Network Working Group                                        E. Rescorla
Internet-Draft                                                RTFM, Inc.
Obsoletes: 5077, 5246, 5746 (if                         October 26, 2016
           approved)
Updates: 4492, 5705, 6066, 6961 (if
         approved)
Intended status: Standards Track
Expires: April 29, 2017


        The Transport Layer Security (TLS) Protocol Version 1.3
                        draft-ietf-tls-tls13-18

Abstract

   This document specifies version 1.3 of the Transport Layer Security
   (TLS) protocol.  TLS allows client/server applications to communicate
   over the Internet in a way that is designed to prevent eavesdropping,
   tampering, and message forgery.

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
   working documents as Internet-Drafts.  The list of current Internet-
   Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   This Internet-Draft will expire on April 29, 2017.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2016 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
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   (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
   to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must



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   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.

   This document may contain material from IETF Documents or IETF
   Contributions published or made publicly available before November
   10, 2008.  The person(s) controlling the copyright in some of this
   material may not have granted the IETF Trust the right to allow
   modifications of such material outside the IETF Standards Process.
   Without obtaining an adequate license from the person(s) controlling
   the copyright in such materials, this document may not be modified
   outside the IETF Standards Process, and derivative works of it may
   not be created outside the IETF Standards Process, except to format
   it for publication as an RFC or to translate it into languages other
   than English.

Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
     1.1.  Conventions and Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
     1.2.  Major Differences from TLS 1.2  . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
     1.3.  Updates Affecting TLS 1.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
   2.  Protocol Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
     2.1.  Incorrect DHE Share . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16
     2.2.  Resumption and Pre-Shared Key (PSK) . . . . . . . . . . .  17
     2.3.  Zero-RTT Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  19
   3.  Presentation Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  21
     3.1.  Basic Block Size  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  21
     3.2.  Miscellaneous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  21
     3.3.  Vectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  22
     3.4.  Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  23
     3.5.  Enumerateds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  23
     3.6.  Constructed Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  24
     3.7.  Constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  24
     3.8.  Variants  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  24
     3.9.  Decoding Errors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  26
   4.  Handshake Protocol  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  26
     4.1.  Key Exchange Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  27
       4.1.1.  Cryptographic Negotiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  28
       4.1.2.  Client Hello  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  29
       4.1.3.  Server Hello  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  31
       4.1.4.  Hello Retry Request . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  33
     4.2.  Extensions  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  34
       4.2.1.  Supported Versions  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  36
       4.2.2.  Cookie  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  36
       4.2.3.  Signature Algorithms  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  37
       4.2.4.  Negotiated Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  40
       4.2.5.  Key Share . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  41



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       4.2.6.  Pre-Shared Key Extension  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  44
       4.2.7.  Pre-Shared Key Exchange Modes . . . . . . . . . . . .  46
       4.2.8.  Early Data Indication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  47
     4.3.  Server Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  50
       4.3.1.  Encrypted Extensions  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  50
       4.3.2.  Certificate Request . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  50
     4.4.  Authentication Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  52
       4.4.1.  Certificate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  53
       4.4.2.  Certificate Verify  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  57
       4.4.3.  Finished  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  59
     4.5.  Post-Handshake Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  60
       4.5.1.  New Session Ticket Message  . . . . . . . . . . . . .  61
       4.5.2.  Post-Handshake Authentication . . . . . . . . . . . .  62
       4.5.3.  Key and IV Update . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  63
     4.6.  Handshake Layer and Key Changes . . . . . . . . . . . . .  64
   5.  Record Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  64
     5.1.  Record Layer  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  64
     5.2.  Record Payload Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  66
     5.3.  Per-Record Nonce  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  68
     5.4.  Record Padding  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  68
     5.5.  Limits on Key Usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  69
   6.  Alert Protocol  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  70
     6.1.  Closure Alerts  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  71
     6.2.  Error Alerts  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  73
   7.  Cryptographic Computations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  75
     7.1.  Key Schedule  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  75
     7.2.  Updating Traffic Keys and IVs . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  78
     7.3.  Traffic Key Calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  78
       7.3.1.  Diffie-Hellman  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  79
       7.3.2.  Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman . . . . . . . . . . . .  79
       7.3.3.  Exporters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  80
   8.  Compliance Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  81
     8.1.  MTI Cipher Suites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  81
     8.2.  MTI Extensions  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  81
   9.  Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  82
   10. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  82
   11. References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  86
     11.1.  Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  86
     11.2.  Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  88
   Appendix A.  Protocol Data Structures and Constant Values . . . .  94
     A.1.  Record Layer  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  94
     A.2.  Alert Messages  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  94
     A.3.  Handshake Protocol  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  96
       A.3.1.  Key Exchange Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  96
       A.3.2.  Server Parameters Messages  . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
       A.3.3.  Authentication Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
       A.3.4.  Ticket Establishment  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
       A.3.5.  Updating Keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102



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     A.4.  Cipher Suites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
   Appendix B.  Implementation Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
     B.1.  API considerations for 0-RTT  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
     B.2.  Random Number Generation and Seeding  . . . . . . . . . . 103
     B.3.  Certificates and Authentication . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
     B.4.  Implementation Pitfalls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
     B.5.  Client Tracking Prevention  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
     B.6.  Unauthenticated Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
   Appendix C.  Backward Compatibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
     C.1.  Negotiating with an older server  . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
     C.2.  Negotiating with an older client  . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
     C.3.  Zero-RTT backwards compatibility  . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
     C.4.  Backwards Compatibility Security Restrictions . . . . . . 108
   Appendix D.  Overview of Security Properties  . . . . . . . . . . 109
     D.1.  Handshake . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
     D.2.  Record Layer  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
   Appendix E.  Working Group Information  . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
   Appendix F.  Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
   Author's Address  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118

1.  Introduction

   DISCLAIMER: This is a WIP draft of TLS 1.3 and has not yet seen
   significant security analysis.

   RFC EDITOR: PLEASE REMOVE THE FOLLOWING PARAGRAPH The source for this
   draft is maintained in GitHub.  Suggested changes should be submitted
   as pull requests at https://github.com/tlswg/tls13-spec.
   Instructions are on that page as well.  Editorial changes can be
   managed in GitHub, but any substantive change should be discussed on
   the TLS mailing list.

   The primary goal of TLS is to provide a secure channel between two
   communicating peers.  Specifically, the channel should provide the
   following properties:

   -  Authentication: The server side of the channel is always
      authenticated; the client side is optionally authenticated.
      Authentication can happen via asymmetric cryptography (e.g., RSA
      [RSA], ECDSA [ECDSA]) or a pre-shared symmetric key.

   -  Confidentiality: Data sent over the channel is not visible to
      attackers.

   -  Integrity: Data sent over the channel cannot be modified by
      attackers.





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   These properties should be true even in the face of an attacker who
   has complete control of the network, as described in [RFC3552].  See
   Appendix D for a more complete statement of the relevant security
   properties.

   TLS consists of two primary components:

   -  A handshake protocol (Section 4) that authenticates the
      communicating parties, negotiates cryptographic modes and
      parameters, and establishes shared keying material.  The handshake
      protocol is designed to resist tampering; an active attacker
      should not be able to force the peers to negotiate different
      parameters than they would if the connection were not under
      attack.

   -  A record protocol (Section 5) that uses the parameters established
      by the handshake protocol to protect traffic between the
      communicating peers.  The record protocol divides traffic up into
      a series of records, each of which is independently protected
      using the traffic keys.

   TLS is application protocol independent; higher-level protocols can
   layer on top of TLS transparently.  The TLS standard, however, does
   not specify how protocols add security with TLS; how to initiate TLS
   handshaking and how to interpret the authentication certificates
   exchanged are left to the judgment of the designers and implementors
   of protocols that run on top of TLS.

   This document defines TLS version 1.3.  While TLS 1.3 is not directly
   compatible with previous versions, all versions of TLS incorporate a
   versioning mechanism which allows clients and servers to
   interoperably negotiate a common version if one is supported.

1.1.  Conventions and Terminology

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
   "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in RFC
   2119 [RFC2119].

   The following terms are used:

   client: The endpoint initiating the TLS connection.

   connection: A transport-layer connection between two endpoints.

   endpoint: Either the client or server of the connection.




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   handshake: An initial negotiation between client and server that
   establishes the parameters of their transactions.

   peer: An endpoint.  When discussing a particular endpoint, "peer"
   refers to the endpoint that is remote to the primary subject of
   discussion.

   receiver: An endpoint that is receiving records.

   sender: An endpoint that is transmitting records.

   session: An association between a client and a server resulting from
   a handshake.

   server: The endpoint which did not initiate the TLS connection.

1.2.  Major Differences from TLS 1.2

   (*) indicates changes to the wire protocol which may require
   implementations to update.

   draft-18

   -  Remove unnecessary resumption_psk which is the only thing expanded
      from the resumption master secret. (*).

   -  Fix signature_algorithms entry in extensions table.

   -  Restate rule from RFC 6066 that you can't resume unless SNI is the
      same.

   draft-17

   -  Remove the 0-RTT Finished, resumption_context, and replace with a
      psk_binder field in the PSK itself (*)

   -  Restructure PSK key exchange negotiation modes (*)

   -  Add max_early_data_size field to TicketEarlyDataInfo (*)

   -  Add a 0-RTT exporter and change the transcript for the regular
      exporter (*)

   -  Merge TicketExtensions and Extensions registry.  Changes
      ticket_early_data_info code point (*)

   -  Replace Client.key_shares in response to HRR (*)




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   -  Remove redundant labels for traffic key derivation (*)

   -  Harmonize requirements about cipher suite matching: for resumption
      you need to match KDF but for 0-RTT you need whole cipher suite.
      This allows PSKs to actually negotiate cipher suites. (*)

   -  Move SCT and OCSP into Certificate.extensions (*)

   -  Explicitly allow non-offered extensions in NewSessionTicket

   -  Explicitly allow predicting ClientFinished for NST

   -  Clarify conditions for allowing 0-RTT with PSK

   draft-16

   -  Revise version negotiation (*)

   -  Change RSASSA-PSS and EdDSA SignatureScheme codepoints for better
      backwards compatibility (*)

   -  Move HelloRetryRequest.selected_group to an extension (*)

   -  Clarify the behavior of no exporter context and make it the same
      as an empty context.(*)

   -  New KeyUpdate format that allows for requesting/not-requesting an
      answer.  This also means changes to the key schedule to support
      independent updates (*)

   -  New certificate_required alert (*)

   -  Forbid CertificateRequest with 0-RTT and PSK.

   -  Relax requirement to check SNI for 0-RTT.

   draft-15

   -  New negotiation syntax as discussed in Berlin (*)

   -  Require CertificateRequest.context to be empty during handshake
      (*)

   -  Forbid empty tickets (*)

   -  Forbid application data messages in between post-handshake
      messages from the same flight (*)




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   -  Clean up alert guidance (*)

   -  Clearer guidance on what is needed for TLS 1.2.

   -  Guidance on 0-RTT time windows.

   -  Rename a bunch of fields.

   -  Remove old PRNG text.

   -  Explicitly require checking that handshake records not span key
      changes.

   draft-14

   -  Allow cookies to be longer (*)

   -  Remove the "context" from EarlyDataIndication as it was undefined
      and nobody used it (*)

   -  Remove 0-RTT EncryptedExtensions and replace the ticket_age
      extension with an obfuscated version.  Also necessitates a change
      to NewSessionTicket (*).

   -  Move the downgrade sentinel to the end of ServerHello.Random to
      accommodate tlsdate (*).

   -  Define ecdsa_sha1 (*).

   -  Allow resumption even after fatal alerts.  This matches current
      practice.

   -  Remove non-closure warning alerts.  Require treating unknown
      alerts as fatal.

   -  Make the rules for accepting 0-RTT less restrictive.

   -  Clarify 0-RTT backward-compatibility rules.

   -  Clarify how 0-RTT and PSK identities interact.

   -  Add a section describing the data limits for each cipher.

   -  Major editorial restructuring.

   -  Replace the Security Analysis section with a WIP draft.

   draft-13



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   -  Allow server to send SupportedGroups.

   -  Remove 0-RTT client authentication

   -  Remove (EC)DHE 0-RTT.

   -  Flesh out 0-RTT PSK mode and shrink EarlyDataIndication

   -  Turn PSK-resumption response into an index to save room

   -  Move CertificateStatus to an extension

   -  Extra fields in NewSessionTicket.

   -  Restructure key schedule and add a resumption_context value.

   -  Require DH public keys and secrets to be zero-padded to the size
      of the group.

   -  Remove the redundant length fields in KeyShareEntry.

   -  Define a cookie field for HRR.

   draft-12

   -  Provide a list of the PSK cipher suites.

   -  Remove the ability for the ServerHello to have no extensions (this
      aligns the syntax with the text).

   -  Clarify that the server can send application data after its first
      flight (0.5 RTT data)

   -  Revise signature algorithm negotiation to group hash, signature
      algorithm, and curve together.  This is backwards compatible.

   -  Make ticket lifetime mandatory and limit it to a week.

   -  Make the purpose strings lower-case.  This matches how people are
      implementing for interop.

   -  Define exporters.

   -  Editorial cleanup

   draft-11

   -  Port the CFRG curves & signatures work from RFC4492bis.



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   -  Remove sequence number and version from additional_data, which is
      now empty.

   -  Reorder values in HkdfLabel.

   -  Add support for version anti-downgrade mechanism.

   -  Update IANA considerations section and relax some of the policies.

   -  Unify authentication modes.  Add post-handshake client
      authentication.

   -  Remove early_handshake content type.  Terminate 0-RTT data with an
      alert.

   -  Reset sequence number upon key change (as proposed by Fournet et
      al.)

   draft-10

   -  Remove ClientCertificateTypes field from CertificateRequest and
      add extensions.

   -  Merge client and server key shares into a single extension.

   draft-09

   -  Change to RSA-PSS signatures for handshake messages.

   -  Remove support for DSA.

   -  Update key schedule per suggestions by Hugo, Hoeteck, and Bjoern
      Tackmann.

   -  Add support for per-record padding.

   -  Switch to encrypted record ContentType.

   -  Change HKDF labeling to include protocol version and value
      lengths.

   -  Shift the final decision to abort a handshake due to incompatible
      certificates to the client rather than having servers abort early.

   -  Deprecate SHA-1 with signatures.

   -  Add MTI algorithms.




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   draft-08

   -  Remove support for weak and lesser used named curves.

   -  Remove support for MD5 and SHA-224 hashes with signatures.

   -  Update lists of available AEAD cipher suites and error alerts.

   -  Reduce maximum permitted record expansion for AEAD from 2048 to
      256 octets.

   -  Require digital signatures even when a previous configuration is
      used.

   -  Merge EarlyDataIndication and KnownConfiguration.

   -  Change code point for server_configuration to avoid collision with
      server_hello_done.

   -  Relax certificate_list ordering requirement to match current
      practice.

   draft-07

   -  Integration of semi-ephemeral DH proposal.

   -  Add initial 0-RTT support.

   -  Remove resumption and replace with PSK + tickets.

   -  Move ClientKeyShare into an extension.

   -  Move to HKDF.

   draft-06

   -  Prohibit RC4 negotiation for backwards compatibility.

   -  Freeze & deprecate record layer version field.

   -  Update format of signatures with context.

   -  Remove explicit IV.

   draft-05

   -  Prohibit SSL negotiation for backwards compatibility.




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   -  Fix which MS is used for exporters.

   draft-04

   -  Modify key computations to include session hash.

   -  Remove ChangeCipherSpec.

   -  Renumber the new handshake messages to be somewhat more consistent
      with existing convention and to remove a duplicate registration.

   -  Remove renegotiation.

   -  Remove point format negotiation.

   draft-03

   -  Remove GMT time.

   -  Merge in support for ECC from RFC 4492 but without explicit
      curves.

   -  Remove the unnecessary length field from the AD input to AEAD
      ciphers.

   -  Rename {Client,Server}KeyExchange to {Client,Server}KeyShare.

   -  Add an explicit HelloRetryRequest to reject the client's.

   draft-02

   -  Increment version number.

   -  Rework handshake to provide 1-RTT mode.

   -  Remove custom DHE groups.

   -  Remove support for compression.

   -  Remove support for static RSA and DH key exchange.

   -  Remove support for non-AEAD ciphers.

1.3.  Updates Affecting TLS 1.2

   This document defines several changes that optionally affect
   implementations of TLS 1.2:




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   -  A version downgrade protection mechanism is described in
      Section 4.1.3.

   -  RSASSA-PSS signature schemes are defined in Section 4.2.3.

   An implementation of TLS 1.3 that also supports TLS 1.2 might need to
   include changes to support these changes even when TLS 1.3 is not in
   use.  See the referenced sections for more details.

2.  Protocol Overview

   The cryptographic parameters of the session state are produced by the
   TLS handshake protocol, which a TLS client and server use when first
   communicating to agree on a protocol version, select cryptographic
   algorithms, optionally authenticate each other, and establish shared
   secret keying material.  Once the handshake is complete, the peers
   use the established keys to protect application layer traffic.

   A failure of the handshake or other protocol error triggers the
   termination of the connection, optionally preceded by an alert
   message (Section 6).

   TLS supports three basic key exchange modes:

   -  Diffie-Hellman (both the finite field and elliptic curve
      varieties),

   -  A pre-shared symmetric key (PSK), and

   -  A combination of PSK and Diffie-Hellman.

   Figure 1 below shows the basic full TLS handshake:



















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       Client                                               Server

Key  ^ ClientHello
Exch | + key_share*
     | + pre_shared_key_modes*
     v + pre_shared_key*         -------->
                                                       ServerHello  ^ Key
                                                      + key_share*  | Exch
                                                 + pre_shared_key*  v
                                             {EncryptedExtensions}  ^  Server
                                             {CertificateRequest*}  v  Params
                                                    {Certificate*}  ^
                                              {CertificateVerify*}  | Auth
                                                        {Finished}  v
                                 <--------     [Application Data*]
     ^ {Certificate*}
Auth | {CertificateVerify*}
     v {Finished}                -------->
       [Application Data]        <------->      [Application Data]

              +  Indicates extensions sent in the
                 previously noted message.

              *  Indicates optional or situation-dependent
                 messages/extensions that are not always sent.

              {} Indicates messages protected using keys
                 derived from handshake_traffic_secret.

              [] Indicates messages protected using keys
                 derived from traffic_secret_N

               Figure 1: Message flow for full TLS Handshake

   The handshake can be thought of as having three phases (indicated in
   the diagram above):

   -  Key Exchange: Establish shared keying material and select the
      cryptographic parameters.  Everything after this phase is
      encrypted.

   -  Server Parameters: Establish other handshake parameters (whether
      the client is authenticated, application layer protocol support,
      etc.).

   -  Authentication: Authenticate the server (and optionally the
      client) and provide key confirmation and handshake integrity.




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   In the Key Exchange phase, the client sends the ClientHello
   (Section 4.1.2) message, which contains a random nonce
   (ClientHello.random); its offered protocol versions; a list of
   symmetric cipher/HKDF hash pairs; some set of Diffie-Hellman key
   shares (in the "key_share" extension Section 4.2.5), a set of pre-
   shared key labels (in the "pre_shared_key" extension Section 4.2.6)
   or both; and potentially some other extensions.

   The server processes the ClientHello and determines the appropriate
   cryptographic parameters for the connection.  It then responds with
   its own ServerHello, which indicates the negotiated connection
   parameters.  [Section 4.1.3].  The combination of the ClientHello and
   the ServerHello determines the shared keys.  If (EC)DHE key
   establishment is in use, then the ServerHello contains a "key_share"
   extension with the server's ephemeral Diffie-Hellman share which MUST
   be in the same group as one of the client's shares.  If PSK key
   establishment is in use, then the ServerHello contains a
   "pre_shared_key" extension indicating which of the client's offered
   PSKs was selected.  Note that implementations can use (EC)DHE and PSK
   together, in which case both extensions will be supplied.

   The server then sends two messages to establish the Server
   Parameters:

   EncryptedExtensions:  responses to any extensions that are not
      required to determine the cryptographic parameters, other than
      those that are specific to individual certificates.
      [Section 4.3.1]

   CertificateRequest:  if certificate-based client authentication is
      desired, the desired parameters for that certificate.  This
      message is omitted if client authentication is not desired.
      [Section 4.3.2]

   Finally, the client and server exchange Authentication messages.  TLS
   uses the same set of messages every time that authentication is
   needed.  Specifically:

   Certificate:  the certificate of the endpoint and any per-certificate
      extensions.  This message is omitted by the server if not
      authenticating with a certificate and by the client if the server
      did not send CertificateRequest (thus indicating that the client
      should not authenticate with a certificate).  Note that if raw
      public keys [RFC7250] or the cached information extension
      [RFC7924] are in use, then this message will not contain a
      certificate but rather some other value corresponding to the
      server's long-term key.  [Section 4.4.1]




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   CertificateVerify:  a signature over the entire handshake using the
      public key in the Certificate message.  This message is omitted if
      the endpoint is not authenticating via a certificate.
      [Section 4.4.2]

   Finished:  a MAC (Message Authentication Code) over the entire
      handshake.  This message provides key confirmation, binds the
      endpoint's identity to the exchanged keys, and in PSK mode also
      authenticates the handshake.  [Section 4.4.3]

   Upon receiving the server's messages, the client responds with its
   Authentication messages, namely Certificate and CertificateVerify (if
   requested), and Finished.

   At this point, the handshake is complete, and the client and server
   may exchange application layer data.  Application data MUST NOT be
   sent prior to sending the Finished message.  Note that while the
   server may send application data prior to receiving the client's
   Authentication messages, any data sent at that point is, of course,
   being sent to an unauthenticated peer.

2.1.  Incorrect DHE Share

   If the client has not provided a sufficient "key_share" extension
   (e.g., it includes only DHE or ECDHE groups unacceptable or
   unsupported by the server), the server corrects the mismatch with a
   HelloRetryRequest and the client needs to restart the handshake with
   an appropriate "key_share" extension, as shown in Figure 2.  If no
   common cryptographic parameters can be negotiated, the server MUST
   abort the handshake with an appropriate alert.





















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            Client                                               Server

            ClientHello
            + key_share               -------->
                                      <--------       HelloRetryRequest
                                                            + key_share

            ClientHello
            + key_share               -------->
                                                            ServerHello
                                                            + key_share
                                                  {EncryptedExtensions}
                                                  {CertificateRequest*}
                                                         {Certificate*}
                                                   {CertificateVerify*}
                                                             {Finished}
                                      <--------     [Application Data*]
            {Certificate*}
            {CertificateVerify*}
            {Finished}                -------->
            [Application Data]        <------->     [Application Data]

        Figure 2: Message flow for a full handshake with mismatched
                                parameters

   Note: The handshake transcript includes the initial ClientHello/
   HelloRetryRequest exchange; it is not reset with the new ClientHello.

   TLS also allows several optimized variants of the basic handshake, as
   described in the following sections.

2.2.  Resumption and Pre-Shared Key (PSK)

   Although TLS PSKs can be established out of band, PSKs can also be
   established in a previous session and then reused ("session
   resumption").  Once a handshake has completed, the server can send
   the client a PSK identity that corresponds to a key derived from the
   initial handshake (see Section 4.5.1).  The client can then use that
   PSK identity in future handshakes to negotiate use of the PSK.  If
   the server accepts it, then the security context of the new
   connection is tied to the original connection.  In TLS 1.2 and below,
   this functionality was provided by "session IDs" and "session
   tickets" [RFC5077].  Both mechanisms are obsoleted in TLS 1.3.

   PSKs can be used with (EC)DHE exchange in order to provide forward
   secrecy in combination with shared keys, or can be used alone, at the
   cost of losing forward secrecy.




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   Figure 3 shows a pair of handshakes in which the first establishes a
   PSK and the second uses it:

          Client                                               Server

   Initial Handshake:
          ClientHello
          + key_share               -------->
                                                          ServerHello
                                                          + key_share
                                                {EncryptedExtensions}
                                                {CertificateRequest*}
                                                       {Certificate*}
                                                 {CertificateVerify*}
                                                           {Finished}
                                    <--------     [Application Data*]
          {Certificate*}
          {CertificateVerify*}
          {Finished}                -------->
                                    <--------      [NewSessionTicket]
          [Application Data]        <------->      [Application Data]


   Subsequent Handshake:
          ClientHello
          + key_share*
          + psk_key_exchange_modes
          + pre_shared_key         -------->
                                                          ServerHello
                                                     + pre_shared_key
                                                         + key_share*
                                                {EncryptedExtensions}
                                                           {Finished}
                                    <--------     [Application Data*]
          {Finished}                -------->
          [Application Data]        <------->      [Application Data]

               Figure 3: Message flow for resumption and PSK

   As the server is authenticating via a PSK, it does not send a
   Certificate or a CertificateVerify message.  When a client offers
   resumption via PSK, it SHOULD also supply a "key_share" extension to
   the server as well to allow the server to decline resumption and fall
   back to a full handshake, if needed.  The server responds with a
   "pre_shared_key" extension to negotiate use of PSK key establishment
   and can (as shown here) respond with a "key_share" extension to do
   (EC)DHE key establishment, thus providing forward secrecy.




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   When PSKs are provisioned out of band, the PSK identity and the KDF
   to be used with the PSK MUST also be provisioned.

2.3.  Zero-RTT Data

   When clients and servers share a PSK (either obtained out-of-band or
   via a previous handshake), TLS 1.3 allows clients to send data on the
   first flight ("early data").  The client uses the PSK to authenticate
   the server and to encrypt the early data.

   When clients use a PSK obtained out-of-band then the following
   additional information MUST be provisioned to both parties:

   -  The cipher suite for use with this PSK

   -  The Application-Layer Protocol Negotiation (ALPN) protocol, if any
      is to be used

   -  The Server Name Indication (SNI), if any is to be used

   As shown in Figure 4, the Zero-RTT data is just added to the 1-RTT
   handshake in the first flight.  The rest of the handshake uses the
   same messages as with a 1-RTT handshake with PSK resumption.




























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            Client                                               Server

            ClientHello
            + early_data
            + key_share*
            + pre_shared_key_modes
            + pre_shared_key
            (Application Data*)
            (end_of_early_data)       -------->
                                                            ServerHello
                                                           + early_data
                                                       + pre_shared_key
                                                           + key_share*
                                                  {EncryptedExtensions}
                                                             {Finished}
                                      <--------     [Application Data*]
            {Finished}                -------->

            [Application Data]        <------->      [Application Data]

                  *  Indicates optional or situation-dependent
                     messages/extensions that are not always sent.

                  () Indicates messages protected using keys
                     derived from client_early_traffic_secret.

                  {} Indicates messages protected using keys
                     derived from handshake_traffic_secret.

                  [] Indicates messages protected using keys
                     derived from traffic_secret_N

          Figure 4: Message flow for a zero round trip handshake

   IMPORTANT NOTE: The security properties for 0-RTT data are weaker
   than those for other kinds of TLS data.  Specifically:

   1.  This data is not forward secret, as it is encrypted solely under
       keys derived using the offered PSK.

   2.  There are no guarantees of non-replay between connections.
       Unless the server takes special measures outside those provided
       by TLS, the server has no guarantee that the same 0-RTT data was
       not transmitted on multiple 0-RTT connections (See
       Section 4.2.8.2 for more details).  This is especially relevant
       if the data is authenticated either with TLS client
       authentication or inside the application layer protocol.
       However, 0-RTT data cannot be duplicated within a connection



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       (i.e., the server will not process the same data twice for the
       same connection) and an attacker will not be able to make 0-RTT
       data appear to be 1-RTT data (because it is protected with
       different keys.)

   Protocols MUST NOT use 0-RTT data without a profile that defines its
   use.  That profile needs to identify which messages or interactions
   are safe to use with 0-RTT.  In addition, to avoid accidental misuse,
   implementations SHOULD NOT enable 0-RTT unless specifically
   requested.  Special functions for 0-RTT data are RECOMMENDED to
   ensure that an application is always aware that it is sending or
   receiving data that might be replayed.

   The same warnings apply to any use of the early exporter secret.

   The remainder of this document provides a detailed description of
   TLS.

3.  Presentation Language

   This document deals with the formatting of data in an external
   representation.  The following very basic and somewhat casually
   defined presentation syntax will be used.

3.1.  Basic Block Size

   The representation of all data items is explicitly specified.  The
   basic data block size is one byte (i.e., 8 bits).  Multiple byte data
   items are concatenations of bytes, from left to right, from top to
   bottom.  From the byte stream, a multi-byte item (a numeric in the
   example) is formed (using C notation) by:

      value = (byte[0] << 8*(n-1)) | (byte[1] << 8*(n-2)) |
              ... | byte[n-1];

   This byte ordering for multi-byte values is the commonplace network
   byte order or big-endian format.

3.2.  Miscellaneous

   Comments begin with "/*" and end with "*/".

   Optional components are denoted by enclosing them in "[[ ]]" double
   brackets.

   Single-byte entities containing uninterpreted data are of type
   opaque.




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3.3.  Vectors

   A vector (single-dimensioned array) is a stream of homogeneous data
   elements.  The size of the vector may be specified at documentation
   time or left unspecified until runtime.  In either case, the length
   declares the number of bytes, not the number of elements, in the
   vector.  The syntax for specifying a new type, T', that is a fixed-
   length vector of type T is

      T T'[n];

   Here, T' occupies n bytes in the data stream, where n is a multiple
   of the size of T.  The length of the vector is not included in the
   encoded stream.

   In the following example, Datum is defined to be three consecutive
   bytes that the protocol does not interpret, while Data is three
   consecutive Datum, consuming a total of nine bytes.

      opaque Datum[3];      /* three uninterpreted bytes */
      Datum Data[9];        /* 3 consecutive 3 byte vectors */

   Variable-length vectors are defined by specifying a subrange of legal
   lengths, inclusively, using the notation <floor..ceiling>.  When
   these are encoded, the actual length precedes the vector's contents
   in the byte stream.  The length will be in the form of a number
   consuming as many bytes as required to hold the vector's specified
   maximum (ceiling) length.  A variable-length vector with an actual
   length field of zero is referred to as an empty vector.

      T T'<floor..ceiling>;

   In the following example, mandatory is a vector that must contain
   between 300 and 400 bytes of type opaque.  It can never be empty.
   The actual length field consumes two bytes, a uint16, which is
   sufficient to represent the value 400 (see Section 3.4).  On the
   other hand, longer can represent up to 800 bytes of data, or 400
   uint16 elements, and it may be empty.  Its encoding will include a
   two-byte actual length field prepended to the vector.  The length of
   an encoded vector must be an exact multiple of the length of a single
   element (e.g., a 17-byte vector of uint16 would be illegal).

      opaque mandatory<300..400>;
            /* length field is 2 bytes, cannot be empty */
      uint16 longer<0..800>;
            /* zero to 400 16-bit unsigned integers */





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3.4.  Numbers

   The basic numeric data type is an unsigned byte (uint8).  All larger
   numeric data types are formed from fixed-length series of bytes
   concatenated as described in Section 3.1 and are also unsigned.  The
   following numeric types are predefined.

      uint8 uint16[2];
      uint8 uint24[3];
      uint8 uint32[4];
      uint8 uint64[8];

   All values, here and elsewhere in the specification, are stored in
   network byte (big-endian) order; the uint32 represented by the hex
   bytes 01 02 03 04 is equivalent to the decimal value 16909060.

3.5.  Enumerateds

   An additional sparse data type is available called enum.  Each
   definition is a different type.  Only enumerateds of the same type
   may be assigned or compared.  Every element of an enumerated must be
   assigned a value, as demonstrated in the following example.  Since
   the elements of the enumerated are not ordered, they can be assigned
   any unique value, in any order.

      enum { e1(v1), e2(v2), ... , en(vn) [[, (n)]] } Te;

   Future extension or additions to the protocol may define new values.
   Implementations need to be able to parse and ignore unknown values
   unless the definition of the field states otherwise.

   An enumerated occupies as much space in the byte stream as would its
   maximal defined ordinal value.  The following definition would cause
   one byte to be used to carry fields of type Color.

      enum { red(3), blue(5), white(7) } Color;

   One may optionally specify a value without its associated tag to
   force the width definition without defining a superfluous element.

   In the following example, Taste will consume two bytes in the data
   stream but can only assume the values 1, 2, or 4 in current version
   of protocol.

      enum { sweet(1), sour(2), bitter(4), (32000) } Taste;

   The names of the elements of an enumeration are scoped within the
   defined type.  In the first example, a fully qualified reference to



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   the second element of the enumeration would be Color.blue.  Such
   qualification is not required if the target of the assignment is well
   specified.

      Color color = Color.blue;     /* overspecified, legal */
      Color color = blue;           /* correct, type implicit */

   The names assigned to enumerateds do not need to be unique.  The
   numerical value can describe a range over which the same name
   applies.  The value includes the minimum and maximum inclusive values
   in that range, separated by two period characters.  This is
   principally useful for reserving regions of the space.

      enum { sad(0), meh(1..254), happy(255) } Mood;

3.6.  Constructed Types

   Structure types may be constructed from primitive types for
   convenience.  Each specification declares a new, unique type.  The
   syntax for definition is much like that of C.

      struct {
          T1 f1;
          T2 f2;
          ...
          Tn fn;
      } [[T]];

   The fields within a structure may be qualified using the type's name,
   with a syntax much like that available for enumerateds.  For example,
   T.f2 refers to the second field of the previous declaration.
   Structure definitions may be embedded.  Anonymous structs may also be
   defined inside other structures.

3.7.  Constants

   Fields and variables may be assigned a fixed value using "=", as in:

      struct {
          T1 f1 = 8;  /* T.f1 must always be 8 */
          T2 f2;
      } T;

3.8.  Variants

   Defined structures may have variants based on some knowledge that is
   available within the environment.  The selector must be an enumerated
   type that defines the possible variants the structure defines.  There



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   must be a case arm for every element of the enumeration declared in
   the select.  Case arms have limited fall-through: if two case arms
   follow in immediate succession with no fields in between, then they
   both contain the same fields.  Thus, in the example below, "orange"
   and "banana" both contain V2.  Note that this piece of syntax was
   added in TLS 1.2 [RFC5246].  Each case arm can have one or more
   fields.

   The body of the variant structure may be given a label for reference.
   The mechanism by which the variant is selected at runtime is not
   prescribed by the presentation language.

      struct {
          T1 f1;
          T2 f2;
          ....
          Tn fn;
          select (E) {
              case e1: Te1;
              case e2: Te21;
                       Te22;
              case e3: case e4: Te3;
              ....
              case en: Ten;
          } [[fv]];
      } [[Tv]];

   For example:























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      enum { apple(0), orange(1), banana(2) } VariantTag;

      struct {
          uint16 number;
          opaque string<0..10>; /* variable length */
      } V1;

      struct {
          uint32 number;
          opaque string[10];    /* fixed length */
      } V2;

      struct {
          select (VariantTag) {
              case apple:
                V1;   /* VariantBody, tag = apple */
              case orange:
              case banana:
                V2;   /* VariantBody, tag = orange or banana */
          } variant_body;       /* optional label on variant */
      } VariantRecord;

3.9.  Decoding Errors

   TLS defines two generic alerts (see Section 6) to use upon failure to
   parse a message.  Peers which receive a message which cannot be
   parsed according to the syntax (e.g., have a length extending beyond
   the message boundary or contain an out-of-range length) MUST
   terminate the connection with a "decode_error" alert.  Peers which
   receive a message which is syntactically correct but semantically
   invalid (e.g., a DHE share of p - 1, or an invalid enum) MUST
   terminate the connection with an "illegal_parameter" alert.

4.  Handshake Protocol

   The handshake protocol is used to negotiate the secure attributes of
   a session.  Handshake messages are supplied to the TLS record layer,
   where they are encapsulated within one or more TLSPlaintext or
   TLSCiphertext structures, which are processed and transmitted as
   specified by the current active session state.











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      enum {
          client_hello(1),
          server_hello(2),
          new_session_ticket(4),
          hello_retry_request(6),
          encrypted_extensions(8),
          certificate(11),
          certificate_request(13),
          certificate_verify(15),
          finished(20),
          key_update(24),
          (255)
      } HandshakeType;

      struct {
          HandshakeType msg_type;    /* handshake type */
          uint24 length;             /* bytes in message */
          select (Handshake.msg_type) {
              case client_hello:          ClientHello;
              case server_hello:          ServerHello;
              case hello_retry_request:   HelloRetryRequest;
              case encrypted_extensions:  EncryptedExtensions;
              case certificate_request:   CertificateRequest;
              case certificate:           Certificate;
              case certificate_verify:    CertificateVerify;
              case finished:              Finished;
              case new_session_ticket:    NewSessionTicket;
              case key_update:            KeyUpdate;
          } body;
      } Handshake;

   Protocol messages MUST be sent in the order defined below (and shown
   in the diagrams in Section 2).  A peer which receives a handshake
   message in an unexpected order MUST abort the handshake with an
   "unexpected_message" alert.  Unneeded handshake messages are omitted,
   however.

   New handshake message types are assigned by IANA as described in
   Section 10.

4.1.  Key Exchange Messages

   The key exchange messages are used to exchange security capabilities
   between the client and server and to establish the traffic keys used
   to protect the handshake and data.






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4.1.1.  Cryptographic Negotiation

   TLS cryptographic negotiation proceeds by the client offering the
   following four sets of options in its ClientHello:

   -  A list of cipher suites which indicates the AEAD algorithm/HKDF
      hash pairs which the client supports.

   -  A "supported_groups" (Section 4.2.4) extension which indicates the
      (EC)DHE groups which the client supports and a "key_share"
      (Section 4.2.5) extension which contains (EC)DHE shares for some
      or all of these groups.

   -  A "signature_algorithms" (Section 4.2.3) extension which indicates
      the signature algorithms which the client can accept.

   -  A "pre_shared_key" (Section 4.2.6) extension which contains a list
      of symmetric key identities known to the client and a
      "psk_key_exchange_modes" (Section 4.2.7) extension which indicates
      the key exchange modes that may be used with PSKs.

   If the server does not select a PSK, then the first three of these
   options are entirely orthogonal: the server independently selects a
   cipher suite, an (EC)DHE group and key share for key establishment,
   and a signature algorithm/certificate pair to authenticate itself to
   the client.  If there is overlap in the "supported_groups" extension
   but the client did not offer a compatible "key_share" extension, then
   the server will respond with a HelloRetryRequest (Section 4.1.4)
   message.  If there is no overlap in "supported_groups" then the
   server MUST abort the handshake.

   If the server selects a PSK, then it MUST also select a key
   establishment mode from the set indicated by client's
   "psk_key_exchange_modes extension (PSK alone or with (EC)DHE).  Note
   that if the PSK can be used without (EC)DHE then non-overlap in the
   "supported_groups" parameters need not be fatal.

   The server indicates its selected parameters in the ServerHello as
   follows:

   -  If PSK is being used then the server will send a "pre_shared_key"
      extension indicating the selected key.

   -  If PSK is not being used, then (EC)DHE and certificate-based
      authentication are always used.

   -  When (EC)DHE is in use, the server will also provide a "key_share"
      extension.



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   -  When authenticating via a certificate (i.e., when a PSK is not in
      use), the server will send the Certificate (Section 4.4.1) and
      CertificateVerify (Section 4.4.2) messages.

   If the server is unable to negotiate a supported set of parameters
   (i.e., there is no overlap between the client and server parameters),
   it MUST abort the handshake with either a "handshake_failure" or
   "insufficient_security" fatal alert (see Section 6).

4.1.2.  Client Hello

   When a client first connects to a server, it is REQUIRED to send the
   ClientHello as its first message.  The client will also send a
   ClientHello when the server has responded to its ClientHello with a
   HelloRetryRequest.  In that case, the client MUST send the same
   ClientHello (without modification) except:

   -  If a "key_share" extension was supplied in the HelloRetryRequest,
      replacing the list of shares with a list containing a single
      KeyShareEntry from the indicated group.

   -  Removing the "early_data" extension (Section 4.2.8) if one was
      present.  Early data is not permitted after HelloRetryRequest.

   -  Including a "cookie" extension if one was provided in the
      HelloRetryRequest.

   Because TLS 1.3 forbids renegotiation, if a server receives a
   ClientHello at any other time, it MUST terminate the connection.

   If a server established a TLS connection with a previous version of
   TLS and receives a TLS 1.3 ClientHello in a renegotiation, it MUST
   retain the previous protocol version.  In particular, it MUST NOT
   negotiate TLS 1.3.  A client that receives a TLS 1.3 ServerHello
   during renegotiation MUST abort the handshake with a
   "protocol_version" alert.

   Structure of this message:













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      uint16 ProtocolVersion;
      opaque Random[32];

      uint8 CipherSuite[2];    /* Cryptographic suite selector */

      struct {
          ProtocolVersion legacy_version = 0x0303;    /* TLS v1.2 */
          Random random;
          opaque legacy_session_id<0..32>;
          CipherSuite cipher_suites<2..2^16-2>;
          opaque legacy_compression_methods<1..2^8-1>;
          Extension extensions<0..2^16-1>;
      } ClientHello;

   TLS allows extensions to follow the compression_methods field in an
   extensions block.  The presence of extensions can be detected by
   determining whether there are bytes following the compression_methods
   at the end of the ClientHello.  Note that this method of detecting
   optional data differs from the normal TLS method of having a
   variable-length field, but it is used for compatibility with TLS
   before extensions were defined.  As of TLS 1.3, all clients and
   servers will send at least one extension (at least "key_share" or
   "pre_shared_key").

   legacy_version  In previous versions of TLS, this field was used for
      version negotiation and represented the highest version number
      supported by the client.  Experience has shown that many servers
      do not properly implement version negotiation, leading to "version
      intolerance" in which the server rejects an otherwise acceptable
      ClientHello with a version number higher than it supports.  In TLS
      1.3, the client indicates its version preferences in the
      "supported_versions" extension (Section 4.2.1) and this field MUST
      be set to 0x0303, which was the version number for TLS 1.2.  (See
      Appendix C for details about backward compatibility.)

   random  32 bytes generated by a secure random number generator.  See
      Appendix B for additional information.

   legacy_session_id  Versions of TLS before TLS 1.3 supported a session
      resumption feature which has been merged with Pre-Shared Keys in
      this version (see Section 2.2).  This field MUST be ignored by a
      server negotiating TLS 1.3 and MUST be set as a zero length vector
      (i.e., a single zero byte length field) by clients which do not
      have a cached session ID set by a pre-TLS 1.3 server.

   cipher_suites  This is a list of the symmetric cipher options
      supported by the client, specifically the record protection
      algorithm (including secret key length) and a hash to be used with



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      HKDF, in descending order of client preference.  If the list
      contains cipher suites the server does not recognize, support, or
      wish to use, the server MUST ignore those cipher suites, and
      process the remaining ones as usual.  Values are defined in
      Appendix A.4.

   legacy_compression_methods  Versions of TLS before 1.3 supported
      compression with the list of supported compression methods being
      sent in this field.  For every TLS 1.3 ClientHello, this vector
      MUST contain exactly one byte set to zero, which corresponds to
      the "null" compression method in prior versions of TLS.  If a TLS
      1.3 ClientHello is received with any other value in this field,
      the server MUST abort the handshake with an "illegal_parameter"
      alert.  Note that TLS 1.3 servers might receive TLS 1.2 or prior
      ClientHellos which contain other compression methods and MUST
      follow the procedures for the appropriate prior version of TLS.

   extensions  Clients request extended functionality from servers by
      sending data in the extensions field.  The actual "Extension"
      format is defined in Section 4.2.

   In the event that a client requests additional functionality using
   extensions, and this functionality is not supplied by the server, the
   client MAY abort the handshake.  Note that TLS 1.3 ClientHello
   messages always contain extensions (minimally they must contain
   "supported_versions" or they will be interpreted as TLS 1.2
   ClientHello messages).  TLS 1.3 servers may receive TLS 1.2
   ClientHello messages without extensions.  If negotiating TLS 1.2, a
   server MUST check that the message either contains no data after
   legacy_compression_methods or that it contains a valid extensions
   block with no data following.  If not, then it MUST abort the
   handshake with a "decode_error" alert.

   After sending the ClientHello message, the client waits for a
   ServerHello or HelloRetryRequest message.

4.1.3.  Server Hello

   The server will send this message in response to a ClientHello
   message when it was able to find an acceptable set of algorithms and
   the client's "key_share" extension was acceptable.  If it is not able
   to find an acceptable set of parameters, the server will respond with
   a "handshake_failure" fatal alert.

   Structure of this message:






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      struct {
          ProtocolVersion version;
          Random random;
          CipherSuite cipher_suite;
          Extension extensions<0..2^16-1>;
      } ServerHello;

   version  This field contains the version of TLS negotiated for this
      session.  Servers MUST select a version from the list in
      ClientHello.supported_versions extension.  A client which receives
      a version that was not offered MUST abort the handshake.  For this
      version of the specification, the version is 0x0304.  (See
      Appendix C for details about backward compatibility.)

   random  This structure is generated by the server and MUST be
      generated independently of the ClientHello.random.

   cipher_suite  The single cipher suite selected by the server from the
      list in ClientHello.cipher_suites.  A client which receives a
      cipher suite that was not offered MUST abort the handshake.

   extensions  A list of extensions.  The ServerHello MUST only include
      extensions which are required to establish the cryptographic
      context.  Currently the only such extensions are "key_share" and
      "pre_shared_key".

   TLS 1.3 has a downgrade protection mechanism embedded in the server's
   random value.  TLS 1.3 server implementations which respond to a
   ClientHello indicating only support for TLS 1.2 or below MUST set the
   last eight bytes of their Random value to the bytes:

     44 4F 57 4E 47 52 44 01

   TLS 1.3 server implementations which respond to a ClientHello
   indicating only support for TLS 1.1 or below SHOULD set the last
   eight bytes of their Random value to the bytes:

     44 4F 57 4E 47 52 44 00

   TLS 1.3 clients receiving a TLS 1.2 or below ServerHello MUST check
   that the last eight octets are not equal to either of these values.
   TLS 1.2 clients SHOULD also perform this check if the ServerHello
   indicates TLS 1.1 or below.  If a match is found, the client MUST
   abort the handshake with an "illegal_parameter" alert.  This
   mechanism provides limited protection against downgrade attacks over
   and above that provided by the Finished exchange: because the
   ServerKeyExchange includes a signature over both random values, it is
   not possible for an active attacker to modify the randoms without



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   detection as long as ephemeral ciphers are used.  It does not provide
   downgrade protection when static RSA is used.

   Note: This is an update to TLS 1.2 so in practice many TLS 1.2
   clients and servers will not behave as specified above.

   RFC EDITOR: PLEASE REMOVE THE FOLLOWING PARAGRAPH Implementations of
   draft versions (see Section 4.2.1.1) of this specification SHOULD NOT
   implement this mechanism on either client and server.  A pre-RFC
   client connecting to RFC servers, or vice versa, will appear to
   downgrade to TLS 1.2.  With the mechanism enabled, this will cause an
   interoperability failure.

4.1.4.  Hello Retry Request

   Servers send this message in response to a ClientHello message if
   they were able to find an acceptable set of algorithms and groups
   that are mutually supported, but the client's ClientHello did not
   contain sufficient information to proceed with the handshake.  If a
   server cannot successfully select algorithms, it MUST abort the
   handshake with a "handshake_failure" alert.

   Structure of this message:

      struct {
          ProtocolVersion server_version;
          Extension extensions<2..2^16-1>;
      } HelloRetryRequest;

   The version and extensions fields have the same meanings as their
   corresponding values in the ServerHello.  The server SHOULD send only
   the extensions necessary for the client to generate a correct
   ClientHello pair.  As with ServerHello, a HelloRetryRequest MUST NOT
   contain any extensions that were not first offered by the client in
   its ClientHello, with the exception of optionally the "cookie" (see
   Section 4.2.2) extension.

   Upon receipt of a HelloRetryRequest, the client MUST verify that the
   extensions block is not empty and otherwise MUST abort the handshake
   with a "decode_error" alert.  Clients MUST abort the handshake with
   an "illegal_parameter" alert if the HelloRetryRequest would not
   result in any change in the ClientHello.  If a client receives a
   second HelloRetryRequest in the same connection (i.e., where the
   ClientHello was itself in response to a HelloRetryRequest), it MUST
   abort the handshake with an "unexpected_message" alert.






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   Otherwise, the client MUST process all extensions in the
   HelloRetryRequest and send a second updated ClientHello.  The
   HelloRetryRequest extensions defined in this specification are:

   -  cookie (see Section 4.2.2)

   -  key_share (see Section 4.2.5)

4.2.  Extensions

   A number of TLS messages contain tag-length-value encoded extensions
   structures.

      struct {
          ExtensionType extension_type;
          opaque extension_data<0..2^16-1>;
      } Extension;

      enum {
          supported_groups(10),
          signature_algorithms(13),
          key_share(40),
          pre_shared_key(41),
          early_data(42),
          supported_versions(43),
          cookie(44),
          psk_key_exchange_modes(45),
          ticket_early_data_info(46),
          (65535)
      } ExtensionType;

   Here:

   -  "extension_type" identifies the particular extension type.

   -  "extension_data" contains information specific to the particular
      extension type.

   The list of extension types is maintained by IANA as described in
   Section 10.

   The client sends its extensions in the ClientHello.  The server MAY
   send extensions in the ServerHello, EncryptedExtensions, Certificate,
   and HelloRetryRequest messages.  The NewSessionTicket also allows the
   server to send extensions to the client though these are not directly
   associated with the extensions in the ClientHello.  The table in
   Section 10 indicates where a given extension may appear.  If the
   client receives an extension which is not specified for a given



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   message it MUST abort the handshake with an "illegal_parameter"
   alert.

   The server MUST NOT send any extensions which did not appear in the
   corresponding ClientHello, with the exception of the NewSessionTicket
   message and the "cookie" extension in the HelloRetryRequest message.
   Upon receiving an unexpected extension, it MUST abort the handshake
   with an "unsupported_extension" alert.  Server-oriented extensions
   are supported by having the client send an extension with zero-length
   extension_data indicating support for that extension type.

   When multiple extensions of different types are present, the
   extensions MAY appear in any order, with the exception of
   "pre_shared_key" Section 4.2.6 which MUST be the last extension in
   the ClientHello.  There MUST NOT be more than one extension of the
   same type.

   In TLS 1.3, unlike TLS 1.2, extensions are renegotiated with each
   handshake even when in resumption-PSK mode.  However, 0-RTT
   parameters are those negotiated in the previous handshake; mismatches
   may require rejecting 0-RTT (see Section 4.2.8).

   There are subtle (and not so subtle) interactions that may occur in
   this protocol between new features and existing features which may
   result in a significant reduction in overall security.  The following
   considerations should be taken into account when designing new
   extensions:

   -  Some cases where a server does not agree to an extension are error
      conditions, and some are simply refusals to support particular
      features.  In general, error alerts should be used for the former,
      and a field in the server extension response for the latter.

   -  Extensions should, as far as possible, be designed to prevent any
      attack that forces use (or non-use) of a particular feature by
      manipulation of handshake messages.  This principle should be
      followed regardless of whether the feature is believed to cause a
      security problem.  Often the fact that the extension fields are
      included in the inputs to the Finished message hashes will be
      sufficient, but extreme care is needed when the extension changes
      the meaning of messages sent in the handshake phase.  Designers
      and implementors should be aware of the fact that until the
      handshake has been authenticated, active attackers can modify
      messages and insert, remove, or replace extensions.







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4.2.1.  Supported Versions

      struct {
          ProtocolVersion versions<2..254>;
      } SupportedVersions;

   The "supported_versions" extension is used by the client to indicate
   which versions of TLS it supports.  The extension contains a list of
   supported versions in preference order, with the most preferred
   version first.  Implementations of this specification MUST send this
   extension containing all versions of TLS which they are prepared to
   negotiate (for this specification, that means minimally 0x0304, but
   if previous versions of TLS are supported, they MUST be present as
   well).

   Servers which are compliant with this specification MUST use only the
   "supported_versions" extension, if present, to determine client
   preferences and MUST only select a version of TLS present in that
   extension.  They MUST ignore any unknown versions.  If the extension
   is not present, they MUST negotiate TLS 1.2 or prior as specified in
   [RFC5246], even if ClientHello.legacy_version is 0x0304 or later.

   The server MUST NOT send the "supported_versions" extension.  The
   server's selected version is contained in the ServerHello.version
   field as in previous versions of TLS.

4.2.1.1.  Draft Version Indicator

   RFC EDITOR: PLEASE REMOVE THIS SECTION

   While the eventual version indicator for the RFC version of TLS 1.3
   will be 0x0304, implementations of draft versions of this
   specification SHOULD instead advertise 0x7f00 | draft_version in
   ServerHello.version, and HelloRetryRequest.server_version.  For
   instance, draft-17 would be encoded as the 0x7f11.  This allows pre-
   RFC implementations to safely negotiate with each other, even if they
   would otherwise be incompatible.

4.2.2.  Cookie

      struct {
          opaque cookie<1..2^16-1>;
      } Cookie;

   Cookies serve two primary purposes:

   -  Allowing the server to force the client to demonstrate
      reachability at their apparent network address (thus providing a



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      measure of DoS protection).  This is primarily useful for non-
      connection-oriented transports (see [RFC6347] for an example of
      this).

   -  Allowing the server to offload state to the client, thus allowing
      it to send a HelloRetryRequest without storing any state.  The
      server does this by pickling that post-ClientHello hash state into
      the cookie (protected with some suitable integrity algorithm).

   When sending a HelloRetryRequest, the server MAY provide a "cookie"
   extension to the client (this is an exception to the usual rule that
   the only extensions that may be sent are those that appear in the
   ClientHello).  When sending the new ClientHello, the client MUST echo
   the value of the extension.  Clients MUST NOT use cookies in
   subsequent connections.

4.2.3.  Signature Algorithms

   The client uses the "signature_algorithms" extension to indicate to
   the server which signature algorithms may be used in digital
   signatures.  Clients which desire the server to authenticate itself
   via a certificate MUST send this extension.  If a server is
   authenticating via a certificate and the client has not sent a
   "signature_algorithms" extension then the server MUST abort the
   handshake with a "missing_extension" alert (see Section 8.2).

   The "extension_data" field of this extension in a ClientHello
   contains a SignatureSchemeList value:























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      enum {
          /* RSASSA-PKCS1-v1_5 algorithms */
          rsa_pkcs1_sha1 (0x0201),
          rsa_pkcs1_sha256 (0x0401),
          rsa_pkcs1_sha384 (0x0501),
          rsa_pkcs1_sha512 (0x0601),

          /* ECDSA algorithms */
          ecdsa_secp256r1_sha256 (0x0403),
          ecdsa_secp384r1_sha384 (0x0503),
          ecdsa_secp521r1_sha512 (0x0603),

          /* RSASSA-PSS algorithms */
          rsa_pss_sha256 (0x0804),
          rsa_pss_sha384 (0x0805),
          rsa_pss_sha512 (0x0806),

          /* EdDSA algorithms */
          ed25519 (0x0807),
          ed448 (0x0808),

          /* Reserved Code Points */
          private_use (0xFE00..0xFFFF),
          (0xFFFF)
      } SignatureScheme;

      struct {
          SignatureScheme supported_signature_algorithms<2..2^16-2>;
      } SignatureSchemeList;

   Note: This enum is named "SignatureScheme" because there is already a
   "SignatureAlgorithm" type in TLS 1.2, which this replaces.  We use
   the term "signature algorithm" throughout the text.

   Each SignatureScheme value lists a single signature algorithm that
   the client is willing to verify.  The values are indicated in
   descending order of preference.  Note that a signature algorithm
   takes as input an arbitrary-length message, rather than a digest.
   Algorithms which traditionally act on a digest should be defined in
   TLS to first hash the input with a specified hash algorithm and then
   proceed as usual.  The code point groups listed above have the
   following meanings:

   RSASSA-PKCS1-v1_5 algorithms  Indicates a signature algorithm using
      RSASSA-PKCS1-v1_5 [RFC3447] with the corresponding hash algorithm
      as defined in [SHS].  These values refer solely to signatures
      which appear in certificates (see Section 4.4.1.2) and are not
      defined for use in signed TLS handshake messages.



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   ECDSA algorithms  Indicates a signature algorithm using ECDSA
      [ECDSA], the corresponding curve as defined in ANSI X9.62 [X962]
      and FIPS 186-4 [DSS], and the corresponding hash algorithm as
      defined in [SHS].  The signature is represented as a DER-encoded
      [X690] ECDSA-Sig-Value structure.

   RSASSA-PSS algorithms  Indicates a signature algorithm using RSASSA-
      PSS [RFC3447] with MGF1.  The digest used in the mask generation
      function and the digest being signed are both the corresponding
      hash algorithm as defined in [SHS].  When used in signed TLS
      handshake messages, the length of the salt MUST be equal to the
      length of the digest output.  This codepoint is defined for use
      with TLS 1.2 as well as TLS 1.3.

   EdDSA algorithms  Indicates a signature algorithm using EdDSA as
      defined in [I-D.irtf-cfrg-eddsa] or its successors.  Note that
      these correspond to the "PureEdDSA" algorithms and not the
      "prehash" variants.

   rsa_pkcs1_sha1, dsa_sha1, and ecdsa_sha1 SHOULD NOT be offered.
   Clients offering these values for backwards compatibility MUST list
   them as the lowest priority (listed after all other algorithms in
   SignatureSchemeList).  TLS 1.3 servers MUST NOT offer a SHA-1 signed
   certificate unless no valid certificate chain can be produced without
   it (see Section 4.4.1.2).

   The signatures on certificates that are self-signed or certificates
   that are trust anchors are not validated since they begin a
   certification path (see [RFC5280], Section 3.2).  A certificate that
   begins a certification path MAY use a signature algorithm that is not
   advertised as being supported in the "signature_algorithms"
   extension.

   Note that TLS 1.2 defines this extension differently.  TLS 1.3
   implementations willing to negotiate TLS 1.2 MUST behave in
   accordance with the requirements of [RFC5246] when negotiating that
   version.  In particular:

   -  TLS 1.2 ClientHellos MAY omit this extension.

   -  In TLS 1.2, the extension contained hash/signature pairs.  The
      pairs are encoded in two octets, so SignatureScheme values have
      been allocated to align with TLS 1.2's encoding.  Some legacy
      pairs are left unallocated.  These algorithms are deprecated as of
      TLS 1.3.  They MUST NOT be offered or negotiated by any
      implementation.  In particular, MD5 [SLOTH] and SHA-224 MUST NOT
      be used.




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   -  ECDSA signature schemes align with TLS 1.2's ECDSA hash/signature
      pairs.  However, the old semantics did not constrain the signing
      curve.  If TLS 1.2 is negotiated, implementations MUST be prepared
      to accept a signature that uses any curve that they advertised in
      the "supported_groups" extension.

   -  Implementations that advertise support for RSASSA-PSS (which is
      mandatory in TLS 1.3), MUST be prepared to accept a signature
      using that scheme even when TLS 1.2 is negotiated.  In TLS 1.2,
      RSASSA-PSS is used with RSA cipher suites.

4.2.4.  Negotiated Groups

   When sent by the client, the "supported_groups" extension indicates
   the named groups which the client supports for key exchange, ordered
   from most preferred to least preferred.

   Note: In versions of TLS prior to TLS 1.3, this extension was named
   "elliptic_curves" and only contained elliptic curve groups.  See
   [RFC4492] and [RFC7919].  This extension was also used to negotiate
   ECDSA curves.  Signature algorithms are now negotiated independently
   (see Section 4.2.3).

   The "extension_data" field of this extension contains a
   "NamedGroupList" value:

      enum {
          /* Elliptic Curve Groups (ECDHE) */
          secp256r1 (23), secp384r1 (24), secp521r1 (25),
          x25519 (29), x448 (30),

          /* Finite Field Groups (DHE) */
          ffdhe2048 (256), ffdhe3072 (257), ffdhe4096 (258),
          ffdhe6144 (259), ffdhe8192 (260),

          /* Reserved Code Points */
          ffdhe_private_use (0x01FC..0x01FF),
          ecdhe_private_use (0xFE00..0xFEFF),
          (0xFFFF)
      } NamedGroup;

      struct {
          NamedGroup named_group_list<2..2^16-1>;
      } NamedGroupList;

   Elliptic Curve Groups (ECDHE)  Indicates support of the corresponding
      named curve, defined either in FIPS 186-4 [DSS] or in [RFC7748].
      Values 0xFE00 through 0xFEFF are reserved for private use.



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   Finite Field Groups (DHE)  Indicates support of the corresponding
      finite field group, defined in [RFC7919].  Values 0x01FC through
      0x01FF are reserved for private use.

   Items in named_group_list are ordered according to the client's
   preferences (most preferred choice first).

   As of TLS 1.3, servers are permitted to send the "supported_groups"
   extension to the client.  If the server has a group it prefers to the
   ones in the "key_share" extension but is still willing to accept the
   ClientHello, it SHOULD send "supported_groups" to update the client's
   view of its preferences; this extension SHOULD contain all groups the
   server supports, regardless of whether they are currently supported
   by the client.  Clients MUST NOT act upon any information found in
   "supported_groups" prior to successful completion of the handshake,
   but MAY use the information learned from a successfully completed
   handshake to change what groups they use in their "key_share"
   extension in subsequent connections.

4.2.5.  Key Share

   The "key_share" extension contains the endpoint's cryptographic
   parameters.

   Clients MAY send an empty client_shares vector in order to request
   group selection from the server at the cost of an additional round
   trip.  (see Section 4.1.4)

      struct {
          NamedGroup group;
          opaque key_exchange<1..2^16-1>;
      } KeyShareEntry;

   group  The named group for the key being exchanged.  Finite Field
      Diffie-Hellman [DH] parameters are described in Section 4.2.5.1;
      Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman parameters are described in
      Section 4.2.5.2.

   key_exchange  Key exchange information.  The contents of this field
      are determined by the specified group and its corresponding
      definition.  Endpoints MUST NOT send empty or otherwise invalid
      key_exchange values for any reason.

   The "extension_data" field of this extension contains a "KeyShare"
   value:






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      struct {
          select (Handshake.msg_type) {
              case client_hello:
                  KeyShareEntry client_shares<0..2^16-1>;

              case hello_retry_request:
                  NamedGroup selected_group;

              case server_hello:
                  KeyShareEntry server_share;
          };
      } KeyShare;

   client_shares  A list of offered KeyShareEntry values in descending
      order of client preference.  This vector MAY be empty if the
      client is requesting a HelloRetryRequest.  The ordering of values
      here SHOULD match that of the ordering of offered support in the
      "supported_groups" extension.

   selected_group  The mutually supported group the server intends to
      negotiate and is requesting a retried ClientHello/KeyShare for.

   server_share  A single KeyShareEntry value that is in the same group
      as one of the client's shares.

   Clients offer an arbitrary number of KeyShareEntry values, each
   representing a single set of key exchange parameters.  For instance,
   a client might offer shares for several elliptic curves or multiple
   FFDHE groups.  The key_exchange values for each KeyShareEntry MUST be
   generated independently.  Clients MUST NOT offer multiple
   KeyShareEntry values for the same group.  Clients MUST NOT offer any
   KeyShareEntry values for groups not listed in the client's
   "supported_groups" extension.  Servers MAY check for violations of
   these rules and abort the handshake with an "illegal_parameter" alert
   if one is violated.

   Upon receipt of this extension in a HelloRetryRequest, the client
   MUST verify that (1) the selected_group field corresponds to a group
   which was provided in the "supported_groups" extension in the
   original ClientHello; and (2) the selected_group field does not
   correspond to a group which was provided in the "key_share" extension
   in the original ClientHello.  If either of these checks fails, then
   the client MUST abort the handshake with an "illegal_parameter"
   alert.  Otherwise, when sending the new ClientHello, the client MUST
   replace the original "key_share" extension with one containing only a
   new KeyShareEntry for the group indicated in the selected_group
   field.




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   If using (EC)DHE key establishment, servers offer exactly one
   KeyShareEntry in the ServerHello.  This value MUST correspond to the
   KeyShareEntry value offered by the client that the server has
   selected for the negotiated key exchange.  Servers MUST NOT send a
   KeyShareEntry for any group not indicated in the "supported_groups"
   extension.  If a HelloRetryRequest was received, the client MUST
   verify that the selected NamedGroup matches that supplied in the
   selected_group field and MUST abort the handshake with an
   "illegal_parameter" alert if it does not.

4.2.5.1.  Diffie-Hellman Parameters

   Diffie-Hellman [DH] parameters for both clients and servers are
   encoded in the opaque key_exchange field of a KeyShareEntry in a
   KeyShare structure.  The opaque value contains the Diffie-Hellman
   public value (Y = g^X mod p) for the specified group (see [RFC7919]
   for group definitions) encoded as a big-endian integer, padded with
   zeros to the size of p in bytes.

   Note: For a given Diffie-Hellman group, the padding results in all
   public keys having the same length.

   Peers SHOULD validate each other's public key Y by ensuring that 1 <
   Y < p-1.  This check ensures that the remote peer is properly behaved
   and isn't forcing the local system into a small subgroup.

4.2.5.2.  ECDHE Parameters

   ECDHE parameters for both clients and servers are encoded in the the
   opaque key_exchange field of a KeyShareEntry in a KeyShare structure.

   For secp256r1, secp384r1 and secp521r1, the contents are the byte
   string representation of an elliptic curve public value following the
   conversion routine in Section 4.3.6 of ANSI X9.62 [X962].

   Although X9.62 supports multiple point formats, any given curve MUST
   specify only a single point format.  All curves currently specified
   in this document MUST only be used with the uncompressed point format
   (the format for all ECDH functions is considered uncompressed).

   For x25519 and x448, the contents are the byte string inputs and
   outputs of the corresponding functions defined in [RFC7748], 32 bytes
   for x25519 and 56 bytes for x448.

   Note: Versions of TLS prior to 1.3 permitted point format
   negotiation; TLS 1.3 removes this feature in favor of a single point
   format for each curve.




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4.2.6.  Pre-Shared Key Extension

   The "pre_shared_key" extension is used to indicate the identity of
   the pre-shared key to be used with a given handshake in association
   with PSK key establishment.

   The "extension_data" field of this extension contains a
   "PreSharedKeyExtension" value:

      struct {
          opaque identity<0..2^16-1>;
          uint32 obfuscated_ticket_age;
      } PskIdentity;

      opaque PskBinderEntry<32..255>;

      struct {
          select (Handshake.msg_type) {
              case client_hello:
                  PskIdentity identities<6..2^16-1>;
                  PskBinderEntry binders<33..2^16-1>;

              case server_hello:
                  uint16 selected_identity;
          };

      } PreSharedKeyExtension;

   identities  A list of the identities (labels for keys) that the
      client is willing to negotiate with the server.  If sent alongside
      the "early_data" extension (see Section 4.2.8), the first identity
      is the one used for 0-RTT data.

   obfuscated_ticket_age  For each ticket, the time since the client
      learned about the server configuration that it is using, in
      milliseconds.  This value is added modulo 2^32 to with the
      "ticket_age_add" value that was included with the ticket, see
      Section 4.5.1.  This addition prevents passive observers from
      correlating sessions unless tickets are reused.  Note: because
      ticket lifetimes are restricted to a week, 32 bits is enough to
      represent any plausible age, even in milliseconds.  External
      tickets SHOULD use an obfuscated_ticket_age of 0; servers MUST
      ignore this value for external tickets.

   binders  A series of HMAC values, one for each PSK offered in the
      "pre_shared_keys" extension and in the same order, computed as
      described below.




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   selected_identity  The server's chosen identity expressed as a
      (0-based) index into the identities in the client's list.

   Each PSK is associated with a single Hash algorithm.  For PSKs
   established via the ticket mechanism (Section 4.5.1), this is the
   Hash used for the KDF.  For externally established PSKs, the Hash
   algorithm MUST be set when the PSK is established.

   Prior to accepting PSK key establishment, the server MUST validate
   the corresponding binder value (see Section 4.2.6.1 below).  If this
   value is not present or does not validate, the server MUST abort the
   handshake.  Servers SHOULD NOT attempt to validate multiple binders;
   rather they SHOULD select a single PSK and validate solely the binder
   that corresponds to that PSK.  In order to accept PSK key
   establishment, the server sends a "pre_shared_key" extension
   indicating the selected identity.

   Clients MUST verify that the server's selected_identity is within the
   range supplied by the client, that the server selected the cipher
   suite associated with the PSK, and that the "key_share", and
   "signature_algorithms" extensions are consistent with the indicated
   ke_modes and auth_modes values.  If these values are not consistent,
   the client MUST abort the handshake with an "illegal_parameter"
   alert.

   If the server supplies an "early_data" extension, the client MUST
   verify that the server's selected_identity is 0.  If any other value
   is returned, the client MUST abort the handshake with an
   "illegal_parameter" alert.

   This extension MUST be the last extension in the ClientHello (this
   facilitates implementation as described below).  Servers MUST check
   that it is the last extension and otherwise fail the handshake with
   an "illegal_parameter" alert.

4.2.6.1.  PSK Binder

   The PSK binder value forms a binding between a PSK and the current
   handshake, as well as between the session where the PSK was
   established (if via a NewSessionTicket message) and the session where
   it was used.  Each entry in the binders list is computed as an HMAC
   over the portion of the ClientHello up to and including the
   PreSharedKeyExtension.identities field.  That is, it includes all of
   the ClientHello but not the binder list itself.  The length fields
   for the message (including the overall length, the length of the
   extensions block, and the length of the "pre_shared_key" extension)
   are all set as if the binder were present.




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   The binding_value is computed in the same way as the Finished message
   (Section 4.4.3) but with the BaseKey being the binder_key (see
   Section 7.1).

   If the handshake includes a HelloRetryRequest, the initial
   ClientHello and HelloRetryRequest are included in the transcript
   along with the new ClientHello.  For instance, if the client sends
   ClientHello1, its binder will be computed over:

      ClientHello1[truncated]

   If the server responds with HelloRetryRequest, and the client then
   sends ClientHello2, its binder will be computed over:

      ClientHello1 + HelloRetryRequest + ClientHello2[truncated]

   The full ClientHello is included in all other handshake hash
   computations.

4.2.7.  Pre-Shared Key Exchange Modes

   In order to use PSKs, clients MUST also send a
   "psk_key_exchange_modes" extension.  The semantics of this extension
   are that the client only supports the use of PSKs with these modes,
   which restricts both the use of PSKs offered in this ClientHello and
   those which the server might supply via NewSessionTicket.

   A clients MUST provide a "psk_key_exchange_modes" extension if it
   offers a "pre_shared_key" extension.  If clients offer
   "pre_shared_key" without a "psk_key_exchange_modes" extension,
   servers MUST abort the handshake.  Servers MUST NOT select a key
   exchange mode that is not listed by the client.  This extension also
   restricts the modes for use with PSK resumption; servers SHOULD NOT
   send NewSessionTicket with tickets that are not compatible with the
   advertised modes; however if it does so, the impact will just be that
   the client's attempts at resumption fail.

   The server MUST NOT send a "psk_key_exchange_modes" extension.

      enum { psk_ke(0), psk_dhe_ke(1), (255) } PskKeyExchangeMode;

      struct {
          PskKeyExchangeMode ke_modes<1..255>;
      } PskKeyExchangeModes;

   psk_ke  PSK-only key establishment.  In this mode, the server MUST
      NOT supply a "key_share" value.




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   psk_dhe_ke  PSK key establishment with (EC)DHE key establishment.  In
      this mode, the client and servers MUST supply "key_share" values
      as described in Section 4.2.5.

4.2.8.  Early Data Indication

   When a PSK is used, the client can send application data in its first
   flight of messages.  If the client opts to do so, it MUST supply an
   "early_data" extension as well as the "pre_shared_key" extension.

   The "extension_data" field of this extension contains an
   "EarlyDataIndication" value:

      struct {
      } EarlyDataIndication;

   For PSKs provisioned via NewSessionTicket, a server MUST validate
   that the ticket age for the selected PSK identity (computed by un-
   masking PskIdentity.obfuscated_ticket_age) is within a small
   tolerance of the time since the ticket was issued (see
   Section 4.2.8.2).  If it is not, the server SHOULD proceed with the
   handshake but reject 0-RTT, and SHOULD NOT take any other action that
   assumes that this ClientHello is fresh.

   The parameters for the 0-RTT data (symmetric cipher suite, ALPN
   protocol, etc.) are the same as those which were negotiated in the
   connection which established the PSK.  The PSK used to encrypt the
   early data MUST be the first PSK listed in the client's
   "pre_shared_key" extension.

   0-RTT messages sent in the first flight have the same content types
   as their corresponding messages sent in other flights (handshake,
   application_data, and alert respectively) but are protected under
   different keys.  After all the 0-RTT application data messages (if
   any) have been sent, an "end_of_early_data" alert of type "warning"
   is sent to indicate the end of the flight.  0-RTT MUST always be
   followed by an "end_of_early_data" alert, which will be encrypted
   with the 0-RTT traffic keys.

   A server which receives an "early_data" extension can behave in one
   of two ways:

   -  Ignore the extension and return no response.  This indicates that
      the server has ignored any early data and an ordinary 1-RTT
      handshake is required.






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   -  Return its own extension, indicating that it intends to process
      the early data.  It is not possible for the server to accept only
      a subset of the early data messages.

   -  Request that the client send another ClientHello by responding
      with a HelloRetryRequest.  A client MUST NOT include the
      "early_data" extension in its followup ClientHello.

   In order to accept early data, the server MUST have accepted a PSK
   cipher suite and selected the first key offered in the client's
   "pre_shared_key" extension.  In addition, it MUST verify that the
   following values are consistent with those negotiated in the
   connection during which the ticket was established.

   -  The TLS version number and cipher suite.

   -  The selected ALPN [RFC7301] protocol, if any.

   Future extensions MUST define their interaction with 0-RTT.

   If any of these checks fail, the server MUST NOT respond with the
   extension and must discard all the remaining first flight data (thus
   falling back to 1-RTT).  If the client attempts a 0-RTT handshake but
   the server rejects it, it will generally not have the 0-RTT record
   protection keys and must instead trial decrypt each record with the
   1-RTT handshake keys until it finds one that decrypts properly, and
   then pick up the handshake from that point.

   If the server chooses to accept the "early_data" extension, then it
   MUST comply with the same error handling requirements specified for
   all records when processing early data records.  Specifically, if the
   server fails to decrypt any 0-RTT record following an accepted
   "early_data" extension it MUST terminate the connection with a
   "bad_record_mac" alert as per Section 5.2.

   If the server rejects the "early_data" extension, the client
   application MAY opt to retransmit the data once the handshake has
   been completed.  TLS stacks SHOULD not do this automatically and
   client applications MUST take care that the negotiated parameters are
   consistent with those it expected.  For example, if the selected ALPN
   protocol has changed, it is likely unsafe to retransmit the original
   application layer data.

4.2.8.1.  Processing Order

   Clients are permitted to "stream" 0-RTT data until they receive the
   server's Finished, only then sending the "end_of_early_data" alert.
   In order to avoid deadlock, when accepting "early_data", servers MUST



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   process the client's ClientHello and then immediately send the
   ServerHello, rather than waiting for the client's "end_of_early_data"
   alert.

4.2.8.2.  Replay Properties

   As noted in Section 2.3, TLS provides a limited mechanism for replay
   protection for data sent by the client in the first flight.

   The "obfuscated_ticket_age" parameter in the client's
   "pre_shared_key" extension SHOULD be used by servers to limit the
   time over which the first flight might be replayed.  A server can
   store the time at which it sends a session ticket to the client, or
   encode the time in the ticket.  Then, each time it receives an
   "pre_shared_key" extension, it can subtract the base value and check
   to see if the value used by the client matches its expectations.

   The ticket age (the value with "ticket_age_add" subtracted) provided
   by the client will be shorter than the actual time elapsed on the
   server by a single round trip time.  This difference is comprised of
   the delay in sending the NewSessionTicket message to the client, plus
   the time taken to send the ClientHello to the server.  For this
   reason, a server SHOULD measure the round trip time prior to sending
   the NewSessionTicket message and account for that in the value it
   saves.

   To properly validate the ticket age, a server needs to save at least
   two items:

   -  The time that the server generated the session ticket and the
      estimated round trip time can be added together to form a baseline
      time.

   -  The "ticket_age_add" parameter from the NewSessionTicket is needed
      to recover the ticket age from the "obfuscated_ticket_age"
      parameter.

   There are several potential sources of error that make an exact
   measurement of time difficult.  Variations in client and server
   clocks are likely to be minimal, outside of gross time corrections.
   Network propagation delays are most likely causes of a mismatch in
   legitimate values for elapsed time.  Both the NewSessionTicket and
   ClientHello messages might be retransmitted and therefore delayed,
   which might be hidden by TCP.

   A small allowance for errors in clocks and variations in measurements
   is advisable.  However, any allowance also increases the opportunity
   for replay.  In this case, it is better to reject early data and fall



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   back to a full 1-RTT handshake than to risk greater exposure to
   replay attacks.  In common network topologies for browser clients,
   small allowances on the order of ten seconds are reasonable.  Clock
   skew distributions are not symmetric, so the optimal tradeoff may
   involve an asymmetric replay window.

4.3.  Server Parameters

   The next two messages from the server, EncryptedExtensions and
   CertificateRequest, contain encrypted information from the server
   that determines the rest of the handshake.

4.3.1.  Encrypted Extensions

   In all handshakes, the server MUST send the EncryptedExtensions
   message immediately after the ServerHello message.  This is the first
   message that is encrypted under keys derived from
   handshake_traffic_secret.

   The EncryptedExtensions message contains extensions which should be
   protected, i.e., any which are not needed to establish the
   cryptographic context, but which are not associated with individual
   certificates.  The client MUST check EncryptedExtensions for the
   presence of any forbidden extensions and if any are found MUST abort
   the handshake with an "illegal_parameter" alert.

   Structure of this message:

      struct {
          Extension extensions<0..2^16-1>;
      } EncryptedExtensions;

   extensions  A list of extensions.

4.3.2.  Certificate Request

   A server which is authenticating with a certificate can optionally
   request a certificate from the client.  This message, if sent, will
   follow EncryptedExtensions.

   Structure of this message:










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      opaque DistinguishedName<1..2^16-1>;

      struct {
          opaque certificate_extension_oid<1..2^8-1>;
          opaque certificate_extension_values<0..2^16-1>;
      } CertificateExtension;

      struct {
          opaque certificate_request_context<0..2^8-1>;
          SignatureScheme
            supported_signature_algorithms<2..2^16-2>;
          DistinguishedName certificate_authorities<0..2^16-1>;
          CertificateExtension certificate_extensions<0..2^16-1>;
      } CertificateRequest;

   certificate_request_context  An opaque string which identifies the
      certificate request and which will be echoed in the client's
      Certificate message.  The certificate_request_context MUST be
      unique within the scope of this connection (thus preventing replay
      of client CertificateVerify messages).  This field SHALL be zero
      length unless used for the post-handshake authentication exchanges
      described in Section 4.5.2.

   supported_signature_algorithms  A list of the signature algorithms
      that the server is able to verify, listed in descending order of
      preference.  Any certificates provided by the client MUST be
      signed using a signature algorithm found in
      supported_signature_algorithms.

   certificate_authorities  A list of the distinguished names [X501] of
      acceptable certificate_authorities, represented in DER-encoded
      [X690] format.  These distinguished names may specify a desired
      distinguished name for a root CA or for a subordinate CA; thus,
      this message can be used to describe known roots as well as a
      desired authorization space.  If the certificate_authorities list
      is empty, then the client MAY send any certificate that meets the
      rest of the selection criteria in the CertificateRequest, unless
      there is some external arrangement to the contrary.

   certificate_extensions  A list of certificate extension OIDs
      [RFC5280] with their allowed values, represented in DER-encoded
      [X690] format.  Some certificate extension OIDs allow multiple
      values (e.g.  Extended Key Usage).  If the server has included a
      non-empty certificate_extensions list, the client certificate MUST
      contain all of the specified extension OIDs that the client
      recognizes.  For each extension OID recognized by the client, all
      of the specified values MUST be present in the client certificate
      (but the certificate MAY have other values as well).  However, the



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      client MUST ignore and skip any unrecognized certificate extension
      OIDs.  If the client has ignored some of the required certificate
      extension OIDs, and supplied a certificate that does not satisfy
      the request, the server MAY at its discretion either continue the
      session without client authentication, or abort the handshake with
      an "unsupported_certificate" alert.  PKIX RFCs define a variety of
      certificate extension OIDs and their corresponding value types.
      Depending on the type, matching certificate extension values are
      not necessarily bitwise-equal.  It is expected that TLS
      implementations will rely on their PKI libraries to perform
      certificate selection using certificate extension OIDs.  This
      document defines matching rules for two standard certificate
      extensions defined in [RFC5280]:

      o  The Key Usage extension in a certificate matches the request
         when all key usage bits asserted in the request are also
         asserted in the Key Usage certificate extension.

      o  The Extended Key Usage extension in a certificate matches the
         request when all key purpose OIDs present in the request are
         also found in the Extended Key Usage certificate extension.
         The special anyExtendedKeyUsage OID MUST NOT be used in the
         request.

      Separate specifications may define matching rules for other
      certificate extensions.

   Servers which are authenticating with a PSK MUST NOT send the
   CertificateRequest message.

4.4.  Authentication Messages

   As discussed in Section 2, TLS uses a common set of messages for
   authentication, key confirmation, and handshake integrity:
   Certificate, CertificateVerify, and Finished.  These messages are
   always sent as the last messages in their handshake flight.  The
   Certificate and CertificateVerify messages are only sent under
   certain circumstances, as defined below.  The Finished message is
   always sent as part of the Authentication block.

   The computations for the Authentication messages all uniformly take
   the following inputs:

   -  The certificate and signing key to be used.

   -  A Handshake Context based on the hash of the handshake messages

   -  A base key to be used to compute a MAC key.



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   Based on these inputs, the messages then contain:

   Certificate  The certificate to be used for authentication and any
      supporting certificates in the chain.  Note that certificate-based
      client authentication is not available in the 0-RTT case.

   CertificateVerify  A signature over the value Hash(Handshake Context
      + Certificate)

   Finished  A MAC over the value Hash(Handshake Context + Certificate +
      CertificateVerify) using a MAC key derived from the base key.

   Because the CertificateVerify signs the Handshake Context +
   Certificate and the Finished MACs the Handshake Context + Certificate
   + CertificateVerify, this is mostly equivalent to keeping a running
   hash of the handshake messages (exactly so in the pure 1-RTT cases).
   Note, however, that subsequent post-handshake authentications do not
   include each other, just the messages through the end of the main
   handshake.

   The following table defines the Handshake Context and MAC Base Key
   for each scenario:

   +------------+-----------------------------+------------------------+
   | Mode       | Handshake Context           | Base Key               |
   +------------+-----------------------------+------------------------+
   | Server     | ClientHello ... later of En | server_handshake_traff |
   |            | cryptedExtensions/Certifica | ic_secret              |
   |            | teRequest                   |                        |
   |            |                             |                        |
   | Client     | ClientHello ...             | client_handshake_traff |
   |            | ServerFinished              | ic_secret              |
   |            |                             |                        |
   | Post-      | ClientHello ...             | client_traffic_secret_ |
   | Handshake  | ClientFinished +            | N                      |
   |            | CertificateRequest          |                        |
   +------------+-----------------------------+------------------------+

   In all cases, the handshake context is formed by concatenating the
   indicated handshake messages, including the handshake message type
   and length fields.

4.4.1.  Certificate

   The server MUST send a Certificate message whenever the agreed-upon
   key exchange method uses certificates for authentication (this
   includes all key exchange methods defined in this document except




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   PSK).  This message conveys the endpoint's certificate chain to the
   peer.

   The client MUST send a Certificate message if and only if the server
   has requested client authentication via a CertificateRequest message
   (Section 4.3.2).  If the server requests client authentication but no
   suitable certificate is available, the client MUST send a Certificate
   message containing no certificates (i.e., with the "certificate_list"
   field having length 0).

   Structure of this message:

      opaque ASN1Cert<1..2^24-1>;

      struct {
          ASN1Cert cert_data;
          Extension extensions<0..2^16-1>;
      } CertificateEntry;

      struct {
          opaque certificate_request_context<0..2^8-1>;
          CertificateEntry certificate_list<0..2^24-1>;
      } Certificate;

   certificate_request_context  If this message is in response to a
      CertificateRequest, the value of certificate_request_context in
      that message.  Otherwise, in the case of server authentication
      this field SHALL be zero length.

   certificate_list  This is a sequence (chain) of CertificateEntry
      structures, each containing a single certificate and set of
      extensions.  The sender's certificate MUST come in the first
      CertificateEntry in the list.  Each following certificate SHOULD
      directly certify one preceding it.  Because certificate validation
      requires that trust anchors be distributed independently, a
      certificate that specifies a trust anchor MAY be omitted from the
      chain, provided that supported peers are known to possess any
      omitted certificates.

   extensions:  A set of extension values for the CertificateEntry.  The
      "Extension" format is defined in Section 4.2.  Valid extensions
      include OCSP Status extensions ([RFC6066] and [RFC6961]) and
      SignedCertificateTimestamps ([RFC6962]).  Any extension presented
      in a Certificate message must only be presented if the
      corresponding ClientHello extension was presented in the initial
      handshake.  If an extension applies the the entire chain, it
      SHOULD be included in the first CertificateEntry.




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   Note: Prior to TLS 1.3, "certificate_list" ordering required each
   certificate to certify the one immediately preceding it, however some
   implementations allowed some flexibility.  Servers sometimes send
   both a current and deprecated intermediate for transitional purposes,
   and others are simply configured incorrectly, but these cases can
   nonetheless be validated properly.  For maximum compatibility, all
   implementations SHOULD be prepared to handle potentially extraneous
   certificates and arbitrary orderings from any TLS version, with the
   exception of the end-entity certificate which MUST be first.

   The server's certificate list MUST always be non-empty.  A client
   will send an empty certificate list if it does not have an
   appropriate certificate to send in response to the server's
   authentication request.

4.4.1.1.  OCSP Status and SCT Extensions

   [RFC6066] and [RFC6961] provide extensions to negotiate the server
   sending OCSP responses to the client.  In TLS 1.2 and below, the
   server sends an empty extension to indicate negotiation of this
   extension and the OCSP information is carried in a CertificateStatus
   message.  In TLS 1.3, the server's OCSP information is carried in an
   extension in the CertificateEntry containing the associated
   certificate.  Specifically: The body of the "status_request" or
   "status_request_v2" extension from the server MUST be a
   CertificateStatus structure as defined in [RFC6066] and [RFC6961]
   respectively.

   Similarly, [RFC6962] provides a mechanism for a server to send a
   Signed Certificate Timestamp (SCT) as an extension in the
   ServerHello.  In TLS 1.3, the server's SCT information is carried in
   an extension in CertificateEntry.

4.4.1.2.  Server Certificate Selection

   The following rules apply to the certificates sent by the server:

   -  The certificate type MUST be X.509v3 [RFC5280], unless explicitly
      negotiated otherwise (e.g., [RFC5081]).

   -  The server's end-entity certificate's public key (and associated
      restrictions) MUST be compatible with the selected authentication
      algorithm (currently RSA or ECDSA).

   -  The certificate MUST allow the key to be used for signing (i.e.,
      the digitalSignature bit MUST be set if the Key Usage extension is
      present) with a signature scheme indicated in the client's
      "signature_algorithms" extension.



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   -  The "server_name" and "trusted_ca_keys" extensions [RFC6066] are
      used to guide certificate selection.  As servers MAY require the
      presence of the "server_name" extension, clients SHOULD send this
      extension, when applicable.

   All certificates provided by the server MUST be signed by a signature
   algorithm that appears in the "signature_algorithms" extension
   provided by the client, if they are able to provide such a chain (see
   Section 4.2.3).  Certificates that are self-signed or certificates
   that are expected to be trust anchors are not validated as part of
   the chain and therefore MAY be signed with any algorithm.

   If the server cannot produce a certificate chain that is signed only
   via the indicated supported algorithms, then it SHOULD continue the
   handshake by sending the client a certificate chain of its choice
   that may include algorithms that are not known to be supported by the
   client.  This fallback chain MAY use the deprecated SHA-1 hash
   algorithm only if the "signature_algorithms" extension provided by
   the client permits it.  If the client cannot construct an acceptable
   chain using the provided certificates and decides to abort the
   handshake, then it MUST abort the handshake with an
   "unsupported_certificate" alert.

   If the server has multiple certificates, it chooses one of them based
   on the above-mentioned criteria (in addition to other criteria, such
   as transport layer endpoint, local configuration and preferences).

4.4.1.3.  Client Certificate Selection

   The following rules apply to certificates sent by the client:

   -  The certificate type MUST be X.509v3 [RFC5280], unless explicitly
      negotiated otherwise (e.g., [RFC5081]).

   -  If the certificate_authorities list in the certificate request
      message was non-empty, one of the certificates in the certificate
      chain SHOULD be issued by one of the listed CAs.

   -  The certificates MUST be signed using an acceptable signature
      algorithm, as described in Section 4.3.2.  Note that this relaxes
      the constraints on certificate-signing algorithms found in prior
      versions of TLS.

   -  If the certificate_extensions list in the certificate request
      message was non-empty, the end-entity certificate MUST match the
      extension OIDs recognized by the client, as described in
      Section 4.3.2.




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   Note that, as with the server certificate, there are certificates
   that use algorithm combinations that cannot be currently used with
   TLS.

4.4.1.4.  Receiving a Certificate Message

   In general, detailed certificate validation procedures are out of
   scope for TLS (see [RFC5280]).  This section provides TLS-specific
   requirements.

   If the server supplies an empty Certificate message, the client MUST
   abort the handshake with a "decode_error" alert.

   If the client does not send any certificates, the server MAY at its
   discretion either continue the handshake without client
   authentication, or abort the handshake with a "certificate_required"
   alert.  Also, if some aspect of the certificate chain was
   unacceptable (e.g., it was not signed by a known, trusted CA), the
   server MAY at its discretion either continue the handshake
   (considering the client unauthenticated) or abort the handshake.

   Any endpoint receiving any certificate signed using any signature
   algorithm using an MD5 hash MUST abort the handshake with a
   "bad_certificate" alert.  SHA-1 is deprecated and it is RECOMMENDED
   that any endpoint receiving any certificate signed using any
   signature algorithm using a SHA-1 hash abort the handshake with a
   "bad_certificate" alert.  All endpoints are RECOMMENDED to transition
   to SHA-256 or better as soon as possible to maintain interoperability
   with implementations currently in the process of phasing out SHA-1
   support.

   Note that a certificate containing a key for one signature algorithm
   MAY be signed using a different signature algorithm (for instance, an
   RSA key signed with an ECDSA key).

4.4.2.  Certificate Verify

   This message is used to provide explicit proof that an endpoint
   possesses the private key corresponding to its certificate and also
   provides integrity for the handshake up to this point.  Servers MUST
   send this message when authenticating via a certificate.  Clients
   MUST send this message whenever authenticating via a Certificate
   (i.e., when the Certificate message is non-empty).  When sent, this
   message MUST appear immediately after the Certificate Message and
   immediately prior to the Finished message.

   Structure of this message:




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      struct {
          SignatureScheme algorithm;
          opaque signature<0..2^16-1>;
      } CertificateVerify;

   The algorithm field specifies the signature algorithm used (see
   Section 4.2.3 for the definition of this field).  The signature is a
   digital signature using that algorithm that covers the hash output
   described in Section 4.4 namely:

      Hash(Handshake Context + Certificate)

   In TLS 1.3, the digital signature process takes as input:

   -  A signing key

   -  A context string

   -  The actual content to be signed

   The digital signature is then computed using the signing key over the
   concatenation of:

   -  64 bytes of octet 32

   -  The context string

   -  A single 0 byte which servers as the separator

   -  The content to be signed

   This structure is intended to prevent an attack on previous versions
   of previous versions of TLS in which the ServerKeyExchange format
   meant that attackers could obtain a signature of a message with a
   chosen, 32-byte prefix.  The initial 64 byte pad clears that prefix.

   The context string for a server signature is "TLS 1.3, server
   CertificateVerify" and for a client signature is "TLS 1.3, client
   CertificateVerify".

   For example, if Hash(Handshake Context + Certificate) was 32 bytes of
   01 (this length would make sense for SHA-256), the input to the final
   signing process for a server CertificateVerify would be:








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      2020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020
      2020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020
      544c5320312e332c207365727665722043657274696669636174655665726966
      79
      00
      0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101

   If sent by a server, the signature algorithm MUST be one offered in
   the client's "signature_algorithms" extension unless no valid
   certificate chain can be produced without unsupported algorithms (see
   Section 4.2.3).

   If sent by a client, the signature algorithm used in the signature
   MUST be one of those present in the supported_signature_algorithms
   field of the CertificateRequest message.

   In addition, the signature algorithm MUST be compatible with the key
   in the sender's end-entity certificate.  RSA signatures MUST use an
   RSASSA-PSS algorithm, regardless of whether RSASSA-PKCS1-v1_5
   algorithms appear in "signature_algorithms".  SHA-1 MUST NOT be used
   in any signatures in CertificateVerify.  All SHA-1 signature
   algorithms in this specification are defined solely for use in legacy
   certificates, and are not valid for CertificateVerify signatures.

   Note: When used with non-certificate-based handshakes (e.g., PSK),
   the client's signature does not cover the server's certificate
   directly.  When the PSK was established through a NewSessionTicket,
   the client's signature transitively covers the server's certificate
   through the PSK binder.  [PSK-FINISHED] describes a concrete attack
   on constructions that do not bind to the server's certificate.  It is
   unsafe to use certificate-based client authentication when the client
   might potentially share the same PSK/key-id pair with two different
   endpoints and implementations MUST NOT combine external PSKs with
   certificate-based authentication.

4.4.3.  Finished

   The Finished message is the final message in the authentication
   block.  It is essential for providing authentication of the handshake
   and of the computed keys.

   Recipients of Finished messages MUST verify that the contents are
   correct.  Once a side has sent its Finished message and received and
   validated the Finished message from its peer, it may begin to send
   and receive application data over the connection.






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   The key used to compute the finished message is computed from the
   Base key defined in Section 4.4 using HKDF (see Section 7.1).
   Specifically:

   finished_key =
       HKDF-Expand-Label(BaseKey, "finished", "", Hash.length)

   Structure of this message:

      struct {
          opaque verify_data[Hash.length];
      } Finished;

   The verify_data value is computed as follows:

      verify_data =
          HMAC(finished_key, Hash(
                                  Handshake Context +
                                  Certificate* +
                                  CertificateVerify*
                             )
          )

      * Only included if present.

   Where HMAC [RFC2104] uses the Hash algorithm for the handshake.  As
   noted above, the HMAC input can generally be implemented by a running
   hash, i.e., just the handshake hash at this point.

   In previous versions of TLS, the verify_data was always 12 octets
   long.  In the current version of TLS, it is the size of the HMAC
   output for the Hash used for the handshake.

   Note: Alerts and any other record types are not handshake messages
   and are not included in the hash computations.

   Any records following a 1-RTT Finished message MUST be encrypted
   under the application traffic key.  In particular, this includes any
   alerts sent by the server in response to client Certificate and
   CertificateVerify messages.

4.5.  Post-Handshake Messages

   TLS also allows other messages to be sent after the main handshake.
   These messages use a handshake content type and are encrypted under
   the application traffic key.





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   Handshake messages sent after the handshake MUST NOT be interleaved
   with other record types.  That is, if a message is split over two or
   more handshake records, there MUST NOT be any other records between
   them.

4.5.1.  New Session Ticket Message

   At any time after the server has received the client Finished
   message, it MAY send a NewSessionTicket message.  This message
   creates a pre-shared key (PSK) binding between the ticket value and
   the resumption master secret.

   The client MAY use this PSK for future handshakes by including the
   ticket value in the "pre_shared_key" extension in its ClientHello
   (Section 4.2.6).  Servers MAY send multiple tickets on a single
   connection, either immediately after each other or after specific
   events.  For instance, the server might send a new ticket after post-
   handshake authentication in order to encapsulate the additional
   client authentication state.  Clients SHOULD attempt to use each
   ticket no more than once, with more recent tickets being used first.

   Any ticket MUST only be resumed with a cipher suite that has the same
   KDF hash as that used to establish the original connection, and if
   the client provides the same SNI value as described in Section 3 of
   [RFC6066].

   Note: Although the resumption master secret depends on the client's
   second flight, servers which do not request client authentication MAY
   compute the remainder of the transcript independently and then send a
   NewSessionTicket immediately upon sending its Finished rather than
   waiting for the client Finished.

      struct {
          uint32 ticket_lifetime;
          uint32 ticket_age_add;
          opaque ticket<1..2^16-1>;
          Extension extensions<0..2^16-2>;
      } NewSessionTicket;

   ticket_lifetime  Indicates the lifetime in seconds as a 32-bit
      unsigned integer in network byte order from the time of ticket
      issuance.  Servers MUST NOT use any value more than 604800 seconds
      (7 days).  The value of zero indicates that the ticket should be
      discarded immediately.  Clients MUST NOT cache session tickets for
      longer than 7 days, regardless of the ticket_lifetime.  It MAY
      delete the ticket earlier based on local policy.  A server MAY
      treat a ticket as valid for a shorter period of time than what is
      stated in the ticket_lifetime.



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   ticket_age_add  A randomly generated 32-bit value that is used to
      obscure the age of the ticket that the client includes in the
      "early_data" extension.  The client-side ticket age is added to
      this value modulo 2^32 to obtain the value that is transmitted by
      the client.

   ticket  The value of the ticket to be used as the PSK identifier.
      The ticket itself is an opaque label.  It MAY either be a database
      lookup key or a self-encrypted and self-authenticated value.
      Section 4 of [RFC5077] describes a recommended ticket construction
      mechanism.

   extensions  A set of extension values for the ticket.  The
      "Extension" format is defined in Section 4.2.  Clients MUST ignore
      unrecognized extensions.

   This document defines one ticket extension, "ticket_early_data_info"

      struct {
          uint32 max_early_data_size;
      } TicketEarlyDataInfo;

   This extension indicates that the ticket may be used to send 0-RTT
   data (Section 4.2.8)).  It contains the following value:

   max_early_data_size  The maximum amount of 0-RTT data that the client
      is allowed to send when using this ticket, in bytes.  Only
      Application Data payload is counted.  A server receiving more than
      max_early_data_size bytes of 0-RTT data SHOULD terminate the
      connection with an "unexpected_message" alert.

4.5.2.  Post-Handshake Authentication

   The server is permitted to request client authentication at any time
   after the handshake has completed by sending a CertificateRequest
   message.  The client SHOULD respond with the appropriate
   Authentication messages.  If the client chooses to authenticate, it
   MUST send Certificate, CertificateVerify, and Finished.  If it
   declines, it MUST send a Certificate message containing no
   certificates followed by Finished.

   Note: Because client authentication may require prompting the user,
   servers MUST be prepared for some delay, including receiving an
   arbitrary number of other messages between sending the
   CertificateRequest and receiving a response.  In addition, clients
   which receive multiple CertificateRequests in close succession MAY
   respond to them in a different order than they were received (the




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   certificate_request_context value allows the server to disambiguate
   the responses).

4.5.3.  Key and IV Update

      enum {
          update_not_requested(0), update_requested(1), (255)
      } KeyUpdateRequest;

      struct {
          KeyUpdateRequest request_update;
      } KeyUpdate;

   request_update  Indicates that the recipient of the KeyUpdate should
      respond with its own KeyUpdate.  If an implementation receives any
      other value, it MUST terminate the connection with an
      "illegal_parameter" alert.

   The KeyUpdate handshake message is used to indicate that the sender
   is updating its sending cryptographic keys.  This message can be sent
   by the server after sending its first flight and the client after
   sending its second flight.  Implementations that receive a KeyUpdate
   message prior to receiving a Finished message as part of the 1-RTT
   handshake MUST terminate the connection with an "unexpected_message"
   alert.  After sending a KeyUpdate message, the sender SHALL send all
   its traffic using the next generation of keys, computed as described
   in Section 7.2.  Upon receiving a KeyUpdate, the receiver MUST update
   its receiving keys.

   If the request_udate field is set to "update_requested" then the
   receiver MUST send a KeyUpdate of its own with request_update set to
   "update_not_requested" prior to sending its next application data
   record.  This mechanism allows either side to force an update to the
   entire connection, but causes an implementation which receives
   multiple KeyUpdates while it is silent to respond with a single
   update.  Note that implementations may receive an arbitrary number of
   messages between sending a KeyUpdate and receiving the peer's
   KeyUpdate because those messages may already be in flight.  However,
   because send and receive keys are derived from independent traffic
   secrets, retaining the receive traffic secret does not threaten the
   forward secrecy of data sent before the sender changed keys.

   If implementations independently send their own KeyUpdates with
   request_update set to "update_requested", and they cross in flight,
   then each side will also send a response, with the result that each
   side increments by two generations.





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   Both sender and receiver MUST encrypt their KeyUpdate messages with
   the old keys.  Additionally, both sides MUST enforce that a KeyUpdate
   with the old key is received before accepting any messages encrypted
   with the new key.  Failure to do so may allow message truncation
   attacks.

4.6.  Handshake Layer and Key Changes

   Handshake messages MUST NOT span key changes.  Because the
   ServerHello, Finished, and KeyUpdate messages signal a key change,
   upon receiving these messages a receiver MUST verify that the end of
   these messages aligns with a record boundary; if not, then it MUST
   terminate the connection with an "unexpected_message" alert.

5.  Record Protocol

   The TLS record protocol takes messages to be transmitted, fragments
   the data into manageable blocks, protects the records, and transmits
   the result.  Received data is decrypted and verified, reassembled,
   and then delivered to higher-level clients.

   TLS records are typed, which allows multiple higher level protocols
   to be multiplexed over the same record layer.  This document
   specifies three content types: handshake, application data, and
   alert.  Implementations MUST NOT send record types not defined in
   this document unless negotiated by some extension.  If a TLS
   implementation receives an unexpected record type, it MUST terminate
   the connection with an "unexpected_message" alert.  New record
   content type values are assigned by IANA in the TLS Content Type
   Registry as described in Section 10.

   Application Data messages are carried by the record layer and are
   fragmented and encrypted as described below.  The messages are
   treated as transparent data to the record layer.

5.1.  Record Layer

   The TLS record layer receives uninterpreted data from higher layers
   in non-empty blocks of arbitrary size.

   The record layer fragments information blocks into TLSPlaintext
   records carrying data in chunks of 2^14 bytes or less.  Message
   boundaries are not preserved in the record layer (i.e., multiple
   messages of the same ContentType MAY be coalesced into a single
   TLSPlaintext record, or a single message MAY be fragmented across
   several records).  Alert messages (Section 6) MUST NOT be fragmented
   across records.




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   enum {
       alert(21),
       handshake(22),
       application_data(23),
       (255)
   } ContentType;

   struct {
       ContentType type;
       ProtocolVersion legacy_record_version = 0x0301;    /* TLS v1.x */
       uint16 length;
       opaque fragment[TLSPlaintext.length];
   } TLSPlaintext;

   type  The higher-level protocol used to process the enclosed
      fragment.

   legacy_record_version  This value MUST be set to 0x0301 for all
      records.  This field is deprecated and MUST be ignored for all
      purposes.

   length  The length (in bytes) of the following TLSPlaintext.fragment.
      The length MUST NOT exceed 2^14.  An endpoint that receives a
      record that exceeds this length MUST terminate the connection with
      a "record_overflow" alert.

   fragment  The data being transmitted.  This value transparent and
      treated as an independent block to be dealt with by the higher-
      level protocol specified by the type field.

   This document describes TLS Version 1.3, which uses the version
   0x0304.  This version value is historical, deriving from the use of
   0x0301 for TLS 1.0 and 0x0300 for SSL 3.0.  In order to maximize
   backwards compatibility, the record layer version identifies as
   simply TLS 1.0.  Endpoints supporting other versions negotiate the
   version to use by following the procedure and requirements in
   Appendix C.

   Implementations MUST NOT send zero-length fragments of Handshake or
   Alert types, even if those fragments contain padding.  Zero-length
   fragments of Application Data MAY be sent as they are potentially
   useful as a traffic analysis countermeasure.

   When record protection has not yet been engaged, TLSPlaintext
   structures are written directly onto the wire.  Once record
   protection has started, TLSPlaintext records are protected and sent
   as described in the following section.




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5.2.  Record Payload Protection

   The record protection functions translate a TLSPlaintext structure
   into a TLSCiphertext.  The deprotection functions reverse the
   process.  In TLS 1.3 as opposed to previous versions of TLS, all
   ciphers are modeled as "Authenticated Encryption with Additional
   Data" (AEAD) [RFC5116].  AEAD functions provide a unified encryption
   and authentication operation which turns plaintext into authenticated
   ciphertext and back again.  Each encrypted record consists of a
   plaintext header followed by an encrypted body, which itself contains
   a type and optional padding.

      struct {
          opaque content[TLSPlaintext.length];
          ContentType type;
          uint8 zeros[length_of_padding];
      } TLSInnerPlaintext;

      struct {
          ContentType opaque_type = 23; /* application_data */
          ProtocolVersion legacy_record_version = 0x0301; /* TLS v1.x */
          uint16 length;
          opaque encrypted_record[length];
      } TLSCiphertext;

   content  The cleartext of TLSPlaintext.fragment.

   type  The content type of the record.

   zeros  An arbitrary-length run of zero-valued bytes may appear in the
      cleartext after the type field.  This provides an opportunity for
      senders to pad any TLS record by a chosen amount as long as the
      total stays within record size limits.  See Section 5.4 for more
      details.

   opaque_type  The outer opaque_type field of a TLSCiphertext record is
      always set to the value 23 (application_data) for outward
      compatibility with middleboxes accustomed to parsing previous
      versions of TLS.  The actual content type of the record is found
      in TLSInnerPlaintext.type after decryption.

   legacy_record_version  The legacy_record_version field is identical
      to TLSPlaintext.legacy_record_version and is always 0x0301.  Note
      that the handshake protocol including the ClientHello and
      ServerHello messages authenticates the protocol version, so this
      value is redundant.





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   length  The length (in bytes) of the following
      TLSCiphertext.fragment, which is the sum of the lengths of the
      content and the padding, plus one for the inner content type.  The
      length MUST NOT exceed 2^14 + 256.  An endpoint that receives a
      record that exceeds this length MUST terminate the connection with
      a "record_overflow" alert.

   encrypted_record  The AEAD encrypted form of the serialized
      TLSInnerPlaintext structure.

   AEAD algorithms take as input a single key, a nonce, a plaintext, and
   "additional data" to be included in the authentication check, as
   described in Section 2.1 of [RFC5116].  The key is either the
   client_write_key or the server_write_key, the nonce is derived from
   the sequence number (see Section 5.3) and the client_write_iv or
   server_write_iv, and the additional data input is empty (zero
   length).  Derivation of traffic keys is defined in Section 7.3.

   The plaintext is the concatenation of TLSPlaintext.fragment,
   TLSPlaintext.type, and any padding bytes (zeros).

   The AEAD output consists of the ciphertext output by the AEAD
   encryption operation.  The length of the plaintext is greater than
   TLSPlaintext.length due to the inclusion of TLSPlaintext.type and
   however much padding is supplied by the sender.  The length of the
   AEAD output will generally be larger than the plaintext, but by an
   amount that varies with the AEAD algorithm.  Since the ciphers might
   incorporate padding, the amount of overhead could vary with different
   lengths of plaintext.  Symbolically,

      AEADEncrypted =
          AEAD-Encrypt(write_key, nonce, plaintext of fragment)

   In order to decrypt and verify, the cipher takes as input the key,
   nonce, and the AEADEncrypted value.  The output is either the
   plaintext or an error indicating that the decryption failed.  There
   is no separate integrity check.  That is:

      plaintext of fragment =
          AEAD-Decrypt(write_key, nonce, AEADEncrypted)

   If the decryption fails, the receiver MUST terminate the connection
   with a "bad_record_mac" alert.

   An AEAD algorithm used in TLS 1.3 MUST NOT produce an expansion of
   greater than 255 bytes.  An endpoint that receives a record from its
   peer with TLSCipherText.length larger than 2^14 + 256 octets MUST
   terminate the connection with a "record_overflow" alert.  This limit



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   is derived from the maximum TLSPlaintext length of 2^14 octets + 1
   octet for ContentType + the maximum AEAD expansion of 255 octets.

5.3.  Per-Record Nonce

   A 64-bit sequence number is maintained separately for reading and
   writing records.  Each sequence number is set to zero at the
   beginning of a connection and whenever the key is changed.

   The sequence number is incremented after reading or writing each
   record.  The first record transmitted under a particular set of
   traffic keys record key MUST use sequence number 0.

   Sequence numbers do not wrap.  If a TLS implementation would need to
   wrap a sequence number, it MUST either rekey (Section 4.5.3) or
   terminate the connection.

   The length of the per-record nonce (iv_length) is set to max(8 bytes,
   N_MIN) for the AEAD algorithm (see [RFC5116] Section 4).  An AEAD
   algorithm where N_MAX is less than 8 bytes MUST NOT be used with TLS.
   The per-record nonce for the AEAD construction is formed as follows:

   1.  The 64-bit record sequence number is padded to the left with
       zeroes to iv_length.

   2.  The padded sequence number is XORed with the static
       client_write_iv or server_write_iv, depending on the role.

   The resulting quantity (of length iv_length) is used as the per-
   record nonce.

   Note: This is a different construction from that in TLS 1.2, which
   specified a partially explicit nonce.

5.4.  Record Padding

   All encrypted TLS records can be padded to inflate the size of the
   TLSCipherText.  This allows the sender to hide the size of the
   traffic from an observer.

   When generating a TLSCiphertext record, implementations MAY choose to
   pad.  An unpadded record is just a record with a padding length of
   zero.  Padding is a string of zero-valued bytes appended to the
   ContentType field before encryption.  Implementations MUST set the
   padding octets to all zeros before encrypting.

   Application Data records may contain a zero-length
   TLSInnerPlaintext.content if the sender desires.  This permits



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   generation of plausibly-sized cover traffic in contexts where the
   presence or absence of activity may be sensitive.  Implementations
   MUST NOT send Handshake or Alert records that have a zero-length
   TLSInnerPlaintext.content.

   The padding sent is automatically verified by the record protection
   mechanism: Upon successful decryption of a TLSCiphertext.fragment,
   the receiving implementation scans the field from the end toward the
   beginning until it finds a non-zero octet.  This non-zero octet is
   the content type of the message.  This padding scheme was selected
   because it allows padding of any encrypted TLS record by an arbitrary
   size (from zero up to TLS record size limits) without introducing new
   content types.  The design also enforces all-zero padding octets,
   which allows for quick detection of padding errors.

   Implementations MUST limit their scanning to the cleartext returned
   from the AEAD decryption.  If a receiving implementation does not
   find a non-zero octet in the cleartext, it MUST terminate the
   connection with an "unexpected_message" alert.

   The presence of padding does not change the overall record size
   limitations - the full fragment plaintext may not exceed 2^14 octets.

   Selecting a padding policy that suggests when and how much to pad is
   a complex topic, and is beyond the scope of this specification.  If
   the application layer protocol atop TLS has its own padding, it may
   be preferable to pad application_data TLS records within the
   application layer.  Padding for encrypted handshake and alert TLS
   records must still be handled at the TLS layer, though.  Later
   documents may define padding selection algorithms, or define a
   padding policy request mechanism through TLS extensions or some other
   means.

5.5.  Limits on Key Usage

   There are cryptographic limits on the amount of plaintext which can
   be safely encrypted under a given set of keys.  [AEAD-LIMITS]
   provides an analysis of these limits under the assumption that the
   underlying primitive (AES or ChaCha20) has no weaknesses.
   Implementations SHOULD do a key update Section 4.5.3 prior to
   reaching these limits.

   For AES-GCM, up to 2^24.5 full-size records (about 24 million) may be
   encrypted on a given connection while keeping a safety margin of
   approximately 2^-57 for Authenticated Encryption (AE) security.  For
   ChaCha20/Poly1305, the record sequence number would wrap before the
   safety limit is reached.




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6.  Alert Protocol

   One of the content types supported by the TLS record layer is the
   alert type.  Like other messages, alert messages are encrypted as
   specified by the current connection state.

   Alert messages convey the severity of the message (warning or fatal)
   and a description of the alert.  Warning-level messages are used to
   indicate orderly closure of the connection or the end of early data
   (see Section 6.1).  Upon receiving a warning-level alert, the TLS
   implementation SHOULD indicate end-of-data to the application and, if
   appropriate for the alert type, send a closure alert in response.

   Fatal-level messages are used to indicate abortive closure of the
   connection (See Section 6.2).  Upon receiving a fatal-level alert,
   the TLS implementation SHOULD indicate an error to the application
   and MUST NOT allow any further data to be sent or received on the
   connection.  Servers and clients MUST forget keys and secrets
   associated with a failed connection.  Stateful implementations of
   session tickets (as in many clients) SHOULD discard tickets
   associated with failed connections.

   All the alerts listed in Section 6.2 MUST be sent as fatal and MUST
   be treated as fatal regardless of the AlertLevel in the message.
   Unknown alert types MUST be treated as fatal.


























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      enum { warning(1), fatal(2), (255) } AlertLevel;

      enum {
          close_notify(0),
          end_of_early_data(1),
          unexpected_message(10),
          bad_record_mac(20),
          record_overflow(22),
          handshake_failure(40),
          bad_certificate(42),
          unsupported_certificate(43),
          certificate_revoked(44),
          certificate_expired(45),
          certificate_unknown(46),
          illegal_parameter(47),
          unknown_ca(48),
          access_denied(49),
          decode_error(50),
          decrypt_error(51),
          protocol_version(70),
          insufficient_security(71),
          internal_error(80),
          inappropriate_fallback(86),
          user_canceled(90),
          missing_extension(109),
          unsupported_extension(110),
          certificate_unobtainable(111),
          unrecognized_name(112),
          bad_certificate_status_response(113),
          bad_certificate_hash_value(114),
          unknown_psk_identity(115),
          certificate_required(116),
          (255)
      } AlertDescription;

      struct {
          AlertLevel level;
          AlertDescription description;
      } Alert;

6.1.  Closure Alerts

   The client and the server must share knowledge that the connection is
   ending in order to avoid a truncation attack.  Failure to properly
   close a connection does not prohibit a session from being resumed.






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   close_notify  This alert notifies the recipient that the sender will
      not send any more messages on this connection.  Any data received
      after a closure MUST be ignored.

   end_of_early_data  This alert is sent by the client to indicate that
      all 0-RTT application_data messages have been transmitted (or none
      will be sent at all) and that this is the end of the flight.  This
      alert MUST be at the warning level.  Servers MUST NOT send this
      alert and clients receiving it MUST terminate the connection with
      an "unexpected_message" alert.

   user_canceled  This alert notifies the recipient that the sender is
      canceling the handshake for some reason unrelated to a protocol
      failure.  If a user cancels an operation after the handshake is
      complete, just closing the connection by sending a "close_notify"
      is more appropriate.  This alert SHOULD be followed by a
      "close_notify".  This alert is generally a warning.

   Either party MAY initiate a close by sending a "close_notify" alert.
   Any data received after a closure alert is ignored.  If a transport-
   level close is received prior to a "close_notify", the receiver
   cannot know that all the data that was sent has been received.

   Each party MUST send a "close_notify" alert before closing the write
   side of the connection, unless some other fatal alert has been
   transmitted.  The other party MUST respond with a "close_notify"
   alert of its own and close down the connection immediately,
   discarding any pending writes.  The initiator of the close need not
   wait for the responding "close_notify" alert before closing the read
   side of the connection.

   If the application protocol using TLS provides that any data may be
   carried over the underlying transport after the TLS connection is
   closed, the TLS implementation must receive the responding
   "close_notify" alert before indicating to the application layer that
   the TLS connection has ended.  If the application protocol will not
   transfer any additional data, but will only close the underlying
   transport connection, then the implementation MAY choose to close the
   transport without waiting for the responding "close_notify".  No part
   of this standard should be taken to dictate the manner in which a
   usage profile for TLS manages its data transport, including when
   connections are opened or closed.

   Note: It is assumed that closing a connection reliably delivers
   pending data before destroying the transport.






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6.2.  Error Alerts

   Error handling in the TLS Handshake Protocol is very simple.  When an
   error is detected, the detecting party sends a message to its peer.
   Upon transmission or receipt of a fatal alert message, both parties
   immediately close the connection.

   Whenever an implementation encounters a fatal error condition, it
   SHOULD send an appropriate fatal alert and MUST close the connection
   without sending or receiving any additional data.  In the rest of
   this specification, the phrase "{terminate the connection, abort the
   handshake}" is used without a specific alert means that the
   implementation SHOULD send the alert indicated by the descriptions
   below.  The phrase "{terminate the connection, abort the handshake}
   with a X alert" MUST send alert X if it sends any alert.  All alerts
   defined in this section below, as well as all unknown alerts are
   universally considered fatal as of TLS 1.3 (see Section 6).

   The following error alerts are defined:

   unexpected_message  An inappropriate message (e.g., the wrong
      handshake message, premature application data, etc.) was received.
      This alert should never be observed in communication between
      proper implementations.

   bad_record_mac  This alert is returned if a record is received which
      cannot be deprotected.  Because AEAD algorithms combine decryption
      and verification, this alert is used for all deprotection
      failures.  This alert should never be observed in communication
      between proper implementations, except when messages were
      corrupted in the network.

   record_overflow  A TLSCiphertext record was received that had a
      length more than 2^14 + 256 bytes, or a record decrypted to a
      TLSPlaintext record with more than 2^14 bytes.  This alert should
      never be observed in communication between proper implementations,
      except when messages were corrupted in the network.

   handshake_failure  Reception of a "handshake_failure" alert message
      indicates that the sender was unable to negotiate an acceptable
      set of security parameters given the options available.

   bad_certificate  A certificate was corrupt, contained signatures that
      did not verify correctly, etc.

   unsupported_certificate  A certificate was of an unsupported type.

   certificate_revoked  A certificate was revoked by its signer.



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   certificate_expired  A certificate has expired or is not currently
      valid.

   certificate_unknown  Some other (unspecified) issue arose in
      processing the certificate, rendering it unacceptable.

   illegal_parameter  A field in the handshake was incorrect or
      inconsistent with other fields.  This alert is used for errors
      which conform to the formal protocol syntax but are otherwise
      incorrect.

   unknown_ca  A valid certificate chain or partial chain was received,
      but the certificate was not accepted because the CA certificate
      could not be located or couldn't be matched with a known, trusted
      CA.

   access_denied  A valid certificate or PSK was received, but when
      access control was applied, the sender decided not to proceed with
      negotiation.

   decode_error  A message could not be decoded because some field was
      out of the specified range or the length of the message was
      incorrect.  This alert is used for errors where the message does
      not conform to the formal protocol syntax.  This alert should
      never be observed in communication between proper implementations,
      except when messages were corrupted in the network.

   decrypt_error  A handshake cryptographic operation failed, including
      being unable to correctly verify a signature or validate a
      Finished message or a PSK binder.

   protocol_version  The protocol version the peer has attempted to
      negotiate is recognized but not supported. (see Appendix C)

   insufficient_security  Returned instead of "handshake_failure" when a
      negotiation has failed specifically because the server requires
      parameters more secure than those supported by the client.

   internal_error  An internal error unrelated to the peer or the
      correctness of the protocol (such as a memory allocation failure)
      makes it impossible to continue.

   inappropriate_fallback  Sent by a server in response to an invalid
      connection retry attempt from a client. (see [RFC7507])

   missing_extension  Sent by endpoints that receive a hello message not
      containing an extension that is mandatory to send for the offered
      TLS version or other negotiated parameters.



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   unsupported_extension  Sent by endpoints receiving any hello message
      containing an extension known to be prohibited for inclusion in
      the given hello message, including any extensions in a ServerHello
      or Certificate not first offered in the corresponding ClientHello.

   certificate_unobtainable  Sent by servers when unable to obtain a
      certificate from a URL provided by the client via the
      "client_certificate_url" extension [RFC6066].

   unrecognized_name  Sent by servers when no server exists identified
      by the name provided by the client via the "server_name" extension
      [RFC6066].

   bad_certificate_status_response  Sent by clients when an invalid or
      unacceptable OCSP response is provided by the server via the
      "status_request" extension [RFC6066].

   bad_certificate_hash_value  Sent by servers when a retrieved object
      does not have the correct hash provided by the client via the
      "client_certificate_url" extension [RFC6066].

   unknown_psk_identity  Sent by servers when PSK key establishment is
      desired but no acceptable PSK identity is provided by the client.
      Sending this alert is OPTIONAL; servers MAY instead choose to send
      a "decrypt_error" alert to merely indicate an invalid PSK
      identity.

   certificate_required  Sent by servers when a client certificate is
      desired but none was provided by the client.

   New Alert values are assigned by IANA as described in Section 10.

7.  Cryptographic Computations

   In order to begin connection protection, the TLS Record Protocol
   requires specification of a suite of algorithms, a master secret, and
   the client and server random values.

7.1.  Key Schedule

   The TLS handshake establishes one or more input secrets which are
   combined to create the actual working keying material, as detailed
   below.  The key derivation process makes use of the HKDF-Extract and
   HKDF-Expand functions as defined for HKDF [RFC5869], as well as the
   functions defined below:






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       HKDF-Expand-Label(Secret, Label, HashValue, Length) =
            HKDF-Expand(Secret, HkdfLabel, Length)

       Where HkdfLabel is specified as:

       struct {
           uint16 length = Length;
           opaque label<9..255> = "TLS 1.3, " + Label;
           opaque hash_value<0..255> = HashValue;
       } HkdfLabel;

       Derive-Secret(Secret, Label, Messages) =
            HKDF-Expand-Label(Secret, Label,
                              Hash(Messages), Hash.Length)

   The Hash function and the HKDF hash are the cipher suite hash
   algorithm.  Hash.length is its output length.

   Given a set of n InputSecrets, the final "master secret" is computed
   by iteratively invoking HKDF-Extract with InputSecret_1,
   InputSecret_2, etc.  The initial secret is simply a string of zeroes
   as long as the size of the Hash that is the basis for the HKDF.
   Concretely, for the present version of TLS 1.3, secrets are added in
   the following order:

   -  PSK

   -  (EC)DHE shared secret

   This produces a full key derivation schedule shown in the diagram
   below.  In this diagram, the following formatting conventions apply:

   -  HKDF-Extract is drawn as taking the Salt argument from the top and
      the IKM argument from the left.

   -  Derive-Secret's Secret argument is indicated by the arrow coming
      in from the left.  For instance, the Early Secret is the Secret
      for generating the client_early_traffic_secret.

                 0
                 |
                 v
   PSK ->  HKDF-Extract
                 |
                 v
           Early Secret
                 |
                 +------> Derive-Secret(.,



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                 |                      "external psk binder key" |
                 |                      "resumption psk binder key",
                 |                      "")
                 |                     = binder_key
                 |
                 +------> Derive-Secret(., "client early traffic secret",
                 |                      ClientHello)
                 |                     = client_early_traffic_secret
                 |
                 +-----> Derive-Secret(., "early exporter master secret",
                 |                     ClientHello)
                 |                     = early_exporter_secret
                 v
(EC)DHE -> HKDF-Extract
                 |
                 v
         Handshake Secret
                 |
                 +-----> Derive-Secret(., "client handshake traffic secret",
                 |                     ClientHello...ServerHello)
                 |                     = client_handshake_traffic_secret
                 |
                 +-----> Derive-Secret(., "server handshake traffic secret",
                 |                     ClientHello...ServerHello)
                 |                     = server_handshake_traffic_secret
                 |
                 v
      0 -> HKDF-Extract
                 |
                 v
            Master Secret
                 |
                 +-----> Derive-Secret(., "client application traffic secret",
                 |                     ClientHello...Server Finished)
                 |                     = client_traffic_secret_0
                 |
                 +-----> Derive-Secret(., "server application traffic secret",
                 |                     ClientHello...Server Finished)
                 |                     = server_traffic_secret_0
                 |
                 +-----> Derive-Secret(., "exporter master secret",
                 |                     ClientHello...Server Finished)
                 |                     = exporter_secret
                 |
                 +-----> Derive-Secret(., "resumption master secret",
                                       ClientHello...Client Finished)
                                       = resumption_secret




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   The general pattern here is that the secrets shown down the left side
   of the diagram are just raw entropy without context, whereas the
   secrets down the right side include handshake context and therefore
   can be used to derive working keys without additional context.  Note
   that the different calls to Derive-Secret may take different Messages
   arguments, even with the same secret.  In a 0-RTT exchange, Derive-
   Secret is called with four distinct transcripts; in a 1-RTT only
   exchange with three distinct transcripts.

   If a given secret is not available, then the 0-value consisting of a
   string of Hash.length zeroes is used.  Note that this does not mean
   skipping rounds, so if PSK is not in use Early Secret will still be
   HKDF-Extract(0, 0).  For the computation of the binder_secret, the
   label is "external psk binder key" for external PSKs and "resumption
   psk binder key" for resumption PSKs.  The different labels prevents
   the substitution of one type of PSK for the other.

   There are multiple potential Early Secret values depending on which
   PSK the server ultimately selects.  The client will need to compute
   one for each potential PSK; if no PSK is selected, it will then need
   to compute the early secret corresponding to the zero PSK.

7.2.  Updating Traffic Keys and IVs

   Once the handshake is complete, it is possible for either side to
   update its sending traffic keys using the KeyUpdate handshake message
   defined in Section 4.5.3.  The next generation of traffic keys is
   computed by generating client_/server_traffic_secret_N+1 from
   client_/server_traffic_secret_N as described in this section then re-
   deriving the traffic keys as described in Section 7.3.

   The next-generation traffic_secret is computed as:

    traffic_secret_N+1 = HKDF-Expand-Label(
                             traffic_secret_N,
                             "application traffic secret", "", Hash.length)

   Once client/server_traffic_secret_N+1 and its associated traffic keys
   have been computed, implementations SHOULD delete client_/
   server_traffic_secret_N and its associated traffic keys.

7.3.  Traffic Key Calculation

   The traffic keying material is generated from the following input
   values:

   -  A secret value




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   -  A purpose value indicating the specific value being generated

   -  The length of the key

   The traffic keying material is generated from an input traffic secret
   value using:

    [sender]_write_key = HKDF-Expand-Label(Secret, "key", "", key_length)
    [sender]_write_iv = HKDF-Expand-Label(Secret, "iv", "", iv_length)

   [sender] denotes the sending side.  The Secret value for each record
   type is shown in the table below.

         +-------------------+-----------------------------------+
         | Record Type       | Secret                            |
         +-------------------+-----------------------------------+
         | 0-RTT Application | client_early_traffic_secret       |
         |                   |                                   |
         | Handshake         | [sender]_handshake_traffic_secret |
         |                   |                                   |
         | Application Data  | [sender]_traffic_secret_N         |
         +-------------------+-----------------------------------+

   All the traffic keying material is recomputed whenever the underlying
   Secret changes (e.g., when changing from the handshake to application
   data keys or upon a key update).

7.3.1.  Diffie-Hellman

   A conventional Diffie-Hellman computation is performed.  The
   negotiated key (Z) is converted to byte string by encoding in big-
   endian, padded with zeros up to the size of the prime.  This byte
   string is used as the shared secret, and is used in the key schedule
   as specified above.

   Note that this construction differs from previous versions of TLS
   which remove leading zeros.

7.3.2.  Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman

   For secp256r1, secp384r1 and secp521r1, ECDH calculations (including
   parameter and key generation as well as the shared secret
   calculation) are performed according to [IEEE1363] using the ECKAS-
   DH1 scheme with the identity map as key derivation function (KDF), so
   that the shared secret is the x-coordinate of the ECDH shared secret
   elliptic curve point represented as an octet string.  Note that this
   octet string (Z in IEEE 1363 terminology) as output by FE2OSP, the
   Field Element to Octet String Conversion Primitive, has constant



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   length for any given field; leading zeros found in this octet string
   MUST NOT be truncated.

   (Note that this use of the identity KDF is a technicality.  The
   complete picture is that ECDH is employed with a non-trivial KDF
   because TLS does not directly use this secret for anything other than
   for computing other secrets.)

   ECDH functions are used as follows:

   -  The public key to put into the KeyShareEntry.key_exchange
      structure is the result of applying the ECDH function to the
      secret key of appropriate length (into scalar input) and the
      standard public basepoint (into u-coordinate point input).

   -  The ECDH shared secret is the result of applying ECDH function to
      the secret key (into scalar input) and the peer's public key (into
      u-coordinate point input).  The output is used raw, with no
      processing.

   For X25519 and X448, see [RFC7748].

7.3.3.  Exporters

   [RFC5705] defines keying material exporters for TLS in terms of the
   TLS PRF.  This document replaces the PRF with HKDF, thus requiring a
   new construction.  The exporter interface remains the same.  If
   context is provided, the value is computed as:

   HKDF-Expand-Label(Secret, label, context_value, key_length)

   Where Secret is either the early_exporter_secret or the
   exporter_secret.  Implementations MUST use the exporter_secret unless
   explicitly specified by the application.  When adding TLS 1.3 to TLS
   1.2 stacks, the exporter_secret MUST be for the existing exporter
   interface.

   If no context is provided, the value is computed as:

   HKDF-Expand-Label(Secret, label, "", key_length)

   Note that providing no context computes the same value as providing
   an empty context.  As of this document's publication, no allocated
   exporter label is used with both modes.  Future specifications MUST
   NOT provide an empty context and no context with the same label and
   SHOULD provide a context, possibly empty, in all exporter
   computations.




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8.  Compliance Requirements

8.1.  MTI Cipher Suites

   In the absence of an application profile standard specifying
   otherwise, a TLS-compliant application MUST implement the
   TLS_AES_128_GCM_SHA256 cipher suite and SHOULD implement the
   TLS_AES_256_GCM_SHA384 and TLS_CHACHA20_POLY1305_SHA256 cipher
   suites. (see Appendix A.4)

   A TLS-compliant application MUST support digital signatures with
   rsa_pkcs1_sha256 (for certificates), rsa_pss_sha256 (for
   CertificateVerify and certificates), and ecdsa_secp256r1_sha256.  A
   TLS-compliant application MUST support key exchange with secp256r1
   (NIST P-256) and SHOULD support key exchange with X25519 [RFC7748].

8.2.  MTI Extensions

   In the absence of an application profile standard specifying
   otherwise, a TLS-compliant application MUST implement the following
   TLS extensions:

   -  Supported Versions ("supported_versions"; Section 4.2.1)

   -  Cookie ("cookie"; Section 4.2.2)

   -  Signature Algorithms ("signature_algorithms"; Section 4.2.3)

   -  Negotiated Groups ("supported_groups"; Section 4.2.4)

   -  Key Share ("key_share"; Section 4.2.5)

   -  Pre-Shared Key ("pre_shared_key"; Section 4.2.6)

   -  Server Name Indication ("server_name"; Section 3 of [RFC6066])

   All implementations MUST send and use these extensions when offering
   applicable features:

   -  "supported_versions" is REQUIRED for all ClientHello messages.

   -  "signature_algorithms" is REQUIRED for certificate authentication.

   -  "supported_groups" and "key_share" are REQUIRED for DHE or ECDHE
      key exchange.

   -  "pre_shared_key" is REQUIRED for PSK key agreement.




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   A client is considered to be attempting to negotiate using this
   specification if the ClientHello contains a "supported_versions"
   extension with a version indicating TLS 1.3.  Such a ClientHello
   message MUST meet the following requirements:

   -  If not containing a "pre_shared_key" extension, it MUST contain
      both a "signature_algorithms" extension and a "supported_groups"
      extension.

   -  If containing a "supported_groups" extension, it MUST also contain
      a "key_share" extension, and vice versa. (an empty
      KeyShare.client_shares vector is permitted)

   Servers receiving a ClientHello which does not conform to these
   requirements MUST abort the handshake with a "missing_extension"
   alert.

   Additionally, all implementations MUST support use of the
   "server_name" extension with applications capable of using it.
   Servers MAY require clients to send a valid "server_name" extension.
   Servers requiring this extension SHOULD respond to a ClientHello
   lacking a "server_name" extension by terminating the connection with
   a "missing_extension" alert.

9.  Security Considerations

   Security issues are discussed throughout this memo, especially in
   Appendix B, Appendix C, and Appendix D.

10.  IANA Considerations

   This document uses several registries that were originally created in
   [RFC4346].  IANA has updated these to reference this document.  The
   registries and their allocation policies are below:

   -  TLS Cipher Suite Registry: Values with the first byte in the range
      0-254 (decimal) are assigned via Specification Required [RFC5226].
      Values with the first byte 255 (decimal) are reserved for Private
      Use [RFC5226].

      IANA [SHALL add/has added] the cipher suites listed in
      Appendix A.4 to the registry.  The "Value" and "Description"
      columns are taken from the table.  The "DTLS-OK" and "Recommended"
      columns are both marked as "Yes" for each new cipher suite.
      [[This assumes [I-D.sandj-tls-iana-registry-updates] has been
      applied.]]





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   -  TLS ContentType Registry: Future values are allocated via
      Standards Action [RFC5226].

   -  TLS Alert Registry: Future values are allocated via Standards
      Action [RFC5226].  IANA [SHALL update/has updated] this registry
      to include values for "end_of_early_data" and "missing_extension".

   -  TLS HandshakeType Registry: Future values are allocated via
      Standards Action [RFC5226].  IANA [SHALL update/has updated] this
      registry to rename item 4 from "NewSessionTicket" to
      "new_session_ticket" and to add the "hello_retry_request",
      "encrypted_extensions", and "key_update" values.

   This document also uses a registry originally created in [RFC4366].
   IANA has updated it to reference this document.  The registry and its
   allocation policy is listed below:

   -  TLS ExtensionType Registry: Values with the first byte in the
      range 0-254 (decimal) are assigned via Specification Required
      [RFC5226].  Values with the first byte 255 (decimal) are reserved
      for Private Use [RFC5226].  IANA [SHALL update/has updated] this
      registry to include the "key_share", "pre_shared_key", and
      "early_data" extensions as defined in this document.

      IANA [shall update/has updated] this registry to add a
      "Recommended" column.  IANA [shall/has] initially populated this
      column with the values in the table below.  This table has been
      generated by marking Standards Track RFCs as "Yes" and all others
      as "No".

      IANA [shall update/has updated] this registry to include a "TLS
      1.3" column with the following six values: "Client", indicating
      that the server shall not send them.  "Clear", indicating that
      they shall be in the ServerHello.  "Encrypted", indicating that
      they shall be in the EncryptedExtensions block, "Certificate"
      indicating that they shall be in the Certificate block, "Ticket"
      indicating that they can appear in the NewSessionTicket message
      (only) and "No" indicating that they are not used in TLS 1.3.
      This column [shall be/has been] initially populated with the
      values in this document.

      IANA [shall update/has updated] this registry to include a
      "HelloRetryRequest" column with the following two values: "Yes",
      indicating it may be sent in HelloRetryRequest, and "No",
      indicating it may not be sent in HelloRetryRequest.  This column
      [shall be/has been] initially populated with the values in this
      document.




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   +-----------------------------+----------+----------+---------------+
   | Extension                   | Recommen |  TLS 1.3 | HelloRetryReq |
   |                             |      ded |          |          uest |
   +-----------------------------+----------+----------+---------------+
   | server_name [RFC6066]       |      Yes | Encrypte |            No |
   |                             |          |        d |               |
   |                             |          |          |               |
   | max_fragment_length         |      Yes | Encrypte |            No |
   | [RFC6066]                   |          |        d |               |
   |                             |          |          |               |
   | client_certificate_url      |      Yes | Encrypte |            No |
   | [RFC6066]                   |          |        d |               |
   |                             |          |          |               |
   | trusted_ca_keys [RFC6066]   |      Yes | Encrypte |            No |
   |                             |          |        d |               |
   |                             |          |          |               |
   | truncated_hmac [RFC6066]    |      Yes |       No |            No |
   |                             |          |          |               |
   | status_request [RFC6066]    |      Yes | Certific |            No |
   |                             |          |      ate |               |
   |                             |          |          |               |
   | user_mapping [RFC4681]      |      Yes | Encrypte |            No |
   |                             |          |        d |               |
   |                             |          |          |               |
   | client_authz [RFC5878]      |       No |       No |            No |
   |                             |          |          |               |
   | server_authz [RFC5878]      |       No |       No |            No |
   |                             |          |          |               |
   | cert_type [RFC6091]         |      Yes | Encrypte |            No |
   |                             |          |        d |               |
   |                             |          |          |               |
   | supported_groups [RFC7919]  |      Yes | Encrypte |            No |
   |                             |          |        d |               |
   |                             |          |          |               |
   | ec_point_formats [RFC4492]  |      Yes |       No |            No |
   |                             |          |          |               |
   | srp [RFC5054]               |       No |       No |            No |
   |                             |          |          |               |
   | signature_algorithms        |      Yes |   Client |            No |
   | [RFC5246]                   |          |          |               |
   |                             |          |          |               |
   | use_srtp [RFC5764]          |      Yes | Encrypte |            No |
   |                             |          |        d |               |
   |                             |          |          |               |
   | heartbeat [RFC6520]         |      Yes | Encrypte |            No |
   |                             |          |        d |               |
   |                             |          |          |               |
   | application_layer_protocol_ |      Yes | Encrypte |            No |



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   | negotiation [RFC7301]       |          |        d |               |
   |                             |          |          |               |
   | status_request_v2 [RFC6961] |      Yes | Certific |            No |
   |                             |          |      ate |               |
   |                             |          |          |               |
   | signed_certificate_timestam |       No | Certific |            No |
   | p [RFC6962]                 |          |      ate |               |
   |                             |          |          |               |
   | client_certificate_type     |      Yes | Encrypte |            No |
   | [RFC7250]                   |          |        d |               |
   |                             |          |          |               |
   | server_certificate_type     |      Yes | Certific |            No |
   | [RFC7250]                   |          |      ate |               |
   |                             |          |          |               |
   | padding [RFC7685]           |      Yes |   Client |            No |
   |                             |          |          |               |
   | encrypt_then_mac [RFC7366]  |      Yes |       No |            No |
   |                             |          |          |               |
   | extended_master_secret      |      Yes |       No |            No |
   | [RFC7627]                   |          |          |               |
   |                             |          |          |               |
   | SessionTicket TLS [RFC4507] |      Yes |       No |            No |
   |                             |          |          |               |
   | renegotiation_info          |      Yes |       No |            No |
   | [RFC5746]                   |          |          |               |
   |                             |          |          |               |
   | key_share [[this document]] |      Yes |    Clear |           Yes |
   |                             |          |          |               |
   | pre_shared_key [[this       |      Yes |    Clear |            No |
   | document]]                  |          |          |               |
   |                             |          |          |               |
   | psk_key_exchange_modes      |      Yes |   Client |            No |
   | [[this document]]           |          |          |               |
   |                             |          |          |               |
   | early_data [[this           |      Yes | Encrypte |            No |
   | document]]                  |          |        d |               |
   |                             |          |          |               |
   | cookie [[this document]]    |      Yes |   Client |           Yes |
   |                             |          |          |               |
   | supported_versions [[this   |      Yes |   Client |            No |
   | document]]                  |          |          |               |
   |                             |          |          |               |
   | ticket_early_data_info      |      Yes |   Ticket |            No |
   | [[this document]]           |          |          |               |
   +-----------------------------+----------+----------+---------------+

   IANA [SHALL update/has updated] this registry to include the values
   listed above that correspond to this document.



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   In addition, this document defines two new registries to be
   maintained by IANA

   -  TLS SignatureScheme Registry: Values with the first byte in the
      range 0-254 (decimal) are assigned via Specification Required
      [RFC5226].  Values with the first byte 255 (decimal) are reserved
      for Private Use [RFC5226].  Values with the first byte in the
      range 0-6 or with the second byte in the range 0-3 that are not
      currently allocated are reserved for backwards compatibility.
      This registry SHALL have a "Recommended" column.  The registry
      [shall be/ has been] initially populated with the values described
      in Section 4.2.3.  The following values SHALL be marked as
      "Recommended": ecdsa_secp256r1_sha256, ecdsa_secp384r1_sha384,
      rsa_pss_sha256, rsa_pss_sha384, rsa_pss_sha512, ed25519.

   Finally, this document obsoletes the TLS HashAlgorithm Registry and
   the TLS SignatureAlgorithm Registry, both originally created in
   [RFC5246].  IANA [SHALL update/has updated] the TLS HashAlgorithm
   Registry to list values 7-223 as "Reserved" and the TLS
   SignatureAlgorithm Registry to list values 4-233 as "Reserved".

11.  References

11.1.  Normative References

   [AES]      National Institute of Standards and Technology,
              "Specification for the Advanced Encryption Standard
              (AES)", NIST FIPS 197, November 2001.

   [DH]       Diffie, W. and M. Hellman, "New Directions in
              Cryptography", IEEE Transactions on Information Theory,
              V.IT-22 n.6 , June 1977.

   [I-D.irtf-cfrg-eddsa]
              Josefsson, S. and I. Liusvaara, "Edwards-curve Digital
              Signature Algorithm (EdDSA)", draft-irtf-cfrg-eddsa-08
              (work in progress), August 2016.

   [RFC2104]  Krawczyk, H., Bellare, M., and R. Canetti, "HMAC: Keyed-
              Hashing for Message Authentication", RFC 2104,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2104, February 1997,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2104>.

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.




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   [RFC3447]  Jonsson, J. and B. Kaliski, "Public-Key Cryptography
              Standards (PKCS) #1: RSA Cryptography Specifications
              Version 2.1", RFC 3447, DOI 10.17487/RFC3447, February
              2003, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3447>.

   [RFC5226]  Narten, T. and H. Alvestrand, "Guidelines for Writing an
              IANA Considerations Section in RFCs", BCP 26, RFC 5226,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC5226, May 2008,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5226>.

   [RFC5280]  Cooper, D., Santesson, S., Farrell, S., Boeyen, S.,
              Housley, R., and W. Polk, "Internet X.509 Public Key
              Infrastructure Certificate and Certificate Revocation List
              (CRL) Profile", RFC 5280, DOI 10.17487/RFC5280, May 2008,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5280>.

   [RFC5705]  Rescorla, E., "Keying Material Exporters for Transport
              Layer Security (TLS)", RFC 5705, DOI 10.17487/RFC5705,
              March 2010, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5705>.

   [RFC5869]  Krawczyk, H. and P. Eronen, "HMAC-based Extract-and-Expand
              Key Derivation Function (HKDF)", RFC 5869,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC5869, May 2010,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5869>.

   [RFC6066]  Eastlake 3rd, D., "Transport Layer Security (TLS)
              Extensions: Extension Definitions", RFC 6066,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC6066, January 2011,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6066>.

   [RFC6655]  McGrew, D. and D. Bailey, "AES-CCM Cipher Suites for
              Transport Layer Security (TLS)", RFC 6655,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC6655, July 2012,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6655>.

   [RFC6961]  Pettersen, Y., "The Transport Layer Security (TLS)
              Multiple Certificate Status Request Extension", RFC 6961,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC6961, June 2013,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6961>.

   [RFC6962]  Laurie, B., Langley, A., and E. Kasper, "Certificate
              Transparency", RFC 6962, DOI 10.17487/RFC6962, June 2013,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6962>.

   [RFC6979]  Pornin, T., "Deterministic Usage of the Digital Signature
              Algorithm (DSA) and Elliptic Curve Digital Signature
              Algorithm (ECDSA)", RFC 6979, DOI 10.17487/RFC6979, August
              2013, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6979>.



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   [RFC7539]  Nir, Y. and A. Langley, "ChaCha20 and Poly1305 for IETF
              Protocols", RFC 7539, DOI 10.17487/RFC7539, May 2015,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7539>.

   [RFC7748]  Langley, A., Hamburg, M., and S. Turner, "Elliptic Curves
              for Security", RFC 7748, DOI 10.17487/RFC7748, January
              2016, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7748>.

   [RFC7919]  Gillmor, D., "Negotiated Finite Field Diffie-Hellman
              Ephemeral Parameters for Transport Layer Security (TLS)",
              RFC 7919, DOI 10.17487/RFC7919, August 2016,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7919>.

   [SHS]      National Institute of Standards and Technology, U.S.
              Department of Commerce, "Secure Hash Standard", NIST FIPS
              PUB 180-4, March 2012.

   [X690]     ITU-T, "Information technology - ASN.1 encoding Rules:
              Specification of Basic Encoding Rules (BER), Canonical
              Encoding Rules (CER) and Distinguished Encoding Rules
              (DER)", ISO/IEC 8825-1:2002, 2002.

   [X962]     ANSI, "Public Key Cryptography For The Financial Services
              Industry: The Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm
              (ECDSA)", ANSI X9.62, 1998.

11.2.  Informative References

   [AEAD-LIMITS]
              Luykx, A. and K. Paterson, "Limits on Authenticated
              Encryption Use in TLS", 2016,
              <http://www.isg.rhul.ac.uk/~kp/TLS-AEbounds.pdf>.

   [BBFKZG16]
              Bhargavan, K., Brzuska, C., Fournet, C., Kohlweiss, M.,
              Zanella-Beguelin, S., and M. Green, "Downgrade Resilience
              in Key-Exchange Protocols", Proceedings of IEEE Symposium
              on Security and Privacy (Oakland) 2016 , 2016.

   [CHSV16]   Cremers, C., Horvat, M., Scott, S., and T. van der Merwe,
              "Automated Analysis and Verification of TLS 1.3: 0-RTT,
              Resumption and Delayed Authentication", Proceedings of
              IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (Oakland) 2016 ,
              2016.

   [CK01]     Canetti, R. and H. Krawczyk, "Analysis of Key-Exchange
              Protocols and Their Use for Building Secure Channels",
              Proceedings of Eurocrypt 2001 , 2001.



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   [DOW92]    Diffie, W., van Oorschot, P., and M. Wiener,
              ""Authentication and authenticated key exchanges"",
              Designs, Codes and Cryptography , n.d..

   [DSS]      National Institute of Standards and Technology, U.S.
              Department of Commerce, "Digital Signature Standard,
              version 4", NIST FIPS PUB 186-4, 2013.

   [ECDSA]    American National Standards Institute, "Public Key
              Cryptography for the Financial Services Industry: The
              Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA)",
              ANSI ANS X9.62-2005, November 2005.

   [FGSW16]   Fischlin, M., Guenther, F., Schmidt, B., and B. Warinschi,
              "Key Confirmation in Key Exchange: A Formal Treatment and
              Implications for TLS 1.3", Proceedings of IEEE Symposium
              on Security and Privacy (Oakland) 2016 , 2016.

   [FI06]     Finney, H., "Bleichenbacher's RSA signature forgery based
              on implementation error", August 2006,
              <https://www.ietf.org/mail-archive/web/openpgp/current/
              msg00999.html>.

   [FW15]     Florian Weimer, ., "Factoring RSA Keys With TLS Perfect
              Forward Secrecy", September 2015.

   [GCM]      Dworkin, M., "Recommendation for Block Cipher Modes of
              Operation: Galois/Counter Mode (GCM) and GMAC",
              NIST Special Publication 800-38D, November 2007.

   [I-D.sandj-tls-iana-registry-updates]
              Salowey, J. and S. Turner, "D/TLS IANA Registry Updates",
              draft-sandj-tls-iana-registry-updates-01 (work in
              progress), October 2016.

   [IEEE1363]
              IEEE, "Standard Specifications for Public Key
              Cryptography", IEEE 1363 , 2000.

   [LXZFH16]  Li, X., Xu, J., Feng, D., Zhang, Z., and H. Hu, "Multiple
              Handshakes Security of TLS 1.3 Candidates", Proceedings of
              IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (Oakland) 2016 ,
              2016.

   [PKCS6]    RSA Laboratories, "PKCS #6: RSA Extended Certificate
              Syntax Standard, version 1.5", November 1993.





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   [PKCS7]    RSA Laboratories, "PKCS #7: RSA Cryptographic Message
              Syntax Standard, version 1.5", November 1993.

   [PSK-FINISHED]
              Cremers, C., Horvat, M., van der Merwe, T., and S. Scott,
              "Revision 10: possible attack if client authentication is
              allowed during PSK", 2015, <https://www.ietf.org/mail-
              archive/web/tls/current/msg18215.html>.

   [RFC3552]  Rescorla, E. and B. Korver, "Guidelines for Writing RFC
              Text on Security Considerations", BCP 72, RFC 3552,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC3552, July 2003,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3552>.

   [RFC4086]  Eastlake 3rd, D., Schiller, J., and S. Crocker,
              "Randomness Requirements for Security", BCP 106, RFC 4086,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC4086, June 2005,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4086>.

   [RFC4279]  Eronen, P., Ed. and H. Tschofenig, Ed., "Pre-Shared Key
              Ciphersuites for Transport Layer Security (TLS)",
              RFC 4279, DOI 10.17487/RFC4279, December 2005,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4279>.

   [RFC4346]  Dierks, T. and E. Rescorla, "The Transport Layer Security
              (TLS) Protocol Version 1.1", RFC 4346,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC4346, April 2006,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4346>.

   [RFC4366]  Blake-Wilson, S., Nystrom, M., Hopwood, D., Mikkelsen, J.,
              and T. Wright, "Transport Layer Security (TLS)
              Extensions", RFC 4366, DOI 10.17487/RFC4366, April 2006,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4366>.

   [RFC4492]  Blake-Wilson, S., Bolyard, N., Gupta, V., Hawk, C., and B.
              Moeller, "Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) Cipher Suites
              for Transport Layer Security (TLS)", RFC 4492,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC4492, May 2006,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4492>.

   [RFC4507]  Salowey, J., Zhou, H., Eronen, P., and H. Tschofenig,
              "Transport Layer Security (TLS) Session Resumption without
              Server-Side State", RFC 4507, DOI 10.17487/RFC4507, May
              2006, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4507>.

   [RFC4681]  Santesson, S., Medvinsky, A., and J. Ball, "TLS User
              Mapping Extension", RFC 4681, DOI 10.17487/RFC4681,
              October 2006, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4681>.



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   [RFC5054]  Taylor, D., Wu, T., Mavrogiannopoulos, N., and T. Perrin,
              "Using the Secure Remote Password (SRP) Protocol for TLS
              Authentication", RFC 5054, DOI 10.17487/RFC5054, November
              2007, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5054>.

   [RFC5077]  Salowey, J., Zhou, H., Eronen, P., and H. Tschofenig,
              "Transport Layer Security (TLS) Session Resumption without
              Server-Side State", RFC 5077, DOI 10.17487/RFC5077,
              January 2008, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5077>.

   [RFC5081]  Mavrogiannopoulos, N., "Using OpenPGP Keys for Transport
              Layer Security (TLS) Authentication", RFC 5081,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC5081, November 2007,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5081>.

   [RFC5116]  McGrew, D., "An Interface and Algorithms for Authenticated
              Encryption", RFC 5116, DOI 10.17487/RFC5116, January 2008,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5116>.

   [RFC5246]  Dierks, T. and E. Rescorla, "The Transport Layer Security
              (TLS) Protocol Version 1.2", RFC 5246,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC5246, August 2008,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5246>.

   [RFC5746]  Rescorla, E., Ray, M., Dispensa, S., and N. Oskov,
              "Transport Layer Security (TLS) Renegotiation Indication
              Extension", RFC 5746, DOI 10.17487/RFC5746, February 2010,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5746>.

   [RFC5764]  McGrew, D. and E. Rescorla, "Datagram Transport Layer
              Security (DTLS) Extension to Establish Keys for the Secure
              Real-time Transport Protocol (SRTP)", RFC 5764,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC5764, May 2010,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5764>.

   [RFC5878]  Brown, M. and R. Housley, "Transport Layer Security (TLS)
              Authorization Extensions", RFC 5878, DOI 10.17487/RFC5878,
              May 2010, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5878>.

   [RFC5929]  Altman, J., Williams, N., and L. Zhu, "Channel Bindings
              for TLS", RFC 5929, DOI 10.17487/RFC5929, July 2010,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5929>.

   [RFC6091]  Mavrogiannopoulos, N. and D. Gillmor, "Using OpenPGP Keys
              for Transport Layer Security (TLS) Authentication",
              RFC 6091, DOI 10.17487/RFC6091, February 2011,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6091>.




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   [RFC6176]  Turner, S. and T. Polk, "Prohibiting Secure Sockets Layer
              (SSL) Version 2.0", RFC 6176, DOI 10.17487/RFC6176, March
              2011, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6176>.

   [RFC6347]  Rescorla, E. and N. Modadugu, "Datagram Transport Layer
              Security Version 1.2", RFC 6347, DOI 10.17487/RFC6347,
              January 2012, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6347>.

   [RFC6520]  Seggelmann, R., Tuexen, M., and M. Williams, "Transport
              Layer Security (TLS) and Datagram Transport Layer Security
              (DTLS) Heartbeat Extension", RFC 6520,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC6520, February 2012,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6520>.

   [RFC7230]  Fielding, R., Ed. and J. Reschke, Ed., "Hypertext Transfer
              Protocol (HTTP/1.1): Message Syntax and Routing",
              RFC 7230, DOI 10.17487/RFC7230, June 2014,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7230>.

   [RFC7250]  Wouters, P., Ed., Tschofenig, H., Ed., Gilmore, J.,
              Weiler, S., and T. Kivinen, "Using Raw Public Keys in
              Transport Layer Security (TLS) and Datagram Transport
              Layer Security (DTLS)", RFC 7250, DOI 10.17487/RFC7250,
              June 2014, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7250>.

   [RFC7301]  Friedl, S., Popov, A., Langley, A., and E. Stephan,
              "Transport Layer Security (TLS) Application-Layer Protocol
              Negotiation Extension", RFC 7301, DOI 10.17487/RFC7301,
              July 2014, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7301>.

   [RFC7366]  Gutmann, P., "Encrypt-then-MAC for Transport Layer
              Security (TLS) and Datagram Transport Layer Security
              (DTLS)", RFC 7366, DOI 10.17487/RFC7366, September 2014,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7366>.

   [RFC7465]  Popov, A., "Prohibiting RC4 Cipher Suites", RFC 7465,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC7465, February 2015,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7465>.

   [RFC7568]  Barnes, R., Thomson, M., Pironti, A., and A. Langley,
              "Deprecating Secure Sockets Layer Version 3.0", RFC 7568,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC7568, June 2015,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7568>.








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   [RFC7627]  Bhargavan, K., Ed., Delignat-Lavaud, A., Pironti, A.,
              Langley, A., and M. Ray, "Transport Layer Security (TLS)
              Session Hash and Extended Master Secret Extension",
              RFC 7627, DOI 10.17487/RFC7627, September 2015,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7627>.

   [RFC7685]  Langley, A., "A Transport Layer Security (TLS) ClientHello
              Padding Extension", RFC 7685, DOI 10.17487/RFC7685,
              October 2015, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7685>.

   [RFC7924]  Santesson, S. and H. Tschofenig, "Transport Layer Security
              (TLS) Cached Information Extension", RFC 7924,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC7924, July 2016,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7924>.

   [RSA]      Rivest, R., Shamir, A., and L. Adleman, "A Method for
              Obtaining Digital Signatures and Public-Key
              Cryptosystems", Communications of the ACM v. 21, n. 2, pp.
              120-126., February 1978.

   [SIGMA]    Krawczyk, H., "SIGMA: the 'SIGn-and-MAc' approach to
              authenticated Diffie-Hellman and its use in the IKE
              protocols", Proceedings of CRYPTO 2003 , 2003.

   [SLOTH]    Bhargavan, K. and G. Leurent, "Transcript Collision
              Attacks: Breaking Authentication in TLS, IKE, and SSH",
              Network and Distributed System Security Symposium (NDSS
              2016) , 2016.

   [SSL2]     Hickman, K., "The SSL Protocol", February 1995.

   [SSL3]     Freier, A., Karlton, P., and P. Kocher, "The SSL 3.0
              Protocol", November 1996.

   [TIMING]   Boneh, D. and D. Brumley, "Remote timing attacks are
              practical", USENIX Security Symposium, 2003.

   [X501]     "Information Technology - Open Systems Interconnection -
              The Directory: Models", ITU-T X.501, 1993.

11.3.  URIs

   [1] mailto:tls@ietf.org








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Appendix A.  Protocol Data Structures and Constant Values

   This section describes protocol types and constants.  Values listed
   as _RESERVED were used in previous versions of TLS and are listed
   here for completeness.  TLS 1.3 implementations MUST NOT send them
   but might receive them from older TLS implementations.

A.1.  Record Layer

   enum {
       invalid_RESERVED(0),
       change_cipher_spec_RESERVED(20),
       alert(21),
       handshake(22),
       application_data(23),
       (255)
   } ContentType;

   struct {
       ContentType type;
       ProtocolVersion legacy_record_version = 0x0301;    /* TLS v1.x */
       uint16 length;
       opaque fragment[TLSPlaintext.length];
   } TLSPlaintext;

   struct {
       opaque content[TLSPlaintext.length];
       ContentType type;
       uint8 zeros[length_of_padding];
   } TLSInnerPlaintext;

   struct {
       ContentType opaque_type = 23; /* application_data */
       ProtocolVersion legacy_record_version = 0x0301; /* TLS v1.x */
       uint16 length;
       opaque encrypted_record[length];
   } TLSCiphertext;

A.2.  Alert Messages












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      enum { warning(1), fatal(2), (255) } AlertLevel;

      enum {
          close_notify(0),
          end_of_early_data(1),
          unexpected_message(10),
          bad_record_mac(20),
          decryption_failed_RESERVED(21),
          record_overflow(22),
          decompression_failure_RESERVED(30),
          handshake_failure(40),
          no_certificate_RESERVED(41),
          bad_certificate(42),
          unsupported_certificate(43),
          certificate_revoked(44),
          certificate_expired(45),
          certificate_unknown(46),
          illegal_parameter(47),
          unknown_ca(48),
          access_denied(49),
          decode_error(50),
          decrypt_error(51),
          export_restriction_RESERVED(60),
          protocol_version(70),
          insufficient_security(71),
          internal_error(80),
          inappropriate_fallback(86),
          user_canceled(90),
          no_renegotiation_RESERVED(100),
          missing_extension(109),
          unsupported_extension(110),
          certificate_unobtainable(111),
          unrecognized_name(112),
          bad_certificate_status_response(113),
          bad_certificate_hash_value(114),
          unknown_psk_identity(115),
          certificate_required(116),
          (255)
      } AlertDescription;

      struct {
          AlertLevel level;
          AlertDescription description;
      } Alert;







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A.3.  Handshake Protocol

      enum {
          hello_request_RESERVED(0),
          client_hello(1),
          server_hello(2),
          new_session_ticket(4),
          hello_retry_request(6),
          encrypted_extensions(8),
          certificate(11),
          server_key_exchange_RESERVED(12),
          certificate_request(13),
          server_hello_done_RESERVED(14),
          certificate_verify(15),
          client_key_exchange_RESERVED(16),
          finished(20),
          key_update(24),
          (255)
      } HandshakeType;

      struct {
          HandshakeType msg_type;    /* handshake type */
          uint24 length;             /* bytes in message */
          select (Handshake.msg_type) {
              case client_hello:          ClientHello;
              case server_hello:          ServerHello;
              case hello_retry_request:   HelloRetryRequest;
              case encrypted_extensions:  EncryptedExtensions;
              case certificate_request:   CertificateRequest;
              case certificate:           Certificate;
              case certificate_verify:    CertificateVerify;
              case finished:              Finished;
              case new_session_ticket:    NewSessionTicket;
              case key_update:            KeyUpdate;
          } body;
      } Handshake;

A.3.1.  Key Exchange Messages

      uint16 ProtocolVersion;
      opaque Random[32];

      uint8 CipherSuite[2];    /* Cryptographic suite selector */

      struct {
          ProtocolVersion legacy_version = 0x0303;    /* TLS v1.2 */
          Random random;
          opaque legacy_session_id<0..32>;



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          CipherSuite cipher_suites<2..2^16-2>;
          opaque legacy_compression_methods<1..2^8-1>;
          Extension extensions<0..2^16-1>;
      } ClientHello;

      struct {
          ProtocolVersion version;
          Random random;
          CipherSuite cipher_suite;
          Extension extensions<0..2^16-1>;
      } ServerHello;

      struct {
          ProtocolVersion server_version;
          Extension extensions<2..2^16-1>;
      } HelloRetryRequest;

      struct {
          ExtensionType extension_type;
          opaque extension_data<0..2^16-1>;
      } Extension;

      enum {
          supported_groups(10),
          signature_algorithms(13),
          key_share(40),
          pre_shared_key(41),
          early_data(42),
          supported_versions(43),
          cookie(44),
          psk_key_exchange_modes(45),
          ticket_early_data_info(46),
          (65535)
      } ExtensionType;

      struct {
          NamedGroup group;
          opaque key_exchange<1..2^16-1>;
      } KeyShareEntry;

      struct {
          select (Handshake.msg_type) {
              case client_hello:
                  KeyShareEntry client_shares<0..2^16-1>;

              case hello_retry_request:
                  NamedGroup selected_group;




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              case server_hello:
                  KeyShareEntry server_share;
          };
      } KeyShare;

      struct {
          opaque identity<0..2^16-1>;
          uint32 obfuscated_ticket_age;
      } PskIdentity;

      opaque PskBinderEntry<32..255>;

      struct {
          select (Handshake.msg_type) {
              case client_hello:
                  PskIdentity identities<6..2^16-1>;
                  PskBinderEntry binders<33..2^16-1>;

              case server_hello:
                  uint16 selected_identity;
          };

      } PreSharedKeyExtension;

      enum { psk_ke(0), psk_dhe_ke(1), (255) } PskKeyExchangeMode;

      struct {
          PskKeyExchangeMode ke_modes<1..255>;
      } PskKeyExchangeModes;

      struct {
      } EarlyDataIndication;

A.3.1.1.  Version Extension

      struct {
          ProtocolVersion versions<2..254>;
      } SupportedVersions;

A.3.1.2.  Cookie Extension

      struct {
          opaque cookie<1..2^16-1>;
      } Cookie;







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A.3.1.3.  Signature Algorithm Extension

      enum {
          /* RSASSA-PKCS1-v1_5 algorithms */
          rsa_pkcs1_sha1 (0x0201),
          rsa_pkcs1_sha256 (0x0401),
          rsa_pkcs1_sha384 (0x0501),
          rsa_pkcs1_sha512 (0x0601),

          /* ECDSA algorithms */
          ecdsa_secp256r1_sha256 (0x0403),
          ecdsa_secp384r1_sha384 (0x0503),
          ecdsa_secp521r1_sha512 (0x0603),

          /* RSASSA-PSS algorithms */
          rsa_pss_sha256 (0x0804),
          rsa_pss_sha384 (0x0805),
          rsa_pss_sha512 (0x0806),

          /* EdDSA algorithms */
          ed25519 (0x0807),
          ed448 (0x0808),

          /* Reserved Code Points */
          dsa_sha1_RESERVED (0x0202),
          dsa_sha256_RESERVED (0x0402),
          dsa_sha384_RESERVED (0x0502),
          dsa_sha512_RESERVED (0x0602),
          ecdsa_sha1_RESERVED (0x0203),
          obsolete_RESERVED (0x0000..0x0200),
          obsolete_RESERVED (0x0204..0x0400),
          obsolete_RESERVED (0x0404..0x0500),
          obsolete_RESERVED (0x0504..0x0600),
          obsolete_RESERVED (0x0604..0x06FF),
          private_use (0xFE00..0xFFFF),
          (0xFFFF)
      } SignatureScheme;

      struct {
          SignatureScheme supported_signature_algorithms<2..2^16-2>;
      } SignatureSchemeList;

A.3.1.4.  Supported Groups Extension








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      enum {
          /* Elliptic Curve Groups (ECDHE) */
          obsolete_RESERVED (1..22),
          secp256r1 (23), secp384r1 (24), secp521r1 (25),
          obsolete_RESERVED (26..28),
          x25519 (29), x448 (30),

          /* Finite Field Groups (DHE) */
          ffdhe2048 (256), ffdhe3072 (257), ffdhe4096 (258),
          ffdhe6144 (259), ffdhe8192 (260),

          /* Reserved Code Points */
          ffdhe_private_use (0x01FC..0x01FF),
          ecdhe_private_use (0xFE00..0xFEFF),
          obsolete_RESERVED (0xFF01..0xFF02),
          (0xFFFF)
      } NamedGroup;

      struct {
          NamedGroup named_group_list<2..2^16-1>;
      } NamedGroupList;

   Values within "obsolete_RESERVED" ranges were used in previous
   versions of TLS and MUST NOT be offered or negotiated by TLS 1.3
   implementations.  The obsolete curves have various known/theoretical
   weaknesses or have had very little usage, in some cases only due to
   unintentional server configuration issues.  They are no longer
   considered appropriate for general use and should be assumed to be
   potentially unsafe.  The set of curves specified here is sufficient
   for interoperability with all currently deployed and properly
   configured TLS implementations.

A.3.2.  Server Parameters Messages


















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      struct {
          Extension extensions<0..2^16-1>;
      } EncryptedExtensions;

      opaque DistinguishedName<1..2^16-1>;

      struct {
          opaque certificate_extension_oid<1..2^8-1>;
          opaque certificate_extension_values<0..2^16-1>;
      } CertificateExtension;

      struct {
          opaque certificate_request_context<0..2^8-1>;
          SignatureScheme
            supported_signature_algorithms<2..2^16-2>;
          DistinguishedName certificate_authorities<0..2^16-1>;
          CertificateExtension certificate_extensions<0..2^16-1>;
      } CertificateRequest;

A.3.3.  Authentication Messages

      opaque ASN1Cert<1..2^24-1>;

      struct {
          ASN1Cert cert_data;
          Extension extensions<0..2^16-1>;
      } CertificateEntry;

      struct {
          opaque certificate_request_context<0..2^8-1>;
          CertificateEntry certificate_list<0..2^24-1>;
      } Certificate;

      struct {
          SignatureScheme algorithm;
          opaque signature<0..2^16-1>;
      } CertificateVerify;

      struct {
          opaque verify_data[Hash.length];
      } Finished;

A.3.4.  Ticket Establishment








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      struct {
          uint32 ticket_lifetime;
          uint32 ticket_age_add;
          opaque ticket<1..2^16-1>;
          Extension extensions<0..2^16-2>;
      } NewSessionTicket;

      struct {
          uint32 max_early_data_size;
      } TicketEarlyDataInfo;

A.3.5.  Updating Keys

      enum {
          update_not_requested(0), update_requested(1), (255)
      } KeyUpdateRequest;

      struct {
          KeyUpdateRequest request_update;
      } KeyUpdate;

A.4.  Cipher Suites

   A symmetric cipher suite defines the pair of the AEAD algorithm and
   hash algorithm to be used with HKDF.  Cipher suite names follow the
   naming convention:

      CipherSuite TLS_AEAD_HASH = VALUE;

      +-----------+------------------------------------------------+
      | Component | Contents                                       |
      +-----------+------------------------------------------------+
      | TLS       | The string "TLS"                               |
      |           |                                                |
      | AEAD      | The AEAD algorithm used for record protection  |
      |           |                                                |
      | HASH      | The hash algorithm used with HKDF              |
      |           |                                                |
      | VALUE     | The two byte ID assigned for this cipher suite |
      +-----------+------------------------------------------------+

   This specification defines the following cipher suites for use with
   TLS 1.3.








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              +------------------------------+-------------+
              | Description                  | Value       |
              +------------------------------+-------------+
              | TLS_AES_128_GCM_SHA256       | {0x13,0x01} |
              |                              |             |
              | TLS_AES_256_GCM_SHA384       | {0x13,0x02} |
              |                              |             |
              | TLS_CHACHA20_POLY1305_SHA256 | {0x13,0x03} |
              |                              |             |
              | TLS_AES_128_CCM_SHA256       | {0x13,0x04} |
              |                              |             |
              | TLS_AES_128_CCM_8_SHA256     | {0x13,0x05} |
              +------------------------------+-------------+

   The corresponding AEAD algorithms AEAD_AES_128_GCM, AEAD_AES_256_GCM,
   and AEAD_AES_128_CCM are defined in [RFC5116].
   AEAD_CHACHA20_POLY1305 is defined in [RFC7539].  AEAD_AES_128_CCM_8
   is defined in [RFC6655].  The corresponding hash algorithms are
   defined in [SHS].

   Although TLS 1.3 uses the same cipher suite space as previous
   versions of TLS, TLS 1.3 cipher suites are defined differently, only
   specifying the symmetric ciphers, and cannot be used for TLS 1.2.
   Similarly, TLS 1.2 and lower cipher suites cannot be used with TLS
   1.3.

   New cipher suite values are assigned by IANA as described in
   Section 10.

Appendix B.  Implementation Notes

   The TLS protocol cannot prevent many common security mistakes.  This
   section provides several recommendations to assist implementors.

B.1.  API considerations for 0-RTT

   0-RTT data has very different security properties from data
   transmitted after a completed handshake: it can be replayed.
   Implementations SHOULD provide different functions for reading and
   writing 0-RTT data and data transmitted after the handshake, and
   SHOULD NOT automatically resend 0-RTT data if it is rejected by the
   server.

B.2.  Random Number Generation and Seeding

   TLS requires a cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator
   (PRNG).  In most cases, the operating system provides an appropriate
   facility such as /dev/urandom, which should be used absent other



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   (performance) concerns.  It is generally preferable to use an
   existing PRNG implementation in preference to crafting a new one, and
   many adequate cryptographic libraries are already available under
   favorable license terms.  Should those prove unsatisfactory,
   [RFC4086] provides guidance on the generation of random values.

B.3.  Certificates and Authentication

   Implementations are responsible for verifying the integrity of
   certificates and should generally support certificate revocation
   messages.  Certificates should always be verified to ensure proper
   signing by a trusted Certificate Authority (CA).  The selection and
   addition of trusted CAs should be done very carefully.  Users should
   be able to view information about the certificate and root CA.
   Applications SHOULD also enforce minimum and maximum key sizes.  For
   example, certification paths containing keys or signatures weaker
   than 2048-bit RSA or 224-bit ECDSA are not appropriate for secure
   applications.

B.4.  Implementation Pitfalls

   Implementation experience has shown that certain parts of earlier TLS
   specifications are not easy to understand, and have been a source of
   interoperability and security problems.  Many of these areas have
   been clarified in this document, but this appendix contains a short
   list of the most important things that require special attention from
   implementors.

   TLS protocol issues:

   -  Do you correctly handle handshake messages that are fragmented to
      multiple TLS records (see Section 5.1)?  Including corner cases
      like a ClientHello that is split to several small fragments?  Do
      you fragment handshake messages that exceed the maximum fragment
      size?  In particular, the certificate and certificate request
      handshake messages can be large enough to require fragmentation.

   -  Do you ignore the TLS record layer version number in all TLS
      records? (see Appendix C)

   -  Have you ensured that all support for SSL, RC4, EXPORT ciphers,
      and MD5 (via the "signature_algorithms" extension) is completely
      removed from all possible configurations that support TLS 1.3 or
      later, and that attempts to use these obsolete capabilities fail
      correctly? (see Appendix C)

   -  Do you handle TLS extensions in ClientHello correctly, including
      unknown extensions.



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   -  When the server has requested a client certificate, but no
      suitable certificate is available, do you correctly send an empty
      Certificate message, instead of omitting the whole message (see
      Section 4.4.1.3)?

   -  When processing the plaintext fragment produced by AEAD-Decrypt
      and scanning from the end for the ContentType, do you avoid
      scanning past the start of the cleartext in the event that the
      peer has sent a malformed plaintext of all-zeros?

   -  Do you properly ignore unrecognized cipher suites (Section 4.1.2),
      hello extensions (Section 4.2), named groups (Section 4.2.4), and
      signature algorithms (Section 4.2.3)?

   Cryptographic details:

   -  What countermeasures do you use to prevent timing attacks
      [TIMING]?

   -  When verifying RSA signatures, do you accept both NULL and missing
      parameters?  Do you verify that the RSA padding doesn't have
      additional data after the hash value?  [FI06]

   -  When using Diffie-Hellman key exchange, do you correctly preserve
      leading zero bytes in the negotiated key (see Section 7.3.1)?

   -  Does your TLS client check that the Diffie-Hellman parameters sent
      by the server are acceptable, (see Section 4.2.5.1)?

   -  Do you use a strong and, most importantly, properly seeded random
      number generator (see Appendix B.2) when generating Diffie-Hellman
      private values, the ECDSA "k" parameter, and other security-
      critical values?  It is RECOMMENDED that implementations implement
      "deterministic ECDSA" as specified in [RFC6979].

   -  Do you zero-pad Diffie-Hellman public key values to the group size
      (see Section 4.2.5.1)?

   -  Do you verify signatures after making them to protect against RSA-
      CRT key leaks?  [FW15]

B.5.  Client Tracking Prevention

   Clients SHOULD NOT reuse a session ticket for multiple connections.
   Reuse of a session ticket allows passive observers to correlate
   different connections.  Servers that issue session tickets SHOULD
   offer at least as many session tickets as the number of connections
   that a client might use; for example, a web browser using HTTP/1.1



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   [RFC7230] might open six connections to a server.  Servers SHOULD
   issue new session tickets with every connection.  This ensures that
   clients are always able to use a new session ticket when creating a
   new connection.

B.6.  Unauthenticated Operation

   Previous versions of TLS offered explicitly unauthenticated cipher
   suites based on anonymous Diffie-Hellman.  These modes have been
   deprecated in TLS 1.3.  However, it is still possible to negotiate
   parameters that do not provide verifiable server authentication by
   several methods, including:

   -  Raw public keys [RFC7250].

   -  Using a public key contained in a certificate but without
      validation of the certificate chain or any of its contents.

   Either technique used alone is vulnerable to man-in-the-middle
   attacks and therefore unsafe for general use.  However, it is also
   possible to bind such connections to an external authentication
   mechanism via out-of-band validation of the server's public key,
   trust on first use, or channel bindings [RFC5929].  [[NOTE: TLS 1.3
   needs a new channel binding definition that has not yet been
   defined.]] If no such mechanism is used, then the connection has no
   protection against active man-in-the-middle attack; applications MUST
   NOT use TLS in such a way absent explicit configuration or a specific
   application profile.

Appendix C.  Backward Compatibility

   The TLS protocol provides a built-in mechanism for version
   negotiation between endpoints potentially supporting different
   versions of TLS.

   TLS 1.x and SSL 3.0 use compatible ClientHello messages.  Servers can
   also handle clients trying to use future versions of TLS as long as
   the ClientHello format remains compatible and the client supports the
   highest protocol version available in the server.

   Prior versions of TLS used the record layer version number for
   various purposes.  (TLSPlaintext.legacy_record_version &
   TLSCiphertext.legacy_record_version) As of TLS 1.3, this field is
   deprecated and its value MUST be ignored by all implementations.
   Version negotiation is performed using only the handshake versions.
   (ClientHello.legacy_version, ClientHello "supported_versions"
   extension & ServerHello.version) In order to maximize
   interoperability with older endpoints, implementations that negotiate



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   the use of TLS 1.0-1.2 SHOULD set the record layer version number to
   the negotiated version for the ServerHello and all records
   thereafter.

   For maximum compatibility with previously non-standard behavior and
   misconfigured deployments, all implementations SHOULD support
   validation of certification paths based on the expectations in this
   document, even when handling prior TLS versions' handshakes. (see
   Section 4.4.1.2)

   TLS 1.2 and prior supported an "Extended Master Secret" [RFC7627]
   extension which digested large parts of the handshake transcript into
   the master secret.  Because TLS 1.3 always hashes in the transcript
   up to the server CertificateVerify, implementations which support
   both TLS 1.3 and earlier versions SHOULD indicate the use of the
   Extended Master Secret extension in their APIs whenever TLS 1.3 is
   used.

C.1.  Negotiating with an older server

   A TLS 1.3 client who wishes to negotiate with such older servers will
   send a normal TLS 1.3 ClientHello containing 0x0303 (TLS 1.2) in
   ClientHello.legacy_version but with the correct version in the
   "supported_versions" extension.  If the server does not support TLS
   1.3 it will respond with a ServerHello containing an older version
   number.  If the client agrees to use this version, the negotiation
   will proceed as appropriate for the negotiated protocol.  A client
   resuming a session SHOULD initiate the connection using the version
   that was previously negotiated.

   Note that 0-RTT data is not compatible with older servers.  See
   Appendix C.3.

   If the version chosen by the server is not supported by the client
   (or not acceptable), the client MUST abort the handshake with a
   "protocol_version" alert.

   Some legacy server implementations are known to not implement the TLS
   specification properly and might abort connections upon encountering
   TLS extensions or versions which it is not aware of.
   Interoperability with buggy servers is a complex topic beyond the
   scope of this document.  Multiple connection attempts may be required
   in order to negotiate a backwards compatible connection, however this
   practice is vulnerable to downgrade attacks and is NOT RECOMMENDED.







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C.2.  Negotiating with an older client

   A TLS server can also receive a ClientHello indicating a version
   number smaller than its highest supported version.  If the
   "supported_versions" extension is present, the server MUST negotiate
   using that extension as described in Section 4.2.1.  If the
   "supported_versions" extension is not present, the server MUST
   negotiate the minimum of ClientHello.legacy_version and TLS 1.2.  For
   example, if the server supports TLS 1.0, 1.1, and 1.2, and
   legacy_version is TLS 1.0, the server will proceed with a TLS 1.0
   ServerHello.  If the server only supports versions greater than
   ClientHello.legacy_version, it MUST abort the handshake with a
   "protocol_version" alert.

   Note that earlier versions of TLS did not clearly specify the record
   layer version number value in all cases
   (TLSPlaintext.legacy_record_version).  Servers will receive various
   TLS 1.x versions in this field, however its value MUST always be
   ignored.

C.3.  Zero-RTT backwards compatibility

   0-RTT data is not compatible with older servers.  An older server
   will respond to the ClientHello with an older ServerHello, but it
   will not correctly skip the 0-RTT data and fail to complete the
   handshake.  This can cause issues when a client attempts to use
   0-RTT, particularly against multi-server deployments.  For example, a
   deployment could deploy TLS 1.3 gradually with some servers
   implementing TLS 1.3 and some implementing TLS 1.2, or a TLS 1.3
   deployment could be downgraded to TLS 1.2.

   A client that attempts to send 0-RTT data MUST fail a connection if
   it receives a ServerHello with TLS 1.2 or older.  A client that
   attempts to repair this error SHOULD NOT send a TLS 1.2 ClientHello,
   but instead send a TLS 1.3 ClientHello without 0-RTT data.

   To avoid this error condition, multi-server deployments SHOULD ensure
   a uniform and stable deployment of TLS 1.3 without 0-RTT prior to
   enabling 0-RTT.

C.4.  Backwards Compatibility Security Restrictions

   If an implementation negotiates use of TLS 1.2, then negotiation of
   cipher suites also supported by TLS 1.3 SHOULD be preferred, if
   available.






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   The security of RC4 cipher suites is considered insufficient for the
   reasons cited in [RFC7465].  Implementations MUST NOT offer or
   negotiate RC4 cipher suites for any version of TLS for any reason.

   Old versions of TLS permitted the use of very low strength ciphers.
   Ciphers with a strength less than 112 bits MUST NOT be offered or
   negotiated for any version of TLS for any reason.

   The security of SSL 2.0 [SSL2] is considered insufficient for the
   reasons enumerated in [RFC6176], and MUST NOT be negotiated for any
   reason.

   Implementations MUST NOT send an SSL version 2.0 compatible CLIENT-
   HELLO.  Implementations MUST NOT negotiate TLS 1.3 or later using an
   SSL version 2.0 compatible CLIENT-HELLO.  Implementations are NOT
   RECOMMENDED to accept an SSL version 2.0 compatible CLIENT-HELLO in
   order to negotiate older versions of TLS.

   Implementations MUST NOT send or accept any records with a version
   less than 0x0300.

   The security of SSL 3.0 [SSL3] is considered insufficient for the
   reasons enumerated in [RFC7568], and MUST NOT be negotiated for any
   reason.

   Implementations MUST NOT send a ClientHello.legacy_version or
   ServerHello.version set to 0x0300 or less.  Any endpoint receiving a
   Hello message with ClientHello.legacy_version or ServerHello.version
   set to 0x0300 MUST abort the handshake with a "protocol_version"
   alert.

   Implementations MUST NOT use the Truncated HMAC extension, defined in
   Section 7 of [RFC6066], as it is not applicable to AEAD algorithms
   and has been shown to be insecure in some scenarios.

Appendix D.  Overview of Security Properties

   A complete security analysis of TLS is outside the scope of this
   document.  In this section, we provide an informal description the
   desired properties as well as references to more detailed work in the
   research literature which provides more formal definitions.

   We cover properties of the handshake separately from those of the
   record layer.







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D.1.  Handshake

   The TLS handshake is an Authenticated Key Exchange (AKE) protocol
   which is intended to provide both one-way authenticated (server-only)
   and mutually authenticated (client and server) functionality.  At the
   completion of the handshake, each side outputs its view on the
   following values:

   -  A "session key" (the master secret) from which can be derived a
      set of working keys.

   -  A set of cryptographic parameters (algorithms, etc.)

   -  The identities of the communicating parties.

   We assume that the attacker has complete control of the network in
   between the parties [RFC3552].  Even under these conditions, the
   handshake should provide the properties listed below.  Note that
   these properties are not necessarily independent, but reflect the
   protocol consumers' needs.

   Establishing the same session key.  The handshake needs to output the
      same session key on both sides of the handshake, provided that it
      completes successfully on each endpoint (See [CK01]; defn 1, part
      1).

   Secrecy of the session key.  The shared session key should be known
      only to the communicating parties, not to the attacker (See
      [CK01]; defn 1, part 2).  Note that in a unilaterally
      authenticated connection, the attacker can establish its own
      session keys with the server, but those session keys are distinct
      from those established by the client.

   Peer Authentication.  The client's view of the peer identity should
      reflect the server's identity.  If the client is authenticated,
      the server's view of the peer identity should match the client's
      identity.

   Uniqueness of the session key:  Any two distinct handshakes should
      produce distinct, unrelated session keys.

   Downgrade protection.  The cryptographic parameters should be the
      same on both sides and should be the same as if the peers had been
      communicating in the absence of an attack (See [BBFKZG16]; defns 8
      and 9}).

   Forward secret  If the long-term keying material (in this case the
      signature keys in certificate-based authentication modes or the



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      PSK in PSK-(EC)DHE modes) are compromised after the handshake is
      complete, this does not compromise the security of the session key
      (See [DOW92]).

   Protection of endpoint identities.  The server's identity
      (certificate) should be protected against passive attackers.  The
      client's identity should be protected against both passive and
      active attackers.

   Informally, the signature-based modes of TLS 1.3 provide for the
   establishment of a unique, secret, shared, key established by an
   (EC)DHE key exchange and authenticated by the server's signature over
   the handshake transcript, as well as tied to the server's identity by
   a MAC.  If the client is authenticated by a certificate, it also
   signs over the handshake transcript and provides a MAC tied to both
   identities.  [SIGMA] describes the analysis of this type of key
   exchange protocol.  If fresh (EC)DHE keys are used for each
   connection, then the output keys are forward secret.

   The PSK and resumption-PSK modes bootstrap from a long-term shared
   secret into a unique per-connection short-term session key.  This
   secret may have been established in a previous handshake.  If
   PSK-(EC)DHE modes are used, this session key will also be forward
   secret.  The resumption-PSK mode has been designed so that the
   resumption master secret computed by connection N and needed to form
   connection N+1 is separate from the traffic keys used by connection
   N, thus providing forward secrecy between the connections.

   The PSK binder value forms a binding between a PSK and the current
   handshake, as well as between the session where the PSK was
   established and the session where it was used.  This binding
   transitively includes the original handshake transcript, because that
   transcript is digested into the values which produce the Resumption
   Master Secret.  This requires that both the KDF used to produce the
   resumption master secret and the MAC used to compute the binder be
   collision resistant.  These are properties of HKDF and HMAC
   respectively when used with collision resistant hash functions and
   producing output of at least 256 bits.  Any future replacement of
   these functions MUST also provide collision resistance.  Note: The
   binder does not cover the binder values from other PSKs, though they
   are included in the Finished MAC.

   If an exporter is used, then it produces values which are unique and
   secret (because they are generated from a unique session key).
   Exporters computed with different labels and contexts are
   computationally independent, so it is not feasible to compute one
   from another or the session secret from the exported value.  Note:
   exporters can produce arbitrary-length values.  If exporters are to



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   be used as channel bindings, the exported value MUST be large enough
   to provide collision resistance.  The exporters provided in TLS 1.3
   are derived from the same handshake contexts as the early traffic
   keys and the application traffic keys respectively, and thus have
   similar security properties.  Note that they do not include the
   client's certificate; future applications which wish to bind to the
   client's certificate may need to define a new exporter that includes
   the full handshake transcript.

   For all handshake modes, the Finished MAC (and where present, the
   signature), prevents downgrade attacks.  In addition, the use of
   certain bytes in the random nonces as described in Section 4.1.3
   allows the detection of downgrade to previous TLS versions.

   As soon as the client and the server have exchanged enough
   information to establish shared keys, the remainder of the handshake
   is encrypted, thus providing protection against passive attackers.
   Because the server authenticates before the client, the client can
   ensure that it only reveals its identity to an authenticated server.
   Note that implementations must use the provided record padding
   mechanism during the handshake to avoid leaking information about the
   identities due to length.

   The 0-RTT mode of operation generally provides the same security
   properties as 1-RTT data, with the two exceptions that the 0-RTT
   encryption keys do not provide full forward secrecy and that the the
   server is not able to guarantee full uniqueness of the handshake
   (non-replayability) without keeping potentially undue amounts of
   state.  See Section 4.2.8 for one mechanism to limit the exposure to
   replay.

   The reader should refer to the following references for analysis of
   the TLS handshake [CHSV16] [FGSW16] [LXZFH16].

D.2.  Record Layer

   The record layer depends on the handshake producing a strong session
   key which can be used to derive bidirectional traffic keys and
   nonces.  Assuming that is true, and the keys are used for no more
   data than indicated in Section 5.5 then the record layer should
   provide the following guarantees:

   Confidentiality.  An attacker should not be able to determine the
      plaintext contents of a given record.

   Integrity.  An attacker should not be able to craft a new record
      which is different from an existing record which will be accepted
      by the receiver.



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   Order protection/non-replayability  An attacker should not be able to
      cause the receiver to accept a record which it has already
      accepted or cause the receiver to accept record N+1 without having
      first processed record N.

   Length concealment.  Given a record with a given external length, the
      attacker should not be able to determine the amount of the record
      that is content versus padding.

   Forward security after key change.  If the traffic key update
      mechanism described in Section 4.5.3 has been used and the
      previous generation key is deleted, an attacker who compromises
      the endpoint should not be able to decrypt traffic encrypted with
      the old key.

   Informally, TLS 1.3 provides these properties by AEAD-protecting the
   plaintext with a strong key.  AEAD encryption [RFC5116] provides
   confidentiality and integrity for the data.  Non-replayability is
   provided by using a separate nonce for each record, with the nonce
   being derived from the record sequence number (Section 5.3), with the
   sequence number being maintained independently at both sides thus
   records which are delivered out of order result in AEAD deprotection
   failures.

   The plaintext protected by the AEAD function consists of content plus
   variable-length padding.  Because the padding is also encrypted, the
   attacker cannot directly determine the length of the padding, but may
   be able to measure it indirectly by the use of timing channels
   exposed during record processing (i.e., seeing how long it takes to
   process a record).  In general, it is not known how to remove this
   type of channel because even a constant time padding removal function
   will then feed the content into data-dependent functions.

   Generation N+1 keys are derived from generation N keys via a key
   derivation function Section 7.2.  As long as this function is truly
   one way, it is not possible to compute the previous keys after a key
   change (forward secrecy).  However, TLS does not provide security for
   data which is sent after the traffic secret is compromised, even
   after a key update (backward secrecy); systems which want backward
   secrecy must do a fresh handshake and establish a new session key
   with an (EC)DHE exchange.

   The reader should refer to the following references for analysis of
   the TLS record layer.







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Appendix E.  Working Group Information

   The discussion list for the IETF TLS working group is located at the
   e-mail address tls@ietf.org [1].  Information on the group and
   information on how to subscribe to the list is at
   https://www.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/tls

   Archives of the list can be found at: https://www.ietf.org/mail-
   archive/web/tls/current/index.html

Appendix F.  Contributors

   -  Martin Abadi
      University of California, Santa Cruz
      abadi@cs.ucsc.edu

   -  Christopher Allen (co-editor of TLS 1.0)
      Alacrity Ventures
      ChristopherA@AlacrityManagement.com

   -  Steven M.  Bellovin
      Columbia University
      smb@cs.columbia.edu

   -  David Benjamin
      Google
      davidben@google.com

   -  Benjamin Beurdouche

   -  Karthikeyan Bhargavan (co-author of [RFC7627])
      INRIA
      karthikeyan.bhargavan@inria.fr

   -  Simon Blake-Wilson (co-author of [RFC4492])
      BCI
      sblakewilson@bcisse.com

   -  Nelson Bolyard (co-author of [RFC4492])
      Sun Microsystems, Inc.
      nelson@bolyard.com

   -  Ran Canetti
      IBM
      canetti@watson.ibm.com

   -  Pete Chown
      Skygate Technology Ltd



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      pc@skygate.co.uk

   -  Antoine Delignat-Lavaud (co-author of [RFC7627])
      INRIA
      antoine.delignat-lavaud@inria.fr

   -  Tim Dierks (co-editor of TLS 1.0, 1.1, and 1.2)
      Independent
      tim@dierks.org

   -  Taher Elgamal
      Securify
      taher@securify.com

   -  Pasi Eronen
      Nokia
      pasi.eronen@nokia.com

   -  Cedric Fournet
      Microsoft
      fournet@microsoft.com

   -  Anil Gangolli
      anil@busybuddha.org

   -  David M.  Garrett
      dave@nulldereference.com

   -  Vipul Gupta (co-author of [RFC4492])
      Sun Microsystems Laboratories
      vipul.gupta@sun.com

   -  Chris Hawk (co-author of [RFC4492])
      Corriente Networks LLC
      chris@corriente.net

   -  Kipp Hickman

   -  Alfred Hoenes

   -  David Hopwood
      Independent Consultant
      david.hopwood@blueyonder.co.uk

   -  Subodh Iyengar
      Facebook
      subodh@fb.com




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   -  Daniel Kahn Gillmor
      ACLU
      dkg@fifthhorseman.net

   -  Hubert Kario
      Red Hat Inc.
      hkario@redhat.com

   -  Phil Karlton (co-author of SSL 3.0)

   -  Paul Kocher (co-author of SSL 3.0)
      Cryptography Research
      paul@cryptography.com

   -  Hugo Krawczyk
      IBM
      hugo@ee.technion.ac.il

   -  Adam Langley (co-author of [RFC7627])
      Google
      agl@google.com

   -  Xiaoyin Liu
      University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
      xiaoyin.l@outlook.com

   -  Ilari Liusvaara
      Independent
      ilariliusvaara@welho.com

   -  Jan Mikkelsen
      Transactionware
      janm@transactionware.com

   -  Bodo Moeller (co-author of [RFC4492])
      Google
      bodo@openssl.org

   -  Erik Nygren
      Akamai Technologies
      erik+ietf@nygren.org

   -  Magnus Nystrom
      Microsoft
      mnystrom@microsoft.com

   -  Alfredo Pironti (co-author of [RFC7627])
      INRIA



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      alfredo.pironti@inria.fr

   -  Andrei Popov
      Microsoft
      andrei.popov@microsoft.com

   -  Marsh Ray (co-author of [RFC7627])
      Microsoft
      maray@microsoft.com

   -  Robert Relyea
      Netscape Communications
      relyea@netscape.com

   -  Kyle Rose
      Akamai Technologies
      krose@krose.org

   -  Jim Roskind
      Netscape Communications
      jar@netscape.com

   -  Michael Sabin

   -  Dan Simon
      Microsoft, Inc.
      dansimon@microsoft.com

   -  Nick Sullivan
      CloudFlare Inc.
      nick@cloudflare.com

   -  Bjoern Tackmann
      University of California, San Diego
      btackmann@eng.ucsd.edu

   -  Martin Thomson
      Mozilla
      mt@mozilla.com

   -  Filippo Valsorda
      CloudFlare Inc.
      filippo@cloudflare.com

   -  Tom Weinstein

   -  Hoeteck Wee
      Ecole Normale Superieure, Paris



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      hoeteck@alum.mit.edu

   -  Tim Wright
      Vodafone
      timothy.wright@vodafone.com

   -  Kazu Yamamoto
      Internet Initiative Japan Inc.
      kazu@iij.ad.jp

Author's Address

   Eric Rescorla
   RTFM, Inc.

   EMail: ekr@rtfm.com



































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