behave                                                            C. Bao
Internet-Draft                                                     X. Li
Intended status: Standards Track       CERNET Center/Tsinghua University
Expires: June 26, 2015                                 December 23, 2014


            Extended IPv6 Addressing for Encoding Port Range
               draft-bcx-behave-address-fmt-extension-07

Abstract

   This document discusses an extension of the algorithmic translation
   between IPv4 and IPv4-translatable IPv6 addresses.  The extended
   address format contains transport-layer port set identification
   (PSID) which allows several IPv6 nodes to share a single IPv4 address
   with each node managing a different range of ports.  This address
   format extension can be used for IPv4/IPv6 translation, as well as
   IPv4 over IPv6 tunneling.

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
   working documents as Internet-Drafts.  The list of current Internet-
   Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   This Internet-Draft will expire on June 26, 2015.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2014 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
   (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
   to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of



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   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.

   This document may contain material from IETF Documents or IETF
   Contributions published or made publicly available before November
   10, 2008.  The person(s) controlling the copyright in some of this
   material may not have granted the IETF Trust the right to allow
   modifications of such material outside the IETF Standards Process.
   Without obtaining an adequate license from the person(s) controlling
   the copyright in such materials, this document may not be modified
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   not be created outside the IETF Standards Process, except to format
   it for publication as an RFC or to translate it into languages other
   than English.

Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   2
     1.1.  Applicability Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
     1.2.  Conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
   2.  Port Mapping Algorithm  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
     2.1.  Mathematical representation of the Algorithm  . . . . . .   4
     2.2.  Bit Representation of the Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . .   4
     2.3.  Example of the Algorithm  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
       2.3.1.  PSID with fixed prefix length . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
       2.3.2.  PSID with variable prefix length  . . . . . . . . . .   5
     2.4.  Features of the Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
   3.  Extended IPv4-translatable IPv6 Address . . . . . . . . . . .   6
     3.1.  Address Format  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
     3.2.  Considerations of Using a Shorter Prefix length . . . . .   8
     3.3.  Mapping Extended IPv4-translatable IPv6 Address to
           RFC1918 Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
   4.  DHCP Options Extensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
   5.  Comparisons with MAP  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
   6.  IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
   7.  Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
   8.  Acknowledgements  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
   9.  References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
     9.1.  Normative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
     9.2.  Informative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
   Authors' Addresses  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12

1.  Introduction

   This document discusses an extension of the address format defined in
   [RFC6052].  In Section 2.2, the IPv4-embedded IPv6 address format is
   defined which composed of a variable length prefix, the embedded IPv4




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   address, and a variable length suffix, as presented in the following
   diagram, in which PL designates the prefix length:

   +--+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
   |PL| 0-------------32--40--48--56--64--72--80--88--96--104-112-120-|
   +--+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
   |32|     prefix    |v4(32)         | u | suffix                    |
   +--+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
   |40|     prefix        |v4(24)     | u |(8)| suffix                |
   +--+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
   |48|     prefix            |v4(16) | u | (16)  | suffix            |
   +--+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
   |56|     prefix                |(8)| u |  v4(24)   | suffix        |
   +--+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
   |64|     prefix                    | u |   v4(32)      | suffix    |
   +--+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
   |96|     prefix                                    |    v4(32)     |
   +--+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+

                         Figure 1: Address Format

   In [RFC6052] Section 3.5, it states:

      "There have been proposals to complement stateless translation
      with a port-range feature.  Instead of mapping an IPv4 address to
      exactly one IPv6 prefix, the options would allow several IPv6
      nodes to share an IPv4 address, with each node managing a
      different range of ports.  If a port range extension is needed, it
      could be defined later, using bits currently reserved as null in
      the suffix."

   This document defines such a suffix encoding scheme and the
   corresponding port mapping algorithm.

1.1.  Applicability Scope

   The address format extension presented in this document is used for
   IPv4/IPv6 stateless translation and dual IPv4/IPv6 stateless
   translation without prefix delegation [I-D.xli-behave-divi].  The
   address format used for dual IPv4/IPv6 stateless translation and
   encapsulation with prefix delegation should refer to
   [I-D.ietf-softwire-map-t] [I-D.ietf-softwire-map].

1.2.  Conventions

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
   document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].



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2.  Port Mapping Algorithm

2.1.  Mathematical representation of the Algorithm

   There exist many port mapping algorithms and each one may have
   advantages and disadvantages, as well as has its best application
   scenario.  Since different PSID MUST have non-overlapped port range,
   the two extreme cases are: (1) the port number is not continue for
   each PSID, but uniformly distributed cross the whole port range
   (0-65535); (2) the port number is continue in a single range for each
   PSID.  The port mapping algorithm proposed here is called generalized
   modulus algorithm and it is flexible, meets these two cases and
   simple.

   For given sharing ratio (R) and the maximum number of continue ports
   (M), the generalized modulus algorithm is defined as

   1.  The port number (P) of a given PSID (K) is composed of

       P = R*M*j + M*K + i

       Where
       o PSID: K=0 to R-1
       o Port range index: j = (1024/M)/R to ((65536/M)/R)-1, if the
       well-known port numbers (0-1023) are excluded.
       o Port continue index: i=0 to M-1

   2.  The PSID (K) of a given port number (P) is determined by

       K = (floor(P/M)) % R

       Where
       o % is modular operator
       o floor(arg) is a function returns the largest integer not
       greater than arg

   3.  The well-known port number (0-1023) can be used, if additional
       port mapping rule is defined.

2.2.  Bit Representation of the Algorithm

   Given sharing ratio (R=2^k), the maximum number of continue ports
   (M=2^m), for any PSID (K) available ports (P) can be represented as:








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          0                      8                         15
          +---------------+----------+------+-------------------+
          |                     P                               |
          ----------------+-----------------+-------------------+
          |        A (j)  |   PSID (K)      |        M  (i)     |
          +---------------+----------+------+-------------------+
          |<----a bits--->|<-----k bits---->|<------m bits----->|
                          |<---c bits--->|<-----(k+m-c) bits--->|

                       Figure 2: Bit representation

   Where j and i are the same indexes defined in the port mapping
   algorithm.

   For any port number, the PSID can be obtained by bit mask operation
   and therefore the generalized modulus algorithm does not introduce
   the computational complexity.

   Note that in above figure there is a PSID prefix length (c).  Based
   on this definition, PSID is also in CIDR style and more ports can be
   assigned to a single CE when PSID prefix length (c < k).

   When m=0, the generalized modulus algorithm becomes modulus
   operation.  When a=0, the generalized modulus algorithm becomes
   division operation.

2.3.  Example of the Algorithm

2.3.1.  PSID with fixed prefix length

   For example, for R=128 (k=7), M=4 (m=2)

              Port range-1             | Port rang-2             | Port
    -------------------------------------------------------------------
    PSID=0   | 1024, 1025, 1026, 1027, | 1536, 1537, 1538, 1539, | 2048
    PSID=1   | 1028, 1029, 1030, 1031, | 1540, 1541, 1542, 1543, | ....
    PSID=2   | 1032, 1033, 1034, 1035, | 1544, 1545, 1546, 1547, | ....
    PSID=3   | 1036, 1037, 1038, 1039, | 1548, 1549, 1550, 1551, | ....
    ...
    PSID=127 | 1532, 1533, 1534, 1535, | 2044, 2045, 2046, 2047, | ....

                            Figure 3: Example 1

2.3.2.  PSID with variable prefix length

   For example, different PSIDs have different prefix length (c)





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          Host        |     PSID prefix       |   Number of ports
          -------------------------------------------------------
          Host0       |     000/2             |   2x8192
          Host1       |     010/3             |   1x8192
          Host2       |     011/3             |   1x8192
          Host3       |     100/1             |   4x8192
          -------------------------------------------------------

                            Figure 4: Example 2

2.4.  Features of the Algorithm

   The generalized modulus operation has the following features:

   1.  There is no waste of the port number, except the well-known
       ports.

   2.  The algorithm is flexible, the control parameters are sharing
       ratio (R), the continue port range (M) and PSID prefix length
       (c).

   3.  It does not introduce algorithm complexity.

   4.  It allows service providers to define their own address sharing
       ratio, the theoretical value is from 1:1 to 1:65536 and a more
       practical value is from 1:1 to 1:4096.

   5.  It supports deployments using differentiated port ranges.

   6.  It supports differentiated port ranges within a single shared
       IPv4 address.

   7.  It support excluding the well known ports 0-1023.

   8.  It supports assigning well known ports to a CE.

   9.  It supports legacy RTP/RTCP compatibility.

3.  Extended IPv4-translatable IPv6 Address

3.1.  Address Format

   Based on the port mapping algorithm, the extended address format is
   shown in the following figure.







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   +--+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
   |PL| 0-------------32--40--48--56--64--72--80--88--96--104-112-120-|
   +--+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
   |32|     prefix    |v4(32)         | u | PSID  | 0             | Q |
   +--+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
   |40|     prefix        |v4(24)     | u |(8)| PSID | 0          | Q |
   +--+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
   |48|     prefix            |v4(16) | u | (16)  | PSID | 0      | Q |
   +--+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
   |56|     prefix                |(8)| u |  v4(24)   | PSID | 0  | Q |
   +--+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
   |64|     prefix                    | u |   v4(32)      |PSID |0| Q |
   +--+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+

                         Figure 5: Address Format

   Where PL designates the prefix length.

   The PSID is placed right after the IPv4 address, since the
   combination of the IPv4 address and the PSID represents the more
   specifics in CIDR style which is sharing an IPv4 address with others.

   The PSID prefix length (Q=c) is encoded in the last octet (bits
   120-127) to indicate the number of ports can be used.  When Q=0, the
   extended address format will become the address format defined in
   [RFC6052].  The relations between Q, the sharing ratio (R), the
   maximum continue port range (M) and the number of ports can be shown
   in the following figure.

                 Q   Ratio  |  Maximum M  | # of Ports
                ------------------------------------------
                 0    1:1         65,536     65,536
                 1    1:2         32,786     32,786
                 2    1:4         16,384     16,384
                 3    1:8          8,192      8,192
                 4    1:16         4,096      4,096
                 5    1:32         2,048      2,048
                 6    1:64         1,024      1,024
                 7    1:128          512        512
                 8    1:256          256        256
                 9    1:512          128        128
                10    1:1,024         64         64
                11    1:2,048         32         32
                12    1:4,096         16         16
                ------------------------------------------

                           Figure 6: Port range




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   Since newly defined IPv6 addresses with suffix are more specifics
   compared with the original address format defined in [RFC6052], the
   routing considerations in that document are also applied here.
   Furthermore, the port range is embedded in the extended
   IPv4-translatable IPv6 addresses and bound to the PSID therefore the
   packets containing extended IPv4-translatable IPv6 addresses as the
   destination can be routed to different IPv6 nodes.

3.2.  Considerations of Using a Shorter Prefix length

   Since IPv4 address plus variable length PSID represents the more
   specifics, the prefix length (PL) defined in [RFC6052] can be
   shorter.  In these cases, the interface identifier (IID: second 64
   bits) will not contains PSID and therefore can be used for regular
   prefix delegation, as shown in the following figure.

     +--+---+---+----+----+-------+----+----+----+---+---+---+------+
     |PL| 0-----24---28---32------56---60---64---72------96-----120-|
     +--+---+---+----+----+-------+----+----+----+---+---+---+------+
     |24| prefix|     v4(32)      |  PSID   | u  |              | Q |
     +--+---+---+----+----+-------+----+----+----+---+---+---+------+
     |28|   prefix   |     v4(32)      |PSID| u  |              | Q |
     +--+---+---+----+----+-------+----+----+----+---+---+---+------+
     |32|      prefix     |     v4(32)      | u  |              | Q |
     +--+---+---+----+----+-------+----+----+----+---+---+---+------+

                           Figure 7: Shorter PL

   Note that PL can take any value.  For example,

   o PL=24: Q=8, R=256
   o PL=25: Q=7, R=128
   o PL=26: Q=6, R=64
   o PL=27: Q=5, R=32
   o PL=28: Q=4, R=16
   o PL=29: Q=3, R=8
   o PL=30: Q=2, R=4
   o PL=31: Q=1, R=2
   o PL=32: Q=0, R=1

   However, there will be a waste of the IPv6 address space in order to
   represent the IPv4-converted addresses.

3.3.  Mapping Extended IPv4-translatable IPv6 Address to RFC1918 Space

   Based on the algorithm defined in this document, a public IPv4
   address and PSID can be mapped to extended IPv4-translatable IPv6
   address and vise versa.



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   On the other hand, it is also possible to map the extended
   IPv4-translatable IPv6 address to [RFC1918] address space.  In this
   case, one public IPv4 address can be mapped to several RFC1918
   addresses and used by IPv4 or dual stack hosts.

   For public IPv4 address a.b.c.d,

   o  If R <= 256, the corresponding RFC1918 address is 10.c.d.PSID
      (PSID has 8 bits)

   o  Otherwise, the corresponding RFC1918 address is 10.d.[PSID] (PSID
      has 16 bits)

4.  DHCP Options Extensions

   Based on the address format and the port mapping algorithm defined in
   this document, the IPv6 host needs to get the corresponding
   parameters via DHCPv6 [RFC3315][RFC3633] or others signaling scheme.
   These parameters are:

   1.  The IPv6 prefix

   2.  The IPv6 prefix length

   3.  The IPv4 prefix

   4.  The IPv4 prefix length

   5.  The sharing ratio (R)

   6.  The maximum number of continue ports (M)

   7.  The PSID (K)

   8.  The PSID length (c)

5.  Comparisons with MAP

   There are common parts and differences between this document and the
   address format defined in [I-D.ietf-softwire-map]
   [I-D.ietf-softwire-map-t].

   1.  The address format extension defined in this document is used for
       single and dual stateless translation without prefix delegation,
       while MAP is used for encapsulation and dual stateless
       translation with prefix delegation.





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   2.  The address format extension defined in this document uses same
       IPv6 prefix for the source address from a CE to any destination
       (IPv4-translatable address) and the destination address from a CE
       to the outside IPv4 Internet (IPv4-converted address), while MAP
       uses different IPv6 prefixes, due to the requirements of prefix
       delegation.

   3.  The address format extension defined in this document uses same
       IPv6 prefix for all CEs, so there is no need to define prefix
       encoding scheme (e.g.  CE index, or EA-bits), while MAP defines
       the prefix encoding scheme, due to the requirements of prefix
       delegation.

   4.  Due to the nature of using same IPv6 prefix for both
       IPv4-translatable address and IPv4-converted address, there is no
       referral problem and mesh scenarios can be supported without
       additional mapping rules, while MAP does require additional
       mapping rule for supporting mesh scenario.

   5.  The address format extension defined in this document and MAP
       share the same suffix coding scheme (IPv4 address + PSID).

   6.  The AFT and MAP share the same port mapping algorithm
       (generalized modulus algorithm).

6.  IANA Considerations

   This memo adds no new IANA considerations.

7.  Security Considerations

   There is no special security consideration.

8.  Acknowledgements

   Thanks to Wojciech Dec, Remi Despres, Ole Troan, Rajiv Asati,
   Chongfeng Xie, Qiong Sun, Fred Baker, Wing Dan, M.  Boucadair and all
   the friends for the fruitful discussions during the unification of
   the port mapping algorithm of
   [I-D.mdt-softwire-mapping-address-and-port].  Also thanks to Wentao
   Shang, Guoliang Han, Yu Zhai, Haotao Zhang and Weicai Wang for their
   contributions.

9.  References







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9.1.  Normative References

   [RFC1918]  Rekhter, Y., Moskowitz, R., Karrenberg, D., Groot, G., and
              E. Lear, "Address Allocation for Private Internets", BCP
              5, RFC 1918, February 1996.

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.

   [RFC3315]  Droms, R., Bound, J., Volz, B., Lemon, T., Perkins, C.,
              and M. Carney, "Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol for
              IPv6 (DHCPv6)", RFC 3315, July 2003.

   [RFC3633]  Troan, O. and R. Droms, "IPv6 Prefix Options for Dynamic
              Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) version 6", RFC 3633,
              December 2003.

   [RFC6052]  Bao, C., Huitema, C., Bagnulo, M., Boucadair, M., and X.
              Li, "IPv6 Addressing of IPv4/IPv6 Translators", RFC 6052,
              October 2010.

9.2.  Informative References

   [I-D.ietf-softwire-map]
              Troan, O., Dec, W., Li, X., Bao, C., Matsushima, S.,
              Murakami, T., and T. Taylor, "Mapping of Address and Port
              with Encapsulation (MAP)", draft-ietf-softwire-map-12
              (work in progress), November 2014.

   [I-D.ietf-softwire-map-t]
              Li, X., Bao, C., Dec, W., Troan, O., Matsushima, S., and
              T. Murakami, "Mapping of Address and Port using
              Translation (MAP-T)", draft-ietf-softwire-map-t-08 (work
              in progress), December 2014.

   [I-D.mdt-softwire-mapping-address-and-port]
              Bao, C., Troan, O., Matsushima, S., Murakami, T., and X.
              Li, "Mapping of Address and Port (MAP)", draft-mdt-
              softwire-mapping-address-and-port-03 (work in progress),
              January 2012.

   [I-D.xli-behave-divi]
              Bao, C., Li, X., Zhai, Y., and W. Shang, "dIVI: Dual-
              Stateless IPv4/IPv6 Translation", draft-xli-behave-divi-06
              (work in progress), January 2014.

   [RFC6144]  Baker, F., Li, X., Bao, C., and K. Yin, "Framework for
              IPv4/IPv6 Translation", RFC 6144, April 2011.



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   [RFC6346]  Bush, R., "The Address plus Port (A+P) Approach to the
              IPv4 Address Shortage", RFC 6346, August 2011.

Authors' Addresses

   Congxiao Bao
   CERNET Center/Tsinghua University
   Room 225, Main Building, Tsinghua University
   Beijing  100084
   China

   Phone: +86 10-62785983
   Email: congxiao@cernet.edu.cn


   Xing Li
   CERNET Center/Tsinghua University
   Room 225, Main Building, Tsinghua University
   Beijing  100084
   China

   Phone: +86 10-62785983
   Email: xing@cernet.edu.cn




























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