that defines the IODEF data model defined in this document. Note that this section is informative.

{ "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft-04/schema#",
  "definitions": {
    "action": {"enum": ["nothing", "contact-source-site",
       "contact-target-site", "contact-sender", "investigate",
       "block-host", "block-network", "block-port",
       "rate-limit-host", "rate-limit-network",
       "rate-limit-port", "redirect-traffic", "honeypot",
       "upgrade-software", "rebuild-asset", "harden-asset",
       "remediate-other", "status-triage", "status-new-info",
       "watch-and-report", "training", "defined-coa", "other",
       "ext-value"]},
    "duration":{"enum":["second", "minute", "hour", "day",
      "month", "quarter", "year", "ext-value"]},
    "SpecID":{
      "enum":["urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:mile:mmdef:1.2",
       "private"]},
    "lang": {
      "type":"string", "pattern":
        "^$|[a-zA-Z]{1,8}(-[a-zA-Z0-9]{1,8})*"},
    "purpose": {"enum": ["traceback", "mitigation",
      "reporting", "watch", "other", "ext-value"]},
    "restriction":{"enum": ["public", "partner",
      "need-to-know", "private", "default", "white", "green",
      "amber", "red", "ext-value"]},
    "status": {"enum": ["new", "in-progress", "forwarded",
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          "$ref":"#/definitions/action", "default": "other"},
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        "category": {
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          "enum":["organization", "personal", "partner",
                  "customer", "no-relationship", "unknown",
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        "ext-ownership": {"type": "string"},
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            "ipv6-net", "ipv6-net-masked", "mac", "site-uri",
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        "vlan-name": {"type": "string"},
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            "innocent-hijacked", "unknown", "ext-value"]},
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                    "revoked", "transferPending",
                    "registryLock", "registrarLock",
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        "DateDomainWasChecked": {
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      "type": "object",
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        "IANAService": {"type": "string"},
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        "EmailBody": {"type": "string"},
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          "items": {"$ref": "#/definitions/BYTE"},
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      "additionalProperties": false},
    "WindowsRegistryKeysModified": {
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    "Hash": {
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        "CanonicalizationMethod": {
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      "additionalProperties": false},
    "FuzzyHash": {
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        "EndTime": {"$ref": "#/definitions/DATETIME"},
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        "BulkObservableFormat":{
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    "BulkObservableFormat": {
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      "properties": {
        "uid-ref": {"$ref":"#/definitions/IDREFType"},
        "euid-ref": {"type": "string"},
        "version": {"type": "string"}},
      "oneOf": [
         {"required": ["uid-ref"]},
         {"required": ["euid-ref"]}
      ],
      "additionalProperties": false},
    "AttackPhase": {
      "type": "object",
      "properties": {
        "AttackPhaseID": {
          "type": "array",
          "items": {"type": "string"},
          "minItems": 1},
        "URL": {
          "type": "array",
          "items": {"$ref": "#/definitions/URLtype"},
          "minItems": 1},
        "Description": {
          "type": "array",
          "items": {"$ref": "#/definitions/MLStringType"},
          "minItems": 1},
        "AdditionalData": {
          "$ref":"#/definitions/ExtensionTypeList"}},
      "required": [],
      "additionalProperties": false}},
  "title": "IODEF-Document",
  "description": "JSON schema for IODEF-Document class",
  "type": "object",
  "properties": {
    "version": {"type": "string"},
    "lang": {"$ref": "#/definitions/lang"},
    "format-id": {"type": "string"},
    "private-enum-name": {"type": "string"},
    "private-enum-id": {"type": "string"},
    "Incident": {
      "type": "array",
      "items": {"$ref": "#/definitions/Incident"},
      "minItems": 1},
    "AdditionalData": {
      "$ref":"#/definitions/ExtensionTypeList"}},
  "required": ["version", "Incident"],
  "additionalProperties": false}
Figure 6: JSON Schema

Acknowledgments

We would like to thank Henk Birkholz, Carsten Bormann, Benjamin Kaduk, Alexey Melnikov, Yasuaki Morita, and Takahiko Nagata for their insightful comments on this document and CDDL.

Authors' Addresses

Takeshi Takahashi
National Institute of Information and Communications Technology
4-2-1 Nukui-Kitamachi, Koganei, Tokyo
184-8795
Japan
Phone: +81 42 327 5862
Roman Danyliw
CERT, Software Engineering Institute, Carnegie Mellon University
4500 Fifth Avenue
Pittsburgh, PA
United States of America
Mio Suzuki
National Institute of Information and Communications Technology
4-2-1 Nukui-Kitamachi, Koganei, Tokyo
184-8795
Japan