Network Working Group                                              X. Li
Internet-Draft                                                   M. Chen
Intended status: Standards Track                                  C. Bao
Expires: January 7, 2009                                        H. Zhang
                                                                   J. Wu
                                       CERNET Center/Tsinghua University
                                                            July 6, 2008


   Prefix-specific and Stateless Address Mapping (IVI) for IPv4/IPv6
                       Coexistence and Transition
                      draft-xli-behave-ivi-00.txt

Status of this Memo

   By submitting this Internet-Draft, each author represents that any
   applicable patent or other IPR claims of which he or she is aware
   have been or will be disclosed, and any of which he or she becomes
   aware will be disclosed, in accordance with Section 6 of BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups.  Note that
   other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-
   Drafts.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   The list of current Internet-Drafts can be accessed at
   http://www.ietf.org/ietf/1id-abstracts.txt.

   The list of Internet-Draft Shadow Directories can be accessed at
   http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html.

   This Internet-Draft will expire on January 7, 2009.














Li, et al.               Expires January 7, 2009                [Page 1]


Internet-Draft    Prefix-specific Address Mapping (IVI)        July 2008


Abstract

   This document presents the concept and practice of the prefix-
   specific and stateless address mapping mechanism (IVI) for IPv4/IPv6
   coexistence and transition.  In this scheme, subsets of the IPv4
   addresses are embedded in prefix-specific IPv6 addresses and these
   IPv6 addresses can therefore communicate with the global IPv6
   networks directly and can communicate with the global IPv4 networks
   via stateless (or almost stateless) gateways.  The IVI scheme
   supports the end-to-end address transparency, incremental deployment
   and performance optimization in multi-homed environment.  This
   document is a comprehensive report on the IVI design and its
   deployment in large scale public networks.  Based on the IVI
   scenario, the corresponding address allocation and assignment
   policies are also proposed.




































Li, et al.               Expires January 7, 2009                [Page 2]


Internet-Draft    Prefix-specific Address Mapping (IVI)        July 2008


Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4
   2.  Terms and Abbreviations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  6
   3.  The Overview of the IVI Mechanism  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  7
     3.1.  Address Mapping  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  7
     3.2.  Routing and Forwarding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  9
     3.3.  IVI Communication Scenarios  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
   4.  Design Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
     4.1.  Address Mapping  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
     4.2.  Network-layer Header Translation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
     4.3.  Transport-layer Header Translation . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
     4.4.  Fragmentation and MTU Handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
     4.5.  ICMP Handling  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
     4.6.  Application Layer Gateway  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
     4.7.  IPv6 Source Address Selection  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
     4.8.  IPv4 over IPv6 Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
   5.  DNS Configuration and Mapping  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
     5.1.  DNS Configuration for the IVI6(i) Addresses  . . . . . . . 17
     5.2.  DNS Mapping for the IVIG46(i) Addresses  . . . . . . . . . 17
   6.  Multiplexing of the Global IPv4 Addresses  . . . . . . . . . . 18
     6.1.  Temporal Multiplexing  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
     6.2.  Port Multiplexing  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
     6.3.  Spatial Multiplexing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
     6.4.  Multiplexing using IPv4 NAT-PT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
   7.  IVI Multicast Support  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
   8.  IVI Implementation and Preliminary Testing Results . . . . . . 22
   9.  Features of IVI  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
   10. Address Policy and IVI Address Evolution . . . . . . . . . . . 25
     10.1. IPv6 Address Assignment Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
     10.2. IPv4 Address Allocation Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
     10.3. Evolution of the IVI Addresses and Services  . . . . . . . 25
   11. Security Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
   12. IANA Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
   13. Principal Authors  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
   14. Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
   15. Acknowledgments  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
   16. Appendix A. The IVI gateway configuration example  . . . . . . 32
   17. Appendix B. The traceroute results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
   18. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
     18.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
     18.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
   Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
   Intellectual Property and Copyright Statements . . . . . . . . . . 41







Li, et al.               Expires January 7, 2009                [Page 3]


Internet-Draft    Prefix-specific Address Mapping (IVI)        July 2008


1.  Introduction

   This document presents the concept and practice of the prefix-
   specific and stateless address mapping mechanism (IVI) for IPv4/IPv6
   coexistence and transition.

   The experiences for the IPv6 deployment in the past 10 years strongly
   indicate that for a successful transition, the IPv6 hosts need to
   communicate with the global IPv4 networks [JJI07].  However, the
   current transition methods do not fully support this requirement
   [RFC4213].  For example, dual-stack hosts can communicate with both
   the IPv4 and IPv6 hosts, but the IPv4 address depletion problem makes
   the dual-stack approach inapplicable [COUNT].  The tunneled
   architectures can link the IPv6 islands cross IPv4 networks, but they
   cannot help the communication between two address families [RFC3056]
   [RFC5214] [RFC4380].  The translation architectures can relay the
   communications for the hosts located in IPv4 and IPv6 networks, but
   the current implementation of this kind of architecture is not
   scalable and it cannot maintain the end-to-end address transparency
   [RFC2766] [RFC3142] [RFC4966] [RFC2775].

   However, since IPv4 and IPv6 are different protocols with different
   addressing structure, the translation mechanism is still necessary
   for the communication between the two address families.  There are
   several ways to implement the translation.  One is the stateless IP/
   ICMP translation algorithm (SIIT), which provides a mechanism for the
   translation between IPv4 and IPv6 packet headers (including ICMP
   headers) without requiring any per-connection state.  But, SIIT does
   not specify the address assignment and routing scheme [RFC2766].  For
   example, when SIIT is used for the IPv4 mapped IPv6 addresses
   [::FFFF:ipv4-addr/96] and IPv4 compatible IPv6 addresses [::ipv4-
   address/96]), these addresses violate the aggregation nature of the
   IPv6 routing [RFC4291].  The other translation mechanism is NAT-PT,
   which has serious technical and operational difficulties and IETF has
   reclassified it from proposed standard to historic status.  But in
   the same document, it suggested that a revised, possibly restricted
   version of NAT-PT can be a suitable solution for the communication
   between IPv4 and IPv6 hosts [RFC4966].  Recently, several mechanisms
   are proposed in this direction, for example NAT64 translates the IPv4
   server address by adding or removing a /96 prefix, and translates the
   IPv6 client address by installing mappings in the normal NAT manner
   [I-D.bagnulo-behave-nat64].

   In this document, we follow the basic specification of SIIT, but we
   define the address assignment and routing scheme (IVI).  Our IVI
   mechanism is related to the NAT-PT and NAT64, but differs from them
   significantly.  First, it is stateless (or almost stateless) in both
   the IPv4-to-IPv6 mapping direction, as well as in the IPv6-to-IPv4



Li, et al.               Expires January 7, 2009                [Page 4]


Internet-Draft    Prefix-specific Address Mapping (IVI)        July 2008


   mapping direction.  Secondly, it supports address transparency.
   Thirdly, it supports both client-server applications and the peer-to-
   peer applications cross IPv4 and IPv6 address families without using
   NAT-traversal techniques.  Finally, it can satisfy most of the basic
   and advanced requirements for the IPv4 to IPv4 transition as
   specified by the Internet Drafts [I-D.v6ops-nat64-pb-statement-req].













































Li, et al.               Expires January 7, 2009                [Page 5]


Internet-Draft    Prefix-specific Address Mapping (IVI)        July 2008


2.  Terms and Abbreviations

   The following terms and abbreviations are used in this document:

   IVI: IV means 4 and VI means 6 in Roman representation, so IVI means
   mapping and translation between IPv4 and IPv6.

   ISP(i): A specific Internet service provider "i".

   IPG4: An address set containing all IPv4 addresses, the addresses in
   this set are mainly used by IPv4 hosts at the current stage.

   IPS4(i): A subset of IPG4 allocated to ISP(i).

   IVI4(i): A subset of IPS4(i), the addresses in this set will be
   mapped to IPv6 via IVI rule and physically used by IPv6 hosts of
   ISP(i).

   IPG6: An address set containing all IPv6 addresses.

   IPS6(i): A subset of IPG6 allocated to ISP(i).

   IVIG46(i): A subset of IPS6(i), an image of IPG4 in IPv6 address
   family via IVI mapping rule.

   IVI6(i): A subset of IVIG46(i), an image of IVI4(i) in IPv6 address
   family via IVI mapping rule.

   IVI gateway: The mapping and translation gateway between IPv4 and
   IPv6 based on IVI scheme.

   IVI DNS: Providing IVI Domain Name Service (DNS).

   The key words MUST, MUST NOT, REQUIRED, SHALL, SHALL NOT, SHOULD,
   SHOULD NOT, RECOMMENDED, MAY, and OPTIONAL, when they appear in this
   document, are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].















Li, et al.               Expires January 7, 2009                [Page 6]


Internet-Draft    Prefix-specific Address Mapping (IVI)        July 2008


3.  The Overview of the IVI Mechanism

   The IVI is a prefix-specific and stateless address mapping scheme
   which can be carried out by individual ISPs.

   IVI mapping and translation mechanism is implemented in an IVI
   gateway which connects to both IPv4 and IPv6 networks.  The SIIT
   stateless translation is implemented in the IVI gateway [RFC2765].

   A unique, prefix-specific and stateless mapping scheme is defined
   between IPv4 addresses and subsets of IPv6 addresses, so each
   provider-independent IPv6 address block (usually a /32) will have a
   small portion of IPv6 addresses, which is the image of the totality
   of the global IPv4 addresses.

   Each provider can borrow a portion of its IPv4 addresses and maps
   them into IPv6 based on the above mapping rule.  These special IPv6
   addresses will be physically used by IPv6 hosts.  The original IPv4
   form of the borrowed addresses is the image of these special IPv6
   addresses.

   The packets generated from the global IPv4 addresses and sent to the
   special IPv6 addresses are routed to the IPv4 interface of the IVI
   gateway via the IPv4 routing protocol and the packets generated from
   the special IPv6 addresses and sent to the global IPv4 addresses are
   routed to the IPv6 interface of the IVI gateway via the IPv6 routing
   protocol.  The processes in both directions are symmetric.  In
   addition, the special IPv6 addresses can communicate with the global
   IPv6 networks.

   The IVI scheme related issues, for example the IVI DNS support, the
   multiplexing of the public IPv4 addresses, the IVI multicast support,
   etc. can be solved without involving any major change in the current
   Internet protocol.

3.1.  Address Mapping

   The IVI address mapping is defined based on individual ISP's prefix
   as shown in the following figure.












Li, et al.               Expires January 7, 2009                [Page 7]


Internet-Draft    Prefix-specific Address Mapping (IVI)        July 2008


   IVI Address Mapping


   | 0                 |32 |40                   |72             127|
   ------------------------------------------------------------------
   |                   |FF |                     |                  |
   ------------------------------------------------------------------
   |<-  IPv6 prefix  ->|   |<-  IPv4 address   ->|<- zero padding ->|


                                 Figure 1

   where bit 0 to bit 31 are the prefix of ISP(i)'s /32 (e.g.
   IPS6=2001:DB8::/32), bit 32 to bit 39 are all one's as the identifier
   of IVI, bit 40 to bit 71 are embedded global IPv4 space (IPG4)
   presented in hexadecimal format. (e.g. 2001:DB8:ff00::/40).  Because
   this mapping is 1-to-1 defined by the IVI mapping rule, it is
   stateless and it has feature of end-to-end address transparency.

   (1) The ISP(i) uses a subset of ISP4(i) defined as IVI4(i), and maps
   it into IPv6 as IVI6(i).  The IVI6(i) is physically used by IPv6
   hosts inside ISP(i)'s IPv6 network and the IVI4(i) cannot be used by
   IPv4 hosts.  Therefore, IVI6(i) is the special IPv6 address block
   which can communicate with both address families.

   (2) Based on the above mapping rule, the ISP(i) uses a subset of
   ISP6(i) defined as IVIG46(i), and maps it into IPv4 as IPG4.  The
   IVIG46(i) is virtually used by global IPv4 hosts and it cannot be
   used by IPv6 hosts, except the portion of IVI6(i).

   The mapping of the different address sets and the relations are shown
   in the following figure.



















Li, et al.               Expires January 7, 2009                [Page 8]


Internet-Draft    Prefix-specific Address Mapping (IVI)        July 2008


   IVI Address Mapping Relation


             |<-------IPG4--------------------->|
             |        |<----IPS4(i)----->|      |
             |           |<-IVI4(i)->|          |
             |           |           |          |
             |           |    /\     |          |
             |           |    ||     |          |
             |           | mapping   |          |
             |           |    ||     |          |
             |           |    \/     |          |
             |           |           |          |
             |           |<-IVI6(i)->|          |
             |<------IPG46(i)------------------>|
       |<--------IPS6(i)------------------------------>|
   |<-----------IPG6-------------------------------------------->|



                                 Figure 2

   where IVI4(i) and IVI6(i) are representing the same entities in IPv4
   and IPv6 address families, respectively.  Similarly, IPG4 and
   IVIG46(i) are representing the same entities in IPv4 and IPv6 address
   families, respectively.  In addition, IVI4(i) is a subset of IPG4 and
   IVI6(i) is a subset of IVIG46(i).

3.2.  Routing and Forwarding

   Based on the IVI address mapping rule, the routing is
   straightforward, as shown in the following figure.

   IVI Routing


    /-----\                                                     /-----\
   (Global )  ----192.168.1.2  ------------- 2001:DB8::2----   (Global )
   (IPv4   )--|R1|-------------|IVI gateway|------------|R2|---(IPv6   )
   (network)  ----  192.168.1.1-------------2001:DB8::1 ----   (network)
    \-----/                                                     \-----/


                                 Figure 3

   where

   (1) Router R1 has IPv4 route of IVI4(i)/k (k is the prefix length of



Li, et al.               Expires January 7, 2009                [Page 9]


Internet-Draft    Prefix-specific Address Mapping (IVI)        July 2008


   IVI4(i)) with next-hop equals to 192.168.1.1 and this route is
   distributed to global IPv4 networks with proper aggregation.

   (2) Router R2 has IPv6 route of IVIG46(i)/40 with next-hop equals to
   2001:DB8::1 and this route is distributed to global IPv6 networks
   with proper aggregation.

   (3) IVI gateway has IPv6 route of IVI6(i)/(40+k) with next hop equals
   to 2001:DB8::2.  IVI gateway also has IPv4 default route 0.0.0.0/0
   with next hop equals to 192.168.1.2 .

   Note that the routes described above can be learned/inserted by
   dynamic routing protocols in the IVI gateway neighboring (IGP) or
   peering (BGP) with R1 and R2.

   The address reachability matrix of the IPv4, IVI and IPv6 is shown in
   the following figure.

   IVI reachability Matrix


                            IPG4    IVI    IPG6
                     ---------------------------
          IPG4      |       OK      OK      NO
          IVI       |       OK      OK      OK
          IPG6      |       NO      OK      OK



                                 Figure 4

   Since both IVI4(i) and IVI6(i) are aggregated to IPS4(i) and IPS6(i)
   in ISP(i)'s border routers respectively, there will be no affect to
   the global IPv4 and IPv6 routing tables [RFC4632].

   If IVI4(i) and IVI6(i) has 1-to-1 mapping relationship, then IVI is
   stateless and it can support multi-homing.

   Since IVI can be implemented independently in each ISP's network, it
   can be incrementally deployed.

3.3.  IVI Communication Scenarios

   Scenario 1:

   Assume that there are IPv4 address A and ISP(1) IVI-mapped IPv6
   address A', an arbitrary IPv4 address B and ISP(1) IVI-mapped IPv6
   address B', as well as an arbitrary IPv6 address C'.  If ISP(1)



Li, et al.               Expires January 7, 2009               [Page 10]


Internet-Draft    Prefix-specific Address Mapping (IVI)        July 2008


   deploys IVI, then A' is a physical IPv6 host and B is a physical IPv4
   host.  A' can communicate with B via the IVI gateway.  Note that in
   this scenario A' is actually communicating with B', an image of B,
   and B is actually communicating with A, an image of A'.  Since A' is
   an IPv6 address inside ISP6(1), it can also communicate with
   arbitrary IPv6 host C'.  This can form an early stage of IPv4/IPv6
   coexistence and transition.

   IVI Communication Scenario 1


             ------------------------
           /          IPv4            \
          |                            |
          |     A<------->B            |
           \              /           /
             ------------/-----------
                 |      /
              ------   /
             |IVI GW| /
              ------ /
                 |  /
             ------/----------------------------------
           /      /                                    \
          |     A'<-->B'                                |
          |                                             |
           \           IPv6                C'          /
             -----------------------------------------



                                 Figure 5

   Scenario 2:

   Assume that there are IPv4 address A, ISP(1) IVI-mapped IPv6 address
   A' and ISP(2) IVI-mapped IPv6 address A''.  Similarly, assume that
   there are IPv4 address B, ISP(1) IVI-mapped IPv6 address B' and
   ISP(2) IVI-mapped IPv6 address B''.  If both ISP(1) and ISP(2) deploy
   IVI, then A' and B'' are physical IPv6 hosts.  In addition, if ISP(1)
   and ISP(2) do not know the IVI deployment on the other end, then A'
   can still communicate with B'' through A and B via two IVI gateways.
   Note that in this scenario A' is actually communicating with B', an
   ISP(1)'s version image of B, and B'' is actually communicating with
   A'', an ISP(2)'s version image of A. Since there are two IVI gateways
   involved, the routing is not optimal.





Li, et al.               Expires January 7, 2009               [Page 11]


Internet-Draft    Prefix-specific Address Mapping (IVI)        July 2008


   IVI Communication Scenario 2


             ------------------------
           /          IPv4            \
          |                            |
          |        A<--------->B       |
           \         \       /        /
             ---------\-----/--------
                 |     \   /     |
              ------    \ /   ------
             |IVI GW|    .   |IVI GW|
              ------    / \   ------
                 |     /   \     |
             ---------/-----\-------------------------
           /         /       \                         \
          |        A'<->B'    \                         |
          |                    \                        |
          |               A''<->B''                     |
           \           IPv6                            /
             -----------------------------------------


                                 Figure 6

   Scenario 3:

   Assume that there are IPv4 address A and ISP(1) IVI-mapped IPv6
   address A'.  Similarly, assume that there are IPv4 address B and
   ISP(2) IVI-mapped IPv6 address B''.  If both ISP(1) and ISP(2) deploy
   IVI, then A' and B'' are physical IPv6 hosts.  In addition, if ISP(1)
   and ISP(2) by contrast know the IVI deployment on the other end, then
   A' can communicate with B'' directly.  Since it is the communication
   in IPv6, the routing is optimal.  This can form a later stage of the
   transition.
















Li, et al.               Expires January 7, 2009               [Page 12]


Internet-Draft    Prefix-specific Address Mapping (IVI)        July 2008


   IVI Communication Scenario 3



             ------------------------
           /          IPv4            \
          |                            |
          |        A           B       |
           \                          /
             ------------------------
                 |               |
              ------          ------
             |IVI GW|        |IVI GW|
              ------          ------
                 |               |
             -----------------------------------------
           /                                           \
          |        A'<--------->B''                     |
          |                                             |
           \           IPv6                            /
             -----------------------------------------


                                 Figure 7



























Li, et al.               Expires January 7, 2009               [Page 13]


Internet-Draft    Prefix-specific Address Mapping (IVI)        July 2008


4.  Design Considerations

   The components of the IVI scheme include: address mapping, network-
   layer header translation, transport-layer header translation,
   fragmentation/MTU handling, ICMP handling, application layer gateway,
   IPv6 source address selection and IPv4 over IPv6 support.

4.1.  Address Mapping

   The address mapping rule is defined in Section 3.1.

   In addition, depending on the implementation scope of the IVI
   gateway, IVIG46(i) block can also be defined as 2001:DB8:FFFF::/48,
   2001:DB8:ABCD:FF00::/56 or 2001:DB8:ABCD:FFFF::/64, etc.  A special
   case is to define IVIG46(i)=2001:DB8:XXXX:XXXX:XXXX:XXXX::/96, then
   the mapping rule is similar to the method of translating the IPv4
   server address proposed in [I-D.bagnulo-behave-nat64].

4.2.  Network-layer Header Translation

   IPv4 [RFC791] [RFC791] and IPv6 [RFC2460] are different protocols
   with different network layer header format, the translation of the
   IPv4 and IPv6 headers must be performed [MVB98] [RFC2765] as shown in
   the following figures.

   IPv4 to IPv6 Header translation based on IVI scheme


   -------------------------------------------------------------
   IPv4 Field             Translated to IPv6
   -------------------------------------------------------------
   Version (0x4)          Version (0x6)
   IHL                    discarded
   Type of Service        discarded
   Total Length           Payload Length = Total Length -IHL * 4
   Identification         discarded
   Flags                  discarded
   Offset                 discarded
   Time to Live           Hop Limit
   Protocol               Next Header
   Header Checksum        discarded
   Source Address         IVI address mapping
   Destination Address    IVI address mapping
   Options                discarded
   -------------------------------------------------------------


                                 Figure 8



Li, et al.               Expires January 7, 2009               [Page 14]


Internet-Draft    Prefix-specific Address Mapping (IVI)        July 2008


   IPv6 to IPv4 Header translation based on IVI scheme

   -------------------------------------------------------------
   IPv6 Field             Translated to IPv4 Header
   -------------------------------------------------------------
   Version (0x6)          Version (0x4)
   Traffic Class          discarded
   Flow Label             discarded
   Payload Length         Total Length = Payload Length + 20
   Next Header            Protocol
   Hop Limit              TTL
   Source Address         IVI address mapping
   Destination Address    IVI address mapping
   -                      IHL = 5
   -                      Header Checksum recalculated
   -------------------------------------------------------------


                                 Figure 9

4.3.  Transport-layer Header Translation

   Since the TCP and UDP headers [RFC793] [RFC768] consist of check sums
   which include the IP header, the recalculation and updating of the
   transport-layer headers must be performed [RFC2765].

4.4.  Fragmentation and MTU Handling

   When the packet is translated by the IVI gateway, due to the
   different sizes of the IPv4 and IPv6 headers, the IVI6 packets will
   be at least 20 bytes larger than the IVI4 packets, which may exceed
   the MTU of the next link in the IPv6 network.  Therefore, the MTU
   handling and translation between IPv6 fragmentation headers and
   fragmentation field in the IPv4 headers are necessary, which is
   performed in the IVI gateway according to SIIT [RFC2765].

4.5.  ICMP Handling

   For ICMP message translation between IPv4 and IPv6, IVI follows the
   ICMP/ICMPv6 message correspondence as defined in SIIT [RFC2765].
   Note that the ICMP message may be generated by an intermediate router
   whose IPv6 address does not belong to IVIG46(i).  Since ICMP
   translation is important to the path MTU discovery, the inverse
   mapping for unmapped addresses is defined in this document.  In the
   current prototype, a pseudo IPv4 address is generated in such a way
   that the first 16 bits are the IPv4 address of the IVI gateway, and
   the last 16 bits are the AS number of the current domain.  This
   prevents translated ICMP messages from being discarded due to unknown



Li, et al.               Expires January 7, 2009               [Page 15]


Internet-Draft    Prefix-specific Address Mapping (IVI)        July 2008


   or private IP source.  A small IPv4 address block should be reserved
   to identify the non-IVI mapped IPv6 addresses.

4.6.  Application Layer Gateway

   Due to the features of 1-to-1 address mapping and stateless, IVI can
   support most of the existing applications, such as HTTP, SSH, Telnet
   and Microsoft Remote Desktop Protocol.  However, some applications
   are designed such that IP addresses are used to identify application-
   layer entities (e.g.  FTP).  In these cases, application layer
   gateway (ALG) is unavoidable, but it can be integrated into the IVI
   gateway.  A list of applications which support the IVI scheme will be
   given in a later version of this document.

4.7.  IPv6 Source Address Selection

   Since each IPv6 host may have multiple addresses, it is important for
   the host to use an IVI6(i) address to reach the global IPv4 networks.
   The short-term work around is to use IVI6(i) as the default IPv6
   address of the host.  The long-term solution requires that the
   application be able to select the source addresses for different
   services.

4.8.  IPv4 over IPv6 Support

   The IVI scheme can support the IPv4 over IPv6 service (NAT646), i.e.
   a stub IPv4 network can be connected to an IVI gateway to reach the
   IPv6 network and via another IVI gateway to reach the global IPv4
   network [RFC4925]

   A more interesting scenario is to integrate the functions of the
   first IVI gateway into the end-system.  In this case, the application
   softwares are IPv4-based and there is no need to have ALG support in
   the IVI gateway when it is communicating with IPv4 hosts.

















Li, et al.               Expires January 7, 2009               [Page 16]


Internet-Draft    Prefix-specific Address Mapping (IVI)        July 2008


5.  DNS Configuration and Mapping

   The DNS [RFC1035] service is important for the IVI scheme.

5.1.  DNS Configuration for the IVI6(i) Addresses

   For providing authoritative DNS service for IVI4(i) and IVI6(i), each
   host name will both have an A record and an AAAA record pointing to
   IVI4(i) and IVI6(i), respectively.  Note that the same name always
   points to a unique host, which is an IVI6(i) host and it has IVI4(i)
   representation via the IVI gateway.

5.2.  DNS Mapping for the IVIG46(i) Addresses

   For resolving the IVI IPv6-mapped global IPv4 space (IVIG46(i)), each
   ISP must provide customized IVI DNS service for the IVI6(i) hosts.
   The IVI DNS server is in dual stack environment.  When the IVI6(i)
   host queries an AAAA record for an IPv4 only domain name, the IVI DNS
   server will query the A record and map it to IVIG46(i) with ISP's
   IPv6 prefix and return an AAAA record to the IVI6(i) host.































Li, et al.               Expires January 7, 2009               [Page 17]


Internet-Draft    Prefix-specific Address Mapping (IVI)        July 2008


6.  Multiplexing of the Global IPv4 Addresses

   Since public-IPv4 address is a scarce resource, the effective use of
   the IPv4 address is important for the IVI scheme.  The multiplexing
   techniques are temporal multiplexing, port multiplexing, spatial
   multiplexing and multiplexing using IPv4 NAT-PT techniques.

6.1.  Temporal Multiplexing

   The IVI6 can be temporally multiplexed inside the ISP(i)'s /32.  This
   is to say that the ISP can dynamically assign IVI6(i) to an end
   system when it requests the IPv4 communication service and release
   the IVI6(i) when the communication is finished.  For temporal
   multiplexing, the features of stateless and end-to-end address
   transparency are maintained.

6.2.  Port Multiplexing

   To further increase the utilization ratio of the public IPv4
   addresses, the port multiplexing inside the ISP(i)'s /32 can be
   deployed [RFC2766] [RFC4966].  This is to say that a single IPv4
   address (IVI4(i)) can be used for multiple IVI6(i) addresses.  The
   mapping scheme is to use the least significant bits in the IVI6(i) to
   define the multiple mapping and combine the transport-layer port
   number to perform uniquely the mapping from IVI4(i) to IVI6(i).

   IVI Address Mapping for Port Multiplexing


   Ratio                       IVI6(i) range
   ----------------------------------------------------------------
   1-to-1   2001:DB8:ffxx:xxxx:xx00:: - 2001:DB8:ffxx:xxxx:xx00::
   1-to-2^1 2001:DB8:ffxx:xxxx:xx00:: - 2001:DB8:ffxx:xxxx:xx00::1
   ......

   1-to-2^4 2001:DB8:ffxx:xxxx:xx00:: - 2001:DB8:ffxx:xxxx:xx00::15
   ----------------------------------------------------------------

                                 Figure 10

   Based on this method, the mapping gain can be adjusted incrementally
   depending on the requirements.  For example, zero bit means 1-to-1
   mapping, and it is stateless.  One bit means 1-to-1 mapping, and it
   has two states.  Four bits means 1-to-16 mapping, etc.  In the case
   of one-to-many mapping, when two IVI6(i)s have the same port number,
   the IVI gateway will map one of the port number to an unused port
   number and maintain the mapping table (IVI4(i) plus port number).
   Since the one-to-many mapping loses the feature of being stateless



Li, et al.               Expires January 7, 2009               [Page 18]


Internet-Draft    Prefix-specific Address Mapping (IVI)        July 2008


   and may loses the end-to-end address transparency, the proper use of
   the one-to-many mapping is the balancing of tradeoffs [RFC4966].

   The tradeoffs are: (1) the number of the port number (2^16); (2) the
   gain of the IPv4 address utilization; (3) half association (3-tuple:
   source IP address, source port, transport protocol) or full
   association (5-tuple: source IP address, source port, destination IP
   address, destination port, transport protocol); (4) the number of
   states in the IVI gateway; (5) the average concurrent port used in an
   IPv6 host and; (6) the collision ratio of the port number.

6.3.  Spatial Multiplexing

   The spatial multiplexing means that for different operation modes of
   server and client, the different port multiplexing ratios can be
   applied.  There are basically three cases.

   (1) Server: we suggest having 1-to-1 mapping between IVI4(i) and
   IVI6(i), because it has the advantages of end-to-end address
   transparency, being stateless, having multi-homing support and
   providing services via well-known ports.

   (2) Client with self-initiated connection: we suggest having 1-to-2^N
   mapping between IVI4(i) and IVI6(i) (N is a positive integer greater
   than 1), i.e. one IVI4(i) can support several IVI6(i) users to access
   the IPv4 network.  By adjusting N, The number of states can be
   controlled.  In this case, the port number is randomly generated by
   the client operating system.  The IVI gateway maintains the port
   mapping table to avoid collision.  There is no need to modify the
   client operating system and/or client application.

   (3) Client with peer initiated connection: we suggest having 1-to-2^M
   mapping between IVI4(i) and IVI6(i) (M is a positive integer greater
   than 1 and may be smaller than N), i.e. one IVI4(i) can support
   several IVI6(i) users as the peer-to-peer hosts for the IPv4 network.
   By adjusting M, The number of states can be controlled.  In this
   case, we can define "pseudo-well-known port number", which is unique
   for IVI4(i) and known to the peers.  However, modification of the
   client operating system and/or client application may be necessary.
   By combining address and pseudo-well-known port number, the feature
   of end-to-end address transparency can still be maintained.

6.4.  Multiplexing using IPv4 NAT-PT

   If the private IPv4 address (e.g. 10.0.0.0/8) is used as the IPv4
   address under the IVI scheme, combining conventional NAT-PT and NAT-
   traversing techniques, the public IPv4 addresses can also be
   multiplexed.  The advantage of this method is that IPv4 NAT-PT



Li, et al.               Expires January 7, 2009               [Page 19]


Internet-Draft    Prefix-specific Address Mapping (IVI)        July 2008


   equipments are widely available and can be deployed immediately.
   Moreover, the mapped prefix-specific IPv6 addresses (IVI6(i)) are no
   longer behind the NAT box in IPv6 and can be accessed by any IPv6
   hosts.















































Li, et al.               Expires January 7, 2009               [Page 20]


Internet-Draft    Prefix-specific Address Mapping (IVI)        July 2008


7.  IVI Multicast Support

   The IVI scheme can support IPv4/IPv6 communication of the protocol-
   independent specific-source sparse-mode multicast (PIM SSM) [RFC3171]
   [RFC3569] [RFC4607].

   (1) The IVI group address mapping rule: There will be 2^24 group
   addresses for IPv4 SSM.  The corresponding IPv6 SSM group addresses
   can be defined as shown in the following figure.

   IVI Multicast Group Address Mapping


   -------------------------------------------------------
   IPv4 Group Address          IPv6 Group Address
   -------------------------------------------------------
   232.0.0.0/8                 ff3e:0:0:0:0:0:f000:0000/96
   232.255.255.255/8           ff3e:0:0:0:0:0:f0ff:ffff/96
   -------------------------------------------------------


                                 Figure 11

   (2) The IVI multicast source address selection: The source address in
   IPv6 has to be IVI6(i) in order to perform reverse path forwarding
   (RPF) as required by PIM-SM.

   (3) The multicast protocol: The inter operation of PIM-SM for address
   families IPv4 and IPv6 can either be implemented via the application
   layer gateway or via the static join based on IGMPv3 and MLDv2 in
   IPv4 and IPv6, respectively.

   The Any Source Multicast (ASM) cannot be supported in the cross
   address-family environment, since IPv6 does not support the MSDP
   [RFC4611], and IPv4 does not support the embedded RP [RFC3956].
















Li, et al.               Expires January 7, 2009               [Page 21]


Internet-Draft    Prefix-specific Address Mapping (IVI)        July 2008


8.  IVI Implementation and Preliminary Testing Results

   The IVI scheme presented in this document is implemented in the Linux
   OS and the source code can be downloaded [LINUX].  The example of the
   configuration is shown in Appendix A.

   The IVI gateway based on the Linux implementation has been deployed
   between CERNET (IPv4 and partially dual-stack) [CERNET] and CNGI-
   CERNET2 (pure IPv6) [CERNET2] since March 2006.  The pure IPv6 web
   servers using IPv6 addresses (IVI) behand IVI gateway can be accessed
   by the IPv4 hosts [IVI4], and also by the global IPv6 hosts [IVI6].

   In addition, two traceroute results are presented in Appendix B to
   show the address mapping of the IVI scheme.





































Li, et al.               Expires January 7, 2009               [Page 22]


Internet-Draft    Prefix-specific Address Mapping (IVI)        July 2008


9.  Features of IVI

   The basic features of the IVI scheme are:

   (1) Special IPv6 addresses can communicate with the global IPv6
   network directly and can communicate with the global IPv4 network via
   IVI gateways.

   (2) When the mapping is 1-to-1, the IVI gateway is stateless and can
   support multi-homing.  When mapping is 1-to-2^N (N!=0), the IVI
   gateway is stateful, but the number of state can be controlled.

   (3) When the mapping is 1-to-1, the IVI scheme has the advantages of
   end-to-end address transparency.  When mapping is 1-to-2^M, by
   introducing pseudo-well-known ports, the feature of end-to-end
   address transparency can also be maintained.

   (4) The IVI addresses are globally routable.

   (5) The IVI scheme is incrementally deployable.

   (6) Based on the multiplexing techniques, the global IPv4 addresses
   can be effectively used.

   The IVI scheme can satisfy most of the basic and advanced
   requirements for the IPv4 to IPv4 transition as specified by the
   Internet Drafts [I-D.v6ops-nat64-pb-statement-req].

   For the basic requirements (MUST):

   (1) No need to change the end system (IPv4 and IPv6).

   (2) Support v4-initiated and v6-initiated short-lived local handle.

   (3) Support interaction with dual-stack hosts.

   (4) The standard IPv4 NAT can easily be integrated into the system.

   (5) Do not violate standard DNS semantics.

   (6) No affect to IPv6 routing.

   (7) Support TCP, UDP, ICMP.

   (8) Can handle fragmentation.

   For the advanced requirements (SHOULD):




Li, et al.               Expires January 7, 2009               [Page 23]


Internet-Draft    Prefix-specific Address Mapping (IVI)        July 2008


   (1) Support multicast (SSM).

   (2) Support operational flexibility.

   (3) Support central Management.

   Other requirements specified by the IETF RFC or the IETF drafts will
   be studied in a later version of this document.











































Li, et al.               Expires January 7, 2009               [Page 24]


Internet-Draft    Prefix-specific Address Mapping (IVI)        July 2008


10.  Address Policy and IVI Address Evolution

   Based on the IVI scheme, we propose to modify IPv4 address-allocation
   and IPv6 address-assignment policies [RFC1744] [RFC2008] for IPv4/
   IPv6 coexistence and transition as follows.

10.1.  IPv6 Address Assignment Policy

   (1) Reserve 2001:DB8:ff00::/40 for each 2001:DB8::/32 (2001:DB8::/32
   is the documentation address, which represents all /32s [RFC4291]).

   (2) Encourage ISPs to deploy their IPv6 networks and to install their
   IVI gateways.

   (3) Encourage ISPs to use a subset (i.e.  IVI4(i)) of their own IPv4
   address blocks and map it into IPv6 via the IVI scheme (i.e.
   IVI6(i)) for their initial deployment of IPv6.  For severs using the
   1-to-1 mapping, and for clients using the 1-to-2^N mapping.  In this
   way, the scarce IPv4 addresses can be effectively used.  This special
   IPv6 block can communicate with the global IPv6 networks directly and
   communicate with the global IPv4 networks via IVI gateways.

   (4) Encourage ISPs to increase the size of IVI4(i).  When
   IVI4(i)=IPS4(i), the IPv4 to IPv6 transition for ISP(i) will be
   accomplished.

10.2.  IPv4 Address Allocation Policy

   (1) The remaining IPv4 address should be dedicated for the IVI
   transition use, i.e. using these blocks for the IVI6(i) deployment.
   The users using IVI6(i) can access the IPv6 networks directly and the
   IPv4 networks via the IVI gateways.

   (2) Based on multiplexing techniques, the global IPv4 addresses can
   be used effectively.  For example, with a reasonable port
   multiplexing ratio (say 16), one /8 can support 268M hosts.  If 10
   /8s can be allocated for the IVI use, it will be 2.6 billion
   addresses, possibly enough even for the unwired population in the
   world.  The 43.0.0.0/8 could be a good candidate for the initial
   trial [APNIC].

10.3.  Evolution of the IVI Addresses and Services

   The IVI scheme is an effective method for transparent IPv4/IPv6
   coexistence and smooth IPv4/IPv6 transition.  Unlike the existing
   transition techniques which treat the IPv6 addresses equally
   [JSG2008], the IVI scheme suggests dividing the current IPv6
   addresses into IVI6 addresses and non-IVI6 addresses.  The IVI6



Li, et al.               Expires January 7, 2009               [Page 25]


Internet-Draft    Prefix-specific Address Mapping (IVI)        July 2008


   addresses, due to their nature as images of IVI4, can communicate
   with the global IPv4 networks via IVI gateways and they can also
   communicate with the global IPv6 networks directly.  Therefore, the
   ISPs should use the IVI6 addresses for the initial deployment of
   their IPv6 infrastructure and this should be the IPv4/IPv6
   coexistence stage.  When IVI4(i)=IPS4(i) for most of ISP(i), the rest
   of the IPv6 addresses (non IVI6(i)) can be used for the further
   development of the global Internet, as shown in the following figure.

   IPv4/IPv6 Address Coexistence and Evolution


           -------------------------------------------------
              IPv4 area   |            IPv6 area
           ---------- ---  ----------------   --------------
   Service |    IPv4    |  |  IPv6 IVI    |   |IPv6 non-IVI|
           --------------  ----------------   --------------
            |       \           /       | \    /        |
            |        \         /        |  \  /         |
            |         \  ---  /         |   \/          |
            |          \|   |/          |   /\          |
   Network  |       - --|IVI|----       |  /  \         |
            |      |    |GW |    |      | |    |        |
            |      |   /|   |\   |      | |    |        |
            |      |  /  ---  \  |      | |    |        |
            |  /\  | |         | |  /\  | | /\ |    /\  |
            | /  \ | |         | | /  \ |/ /  \ \  /  \ |
          ---------------   ----------------  --------------
   User   |    IPv4     |   |  IPv6 IVI    |  |IPv6 non-IVI|
          ---------------   ----------------  --------------
                  Coexistence    =>     Transition



                                 Figure 12
















Li, et al.               Expires January 7, 2009               [Page 26]


Internet-Draft    Prefix-specific Address Mapping (IVI)        July 2008


11.  Security Considerations

   This document presents the prefix-specific and stateless address
   mapping scheme (IVI) for the IPv4/IPv6 coexistence and transition.
   The IPv4 security and IPv6 security issues should be addressed by
   related documents of each address family and are not included in this
   document.

   However, the specific security issues for the IVI gateway
   implementation should be studied and addressed during the development
   of the IVI mechanisms.








































Li, et al.               Expires January 7, 2009               [Page 27]


Internet-Draft    Prefix-specific Address Mapping (IVI)        July 2008


12.  IANA Considerations

   The address allocation and assignment policies discussed in this
   document may have impact to IANA operation.















































Li, et al.               Expires January 7, 2009               [Page 28]


Internet-Draft    Prefix-specific Address Mapping (IVI)        July 2008


13.  Principal Authors

   Xing Li

   Maoke Chen

   Congxiao Bao

   Hong Zhang

   Jianping Wu








































Li, et al.               Expires January 7, 2009               [Page 29]


Internet-Draft    Prefix-specific Address Mapping (IVI)        July 2008


14.  Contributors

   The authors would like to acknowledge the following contributors in
   the different phases of the IVI development: Ang Li, Yuncheng Zhu,
   Junxiu Lu and Yu Zhai.

   The authors would like to acknowledge the following contributors who
   provided helpful inputs concerning the IVI concept: Bill Manning,
   David Ward, Lixia Zhang, Jun Murai and Fred Baker.










































Li, et al.               Expires January 7, 2009               [Page 30]


Internet-Draft    Prefix-specific Address Mapping (IVI)        July 2008


15.  Acknowledgments

   The authors thank to the funding supports of the CERNET, CNGI-
   CERNET2, CNGI Research and Development, China "863" and China "973"
   projects.














































Li, et al.               Expires January 7, 2009               [Page 31]


Internet-Draft    Prefix-specific Address Mapping (IVI)        July 2008


16.  Appendix A. The IVI gateway configuration example

   IVI Configuration Example


   #!/bin/bash
   # open forwarding
   echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv6/conf/all/forwarding
   echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/all/forwarding

   # config route for IVI6 = 2001:da8:ffca:2661:cc00::/70,
   #                  IVI4 = 202.38.97.204/30

   # configure IPv6 route
   route add -A inet6 2001:da8:ffca:2661:cc00::/70 \
   gw 2001:da8:aaae::206 dev eth0

   # config mapping for      source-PF = 2001:da8::/32
   # config mapping for destination-PF = 2001:da8::/32

   # for each mapping, a unique pseudo-address (10.0.0.x/8)
   # should be configured.
   # ip addr add 10.0.0.1/8 dev eth0

   # IPv4-to-IPv6 mapping, multiple mappings can be done via multiple
   # commands.
   # mroute IVI4-network IVI4-mask pseudo-address interface \
   # source-PF destination-PF
   /root/mroute 202.38.97.204 255.255.255.252 10.0.0.1 \
   eth0 2001:da8:: 2001:da8::

   # IPv6-to-IPv4 mapping
   # mroute6 destination-PF destination-PF-pref-len
   /root/mroute6 2001:da8:ff00:: 40



                                 Figure 13













Li, et al.               Expires January 7, 2009               [Page 32]


Internet-Draft    Prefix-specific Address Mapping (IVI)        July 2008


17.  Appendix B. The traceroute results

   ivitraceroute


   ivitraceroute 202.38.108.2

   1  202.112.0.65 6 ms 2 ms 1 ms
   2  202.112.53.73 4 ms 6 ms 12 ms
   3  202.112.53.178 1 ms 1 ms 1 ms
   4  202.112.61.242 1 ms 1 ms 1 ms
   5  202.38.17.186 1 ms 1 ms 1 ms
      202.38   AS4538
   6  202.38.17.186 1 ms 1 ms 1 ms
      202.38   AS4538
   7  202.38.17.186 2 ms 2 ms 2 ms
      202.38   AS4538
   8  202.38.17.186 2 ms 2 ms 2 ms
      202.38   AS4538
   9  202.38.17.186 4 ms 4 ms 3 ms
      202.38   AS4538
   10 202.38.108.2 2 ms 3 ms 3 ms


                                 Figure 14

   Note that the non-IVI IPv6 addresses are mapped to 202.38.17.186,
   which is defined in this document (the first two sections are the
   IPv4 prefix of /16 of the IVI gateway interface and the last two
   sections are the autonomous system number 4538).





















Li, et al.               Expires January 7, 2009               [Page 33]


Internet-Draft    Prefix-specific Address Mapping (IVI)        July 2008


   ivitraceroute6


   ivitraceroute6 www.mit.edu

   src_ivi4=202.38.97.205 src_ivi6=2001:da8:ffca:2661:cd00::
   dst_host=www.mit.edu
   dst_ip4=18.7.22.83 dst_ivig=2001:da8:ff12:716:5300::

   traceroute to 2001:da8:ff12:716:5300:: (2001:da8:ff12:716:5300::),
   30 hops max, 40 byte packets to not_ivi

   1  2001:da8:ff0a:0:100::      0.304 ms 0.262 ms 0.190 ms
      10.0.0.1
   2  2001:da8:ffca:7023:fe00::  0.589 ms * *
      202.112.35.254
   3  2001:da8:ffca:7035:4900::  1.660 ms 1.538 ms 1.905 ms
      202.112.53.73
   4  2001:da8:ffca:703d:9e00::  0.371 ms 0.530 ms 0.459 ms
      202.112.61.158
   5  2001:da8:ffca:7035:1200::  0.776 ms 0.704 ms 0.690 ms
      202.112.53.18
   6  2001:da8:ffcb:b5c2:7d00::  89.382 ms 89.076 ms 89.240 ms
      203.181.194.125
   7  2001:da8:ffc0:cb74:9100::  204.623 ms 204.685 ms 204.494 ms
      192.203.116.145
   8  2001:da8:ffcf:e7f0:8300::  249.842 ms 249.945 ms 250.329 ms
      207.231.240.131
   9  2001:da8:ff40:391c:2d00::  249.891 ms 249.936 ms 250.090 ms
      64.57.28.45
   10 2001:da8:ff40:391c:2a00:: 259.030 ms 259.110 ms 259.086 ms
      64.57.28.42
   11 2001:da8:ff40:391c:700::  264.247 ms 264.399 ms 264.364 ms
      64.57.28.7
   12 2001:da8:ff40:391c:a00::  271.014 ms 269.572 ms 269.692 ms
      64.57.28.10
   13 2001:da8:ffc0:559:dd00::  274.300 ms 274.483 ms 274.316 ms
      192.5.89.221
   14 2001:da8:ffc0:559:ed00::  274.534 ms 274.367 ms 274.517 ms
      192.5.89.237
   15 * * *
   16 2001:da8:ff12:a800:1900:: 276.032 ms 275.876 ms 276.090 ms
      18.168.0.25
   17 2001:da8:ff12:716:5300::  276.285 ms 276.370 ms 276.214 ms
      18.7.22.83


                                 Figure 15



Li, et al.               Expires January 7, 2009               [Page 34]


Internet-Draft    Prefix-specific Address Mapping (IVI)        July 2008


   Note that all of the IPv4 addresses can be mapped to prefix-specific
   IPv6 addresses (for example 18.7.22.83 is mapped to 2001:da8:ff12:
   716:5300::).
















































Li, et al.               Expires January 7, 2009               [Page 35]


Internet-Draft    Prefix-specific Address Mapping (IVI)        July 2008


18.  References

18.1.  Normative References

   [RFC1035]  Mockapetris, P., "Domain names - implementation and
              specification", RFC 1035, November 1987.

   [RFC2008]  Rekhter, Y. and T. Li, "Implications of Various Address
              Allocation Policies for Internet Routing", RFC 2008,
              October 1996.

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", RFC 2119, March 1997.

   [RFC2460]  Deering, S. and R. Hinden, "Internet Protocol, Version 6
              (IPv6) Specification", RFC 2460, December 1998.

   [RFC2765]   Nordmark, E., "Stateless IP/ICMP Translation Algorithm
              (SIIT)", RFC 2765, February 2000.

   [RFC2766]  Tsirtsis, G. and P. Srisuresh, "Network Address
              Translation - Protocol Translation (NAT-PT)", RFC 2766,
              Feb. 2000.

   [RFC3056]  Carpenter, B. and K. Moore, "Connection of ipv6 domains
              via ipv4 clouds", RFC 3056,  February 2001.

   [RFC3171]  Albanna, Z., Almeroth, K., Meyer, D., and M. Schipper,
              "IANA Guidelines for IPv4 Multicast Address Assignments",
              RFC 3171, August 2001.

   [RFC3956]  Savola , P. and B. Haberman , "Embedding the Rendezvous
              Point (RP) Address in an IPv6 Multicast Address",
              RFC 3956, November 2004.

   [RFC4213]  Nordmark, E. and R. Gilligan, "Basic Transition Mechanisms
              for IPv6 Hosts and Routers", RFC 4213, October 2005.

   [RFC4291]  Hinden, R. and S. Deering, "IP Version 6 Addressing
              Architecture", RFC 4291, Feb. 2006.

   [RFC4380]  Huitema , C., "Teredo: Tunneling ipv6 over udp through
              network address translations (nats)", RFC 4380, Feb. 2006.

   [RFC4607]  Holbrook , H. and B. Cain , "Source-Specific Multicast for
              IP", RFC 4607, August 2006.

   [RFC4611]  McBride, M., Meylor, J., and D. Meyer, "Multicast Source



Li, et al.               Expires January 7, 2009               [Page 36]


Internet-Draft    Prefix-specific Address Mapping (IVI)        July 2008


              Discovery Protocol (MSDP) Deployment Scenarios", RFC 4611,
              August 2006.

   [RFC4632]  Fuller, V. and T. Li, "Classless Inter-domain Routing
              (CIDR): The Internet Address Assignment and Aggregation
              Plan", RFC 4632, August 2006.

   [RFC5214]  Templin, F., Gleeson, T., and D. Thaler, "Intra-Site
              Automatic Tunnel Addressing Protocol (ISATAP)", RFC 5214,
              March 2008.

   [RFC768]   Postel , J., "User Datagram Protocol", RFC 768,
              August 1981.

   [RFC791]   Postel, J., "Internet Protocol", RFC 791, September 1981.

   [RFC793]   Postel, J., "Transmission Control Protocol", RFC 793,
              Semptember 1981.

18.2.  Informative References

   [APNIC]    Ito, K., "Large IPv4 address space Usage trial for Future
              IPv6 Deployment", http://www.apnic.net/meetings/25/
              program/policy/ito-large-ipv4-trial.pdf  .

   [CERNET]   "CERNET Homepage:
              http://www.edu.cn/english_1369/index.shtml".

   [CERNET2]  "CNGI-CERNET2 Homepage:
              http://www.cernet2.edu.cn/index_en.htm".

   [COUNT]    "IPv4 address count down: http://penrose.uk6x.com/".

   [I-D.bagnulo-behave-nat64]
              Bagnulo, M., Matthews, P., and I. van Beijnum, "NAT64/
              DNS64: Network Address and Protocol Translation from IPv6
              Clients to IPv4 Servers",
              draft-bagnulo-behave-nat64-00 (work in progress),
              June 2008.

   [I-D.v6ops-nat64-pb-statement-req]
              Bagnulo, M., Baker, F., and I. van Beijnum, "IPv4/IPv6
              Coexistence and Transition: Requirements for solutions",
              draft-ietf-v6ops-nat64-pb-statement-req-00 (work in
              progress), May 2008.

   [IVI4]     "Test homepage for the IVI4(i): http://202.38.114.1/".




Li, et al.               Expires January 7, 2009               [Page 37]


Internet-Draft    Prefix-specific Address Mapping (IVI)        July 2008


   [IVI6]     "Test homepage  for the IVI6(i):
              http://[2001:250:ffca:2672:0100::0]/".

   [JJI07]    Joseph, D., Chuang, J., and I. Stocia, "Modeling the
              Adoption of new Network Architectures", EECS Department,
              University of California, Berkeley Tech. Rep. UCB/
              EECS-2007-41, April 2007.

   [JSG2008]  "A Report of Japaness Study Group on Internet's Smooth
              Transition to IPv6:
              http://www.soumu.go.jp/joho_tsusin/eng/pdf/080617_1.pdf",
              June 2008.

   [LINUX]    "Source Code of the IVI implementation for Linux:
              http://linux.ivi2.org/impl/".

   [MVB98]    Fiuczynski, M., Lam, V., and B.  Bershad , "The design and
              implementation of an ipv6/ipv4 network address and
              protocol translator", Proceedings of the USENIX Annual
              Technical Conference (NO 98), June 1998.

   [RFC1744]  Huston, G., "Observations on the Management of the
              Internet Address Space", RFC 1744, December 1994.

   [RFC2775]  Carpenter, B., "Internet Transparency", RFC 2775,
              Feb. 2000.

   [RFC3142]  Hagino, J. and K. Yamamoto, "An IPv6-to-IPv4 Transport
              Relay Translator", RFC 3142, June 2001.

   [RFC3569]  Bhattacharyya, S., "An Overview of Source-Specific
              Multicast (SSM)", RFC 3569, July 2003.

   [RFC4925]  Li, X., Dawkins, S., Ward, D., and A. Durand, "Softwire
              Problem Statement", RFC 4925, July 2007.

   [RFC4966]  Aoun, C. and E. Davies, "Reasons to Move the Network
              Address Translator - Protocol Translator (NAT-PT) to
              Historic Status", RFC 4966, July 2007.












Li, et al.               Expires January 7, 2009               [Page 38]


Internet-Draft    Prefix-specific Address Mapping (IVI)        July 2008


Authors' Addresses

   Xing Li
   CERNET Center/Tsinghua University
   Room 225, Main Building, Tsinghua University
   Beijing  100084
   CN

   Phone: +86 62785983
   Email: xing@cernet.edu.cn


   Maoke Chen
   CERNET Center/Tsinghua University
   Room 225, Main Building, Tsinghua University
   Beijing  100084
   CN

   Phone: +86 62785983
   Email: mk@cernet.edu.cn


   Congxiao Bao
   CERNET Center/Tsinghua University
   Room 225, Main Building, Tsinghua University
   Beijing  100084
   CN

   Phone: +86 62785983
   Email: congxiao@cernet.edu.cn


   Hong Zhang
   CERNET Center/Tsinghua University
   Room 225, Main Building, Tsinghua University
   Beijing  100084
   CN

   Phone: +86 62785983
   Email: neilzh@gmail.com











Li, et al.               Expires January 7, 2009               [Page 39]


Internet-Draft    Prefix-specific Address Mapping (IVI)        July 2008


   Jianping Wu
   CERNET Center/Tsinghua University
   Room 225, Main Building, Tsinghua University
   Beijing  100084
   CN

   Phone: +86 62785983
   Email: jianping@cernet.edu.cn











































Li, et al.               Expires January 7, 2009               [Page 40]


Internet-Draft    Prefix-specific Address Mapping (IVI)        July 2008


Full Copyright Statement

   Copyright (C) The IETF Trust (2008).

   This document is subject to the rights, licenses and restrictions
   contained in BCP 78, and except as set forth therein, the authors
   retain all their rights.

   This document and the information contained herein are provided on an
   "AS IS" basis and THE CONTRIBUTOR, THE ORGANIZATION HE/SHE REPRESENTS
   OR IS SPONSORED BY (IF ANY), THE INTERNET SOCIETY, THE IETF TRUST AND
   THE INTERNET ENGINEERING TASK FORCE DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS
   OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF
   THE INFORMATION HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED
   WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.


Intellectual Property

   The IETF takes no position regarding the validity or scope of any
   Intellectual Property Rights or other rights that might be claimed to
   pertain to the implementation or use of the technology described in
   this document or the extent to which any license under such rights
   might or might not be available; nor does it represent that it has
   made any independent effort to identify any such rights.  Information
   on the procedures with respect to rights in RFC documents can be
   found in BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Copies of IPR disclosures made to the IETF Secretariat and any
   assurances of licenses to be made available, or the result of an
   attempt made to obtain a general license or permission for the use of
   such proprietary rights by implementers or users of this
   specification can be obtained from the IETF on-line IPR repository at
   http://www.ietf.org/ipr.

   The IETF invites any interested party to bring to its attention any
   copyrights, patents or patent applications, or other proprietary
   rights that may cover technology that may be required to implement
   this standard.  Please address the information to the IETF at
   ietf-ipr@ietf.org.











Li, et al.               Expires January 7, 2009               [Page 41]