Internet Engineering Task Force                                K. Larose
Internet-Draft                                                  Agilicus
Intended status: Informational                                 D. Dolson
Expires: December 31, 2019                                 June 29, 2019


                          CAPPORT Architecture
                   draft-ietf-capport-architecture-04

Abstract

   This document aims to document consensus on the CAPPORT architecture.
   DHCP or Router Advertisements, an optional signaling protocol, and an
   HTTP API are used to provide the solution.  The role of Provisioning
   Domains (PvDs) is described.

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
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   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   This Internet-Draft will expire on December 31, 2019.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2019 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
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   (https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
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   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.




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Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   2
     1.1.  Requirements Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
     1.2.  Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
   2.  Components  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
     2.1.  User Equipment  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
     2.2.  Provisioning Service  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
       2.2.1.  DHCP or Router Advertisements . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
       2.2.2.  Provisioning Domains  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
     2.3.  Captive Portal API Server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
     2.4.  Captive Portal Enforcement  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
     2.5.  Captive Portal Signal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
     2.6.  Component Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
   3.  User Equipment Identity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
     3.1.  Identifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
     3.2.  Recommended Properties  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
       3.2.1.  Uniquely Identify User Equipment  . . . . . . . . . .  11
       3.2.2.  Hard to Spoof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
       3.2.3.  Visible to the API  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
       3.2.4.  Visible to the Enforcement Device . . . . . . . . . .  12
     3.3.  Evaluating an Identifier  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
     3.4.  Examples of an Identifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
       3.4.1.  Physical Interface  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
       3.4.2.  IP Address  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
   4.  Solution Workflow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
     4.1.  Initial Connection  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
     4.2.  Conditions About to Expire  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
   5.  Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15
   6.  IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15
   7.  Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15
     7.1.  Trusting the Network  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15
     7.2.  Authenticated APIs  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16
     7.3.  Secure APIs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16
     7.4.  Risk of Nuisance Captive Portal . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16
     7.5.  User Options  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16
   8.  References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
     8.1.  Normative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
     8.2.  Informative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
   Appendix A.  Existing captive portal detection implementations  .  17
   Authors' Addresses  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18

1.  Introduction

   In this document, "Captive Portal" is used to describe a network to
   which a device may be voluntarily attached, such that network access
   is limited until some requirements have been fulfilled.  Typically a
   user is required to use a web browser to fulfill requirements imposed



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   by the network operator, such as reading advertisements, accepting an
   acceptable-use policy, or providing some form of credentials.

   Implementations generally require a web server, some method to allow/
   block traffic, and some method to alert the user.  Common methods of
   alerting the user involve modifying HTTP or DNS traffic.

   Problems with captive portal implementations have been described in
   [I-D.nottingham-capport-problem].  [If that document cannot be
   published, consider putting its best parts into an appendix of this
   document.]

   This document standardizes an architecture for implementing captive
   portals that provides tools for addressing most of those problems.
   We are guided by these principles:

   o  Solutions SHOULD NOT require the forging of responses from DNS or
      HTTP servers, or any other protocol.  In particular, solutions
      SHOULD NOT require man-in-the-middle proxy of TLS traffic.

   o  Solutions MUST operate at the layer of Internet Protocol (IP) or
      above, not being specific to any particular access technology such
      as Cable, WiFi or 3GPP.

   o  Solutions MAY allow a device to be alerted that it is in a captive
      network when attempting to use any application on the network.

   o  Solutions SHOULD allow a device to learn that it is in a captive
      network before any application attempts to use the network.

   o  The state of captivity SHOULD be explicitly available to devices
      (in contrast to modification of DNS or HTTP, which is only
      indirectly machine-detectable by the client--by comparing
      responses to well-known queries with expected responses).

   o  The architecture MUST provide a path of incremental migration,
      acknowledging a huge variety of portals and end-user device
      implementations and software versions.

   A side-benefit of the architecture described in this document is that
   devices without user interfaces are able to identify parameters of
   captivity.  However, this document does not yet describe a mechanism
   for such devices to escape captivity.

   The architecture uses the following mechanisms:

   o  Network provisioning protocols provide end-user devices with a URI
      for the API that end-user devices query for information about what



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      is required to escape captivity.  DHCP, DHCPv6, and Router-
      Advertisement options for this purpose are available in [RFC7710].
      Other protocols (such as RADIUS), Provisioning Domains
      [I-D.ietf-intarea-provisioning-domains], or static configuration
      may also be used.  A device MAY query this API at any time to
      determine whether the network is holding the device in a captive
      state.

   o  End-user devices can be notified of captivity with Captive Portal
      Signals in response to traffic.  This notification should work
      with any Internet protocol, not just clear-text HTTP.  This
      notification does not carry the portal URI; rather it provides a
      notification to the User Equipment that it is in a captive state.
      This document will specify requirements for a signaling protocol
      which could generate Captive Portal Signals.

   o  Receipt of a Captive Portal Signal informs an end-user device that
      it could be captive.  In response, the device MAY query the
      provisioned API to obtain information about the network state.
      The device MAY take immediate action to satisfy the portal
      (according to its configuration/policy).

   The architecture attempts to provide privacy, authentication, and
   safety mechanisms to the extent possible.

1.1.  Requirements Language

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
   document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [RFC2119].

1.2.  Terminology

   Captive Network: A network which limits communication of attached
   devices to restricted hosts until the user has satisfied Captive
   Portal Conditions, after which access is permitted to a wider set of
   hosts (typically the internet).

   Captive Portal Conditions: site-specific requirements that a user or
   device must satisfy in order to gain access to the wider network.

   Captive Portal Enforcement: The network equipment which enforces the
   traffic restriction.

   Captive Portal User Equipment: Also known as User Equipment.  A
   device which has voluntarily joined a network for purposes of
   communicating beyond the constraints of the captive network.




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   Captive Portal Server: The web server providing a user interface for
   assisting the user in satisfying the conditions to escape captivity.

   Captive Portal Signal: A notification from the network used to inform
   the User Equipment that the state of its captivity could have
   changed.

   Captive Portal Signaling Protocol: Also known as Signaling Protocol.
   The protocol for communicating Captive Portal Signals.

2.  Components

2.1.  User Equipment

   The User Equipment is the device that a user desires to be attached
   to a network with full access to all hosts on the network (e.g., to
   have Internet access).  The User Equipment communication is typically
   restricted by the Captive Portal Enforcement, described in
   Section 2.4, until site-specific requirements have been met.

   At this time we consider only devices with web browsers, with web
   applications being the means of satisfying Captive Portal Conditions.

   o  An example interactive User Equipment is a smart phone.

   o  SHOULD support provisioning of the URI for the Captive Portal API
      (e.g., by DHCP)

   o  SHOULD distinguish Captive Portal API access per network
      interface, in the manner of Provisioning Domain Architecture
      [RFC7556].

   o  SHOULD have a mechanism for notifying the user of the Captive
      Portal

   o  SHOULD have a web browser so that the user may navigate the
      Captive Portal user interface.

   o  MAY restrict application access to networks not granting full
      network access.  E.g., a device connected to a mobile network may
      be connecting to a WiFi network; the operating system MAY avoid
      updating the default route until network access restrictions have
      been lifted (excepting access to the Captive Portal server).  This
      has been termed "make before break".

   None of the above requirements are mandatory because (a) we do not
   wish to say users or devices must seek access beyond the captive
   network, (b) the requirements may be fulfilled by manually visiting



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   the captive portal web application, and (c) legacy devices must
   continue to be supported.

2.2.  Provisioning Service

   Here we discuss candidate mechanisms for provisioning the User
   Equipment with the URI of the API to query captive portal state and
   navigate the portal.

2.2.1.  DHCP or Router Advertisements

   A standard for providing a portal URI using DHCP or Router
   Advertisements is described in [RFC7710].  The CAPPORT architecture
   expects this URI to indicate the API described in Section 2.3.

   Although it is not clear from RFC7710 what protocol should be
   executed at the specified URI, some readers might have assumed it to
   be an HTML page, and hence there might be User Equipment assuming a
   browser should open this URI.  For backwards compatibility, it is
   RECOMMENDED that the server check the "Accept" field when serving the
   URI, and serve HTML pages for "text/html" and serve the API for
   "application/json".  [REVISIT: are these details appropriate?]

2.2.2.  Provisioning Domains

   Although still a work in progress,
   [I-D.ietf-intarea-provisioning-domains] proposes a mechanism for User
   Equipment to be provided with PvD Bootstrap Information containing
   the URI for a JSON file containing key-value pairs to be downloaded
   over HTTPS.  This JSON file would fill the role of the Captive Portal
   API described in Section 2.3.

   The PvD security model provides secure binding between the
   information provided by the trusted Router Advertisement and the
   HTTPS server.

   One key-value pair can be used to indicate the network has restricted
   access, requiring captive portal navigation by a user.  E.g.,
   key="captivePortal" and value=<URI of portal>.  The key-value pair
   should provide a different result when access is not restricted.
   E.g., key="captivePortal" and value="".

   This JSON file is extensible, allowing new key-value pairs to
   indicate such things as network access expiry time, URI for API
   access by IOT devices, etc.

   The PvD server MUST support multiple (repeated) queries from each
   User Equipment, always returning the current captive portal



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   information.  The User Equipment is expected to make this query upon
   receiving (and validating) a Captive Portal Signal (see Section 2.5).

2.3.  Captive Portal API Server

   The purpose of a Captive Portal API is to permit a query of Captive
   Portal state without interrupting the user.  This API thereby removes
   the need for a device to perform clear-text "canary" HTTP queries to
   check for response tampering.

   The URI of this API will have been provisioned to the User Equipment.
   (Refer to Section 2.2).

   This architecture expects the User Equipment to query the API when
   the User Equipment attaches to the network and multiple times
   thereafter.  Therefore the API MUST support multiple repeated queries
   from the same User Equipment, returning the current state of
   captivity for the equipment.

   At minimum the API MUST provide: (1) the state of captivity and (2) a
   URI for a browser to present the portal application to the user.  The
   API SHOULD provide evidence to the caller that it supports the
   present architecture.

   When user equipment receives Captive Portal Signals, the user
   equipment MAY query the API to check the state.  The User Equipment
   SHOULD rate-limit these API queries in the event of the signal being
   flooded.  (See Section 7.)

   The API MUST be extensible to support future use-cases by allowing
   extensible information elements.

   The API MUST use TLS for privacy and server authentication.  The
   implementation of the API MUST ensure both privacy and integrity of
   any information provided by or required by it.

   This document does not specify the details of the API.

2.4.  Captive Portal Enforcement

   The Captive Portal Enforcement component restricts network access to
   User Equipment according to site-specific policy.  Typically User
   Equipment is permitted access to a small number of services and is
   denied general network access until it has performed some action.

   The Captive Portal Enforcement component:

   o  Allows traffic through for allowed User Equipment.



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   o  Blocks (discards) traffic for disallowed User Equipment.

   o  May signal User Equipment using the Captive Portal Signaling
      protocol if traffic is blocked.

   o  Permits disallowed User Equipment to access necessary APIs and web
      pages to fulfill requirements of exiting captivity.

   o  Updates allow/block rules per User Equipment in response to
      operations from the Captive Portal back-end.

2.5.  Captive Portal Signal

   User Equipment may send traffic outside the captive network prior to
   the Enforcement device granting it access.  The Enforcement Device
   rightly blocks or resets these requests.  However, lacking a signal
   from the Enforcement Device or interaction with the API server, the
   User Equipment can only guess at whether it is captive.
   Consequently, allowing the Enforcement Device to signal to the User
   Equipment that there is a problem with its connectivity may improve
   the user's experience.

   An Enforcement Device may also want to inform the User Equipment of a
   pending expiry of its access to the external network, so providing
   the Enforcement Device the ability to preemptively signal may be
   desirable.

   A specific Captive Portal Signaling Protocol is out of scope for this
   document.  However, in order to ensure that future protocols fit into
   the architecture, requirements for a Captive Portal Signaling
   Protocol follow:

   1.  The notification SHOULD NOT be easy to spoof.  If an attacker can
       send spoofed notifications to the User Equipment, they can cause
       the User Equipment to unnecessarily access the API.  Rather than
       relying solely on rate limits to prevent problems, a good
       protocol will strive to limit the feasibility of such attacks.

   2.  It SHOULD be possible to send the notification before the captive
       portal closes.  This will help ensure seamless connectivity for
       the user, as the User Equipment will not need to wait for a
       network failure to refresh its login.  On receipt of preemptive
       notification, the User Equipment can prompt the user to refresh.

   3.  The signal SHOULD NOT include any information other than an
       indication that traffic is restricted, which can be used as a
       prompt to contact the API.




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   The Captive Portal Signaling Protocol does not provide any means of
   indicating that the network prevents access to some destinations.
   The intent is to rely on the Captive Portal API and the web portal to
   which it points to communicate local network policies.

   The Captive Portal Enforcement function MAY send Captive Portal
   Signals when disallowed User Equipment attempts to send to the
   network.  These signals MUST be rate-limited to a configurable rate.

   The signals MUST NOT be sent to the Internet devices.  The
   indications are only sent to the User Equipment.

2.6.  Component Diagram

   The following diagram shows the communication between each component.

   o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o
   . CAPTIVE NETWORK                                               .
   .                                            +--------------+   .
   . +------------+   Provision API URI         | Provisioning |   .
   . |            |<---------------------------+|  Service     |   .
   . |   User     |                             +--------------+   .
   . | Equipment  |   Query CAPPORT status      +-------------+    .
   . |            |+--------------------------->| CAPPORT API |    .
   . |            |                             |  Server     |    .
   . |            |                             +------+------+    .
   . |            |                                    | Status    .
   . |            |   Portal user interface     +------+------+    .
   . |            |+--------------------------->| CAPPORT     |    .
   . +------------+                             | web portal  |    .
   .     ^   ^ |                                +-------------+    .
   .     |   | |   Data                                  |         .
   .     |   | +-----------------> +---------------+  Allow/Deny   .
   .     |   +--------------------+|               |    Rules      .
   .     |                         | Captive Portal|     |         .
   .     |   CAPPORT Signal        | Enforcement   | <---+         .
   .     +-------------------------+---------------+               .
   .                                      ^ |                      .
   .                                      | |                      .
   .                          Data to/from external network        .
   .                                      | |                      .
   o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .| |. . . . . . . . . . . o
                                          | v
                                     EXTERNAL NETWORK

          Figure 1: Captive Portal Architecture Component Diagram

   In the diagram:



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   o  During provisioning (e.g., DHCP), the User Equipment acquires the
      URI for the CAPPORT API.

   o  The User Equipment queries the API to learn of its state of
      captivity.  If captive, the User Equipment presents the portal
      user interface to the user.

   o  The User Equipment attempts to communicate to the external network
      through the Captive Portal enforcement device.

   o  The Captive Portal Enforcement device either allows the User
      Equipment's packets to the external network, or if a signal has
      been implemented, responds with a Captive Portal Signal.

   o  The CAPPORT web portal server directs the Captive Portal
      Enforcement device to either allow or deny external network access
      for the User Equipment.

   Although the provisioning, API, and web portal functions are shown as
   discrete blocks, they could of course be combined into a single
   element.

3.  User Equipment Identity

   Multiple components in the architecture interact with both the User
   Equipment and each other.  Since the User Equipment is the focus of
   these interactions, the components must be able to both identify the
   user equipment from their interactions with it, and be able to agree
   on the identity of the user equipment when interacting with each
   other.

   The methods by which the components interact restrict the type of
   information that may be used as an identifying characteristics.  This
   section discusses the identifying characteristics.

3.1.  Identifiers

   An Identifier is a characteristic of the User Equipment used by the
   components of a Captive Portal to uniquely determine which specific
   User Equipment is interacting with them.  An Identifier MAY be a
   field contained in packets sent by the User Equipment to the External
   Network.  Or, an Identifier MAY be an ephemeral property not
   contained in packets destined for the External Network, but instead
   correlated with such information through knowledge available to the
   different components.






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3.2.  Recommended Properties

   The set of possible identifiers is quite large.  However, in order to
   be considered a good identifier, an identifier SHOULD meet the
   following criteria.  Note that the optimal identifier will likely
   change depending on the position of the components in the network as
   well as the information available to them.  An identifier SHOULD:

   o  Uniquely Identify the User Equipment

   o  Be Hard to Spoof

   o  Be Visible to the API

   o  Be Visible to the Enforcement Device

   An identifier might only apply to the current point of network
   attachment.  If the device moves to a different network location its
   identity could change.

3.2.1.  Uniquely Identify User Equipment

   In order to uniquely identify the User Equipment, at most one user
   equipment interacting with the other components of the Captive Portal
   MUST have a given value of the identifier.

   Over time, the user equipment identified by the value MAY change.
   Allowing the identified device to change over time ensures that the
   space of possible identifying values need not be overly large.

   Independent Captive Portals MAY use the same identifying value to
   identify different User Equipment.  Allowing independent captive
   portals to reuse identifying values allows the identifier to be a
   property of the local network, expanding the space of possible
   identifiers.

3.2.2.  Hard to Spoof

   A good identifier does not lend itself to being easily spoofed.  At
   no time should it be simple or straightforward for one User Equipment
   to pretend to be another User Equipment, regardless of whether both
   are active at the same time.  This property is particularly important
   when the user equipment is extended externally to devices such as
   billing systems, or where the identity of the User Equipment could
   imply liability.






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3.2.3.  Visible to the API

   Since the API will need to perform operations which rely on the
   identity of the user equipment, such as query whether it is captive,
   the API needs to be able to relate requests to the User Equipment
   making the request.

3.2.4.  Visible to the Enforcement Device

   The Enforcement Device will decide on a per packet basis whether it
   should be permitted to communicate with the external network.  Since
   this decision depends on which User Equipment sent the packet, the
   Enforcement Device requires that it be able to map the packet to its
   concept of the User Equipment.

3.3.  Evaluating an Identifier

   To evaluate whether an identifier is appropriate, one should consider
   every recommended property from the perspective of interactions among
   the components in the architecture.  When comparing identifiers,
   choose the one which best satisfies all of the recommended
   properties.  The architecture does not provide an exact measure of
   how well an identifier satisfies a given property; care should be
   taken in performing the evaluation.

3.4.  Examples of an Identifier

   This section provides some examples of identifiers, along with some
   evaluation of whether they are good identifiers.  The list of
   identifiers is not exhaustive.  Other identifiers may be used.  An
   important point to note is that whether the identifiers are good
   depends heavily on the capabilities of the components and where in
   the network the components exist.

3.4.1.  Physical Interface

   The physical interface by which the User Equipment is attached to the
   network can be used to identify the User Equipment.  This identifier
   has the property of being extremely difficult to spoof: the User
   Equipment is unaware of the property; one User Equipment cannot
   manipulate its interactions to appear as though it is another.

   Further, if only a single User Equipment is attached to a given
   physical interface, then the identifier will be unique.  If multiple
   User Equipment is attached to the network on the same physical
   interface, then this property is not appropriate.





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   Another consideration related to uniqueness of the User Equipment is
   that if the attached User Equipment changes, both the API server and
   the Enforcement Device must invalidate their state related to the
   User Equipment.

   The Enforcement Device needs to be aware of the physical interface,
   which constrains the environment: it must either be part of the
   device providing physical access (e.g., implemented in firmware), or
   packets traversing the network must be extended to include
   information about the source physical interface (e.g.  a tunnel).

   The API server faces a similar problem, implying that it should co-
   exist with the Enforcement Device, or that the enforcement device
   should extend requests to it with the identifying information.

3.4.2.  IP Address

   A natural identifier to consider is the IP address of the User
   Equipment.  At any given time, no device on the network can have the
   same IP address without causing the network to malfunction, so it is
   appropriate from the perspective of uniqueness.

   However, it may be possible to spoof the IP address, particularly for
   malicious reasons where proper functioning of the network is not
   necessary for the malicious actor.  Consequently, any solution using
   the IP address should proactively try to prevent spoofing of the IP
   address.  Similarly, if the mapping of IP address to User Equipment
   is changed, the components of the architecture must remove or update
   their mapping to prevent spoofing.  Demonstrations of return
   routeability, such as that required for TCP connection establishment,
   might be sufficient defense against spoofing, though this might not
   be sufficient in networks that use broadcast media (such as some
   wireless networks).

   Since the IP address may traverse multiple segments of the network,
   more flexibility is afforded to the Enforcement Device and the API
   server: they simply must exist on a segment of the network where the
   IP address is still unique.  However, consider that a NAT may be
   deployed between the User Equipment and the Enforcement Device.  In
   such cases, it is possible for the components to still uniquely
   identify the device if they are aware of the port mapping.

   In some situations, the User Equipment may have multiple IP
   addresses, while still satisfying all of the recommended properties.
   This raises some challenges to the components of the network.  For
   example, if the user equipment tries to access the network with
   multiple IP addresses, should the enforcement device and API server
   treat each IP address as a unique User Equipment, or should it tie



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   the multiple addresses together into one view of the subscriber?  An
   implementation MAY do either.  Attention should be paid to IPv6 and
   the fact that it is expected for a device to have multiple IPv6
   addresses on a single link.  In such cases, identification could be
   performed by subnet, such as the /64 to which the IP belongs.

4.  Solution Workflow

   This section aims to improve understanding by describing a possible
   workflow of solutions adhering to the architecture.

4.1.  Initial Connection

   This section describes a possible work-flow when User Equipment
   initially joins a Captive Network.

   1.  The User Equipment joins the Captive Network by acquiring a DHCP
       lease, RA, or similar, acquiring provisioning information.

   2.  The User Equipment learns the URI for the Captive Portal API from
       the provisioning information (e.g., [RFC7710]).

   3.  The User Equipment accesses the CAPPORT API to receive parameters
       of the Captive Network, including web-portal URI.  (This step
       replaces the clear-text query to a canary URL.)

   4.  If necessary, the User navigates the web portal to gain access to
       the external network.

   5.  The Captive Portal API server indicates to the Captive Portal
       Enforcement device that the User Equipment is allowed to access
       the external network.

   6.  The User Equipment attempts a connection outside the captive
       network

   7.  If the requirements have been satisfied, the access is permitted;
       otherwise the "Expired" behavior occurs.

   8.  The User Equipment accesses the network until conditions Expire.

4.2.  Conditions About to Expire

   This section describes a possible work-flow when access is about to
   expire.

   1.  Precondition: the API server has provided the User Equipment with
       a duration over which its access is valid



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   2.  The User Equipment is communicating with the outside network

   3.  The User Equipment's UI indicates that the length of time left
       for its access has fallen below a threshold

   4.  The User Equipment visits the API again to validate the expiry
       time

   5.  If expiry is still imminent, the User Equipment prompts the user
       to access the web-portal URI again

   6.  The User extends their access through the web-portal

   7.  The User Equipment's access to the outside network continues
       uninterrupted

5.  Acknowledgments

   The authors thank Lorenzo Colitti for providing the majority of the
   content for the Captive Portal Signal requirements.

   The authors thank various individuals for their feedback on the
   mailing list and during the IETF98 hackathon: David Bird, Erik Kline,
   Alexis La Goulette, Alex Roscoe, Darshak Thakore, and Vincent van
   Dam.

6.  IANA Considerations

   This memo includes no request to IANA.

7.  Security Considerations

7.1.  Trusting the Network

   When joining a network, some trust is placed in the network operator.
   This is usually considered to be a decision by a user on the basis of
   the reputation of an organization.  However, once a user makes such a
   decision, protocols can support authenticating a network is operated
   by who claims to be operating it.  The Provisioning Domain
   Architecture [RFC7556] provides some discussion on authenticating an
   operator.

   Given that a user chooses to visit a Captive Portal URI, the URI
   location SHOULD be securely provided to the user's device.  E.g., the
   DHCPv6 AUTH option can sign this information.

   If a user decides to incorrectly trust an attacking network, they
   might be convinced to visit an attacking web page and unwittingly



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   provide credentials to an attacker.  Browsers can authenticate
   servers but cannot detect cleverly misspelled domains, for example.

7.2.  Authenticated APIs

   The solution described here assumes that when the User Equipment
   needs to trust the API server, server authentication will be
   performed using TLS mechanisms.

7.3.  Secure APIs

   The solution described here requires that the API be secured using
   TLS.  This is required to allow the user equipment and API server to
   exchange secrets which can be used to validate future interactions.
   The API must ensure the integrity of this information, as well as its
   confidentiality.

7.4.  Risk of Nuisance Captive Portal

   If a Signaling Protocol is implemented, it may be possible for any
   user on the Internet to send signals in attempt to cause the
   receiving equipment to communicate with the Captive Portal API.  This
   has been considered, and implementations may address it in the
   following ways:

   o  The signal only informs the User Equipment to query the API.  It
      does not carry any information which may mislead or misdirect the
      User Equipment.

   o  Even when responding to the signal, the User Equipment securely
      authenticates with API servers.

   o  Accesses to the API server are rate limited, limiting the impact
      of a repeated attack.

7.5.  User Options

   The Signal could inform the User Equipment that it is being held
   captive.  There is no requirement that the User Equipment do
   something about this.  Devices MAY permit users to disable automatic
   reaction to captive-portal indications for privacy reasons.  However,
   there is the trade-off that the user doesn't get notified when
   network access is restricted.  Hence, end-user devices MAY allow
   users to manually control captive portal interactions, possibly on
   the granularity of Provisioning Domains.






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8.  References

8.1.  Normative References

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.

   [RFC7556]  Anipko, D., Ed., "Multiple Provisioning Domain
              Architecture", RFC 7556, DOI 10.17487/RFC7556, June 2015,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7556>.

   [RFC7710]  Kumari, W., Gudmundsson, O., Ebersman, P., and S. Sheng,
              "Captive-Portal Identification Using DHCP or Router
              Advertisements (RAs)", RFC 7710, DOI 10.17487/RFC7710,
              December 2015, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7710>.

8.2.  Informative References

   [I-D.ietf-intarea-provisioning-domains]
              Pfister, P., Vyncke, E., Pauly, T., Schinazi, D., and W.
              Shao, "Discovering Provisioning Domain Names and Data",
              draft-ietf-intarea-provisioning-domains-05 (work in
              progress), June 2019.

   [I-D.nottingham-capport-problem]
              Nottingham, M., "Captive Portals Problem Statement",
              draft-nottingham-capport-problem-01 (work in progress),
              April 2016.

Appendix A.  Existing captive portal detection implementations

   Operating systems and user applications may perform various tests
   when network connectivity is established to determine if the device
   is attached to a network with a captive portal present.  A common
   method is to attempt to make a HTTP request to a known, vendor hosted
   endpoint with a fixed response.  Any other response is interpreted as
   a signal that a captive portal is present.  This check is typically
   not secured with TLS, as a network with a captive portal may
   intercept the connection, leading to a host name mismatch.  Another
   test that can be performed is a DNS lookup to a known address with an
   expected answer.  Such tests may be less reliable as the captive
   portal may only be intercepting TCP traffic and deliberately
   excluding the interception of DNS queries.  DNS queries not using UDP
   may potentially fail this test if operating over TCP or DNS over
   HTTP.  Malicious or misconfigured networks with a captive portal
   present may not intercept these requests and choose to pass them



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   through or decide to impersonate, leading to the device having a
   false negative.

Authors' Addresses

   Kyle Larose
   Agilicus

   Email: kyle@agilicus.com


   David Dolson

   Email: ddolson@acm.org





































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