SIP Working Group                                            James Polk
Internet Draft                                            Cisco Systems
Expiration: Jan 9th, 2008                                   Brian Rosen
Intended Status: Standards Track                                NeuStar




         Location Conveyance for the Session Initiation Protocol
               draft-ietf-sip-location-conveyance-08.txt
                             July 9th, 2007


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Copyright Notice

   Copyright (C) The IETF Trust (2007).

Abstract

   This document defines an extension to the Session Initiation
   Protocol (SIP) to convey geographic location information from one
   SIP entity to another SIP entity.  The extension covers end to end
   conveyance as well as location-based routing, where proxy servers
   make routing decisions based on the location of the SIP user agents.



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Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  2
   2.  Conventions used in this document . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4
   3.  Mechanisms  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4
       3.1 Overview of SIP Location Conveyance . . . . . . . . . . .  4
       3.2 The Geolocation Header  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  5
       3.3 424 (Bad Location Information) Response Code  . . . . . .  8
       3.4 The Geolocation-Error Header  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  8
       3.5 The Geolocation Option Tag  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
       3.6 Using sip/sips/pres as a Dereference Scheme . . . . . . . 17
   4.  Geolocation Examples  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
       4.1 Location-by-value (Coordinate Format) . . . . . . . . . . 18
       4.2 Location-by-reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
   5.  SIP Element Behavior  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
       5.1 UAC Behavior  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
       5.2 UAS Behavior  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
       5.3 Proxy Behavior  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
   6.  Geopriv Privacy Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
   7.  Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
   8.  IANA Considerations   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
       8.1 IANA Registration for New SIP Geolocation Header  . . . . 30
       8.2 IANA Registration for New SIP Geolocation Option Tag  . . 30
       8.3 IANA Registration for New 424 Response Code . . . . . . . 30
       8.4 IANA Registration for New SIP Geolocation-Error Header  . 30
       8.5 IANA Registration for New SIP Geolocation-Error Codes . . 30
   9.  Acknowledgements  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
   10. References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
       10.1 Normative References   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
       10.2 Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
       Author Information  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
       Appendix A. Requirements for SIP Location Conveyance  . . . . 34
       Appendix B. Example of Civic-based PIDF-LO w/ S/MIME  . . . . 36
       Intellectual Property and Copyright Statements  . . . . . . . 37


1.  Introduction

   This document describes how Location can be "conveyed" (that is,
   transmitted over the Internet) from one SIP user agent (UA), or in
   some circumstances, a proxy server acting in support of a UA, to
   another entity using SIP [RFC3261].  Here "Location" is a
   description of the physical geographical area where something
   currently exists.  The phrase "location conveyance" describes
   scenarios in which a SIP user agent client (UAC) is informing a user
   agent server  (UAS), or intermediate SIP server where the UAC is.  A
   superset of this can also be true as well, in which one UA(1) is
   telling another UA(2) where another Target is, meaning not
   necessarily where UA(1) is.  The key to this is whether UA(1) has
   permission to retransmit that other Target's location.  If yes, then
   this is valid.  If no, then this is breaking a fundamental rule
   within this extension.


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   Location Conveyance is different from a UAC seeking the location the
   UAS.  Location conveyance is a 'sending location out in the request'
   model, where 'asking that someone else's location be in a response'
   is not discussed here.

   Geographic location in the IETF is discussed in RFC 3693 (Geopriv
   Requirements) [RFC3693].  It defines a "Target" as the entity whose
   location is being sought.  In this case, this is the UA's
   (UA) location.  A [RFC3693] "Using Protocol" defines how a "location
   Server" transmits a "Location Object" to a "Location Recipient"
   while maintaining the contained privacy intentions of the Target
   intact. This document describes the extension to SIP for how it
   complies with the Using Protocol requirements, where the location
   server is a UA or Proxy Server and the Location Recipient is
   another UA or Proxy Server.

   Location can be transmitted by-value or by-reference.  The location
   "value" in this SIP extension is in the form of a Presence
   Information Data Format - Location Object, or PIDF-LO, as described
   in [RFC4119].  A PIDF-LO is an XML Scheme specifically for carrying
   geographic location of a Target.  Location-by-value refers to a UA
   including a PIDF-LO as a body part of a SIP message, sending that
   Location Object to another SIP element.  Location-by-reference
   refers to a UA or proxy server including a URI in a SIP message
   header field which can be dereferenced by a Location Recipient for a
   Location Object, in the form of a PIDF-LO.  Dereferencing can be by
   a SIP UA or a SIP server.

   As recited in RFC 3693, location often must be kept private.  The
   Location Object (PIDF-LO) contains rules which provides guidance to
   the Location Recipient and controls onward distribution and
   retention of the location.  This document describes the security and
   privacy considerations that must be applied to location conveyed
   with SIP.

   Another use for location is location-based routing of a
   SIP request, where the choice of the next hop (and usually, the
   outgoing Request-URI) is determined by the location of the UAC which
   is in the message by-value or by-reference.  This document describes
   how location can be conveyed from the UAC, or a proxy acting on its
   behalf, to a routing proxy.  How the location is actually used to
   determine the next hop or Request-URI is beyond the scope of this
   document.

   We refer to the "emergency case".  This refers to a specific,
   important use of SIP location conveyance where the location of the
   caller is used to determine which Public Safety Answering Point
   (PSAP) is expected to receive an emergency call request for help
   (e.g., a call to 1-1-2 or 9-1-1).  This is an example of
   location-based routing.  The location conveyed is also used by the
   PSAP to dispatch first responders to the caller's location.  There


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   are special security considerations, which make the emergency case
   unique, compared to a normal location conveyance within SIP.


2.  Conventions used in this document

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL
   NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
   "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described
   in [RFC2119].

3.  Mechanisms

3.1 Overview of SIP Location Conveyance

   This document defines a new SIP header: Geolocation.  The
   Geolocation header field contains a URI which can either be a "cid:"
   URI (Content Identification), per [RFC2392], or a
   location-by-reference URI to be dereferenced by a Location Recipient
   to retrieve the location of the Target UA.

   Where the Geolocation header contains a "cid:", the URI points to a
   message body that is in the form of a PIDF [RFC3863], which was
   extended in [RFC4119] to include location, as a PIDF-LO. This is
   location-by-value, the actual location information in the PIDF-LO is
   included in the body of the message.

   If the URI in the Geolocation header field is a scheme other than
   "cid:", another protocol operation is needed by the SIP message
   recipient to obtain the location of the Target (UA).  This is
   location-by-reference. This document describes how a SIP presence
   subscription [RFC3856] can be used as a dereference protocol.

   The Geolocation header, either with the PIDF-LO in a body or as a
   location-by-reference URI, can be included by a UA in a
   SIP message.  A SIP proxy server may assert location of the UA by
   inserting the header field, which must specify a
   location-by-reference URI.  Since body parts cannot be inserted by a
   SIP proxy server, location-by-value message body cannot be inserted
   by a proxy.

   The Geolocation header can have parameters that are associated
   with a URI in the header field.  The "inserted-by" parameter has
   values of "endpoint" or "server", indicating which entry added
   location to the message. This header parameter MAY be added every
   time a new location is added into a message.

   Retargeting means the Request-URI of the request has changed to
   point at a new destination UAS.  This is different than message
   routing, that all SIP proxies do.  If a SIP request is retargeted
   based on the location contained or referenced within that message,
   the "used-for-routing" parameter MUST be added as a header parameter


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   within the appropriate locationValue.

   There is no mechanism by which the veracity of these parameters can
   be verified.  They are hints to downstream entities on how the
   location information in the message was originated and used.

   This document creates a new option tag: geolocation, to indicate
   support for the this extension by UAs.

   A new error message (424 Bad Location Information) is also defined
   in this document. Within this response is a new header indicating
   location-based errors, call the Geolocation-Error header.  This
   header has various codes that provide additional information about
   the type of location error experienced by a Location Recipient.

   Both new headers, the header parameters, the new option-tag, the new
   error response, and Geolocation-Error codes are IANA registered by
   this document.


3.2 The Geolocation Header

   This document defines and IANA registers a new SIP header:
   Geolocation.  The Geolocation header field MUST contain at least one
   of two types of URIs:

   o  a location-by-reference URI, or

   o  a content-ID indicating where location is within the message body
      of this message

   A location-by-reference URI is a pointer to a record on a remote
   node containing location of the location Target, typically the
   UA in this transaction.

   A location-by-value content-ID (cid-url) [RFC2392] indicates which
   message body part contains location for this UA.

   The Geolocation header has the following BNF syntax:

   Geolocation        =  "Geolocation" HCOLON (locationValue *(COMMA
                          locationValue))
   locationValue      =  LAQUOT locationURI RAQUOT *(SEMI geoloc-param)
   locationURI        =  sip-URI / sips-URI / pres-URI
                          / cid-url ; (from RFC 2392)
                          / absoluteURI ; (from RFC 3261)
   geoloc-param       =  "inserted-by" EQUAL geoloc-inserter
                          / "used-for-routing"
                          / "recipient" EQUAL recipient-type
                          / generic-param ; (from RFC 3261)
   geoloc-inserter    =  host-id
                          / gen-value ; (from RFC 3261)


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   recipient-type     =  "endpoint" / "routing-entity" / "both"
                          / gen-value ; (from RFC 3261)

   sip-URI, sips-URI and absoluteURI are defined according to RFC 3261.
   The pres-URI is defined in RFC 3859 [RFC3859].

   The cid-url is defined in [RFC2392] to locate message body
   parts.  This URI type MUST be present in a SIP message if location
   is by-value in that same message.

   Other protocols used in the Location URI MUST be reviewed against
   the RFC 3693 criteria for a Using Protocol.

   The Geolocation header MAY have one or more locationValues. SIP
   servers inserting a locationValue MUST add the new value to the end
   of the header value, such that the last locationValue is the most
   recent one added to the message.

   A locationValue has the following header parameters.  These
   header parameters include,

   o  the "inserted-by=" provides the host-id (alice.example.com) of
      the SIP entity that inserted this locationValue into the request.
      This is used to map to any Geolocation-Error message to determine
      which location, if there is more than one in a request, the error
      corresponds to.  If an entity receives an Geolocation-Error with
      a host-id not of this entity, the Geolocation-Error SHOULD be
      ignored.

   o  "used-for-routing" to inform recipients that the location in this
      locationValue was used to route the message towards the ultimate
      destination UAS.  This can occur more than once along the
      request's path.  Because locationValues are inserted as last
      inserted is last in the header, the last locationValue is the
      most recent one added to the message.  This also gives the
      "used-for-routing" header parameter added integrity - as the
      receiving SIP entity knows which locationURI the message was
      routed upon.

   o  the "recipient=" to allow recipients to infer what SIP element
      type this locationValue was intended to be for.  The types are
      "endpoint", meaning the ultimate destination UAS;
      "routing-entity", meaning SIP servers; and "both" meaning this
      locationValue is to be viewed by both types of SIP entities.

   Each of the three types of header parameters listed here MAY appear
   in any locationValue once.  There MUST NOT be more than one
   "inserted-by=" parameter or "used-for-routing" parameter or
   "recipient=" parameter in the same locationValue.  However, since
   there can be more than one locationValue in the same Geolocation
   header, each can with their own set of these header parameters and
   not violate this rule.


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   This document defines the Geolocation header as valid in the
   following SIP requests:

      INVITE [RFC3261],             REGISTER [RFC3261],
      OPTIONS [RFC3261],            BYE [RFC3261],
      UPDATE [RFC3311],             INFO [RFC2976],
      MESSAGE [RFC3428],            REFER [RFC3515],
      SUBSCRIBE [RFC3265],          NOTIFY [RFC3265] and
      PUBLISH [RFC3903]


   Discussing location using the PUBLISH Request Method is out of scope
   for this document, but the Table 1 shows PUBLISH is to support
   Location Conveyance via this extension.


   The following table extends the values in Table 2&3 of RFC 3261
   [RFC3261].

      Header field             where proxy INV ACK CAN BYE REG OPT PRA
      ----------------------------------------------------------------
      Geolocation              R     ar     o   -   -   o   o   o   o

      Header field             where proxy SUB NOT UPD MSG REF INF PUB
      ----------------------------------------------------------------
      Geolocation              R     ar     o   o   o   o   o   o   o

               Table 1: Summary of the Geolocation Header

   The Geolocation header field MAY be included in any one of the above
   requests by a UAC.  A proxy MAY add the Geolocation header, but MUST
   NOT modify any pre-existing locationValue, including its associated
   header parameters of within an existing Geolocation header value,
   unless one of the existing locationValues is used to retarget the
   request towards a new destination UAS.  This is discussed in section
   5.3.

   [RFC3261] states message bodies cannot be added by proxies.
   Therefore, any Geolocation header field added by a proxy MUST be in
   the form of a location-by-reference URI.

   Adding a locationValue to an existing Geolocation header SHOULD be
   done with caution, given this document's limited guidance as to what
   a Location Recipient should do when receiving more than one
   location.  A Location Recipient can easily be confused by too much
   location information, producing undesirable results.

   Location Recipients receiving a location object, received directly
   or as the result of a dereference, MUST honor the usage element
   rules within that XML document, per RFC 4119.  Such entities MUST
   NOT alter the rule set.


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3.3 424 (Bad Location Information) Response Code

   If a UAS or SIP intermediary detects an error in a request message
   specific to the location information supplied by-value or
   by-reference. The new 4XX level error is created here to indicate a
   problem with the location in the request message.  This document
   creates and IANA registers the new error code:

      424 (Bad Location Information)

   The 424 (Bad Location Information) response code is a rejection of
   the request, due to its location contents, indicating the location
   information was malformed or not satisfactory for the recipient's
   purpose or could not be dereferenced.

   Section 3.4 creates the Geolocation-Error header to provide more
   detail about what was wrong with the location information in the
   request.  This header MUST be in the 424 response with the most
   applicable code.

   If more than one location is present in a request (by-value or
   by-reference), and any of the locationValues is good for the
   Location Recipient to process, a 424 MUST NOT be sent.  The 424 is
   only appropriate when there are no locationValues included in a SIP
   request that are usable by a recipient.

   A 424 (Bad Location Information) response is a final response within
   a transaction, and does not terminate a dialog.

   The UAC can use whatever means it knows of to verify/refresh its
   location information before attempting a new request that includes
   location. There is no cross-transaction awareness expected by either
   the UAS or SIP intermediary as a result of this error message.

   The new 424 (Bad Location Information) error code is IANA registered
   in Section 8 of this document.  An initial set of location error of
   IANA registered Geolocation-Error codes are in Section 3.4 of this
   document.


3.4 The Geolocation-Error Header for Error Granularity

   As discussed in Section 3.3, more granular error notifications,
   specific to location errors within a received request, are required
   if the UAC is to know what was wrong within the original request.
   The Geolocation-Error header is created here for this purpose.
   Geolocation-Error header is used to convey location specific errors
   within a response.  Additions to this IANA registered header require
   an RFC be published.




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   Geolocation-Error  =  "Geolocation-Error" HCOLON (locationErrorValue
                           *(COMMA locationErrorValue))
   locationErrorValue =  numeric-code SEMI (error-node-id)
                           SEMI (host-id) SEMI (geoloc-error-param)
   numeric-code       =  decimal-string
   error-node-id      =  node-id
   host-id            =  "inserter" EQUAL host name
   geoloc-error-param =  "code" EQUAL error-text-string
                          / generic-param ; (from RFC 3261)
   error-text-string  =  string

   The Geolocation-Error header contains a locationErrorValue, which is
   a numeric code of the error with its associated descriptive text,
   the error-text-string. The error-text-string is human understandable
   text for each error code.  The Geolocation-Error can have more than
   one locationErrorValue, separated by a comma.  Included error codes
   SHOULD NOT conflict in meaning.  Each locationErrorValue is targeted
   at a specific location inserter, which is learned from the
   "inserted-by=" parameter in the locationValue of the request.

   The Numeric-code value is the number assigned to a particular error.
   These error codes start 1, and are not necessarily consecutively
   incremented.  All Numeric-code values are IANA registered.

   The error-node-id is the node identification of the entity that
   experienced the location-based error from the request, and MUST NOT
   be an IP address for many reasons, including the presence of NATs.
   This can be useful for troubleshooting.  Here is an example of an
   error-node-id

      alice.example.com

   The host-id has the same form as the error-node-id, but the host-id
   is the host name of the entity that inserted the location into the
   request.  This value can be found in the "inserted-by=" parameter of
   the Geolocation header in the request.  If this is not present in
   the request, the host-id cannot be in the response.  This value,
   when present, gives the response recipients an indication as to
   which location, therefore which entity, this particular error is
   intended for.  Here is an example of the host-id

      bob.example.com

   If an entity receives an Geolocation-Error with a host-id not of
   this entity, the Geolocation-Error SHOULD be ignored because the
   error is not intended for this entity.

   The error-text-string is a natural language ASCII string that is
   intelligible to a human user reading the error message, which
   describes the type of error experienced.  This string MUST appear in
   each locationErrorValue of a response.



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   Here is an example of a Geolocation-Error header

   Geolocation-Error: 1; alice.example.com; code="Location Format not
                      supported"

   The following table extends the values in Table 2&3 of RFC 3261
   [RFC3261].

      Header field             where proxy INV ACK CAN BYE REG OPT PRA
      ----------------------------------------------------------------
      Geolocation-Error         r     ar    o   -   -   o   o   o   o

      Header field             where proxy SUB NOT UPD MSG REF INF PUB
      ----------------------------------------------------------------
      Geolocation-Error         r     ar    o   o   o   o   o   o   o

            Table 2: Summary of the Geolocation-Error Header

   The Geolocation-Error header field MAY be included in the response
   to one of the above SIP requests, so long as Geolocation was in the
   request part of the transaction.  The choice of which SIP requests
   are in table 2 above come from which Methods can optionally have the
   Geolocation header (see section 3.2).

   The Geolocation-Error header allows for multiple locationErrorValues
   to be returned in the same response.  For instance, if a
   location-by-reference is sent and the supplied scheme is not desired
   or cannot be processed, but more than one other scheme can be, the
   424 response can list more than one code from the 20-22 range in the
   response. The UAC can subsequently retry the transaction with one of
   the schemes supported or desired by the recipient.

   To illustrate this, here is an example of Alice including
   location-by-reference using an HTTP scheme.  In this case, Bob
   cannot dereference using HTTP, but can dereference using SIP, SIPS,
   and PRES.  An example of this transaction, with a 424 (Bad Location
   Information) response, including a Geolocation-Error header, is in
   Figure 1.

          Alice                                Bob
            |                                    |
            |       Request w/ Location          |
            |       using http scheme            |
            |----------------------------------->|
            |                                    |
            |                                    |
            |  424 (Bad Location Information)    |
            |  with Geolocation-Error containing |
            |  20 (SIP), 21 (SIPS), 22 (PRES)    |
            |<-----------------------------------|
            |                                    |



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   Figure 1. Basic Transaction with 424 and Geolocation-Error Header

   The following subsections provide an initial list of location
   specific granular codes for any SIP responses, including the new 424
   (Bad Location Information) response.  If more than one specific
   Geolocation-Error code is applicable for a response, each MUST be in
   the response.  Geolocation-Error Code 1 is the generic 'location was
   supplied, but not understood' error.  If a more specific code
   applies, a code 1 is unnecessary.


3.4.1  Geolocation-Error Code 1 Location Not Understood

   Geolocation-Error code 1 "Location Format not supported" means the
   location format supplied in the request, by-value or by-reference,
   was not supported.

   This code means the recipient understood that location was included
   in the message, but the format is not supported.  Perhaps the format
   was a freeform text format or data-URL and the recipient only
   understood location in RFC 4119 PIDF-LO format (civic or
   x.y(.z) coordinate). This error code applies when a recipient has
   difficulty parsing the location supplied in the request.

   If the format is understood, but not desired, an error code 2 or 3
   MUST be returned in a 424 response, depending on which location
   format is desired. The Location Recipient returns an error code 2 or
   3 when it only understands one location format (coordinate or civic)
   and did not receive that format.

   If a more specific error code is appropriate in a response,
   including error code 1 is unnecessary.

   error-text-string: Location format not supported

   An example usage in a SIP 424 response:

   Geolocation-Error: 1 alice.example.com "Location Format not
                      supported"


3.4.2  Geolocation-Error Code 2 Coordinate-location Format Desired

   Geolocation-Error code 2 "Coordinate-location Format Desired" means
   the location format supplied in the request (probably formatted in
   civic), by-value or by-reference, was understood and supported, but
   that the recipient, or an application on the recipient, can or
   prefers to only process location in the coordinate-location format.

   A typical reaction to receiving this code is to resend the
   original message with location formatted in coordinate instead.



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   error-text-string: Coordinate-location Format Desired

   An example usage in a SIP 424 response:

   Geolocation-Error: 2 node_alice.example.com "Coordinate-location
                      Format Desired"


3.4.3  Geolocation-Error Code 3 Civic-location Format Desired

   Geolocation-Error code 3 "Civic-location Format Desired" means the
   location format supplied in the request (probably formatted in
   coordinate), by-value or by-reference, was understood and supported,
   but that the recipient, or an application on the recipient, can or
   prefers to only process location in the civic-location format.

   A typical reaction to receiving this code is to resend the
   original message with location formatted in civic instead.

   error-text-string: Civic-location Format Desired

   An example usage in a SIP 424 response:

   Geolocation-Error: 3 alice.example.com "Civic-location Format
                      Desired"


3.4.4  Geolocation-Error Code 4 Cannot Parse Location Supplied

   Geolocation-Error code 4 "Cannot parse location supplied" means the
   location provided, whether by-value or by-reference, in a request is
   not well formed.

   error-text-string: Cannot parse location supplied

   An example usage in a SIP 424 response:

   Geolocation-Error: 4 alice.example.com "Cannot parse location
                      supplied"

3.4.5  Geolocation-Error Code 5 Cannot Find Location

   Geolocation-Error code 5 "Cannot find location" means location was
   expected in the request, but the recipient cannot find it.

   This can be either because the cid: pointed to a message body part
   that is not present in the request, there was no location message
   body part, or what is dereferenced at the supplied locationURI did
   not return a PIDF-LO, or location is encrypted/opaque to the
   recipient.

   A typical reaction to receiving this code is for the location sender


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   to verify that it has indeed included location information in the
   request in the properly indicated place and then to send the request
   again.

   error-text-string: Cannot find location

   An example usage in a SIP 424 response:

   Geolocation-Error: 5 alice.example.com "Cannot find location"


3.4.6  Geolocation-Error Code 6 Conflicting Locations Supplied

   Geolocation-Error code 6 "Conflicting Locations Supplied" means a
   Location Recipient received more than one location describing where
   the Target is, and is either unsure which whole location is true or
   which parts of multiple locations make up where the Target is.

   This is generally a case of either too much information, and the
   information is pointing towards at least two different positions,
   confusing the recipient.

   A possible scenario exists in which at least two locations are in
   the request, perhaps one or more were added by proxies along the
   path of the request, each pointing to where the UAC is.  If these
   are pointing at different positions - the UAS does not know which to
   trust.  This error code unfortunately means the UAS cannot solve for
   which location needs to be ignored to make up a complete location,
   or how to prioritize one location over all others in the same
   request.

   A typical reaction to receiving this code is to reduce the number of
   different locations supplied in the request, if under control by the
   Target, and send another message to the Location Recipient.

   error-text-string: Conflicting Locations Supplied

   An example usage in a SIP 424 response:

   Geolocation-Error: 6 alice.example.com "Conflicting Locations
                      Supplied"


3.4.7  Geolocation-Error Code 7 Incomplete Location Supplied

   Geolocation-Error code 7 "Incomplete Location Supplied" means there
   is not enough location information, by-value or retrieved
   by-reference, to determine where the location Target is.

   Perhaps the coordinate precision is not fine enough, or the civic
   address lacks the fields to inform the UAS or proxy where the Target
   is.  This might be true for request retargeting, or it might be true


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   for first responder dispatch or pizza delivery (for example, because
   the street address is missing).

   A typical reaction to receiving this code is for the location sender
   to convey more (precise) location information, if doing so is
   allowed by local policy.

   error-text-string: Incomplete location supplied

   An example usage in a SIP 424 response:

   Geolocation-Error: 7 alice.example.com "Incomplete location
                      supplied"


3.4.8  Geolocation-Error Code 8 Cannot Dereference

   Geolocation-Error code 8 "Cannot dereference" means the act of
   dereferencing failed to return the Target's location.  This
   generally means the supplied URI is bad.

   error-text-string: Cannot dereference

   An example usage in a SIP 424 response:

   Geolocation-Error: 8 alice.example.com "Cannot dereference"


3.4.9  Geolocation-Error Code 9 Dereference Denied

   Geolocation-Error code 9 "Dereference Denied" means there was
   insufficient authorization to dereference the Target's location.

   error-text-string: Dereference Denied

   An example usage in a SIP 424 response:

   Geolocation-Error: 9 alice.example.com "Dereference Denied"


3.4.10 Geolocation-Error Code 10 Dereference Timeout

   Geolocation-Error code 10 "Dereference Timeout" means the
   dereferencing node has not received the Target's location within a
   reasonable timeframe.

   error-text-string: Dereference Timeout

   An example usage in a SIP 424 response:

   Geolocation-Error: 10 alice.example.com "Dereference Timeout"



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3.4.11 Geolocation-Error Code 11 Cannot Process Dereference

   Geolocation-Error code 11 "Cannot process Dereference" means the
   dereference protocol has received an overload condition error,
   indicating the location cannot be accessed at this time.

   If a SIP or SIPS scheme were used to dereference the Target's
   location, and a 503 (Service Unavailable) were the response to the
   dereference query, this Geolocation-Error code 11 would be placed in
   the 424 (Bad Location Information) response to the location sender.

   error-text-string: Cannot process Dereference

   An example usage in a SIP 424 response:

   Geolocation-Error: 11 alice.example.com "Cannot process Dereference"


3.4.12  Geolocation-Error Code 20 Unsupported Scheme - SIP desired

   Geolocation-Error code 20 "Unsupported Scheme - SIP desired" means
   the location dereferencer cannot dereference using the
   location-by-reference URI scheme supplied because it does not
   support the necessary protocol to do this.

   This code means the Location Recipient can dereference the Target's
   location using a SIP-URI scheme.  There can be more than one
   locationErrorValue in a Geolocation-Error header, indicating in this
   context the recipient can dereference using each scheme protocol
   included in the Geolocation-Error header.

   Note that indicating SIP to be used to dereference location is
   requesting the transmission to be in cleartext, which is a security
   risk. Therefore, the SIP scheme SHOULD NOT be used to dereference.
   An exception can be made for emergency calling, preferably after
   SIPS has been attempted, and failed.

   A typical reaction to receiving this code would be for the location
   sender to send a URI with the sip scheme.

   error-text-string: unsupported scheme - SIP desired

   An example usage in a SIP 424 response:

   Geolocation-Error: 20 alice.example.com "unsupported scheme - SIP
                      desired"


3.4.13  Geolocation-Error Code 21 Unsupported Scheme - SIPS desired

   Geolocation-Error code 21 "Unsupported Scheme - SIPS desired" means


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   the location dereferencer cannot dereference using the
   location-by-reference URI scheme supplied because it does not
   support the necessary protocol to do this.

   This code means the Location Recipient can dereference the Target's
   location using a SIPS-URI scheme.  There can be more than one
   locationErrorValue in a Geolocation-Error header, indicating in this
   context the recipient can dereference using each scheme protocol
   included in the Geolocation-Error header.

   error-text-string: unsupported scheme - SIPS desired

   An example usage in a SIP 424 response:

   Geolocation-Error: 21 alice.example.com "unsupported scheme - SIPS
                      desired"


3.4.14  Geolocation-Error Code 22 Unsupported Scheme - pres desired

   Geolocation-Error code 22 "Unsupported Scheme - pres desired" means
   the location dereferencer cannot dereference using the
   location-by-reference URI scheme supplied because it does not
   support the necessary protocol to do this.

   This code means the Location Recipient can dereference the Target's
   location using a PRES-URI scheme.  There can be more than one
   locationErrorValue in a Geolocation-Error header, indicating in this
   context the recipient can dereference using each scheme protocol
   included in the Geolocation-Error header.

   error-text-string: unsupported scheme - pres desired

   An example usage in a SIP 424 response:

   Geolocation-Error: 22 alice.example.com "unsupported scheme - pres
                      desired"


3.5  The Geolocation Option Tag

   This document creates and IANA registers one new option tag:
   "geolocation".  This option tag is to be used, per RFC 3261, in the
   Require, Supported and Unsupported headers.  Whenever a UA wants to
   indicate support for this SIP extension, the geolocation option tag
   is included in a Supported header of the SIP message.

   Including the geolocation option-tag within an Unsupported header of
   a 420 (Bad Extension) response is appropriate when a UAS
   does not support this Geolocation extension.

   A UAC adding this option-tag to a Require header field indicates to


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   a UAS the UAS MUST support this extension in order to continue
   processing the message, or send a 420 response back to the UAC.
   Some environments MAY use a Require header in this way, but it
   SHOULD be used with caution to prevent unnecessary communications
   problems.

   A UAC SHOULD NOT include this option tag in a Proxy-Require header,
   since a UAC is not likely to understand the topology of the
   infrastructure, and therefore would not understand which proxy will
   do the location-based routing function, if any.  A potentially bad
   scenario would have the first proxy not support this extension, but
   a subsequent proxy does.  This would result in no communications
   past the first proxy, which MUST send the 420 back under these
   circumstances.


3.6 Using sip/sips/pres as a Dereference Scheme

   If a location-by-reference URI is included in a SIP request, in MUST
   be in a locationValue in the Geolocation header and it MUST be a
   SIP, SIPS or PRES-URI .  When PRES: is used, if the resulting
   resolution, per [RFC3856], resolves to a SIP: or SIPS: URI, this
   section applies.  Use of other protocols for dereferencing of a
   PRES: URI is not defined, and such use is subject to review against
   RFC 3693 Using Protocol criteria.

   Dereferencing a Target's location using SIP or SIPS MUST be
   accomplished by treating the URI as a presence URI and generating a
   SUBSCRIBE request to a presence server as per [RFC3856].  The
   resulting NOTIFY will contain a PIDF, which MUST contain a PIDF-LO.

   When used in this manner, SIP is a Using Protocol per [RFC3693] and
   elements receiving location MUST honor the 'usage-element' rules as
   defined in this extension.

   A dereference of a location-by-reference URI using SUBSCRIBE is not
   violating a PIDF-LO 'retransmission-allowed' element value set to
   'no', as the NOTIFY is the only message in this multi-message set
   of transactions that contains the Target's location, with the
   location recipient being the only SIP element to receive location -
   which is the purpose of this extension: to convey location to a
   specific destination.


4. Geolocation Examples

   This section contains are two examples of messages providing
   location.  One shows location-by-value with coordinates, the other
   shows location-by-reference.  The example for (Coordinate format)
   is taken from [RFC3825]. A civic format example of the same position
   on the earth as is in the coordinate format example is in appendix
   B, which is taken from [RFC4776].  The differences between the two


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   formats are within the <gp:location-info> of the examples.  Other
   than this portion of each PIDF-LO, the rest is the same for both
   location formats.

   The key to the provided samples is in the Geolocation header, which
   has a different type of URI, based on the different means of
   location conveyance.  Section 4.1 shows a "cid:" URI, indicating
   this SIP request contains a location-by-value message body - which
   is in the form of a PIDF-LO.  Section 4.2 shows a
   location-by-reference URI indicating location is to be acquired via
   an indirection dereference mechanism, which is determined by the
   scheme of URI supplied.


4.1 Location-by-value (Coordinate Format)

   This example shows an INVITE message with a coordinate, or
   coordinate location.  In this example, the SIP request uses a
   sips-URI  [RFC3261], meaning this message is TLS protected on a
   hop-by-hop basis all the way to Bob's domain.

   INVITE sips:bob@biloxi.example.com SIP/2.0
   Via: SIP/2.0/TLS pc33.atlanta.example.com;branch=z9hG4bK74bf9
   Max-Forwards: 70
   To: Bob <sips:bob@biloxi.example.com>
   From: Alice <sips:alice@atlanta.example.com>;tag=9fxced76sl
   Call-ID: 3848276298220188511@atlanta.example.com
   Geolocation: <cid:target123@atlanta.example.com>
     ;inserted-by=alice@atlanta.example.com ;recipient=endpoint
   Supported: geolocation
   Accept: application/sdp, application/pidf+xml
   CSeq: 31862 INVITE
   Contact: <sips:alice@atlanta.example.com>
   Content-Type: multipart/mixed; boundary=boundary1
   Content-Length: ...

   --boundary1

   Content-Type: application/sdp

   ...SDP goes here

   --boundary1

   Content-Type: application/pidf+xml
   Content-ID: alice123@atlanta.example.com

   <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
       <presence xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:pidf"
          xmlns:gp="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:pidf:geopriv10"
          xmlns:cl="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:pidf:geopriv10:civicAddr"
          entity="pres:alice@atlanta.example.com">


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        <tuple id="sg89ae">
         <timestamp>2007-07-09T14:00:00Z</timestamp>
         <status>
          <gp:geopriv>
            <gp:location-info>
              <gml:location>
                <gml:Point srsName="urn:ogc:def:crs:EPSG::4326">
                  <gml:pos>33.001111 -96.68142</gml:pos>
                </gml:Point>
               </gml:location>
            </gp:location-info>
            <gp:usage-rules>
              <gp:retransmission-allowed>no</gp:retransmission-allowed>
              <gp:retention-expiry>2007-07-27T18:00:00Z</gp:retention-
                            expiry>
            </gp:usage-rules>
            <gp:method>DHCP</gp:method>
            <gp:provided-by>www.example.com</gp:provided-by>
          </gp:geopriv>
         </status>
        </tuple>
       </presence>
   --boundary1--

   The Geolocation header field from the above INVITE...

      Geolocation: <cid:target123@atlanta.example.com>

   ...indicates the content-ID location [RFC2392] within the multipart
   message body of where location information is, with SDP being the
   other message body part.

   If the Geolocation header field were this instead:

      Geolocation: <sips:server5.atlanta.example.com/target123>

   ...this would indicate location by-reference was included in this
   message.  It is expected that any node wanting to know where user
   target123 is would subscribe to server5 to dereference the sips-URI.
   The returning NOTIFY would contain Alice's location in a PIDF-LO, as
   if it were included in a message body (part) of the original INVITE
   here.


4.2 Location-by-reference

   Below is an INVITE request with a location-by-reference URI instead
   of a location-by-value PIDF-LO message body part shown in Sections
   4.1.  It is up to the location recipient to dereference Alice's
   location at the Atlanta server containing the location record.
   Dereferencing, if done with SIP, is accomplished by the Location
   Recipient sending a SUBSCRIBE request to the URI reference for


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   Alice's location.  The received NOTIFY is the first SIP message
   containing Alice's UA location, as a PIDF-LO message body.  The
   NOTIFY, in this case, is the SIP request that is conveying location,
   and not the INVITE.  There is no retransmission of location in this
   usage.

   INVITE sips:bob@biloxi.example.com SIP/2.0
   Via: SIP/2.0/TLS pc33.atlanta.example.com
     ;branch=z9hG4bK74bf9
   Max-Forwards: 70
   To: Bob <sips:bob@biloxi.example.com>
   From: Alice <sips:alice@atlanta.example.com>;tag=9fxced76sl
   Call-ID: 3848276298220188511@atlanta.example.com
   Geolocation: <sips:3sdefrhy2jj7@lis.atlanta.example.com>
     ;inserted-by=bigbox3.atlanta.example.com ;recipient=server
   Supported: geolocation
   Accept: application/sdp, application/pidf+xml
   CSeq: 31862 INVITE
   Contact: <sips:alice@pc33.atlanta.example.com>

   ...SDP goes here as the only message body

   A Location Recipient would need to dereference the sips-URI in the
   Geolocation header field to retrieve Alice's location.  If the
   atlanta.example.com domain chooses to implement location conveyance
   and delivery in this fashion (i.e., location-by-reference), it is
   RECOMMENDED that entities outside this domain be able to reach the
   dereference server, otherwise this model of implementation is
   only viable within the atlanta.example.com domain.


5.  SIP Element Behavior

   Because a device's location is generally considered to be sensitive
   in nature, privacy of the location information needs to be protected
   when transmitting such information.  Section 26 of [RFC3261] defines
   the security functionality SIPS for transporting SIP messages with
   either TLS or IPSec, and S/MIME for encrypting message bodies from
   SIP intermediaries that would otherwise have access to reading the
   clear-text bodies.  SIP endpoints SHOULD implement S/MIME to encrypt
   the PIDF-LO message body (part) end-to-end when the Location
   Recipient is intended to be another UA.  The SIPS-URI from [RFC3261]
   MUST be implemented for message protection (message integrity and
   confidentiality) and SHOULD be used when S/MIME is not used.
   Possession of a dereferenceable location URI can be equivalent to
   possession of the location information itself and thus TLS SHOULD be
   used when transmitting location-by-reference hop-by-hop along the
   path to the Location Recipient.

   A PIDF includes identity information.  It is possible for the
   identity in the PIDF to be anonymous.  Implementations of this
   extension should consider the appropriateness of including an


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   anonymous identity in the location information where a real identity
   is not required.  When using location-by-reference, it is
   RECOMMENDED that the URI does not contain any identifying
   information (for example use 3fg5t5yqw@example.com rather than
   alice@example.com).

   Location Recipients MUST obey the privacy and security rules in the
   PIDF-LO as described in RFC 4119 regarding retransmission and
   retention.

   Self-signed certificates SHOULD NOT be used for protecting a PIDF,
   as the sender does not have a secure identity of the recipient.

   More than one location format (civic and coordinate) MAY be included
   in the same message body part, but all location parts of the same
   PIDF-LO MUST point at the same position on the earth.  The same
   location in multiple formats can allow the recipient to use the most
   convenient or preferable format for its use.  Multiple PIDF-LOs are
   allowed in the same request, with each allowed to point at separate
   positions.

   It is RECOMMENDED there is only one "location" in a single SIP
   request.  This means SIP servers SHOULD NOT add another
   locationValue to a SIP request that already contains location.  This
   will likely lead to confusion at the ultimate location recipient
   because this extension does not provide guidance on what a recipient
   is to do with more than one location, nor does it give any
   preference regarding which location is better or worse than another
   location in the same request.


5.1 UAC Behavior

   A UAC can send location in a SIP request, because it was requested,
   to facilitate location-based routing of the request, or
   spontaneously (i.e., a purpose not defined in this document but
   known to the UAC).

   A UAC conveying location MUST include a locationValue in a
   Geolocation header (see section 3.2) with either a location-by-value
   indication (a cid-URL), or a location-by-reference indication (a
   dereferenceable URI).  A location-by-value message body sent without
   a Geolocation header field MUST NOT occur.  The UAC supporting this
   extension MUST include a Supported header with the geolocation
   option tag.

   The geolocation option-tag is inserted in a Supported header by a
   UAC to provide an indication of support for this extension.  The
   presence of the geolocation option tag in a Supported header without
   a Geolocation header field in the same message informs a receiving
   SIP element the UAC understands this extension, but it does not know
   or wish to convey its location at this time.  Certain scenarios


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   exist (location-based retargeting) in which location is required in
   a SIP request in order to retarget the message properly.  This
   affects how a UAS or SIP server processes to such a request.

   The geolocation option tag SHOULD NOT be used in the Proxy-Require
   Header, because the UAC often will not know the underlying topology
   to know which proxy will do the retargeting, thus increasing the
   likelihood of a request failure by the first hop proxy that does not
   understand this extension, but is required to by inclusion of the
   option-tag in this header.

   A UAC inserting a locationValue MUST include an "inserted-by="
   parameter to indicate its host-id.  This is copied to the
   "inserter=" parameter of the Geolocation-Error header in a response
   if there is something wrong with the location in the original
   request.  Because more than one locationValue can be inserted along
   the path of the request, this indication is necessary to show which
   locationValue had the problem in the response.  For example:

   Geolocation: <cid:alice123@atlanta.example.com>;
                 inserted-by=alice@atlanta.example.com

   The UAC MAY include an intended target of this location parameter by
   adding the "recipient=" parameter to the locationValue like this:

   Geolocation: <cid:alice123@atlanta.example.com>;
                 inserted-by=alice@atlanta.example.com;
                 recipient=endpoint

   See section 3.2 for further details about all the header parameters
   of a locationValue.

   If a sent request failed based on the location in the original
   request, a 424 (Bad Location Information) response is sent.  The UAC
   should receive a Geolocation-Error header in any response message.
   The Geolocation-Error has a header parameter indicating which entity
   inserted the location pertaining to this error.  This is in the form
   of a host-id.  A UAC receiving this 424 should review this
   "inserter=" locationErrorValue parameter to see if it indicates this
   UAC.  If it does not, the 424 should be ignored.  If this value
   does, 424 is intended for this UAC, and MUST process the response,
   including the Geolocation-Error code (defined in section 3.4).  The
   UAC SHOULD take correct steps to rectify future errors, based on the
   received error code, to increase the possibility of less request
   failures going forward.  A UAC MAY reattempt a new request if it
   believes it can correct the stated failure in the Geolocation-Error
   header.

   Any UAC that inserted location into a request should be prepared to
   receive the Geolocation-Error header in any response, looking to
   determine if the header is meant for the UAC, and to react
   accordingly.


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5.2 UAS Behavior

   If the Geolocation header field is present in a received SIP
   request, the type of URI contained in the  locationValue will
   indicate if location has been conveyed by-value in a message body
   (part) or by-reference, requiring an additional dereference
   transaction.  If the by-reference URI is sip:, sips: or pres:, the
   UAS MUST initiate a SUBSCRIBE to the URI provided to retrieve the
   PIDF-LO being conveyed by the UAC per [RFC3856].  If successful, the
   PIDF-LO will be returned in the NOTIFY request from the server.

   A Require header with the geolocation option tag indicates the
   UAC is requiring the UAS to understand this extension or else send
   an error response.  A 420 (Bad Extension) with a geolocation option
   tag in a Unsupported header would be the appropriate response in
   this case.

   In the undesired situation in which location is conveyed without a
   Geolocation header, that contains the URI of where the location is,
   the UAS MUST be able to read a location-by-value message body. A
   Location-by-reference URI MUST NOT be placed in any other SIP header
   than Geolocation.

   If the UAC conveys location in a request, but the UAS has one or
   more problems with each location in the request (or while attempting
   to dereference the UAC's location), the UAS MUST indicate what
   problem was experienced with the location in the request.  A
   Geolocation-Error header is how the UAS informs the UAC of a
   location-based error within the request.  Section 3.4 lists these
   errors, which are all IANA registered.

   The Geolocation-Error header is permitted in any response.  For
   example, Bob can reply to Alice with a 486 because he's not willing
   to accept the call at this time, and inform Alice that the location
   contained in the request was bad in some way.  In this case, the 486
   would contain a Geolocation-Error header indicating the specific
   location error experienced

   If the request had a Require header with a geolocation option-tag,
   then a 424 (Bad Location Information) response would be an
   appropriate response.  This 424 would include a locationErrorValue
   in a Geolocation-Error header.

   Because this extension allows more than one locationValue,
   potentially from more than SIP entity, there needs to be a means of
   identifying which entity inserted a particular locationValue for
   error response purposes.  Also, there needs to be a means to inform
   that entity what the Location Recipient considered in error with
   that locationValue.



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   If a Geolocation locationValue is present in a request, it can
   contain as many as three header parameters, "inserted-by=",
   "used-for-routing" and "recipient=" parameters.

   The "inserted-by" parameter in the locationValue of the request that
   had errors in it is copied into the "inserter=" parameter of the
   locationErrorValue of the Geolocation-Error header of the response.
   This SHOULD happen for each location that was considered bad by the
   UAS to ensure each location inserter understands which error code(s)
   is intended for them.

   Further, more than one error code is allowed in the
   locationErrorValue - each having an "inserter=" parameter.  The
   error codes destined for the same inserter MUST NOT contradict the
   meaning of the problem the UAS had with a particular locationValue.

   If a locationValue contains the "inserted-by=" parameter, the
   recipient will learn the SIP entity who added that locationValue.

   If a Geolocation locationValue contains the "used-for-routing"
   parameter, the UAS will learn which location was used to retarget
   this request towards this UAS.  This parameter MAY be present in
   each locationValue within the Geolocation header (meaning up to one
   per locationValue).  locationValues are placed into the Geolocation
   header in an order.  The location inserted first, remains first in
   the header.  A subsequence locationValue is placed next in the
   header (and so on).  The last locationValue in the header was the
   most recently added locationValue to the request.  From this
   order, the more recent "used-for-routing" parameter, if present, was
   the locationValue used for retargeting this request at this UAS.  In
   this case, a "used-for-routing" parameter on a previous
   locationValue should be ignored, except perhaps in the case of
   after-the-fact analysis of how a request took the whole path it
   took.

   The "recipient=" header parameter allow recipients to infer the SIP
   entity type this locationValue is intended to be for.  The types are
   "endpoint", meaning the ultimate destination UAS; "routing-entity",
   meaning SIP servers; and "both" meaning this locationValue is to be
   viewed by both types of SIP entities.

   If there are any header parameters in a received locationValue,
   they MUST NOT be modified or deleted in transit to the ultimate
   destination.

   If there is more than one locationValue in a request, and any one of
   them is valid (i.e., one contains enough information to not generate
   a 424 if that was the only location present in the request), all
   other locations MAY be ignored, and a 424 MUST NOT be sent because
   of these other locations in the request.  Another response MAY be
   sent, which includes a locationErrorValue.  This document says
   nothing about what a Location Recipient does with more than one


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   'good' location in a request (i.e., which to choose to use).

   A Geolocation-Error is permissible in a 200 OK response.  This means
   everything else in the request was acceptable, but the location was
   not for a given error code(s).  One exception to this set of rules
   is if a geolocation option-tag was in the Require header in the
   request.  This would necessitate a 424 response.

   A UAS MUST NOT send location in a response message, as there can be
   any number of issues/problems with receiving location, and the UAC
   or proxy servers cannot error a response.  Therefore, the UAS, if it
   wants to send a UAC its location, SHOULD do so in a new request in a
   separate transaction.  This document give no guidance which request
   to use.

   A UAS MAY include a geolocation option-tag in the Supported header
   of a response, indicating if does understand this extension.


5.3 Proxy Behavior

   [RFC3261] states message bodies cannot be added by proxies.
   However, proxies are permitted to add a header to a request.  This
   implies that a proxy can add a Geolocation locationValue with
   location-by-reference URI, but not location-by-value message body.
   However, if location is already in a SIP request, a SIP server
   SHOULD NOT add another instance of the UAC's location to the same
   request.  This will likely cause confusion at the Location Recipient
   as to which to use.  This document gives no guidance how a UAS is to
   deal with more than one location in a SIP request, other than the
   intended "recipient=" parameter, which has no integrity protection
   in transit.  If more than one locationValue states
   "recipient=endpoint", this document gives no guidance what the UAS
   is to do.

   A proxy is permitted to read any locationValue, and the associated
   body, if not S/MIME protected, in transit if present, and MUST use
   the  contents of the header field to make location-based retargeting
   decisions, if retargeting requests based on location is a function
   of that proxy.

   More than one Geolocation locationValue in a message is permitted,
   but can cause confusion at the recipient.  If a proxy chooses to add
   a locationValue to a Geolocation header, which would be a local
   policy decision, the new locationValue MUST be added to the end of
   the header (after previous locationValue(s)).  This to create an
   order of insertion of locationValues along the path.  Proxies MUST
   NOT modify the order of locationValues in a geolocation header.






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5.3.1 Proxy Behavior with Geolocation Header Parameters

   SIP servers MUST NOT delete any existing Geolocation locationValue
   (URI or header parameter) from a request.  A Geolocation
   locationValue (URI or header parameter) MAY only be modified to by
   adding a "used-for-routing" parameter to an existing locationValue,
   if the request was retargeted based on the location within that
   locationValue.  Further modification of this Geolocation header
   field MUST NOT occur.  For example, an existing Geolocation
   locationValue in a request of:

   Geolocation: <cid:alice123@atlanta.example.com>;
                 inserted-by=alice123@atlanta.example.com;

   can be modified by a proxy to add the "used-for-routing" parameter,
   like this:

   Geolocation: <cid:alice123@atlanta.example.com>;
                 inserted-by=alice@atlanta.example.com;
                 used-for-routing

   if this is the locationValue the proxy used to make a retargeting
   decision based upon, but make no other modification.

   A SIP server MAY add a new Geolocation locationValue to a SIP
   request.  The proxy SHOULD NOT insert a locationValue of the UAC
   unless it is reasonably certain it knows the actual location of the
   endpoint, for example, if it thoroughly understands the topology of
   the underlying access network and it can identify the device
   reliably (in the presence of, for example, NAT).

   B2BUAs MUST set the "inserted-by" header parameter with their
   Host-ID.  This is for error mapping reasons.

   A server adding a locationValue to an existing Geolocation header
   would look like:

 Geolocation: <cid:alice123@atlanta.example.com>;
               inserted-by=alice@atlanta.example.com,
              <sips:3sdefrhy2jj7@lis1.atlanta.example.com>;
               inserted-by=lis1.atlanta.example.com;

   Notice the locationValue added by the proxy is last among
   locationValues.  This practice MUST be done for all added
   locationValues.

   If this request was then retargeted by an intermediary using the
   locationValue inserted by the server, the intermediary would add a
   "used-for-routing" parameter like this:

 Geolocation: <cid:alice123@atlanta.example.com>;
               inserted-by=alice@atlanta.example.com,


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              <sips:3sdefrhy2jj7@lis1.atlanta.example.com>;
               inserted-by=lis1.atlanta.example.com; used-for-routing

   It is conceivable that an initial routing decision is made on an
   one locationValue, and subsequently another routing decision is
   made on a different locationValue.  This retargeting decision can be
   made on a newly inserted locationValue.  While unusual, it can
   occur.  In such a case, proxies MUST NOT remove any existing
   "used-for-routing" header parameter.  In this instance, the SIP
   server retargeting based on another locationValue MUST add the
   "used-for-routing" header parameter to the locationValue used for
   retargeting by this server.  This will result in a Geolocation
   header looking as if it were retargeting more than once, which would
   be true - and is the desired outcome.


5.3.2 Proxy Error Behavior with Geolocation-Error Codes

   If a proxy determines there is an error within an existing
   locationValue, the proxy SHOULD provide a suitable error response.
   The 424 (Bad Location Information) is the appropriate location-based
   error response here.  The 424 MUST contain a Geolocation-Error
   header (see section 3.4).  If a proxy errors a request for some
   other reason than location, and there is a location error also in
   the request, the Geolocation-Error (see section 3.4) SHOULD be added
   to the response, to inform the UAC of all the errors in the request.

   The proxy making the error decision copies the host-id value from
   the "inserted-by=" locationValue of the Geolocation header into the
   host-id value of the "inserter=" locationErrorValue of the
   Geolocation-Error header.  This ensures the error is targeted at the
   entity that inserted the bad location.  More than one error can be
   present for each locationValue. These error are in the
   locationErrorValue of the response.  Each locationErrorValue will
   have one "inserter=" value.  Thus, the number of locationErrorValues
   in a response cannot exceed the number of locationValues in the
   request - all within the same transaction.  This ensures each error
   type is received properly by the offending location inserter.


6.  Geopriv Privacy Considerations

   Transmitting location information is considered by most to be highly
   sensitive information, requiring protection from eavesdropping,
   tracking, and altering in transit.  [RFC3693] articulates rules to
   be followed by any protocol wishing to be considered a Geopriv
   "Using Protocol", specifying how a transport protocol meetings
   those rules.  This section describes how SIP as a Using Protocol
   meets those requirements.

   Quoting requirement #4 of [RFC3693]:



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   "The Using Protocol has to obey the privacy and security
    instructions coded in the Location Object and in the
    corresponding Rules regarding the transmission and storage
    of the LO."

   This document requires that SIP entities sending or receiving
   location MUST obey such instructions.

   Quoting requirement #5 of [RFC3693]:

   "The Using Protocol will typically facilitate that the keys
    associated with the credentials are transported to the
    respective parties, that is, key establishment is the
    responsibility of the Using Protocol."

   [RFC3261] and the documents it references define the key
   establishment mechanisms.

   Quoting requirement #6 of [RFC3693]:

   "(Single Message Transfer)  In particular, for tracking of
    small Target devices, the design should allow a single
    message/packet transmission of location as a complete
    transaction."

   When used for tracking, a simple NOTIFY or UPDATE normally is
   relatively small, although the PIDF itself can get large.  Normal
   RFC 3261 procedures of reverting to TCP when the MTU size is
   exceeded would be invoked.


7.  Security Considerations

   Conveyance of physical location of a UAC raises privacy concerns,
   and depending on use, there probably will be authentication and
   integrity concerns.  This document calls for conveyance to normally
   be accomplished through secure mechanisms, like S/MIME protecting
   message bodies (but this is not widely deployed) or TLS protecting
   the overall signaling.  In cases where a session set-up is
   retargeted based on the location of the UAC initiating the call or
   SIP MESSAGE, securing the by-value location with an end-to-end
   mechanism such as S/MIME is problematic, because one or more proxies
   on the path need the ability to read the location information to
   retarget the message to the appropriate new destination UAS.
   Securing the location hop-by-hop, using TLS, protects the message
   from eavesdropping and modification, but exposes the information to
   all proxies on the path as well as the endpoint.  In most cases, the
   UAC does not know the identity of the proxy or proxies providing
   location-based routing services, so that end-to-middle solutions
   might not be appropriate either.

   These same issue exist for basic SIP signaling, but SIP normally


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   does not carry information to physically track a user; making this
   extension especially sensitive, unfortunately.

   When location is inserted by a UAC, which is RECOMMENDED, it can
   decide whether to reveal its location using hop-by-hop methods.  UAC
   implementations MUST make such capabilities conditional on explicit
   user permission, and SHOULD alert a user that location is being
   conveyed.  Proxies inserting location for location-based routing are
   unable to meet this  requirement, and such use is NOT RECOMMENDED.
   Proxies conveying location using this extension MUST have the
   permission of the Target to do so.

   One facet within this extension is such that locations can be placed
   on a remote server, accessible with the possession of a URI.  The
   concept of a location-by-reference URI has its own security
   considerations.  It is tempting to assume that the dereference would
   have authentication, authorization and other security mechanisms
   that limit the access to information.  Unfortunately, this might not
   be true.  The access network the UAC is connected to can be the
   source of location reference, and it might not have any
   credentialing mechanism suitable for controlling access to location.
   Consider, specifically, a nomadic user connected to an access
   network in a hotel.  The UAC has no way to provide a credential
   acceptable to the hotel Location Server (LS) to any of its intended
   Location Recipients.  The recipient of a reference does not know if
   a reference has appropriate authorization policies or not.  The LS
   should provide location to any requestor.

   Accordingly, possession of the reference should be considered
   equivalent to possession of the value, and the reference should be
   treated with the same degree of care as the value.  Specifically,
   TLS MUST be used to protect the security of the reference.

   Because SIP servers can add location in transit, made more easy of
   the server is a Session Border Controller or B2BUA, this might cause
   there to be conflicting location information (error-code=6), which
   could be purposeful to error the request or just cause operation
   problems.  This problem might be inadvertent, compounded by the fact
   that there will likely be some SIP servers that add location on
   every call set-up.

   There is no integrity on any locationValue or locationErrorValue
   header parameter, so recipients of either header need to implicitly
   trust the header contents, and take whatever precautions each entity
   deems appropriate give these facts.


8.  IANA Considerations

   The following are the IANA considerations made by this SIP
   extension.  Modifications and additions to these registrations
   require a standards track RFC.


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8.1 IANA Registration for the SIP Geolocation Header

   The SIP Geolocation header is created by this document, with its
   definition and rules in Section 3.2 of this document, to be added to
   the sip-parameters.

   The Geolocation Header has the following header parameters to be
   Registered in a new table:

   Geolocation Header parameters

   Header Parameters     Parameter-values      Reference
   ----------------      ----------------      --------------
   inserted-by           (string)              RFC XXXX (this document)
   used-for-routing       N/A                  RFC XXXX (this document)
   recipient             endpoint              RFC XXXX (this document)
   recipient             routing-entity        RFC XXXX (this document)
   recipient             both                  RFC XXXX (this document)


8.2 IANA Registration for New SIP Option Tag

   The SIP option-tag "geolocation" is created by this document, with
   the definition and rule in Section 3.5 of this document, to be added
   to sip-parameters within IANA.


8.3 IANA Registration for Response Code 424

   Reference: RFC-XXXX (i.e., this document)
   Response code: 424 (recommended number to assign)
   Default reason phrase: Bad Location Information

   This SIP Response code is defined in section 3.3 of this document.


8.4 IANA Registration of New Geolocation-Error Header

   The SIP Geolocation-error header is created by this document, with
   its definition and rules in Section 3.4 of this document, to be
   added to the sip-parameters.


8.5 IANA Registration for the SIP Geolocation-Error Codes

   New location specific Geolocation-Error codes are created by this
   document, and registered in a new table at sip-parameters within
   IANA. Details of these error codes are in Section 3.4 of this
   document.




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   Geolocation-Error codes
   -----------------------
   Geolocation-Error codes provide reason for the error discovered by
   Location Recipients, to place into SIP response messages to inform
   the location inserter of the error.

  Code Description                                          Reference
  ---- ---------------------------------------------------  ---------
   1   Location Format Not Supported: the location format   [this doc]
       supplied in the request, by-value or by-reference,
       was not supported.

   2   Coordinate-location Format Desired: the location     [this doc]
       format supplied in the request was understood
       and supported, but that the recipient, or an
       application on the recipient, can or prefers to
       only process location in the coordinate-location
       format.

   3   Civic-location Format Desired: the location          [this doc]
       format supplied in the request was understood
       and supported, but that the recipient, or an
       application on the recipient, can or prefers to
       only process location in the civic-location
       format.

   4   Cannot Parse Location Supplied: the location         [this doc]
       provided, whether by-value or by-reference, in a
       request is not well formed.

   5   Cannot Find Location: the location was expected in   [this doc]
       the request, but the recipient cannot find it.

   6   Conflicting Locations Supplied: a Location Recipient [this doc]
       received more than one location describing where the
       Target is, and is either unsure which whole location
       is true or which parts of multiple locations make up
       where the Target is.

   7   Incomplete Location Supplied: there is not enough    [this doc]
       location information in the request to determine
       where the location Target is.

   8   Cannot Dereference: the act of dereferencing failed  [this doc]
       to return the Target's location.  This generally
       means the supplied URI is bad.

   9   Dereference Denied: there was insufficient           [this doc]
       authorization to dereference the Target's location.

   10  Dereference Timeout: the dereferencing node has not  [this doc]
       received the Target's location within a reasonable.


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       timeframe

   11  Cannot Process Dereference: the dereference protocol [this doc]
       has received an overload condition error, indicating
       the location cannot be accessed at this time.

   20  Unsupported Scheme - sip desired: the location       [this doc]
       dereferencer cannot dereference using the
       location-by-reference URI scheme supplied, and
       prefers a sip-uri.

   21 Unsupported Scheme - sips desired: the location       [this doc]
       dereferencer cannot dereference using the
       location-by-reference URI scheme supplied, and
       prefers a sips-uri.

   22 Unsupported Scheme - pres desired: the location       [this doc]
       dereferencer cannot dereference using the
       location-by-reference URI scheme supplied, and
       prefers a pres-uri.


9.  Acknowledgements

   To Dave Oran for helping to shape this idea. To Jon Peterson and
   Dean Willis on guidance of the effort. To Allison Mankin, Dick
   Knight, Hannes Tschofenig, Henning Schulzrinne, James Winterbottom,
   Jeroen van  Bemmel, Jean-Francois Mule, Jonathan Rosenberg, Keith
   Drage, Marc Linsner, Martin Thomson, Mike Hammer, Paul Kyzivat,
   Shida Shubert, Umesh Sharma, Richard Barnes, Ted Hardie, Robert
   Sparks and Matt Lepinski for constructive feedback.  A special
   thanks to Dan Wing for help with the S/MIME example.


10. References

10.1 References - Normative

 [RFC3261] J. Rosenberg, H. Schulzrinne, G. Camarillo, A. Johnston, J.
           Peterson, R. Sparks, M. Handley, and E. Schooler, "SIP:
           Session Initiation Protocol", RFC 3261, May 2002.

 [RFC4119] J. Peterson, "A Presence-based GEOPRIV Location Object
           Format", RFC 4119, December 2005

 [RFC2119] S. Bradner, "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
           Requirement Levels", RFC 2119, March 1997

 [RFC2392] E. Levinson, " Content-ID and Message-ID Uniform Resource
           Locators", RFC 2393, August 1998

 [RFC3863] H. Sugano, S. Fujimoto, G. Klyne, A. Bateman, W. Carr, J.


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           Peterson, "Presence Information Data Format (PIDF)", RFC
           3863, August 2004

 [RFC3856] J. Rosenberg, " A Presence Event Package for the Session
           Initiation Protocol (SIP)", RFC 3856, August 2004

 [RFC3859] J. Peterson, "Common Profile for Presence (CPP)", RFC 3859,
           August 2004

 [RFC3428] B. Campbell, Ed., J. Rosenberg, H. Schulzrinne, C. Huitema,
           D. Gurle, "Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) Extension for
           Instant Messaging" , RFC 3428, December 2002

 [RFC3311] J. Rosenberg, "The Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) UPDATE
           Method", RFC 3311, October 2002

 [RFC3265] Roach, A., "Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)-Specific
           Event Notification", RFC 3265, June 2002.


10.2 References - Informative

 [RFC3693] J. Cuellar, J. Morris, D. Mulligan, J. Peterson. J. Polk,
           "Geopriv Requirements", RFC 3693, February 2004

 [RFC3825] J. Polk, J. Schnizlein, M. Linsner, "Dynamic Host
           Configuration Protocol Option for Coordinate-based Location
           Configuration Information", RFC 3825, July 2004

 [RFC4776] H. Schulzrinne, " Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
           (DHCPv4 and DHCPv6) Option for Civic Addresses Configuration
           Information ", draft-ietf-geopriv-dhcp-civil-09, "work in
           progress", January 2006


   Author Information

   James Polk
   Cisco Systems
   3913 Treemont Circle                              33.00111N
   Colleyville, Texas  76034                         96.68142W

   Phone: +1-817-271-3552
   Email: jmpolk@cisco.com


   Brian Rosen
   NeuStar, Inc.
   470 Conrad Dr.                                    40.70497N
   Mars, PA  16046                                   80.01252W
   US



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   Phone: +1 724 382 1051
   Email: br@brianrosen.net


Appendix A.  Requirements for SIP Location Conveyance

   The following subsections address the requirements placed on the
   UAC, the UAS, as well as SIP proxies when conveying location. There
   is a motivational statement below each requirements that is not
   obvious in intent

A.1 Requirements for a UAC Conveying Location

   UAC-1  The SIP INVITE Method [RFC3261] must support location
          conveyance.

   UAC-2  The SIP MESSAGE method [RFC3428] must support location
          conveyance.

   UAC-3  SIP Requests within a dialog should support location
          conveyance.

   UAC-4  Other SIP Requests may support location conveyance.

   UAC-5  There must be one, mandatory to implement means of
          transmitting location confidentially.

   Motivation:  interoperability

   UAC-6  It must be possible for a UAC to update location conveyed
          at any time in a dialog, including during dialog
          establishment.

   Motivation: in case a UAC has moved prior to the establishment of a
          dialog between UAs, the UAC must be able to send new location
          information.  In the case of location having been conveyed,
          and the UA moves, it needs a means to update the conveyed to
          party of this location change.

   UAC-7  The privacy and security rules established within [RFC3693]
          that would categorize SIP as a 'Using Protocol' must be met.

   UAC-8  The PIDF-LO [RFC 4119] is a mandatory to implement format for
          location conveyance within SIP, whether included by-value or
          by-reference.

   Motivation:  interoperability with other IETF location protocols and
          mechanisms

   UAC-9  There must be a mechanism for the UAC to request the UAS send
          its location



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   UAC-10 There must be a mechanism to differentiate the ability of the
          UAC to convey location from the UACs lack of knowledge of its
          location

   Motivation: Failure to receive location when it is expected can be
          because the UAC does not implement this extension, or it can
          be that the UAC implements the extension, but does not know
          where it is.  This may be, for example, due to the failure of
          the access network to provide a location acquisition
          mechanisms the UAC understands.  These cases must be
          differentiated.


   UAC-11  It must be possible to convey location to proxy servers
          along the path.

   Motivation:  Location-based routing.


A.2 Requirements for a UAS Receiving Location

   The following are the requirements for location conveyance by a UAS:

   UAS-1  SIP Responses must support location conveyance.

   UAS-2  There must be a unique 4XX response informing the UAC it did
          not provide applicable location information.

   In addition, requirements UAC-5, 6, 7 and 8 apply to the UAS


A.3 Requirements for SIP Proxies and Intermediaries

   The following are the requirements for location conveyance by a SIP
   proxies and intermediaries:

   Proxy-1  Proxy servers must be capable of adding a Location header
            field during processing of SIP requests.

   Motivation:  Provide the capability of network assertion of location
            when UACs are unable to do so, or when network assertion is
            more reliable than UAC assertion of location

   Note: Because UACs connected to sip signaling networks may have
         widely varying access network arrangements, including VPN
         tunnels and roaming mechanisms, it may be difficult for a
         network to reliably know the location of the endpoint.  Proxy
         assertion of location is NOT RECOMMENDED unless the sip
         signaling network has reliable knowledge of the actual
         location of the Targets.

   Proxy-2  There must be a unique 4XX response informing the UAC it


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            did not provide applicable location information.

Appendix B. Example of INVITE with S/MIME encrypted Civic PIDF-LO

   This appendix gives an *EXAMPLE* (meaning this might contain errors
   based on future review) of a SIP INVITE request that points to the
   same position on the earth as the coordinate based example that's in
   section 4.1 in the body of this document:

   The INVITE request is TLS hop-by-hop encrypted, and the
   location-by-value message body is S/MIME encrypted. This example
   shows the location message body in its unencrypted form for clarity.
   The message body lines below that have the '$' signs are S/MIME
   encrypted.  In this example, the SDP is not S/MIME encrypted.

   INVITE sips:bob@biloxi.example.com SIP/2.0
   Via: SIP/2.0/TLS pc33.atlanta.example.com
     ;branch=z9hG4bK74bf9
   Max-Forwards: 70
   To: Bob <sips:bob@biloxi.example.com>
   From: Alice <sips:alice@atlanta.example.com>;tag=9fxced76sl
   Call-ID: 3848276298220188511@atlanta.example.com
   Geolocation: <cid:alice123@atlanta.example.com>
     ;inserted-by=alice@atlanta.example.com ;recipient=endpoint
   Supported: geolocation
   Accept: application/sdp, application/pidf+xml
   CSeq: 31862 INVITE
   Contact: <sips:alice@pc33.atlanta.example.com>
   Content-Type: multipart/mixed; boundary=boundary1
   Content-Length: ...

   --boundary1

   Content-Type: application/sdp

   ...SDP goes here

   --boundary1

   Content-Type: application/pkcs7-mime;
      smime-type=enveloped-data; name=smime.p7m
   Content-ID: alice123@atlanta.example.com

$  Content-Type: application/pidf+xml
$
$  <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
$     <presence xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:pidf"
$         xmlns:gp="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:pidf:geopriv10"
$         xmlns:cl="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:pidf:geopriv10:civicAddr"
$         entity="pres:alice@atlanta.example.com">
$       <tuple id="sg89ae">
$        <timestamp>2007-07-09T14:00:00Z</timestamp>


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$        <status>
$         <gp:geopriv>
$           <gp:location-info>
$             <cl:civicAddress>
$               <cl:country>US</cl:country>
$               <cl:A1>Texas</cl:A1>
$               <cl:A3>Colleyville</cl:A3>
$               <cl:HNO>3913</cl:HNO>
$               <cl:A6>Treemont</cl:A6>
$               <cl:STS>Circle</cl:STS>
$               <cl:PC>76034</cl:PC>
$               <cl:NAM>Haley's Place</cl:NAM>
$               <cl:FLR>1</cl:FLR>
$             <cl:civicAddress>
$           </gp:location-info>
$           <gp:usage-rules>
$             <gp:retransmission-allowed>no</gp:retransmission-allowed>
$             <gp:retention-expiry>2007-07-27T18:00:00Z</gp:retention-
$                           expiry>
$           </gp:usage-rules>
$           <gp:method>DHCP</gp:method>
$           <gp:provided-by>www.example.com</gp:provided-by>
$         </gp:geopriv>
$        </status>
$       </tuple>
$      </presence>
   --boundary1--


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Internet Draft         Location Conveyance in SIP            July, 2007

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