The IPv6 Compact Routing Header (CRH)
draft-ietf-6man-comp-rtg-hdr-02
The information below is for an old version of the document.
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This is an older version of an Internet-Draft that was ultimately published as RFC 9631.
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Authors | Ron Bonica , Yuji Kamite , Andrew Alston , Daniam Henriques , Luay Jalil | ||
Last updated | 2024-01-15 (Latest revision 2024-01-04) | ||
Replaces | draft-bonica-6man-comp-rtg-hdr | ||
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draft-ietf-6man-comp-rtg-hdr-02
6man R. Bonica Internet-Draft Juniper Networks Intended status: Experimental Y. Kamite Expires: 18 July 2024 NTT Communications Corporation A. Alston D. Henriques Liquid Telecom L. Jalil Verizon 15 January 2024 The IPv6 Compact Routing Header (CRH) draft-ietf-6man-comp-rtg-hdr-02 Abstract This document describes an experiment in which two new IPv6 Routing headers are implemented and deployed. Collectively, they are called the Compact Routing Headers (CRH). Individually, they are called CRH-16 and CRH-32. One purpose of this experiment is to demonstrate that the CRH can be implemented and deployed in a production network. Another purpose is to demonstrate that the security considerations, described in this document, can be addressed with access control lists. Finally, this document encourages replication of the experiment. Status of This Memo This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79. Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet- Drafts is at https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/. Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress." This Internet-Draft will expire on 18 July 2024. Bonica, et al. Expires 18 July 2024 [Page 1] Internet-Draft IPv6 Compressed Routing Header January 2024 Copyright Notice Copyright (c) 2024 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved. This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (https://trustee.ietf.org/ license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Revised BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the Revised BSD License. Table of Contents 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2. Requirements Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 3. The Compressed Routing Headers (CRH) . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 4. The CRH Forwarding Information Base (CRH-FIB) . . . . . . . . 5 5. Processing Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 5.1. Computing Minimum CRH Length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 6. Mutability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 7. Destination Address Transparency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 8. Applications And SIDs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 9. Management Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 10. Textual Representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 11. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 12. Implementation and Deployment Status . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 13. Experimental Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 14. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 15. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 16. Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 17. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 17.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 17.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Appendix A. CRH Processing Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 A.1. The SID List Contains One Entry For Each Segment In The Path . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 A.2. The SID List Omits The First Entry In The Path . . . . . 15 Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Bonica, et al. Expires 18 July 2024 [Page 2] Internet-Draft IPv6 Compressed Routing Header January 2024 1. Introduction IPv6 [RFC8200] source nodes use Routing headers to specify the path that a packet takes to its destination. The IETF has defined several Routing header types [IANA-RH]. This document defines two new Routing header types. Collectively, they are called the Compact Routing Headers (CRH). Individually, they are called CRH-16 and CRH- 32. The CRH allows IPv6 source nodes to specify the path that a packet takes to its destination. The CRH can be encoded in relatively few bytes. The following are reasons for encoding the CRH in as few bytes as possible: * Many ASIC-based forwarders copy headers from buffer memory to on- chip memory. As header sizes increase, so does the cost of this copy. * Because Path MTU Discovery (PMTUD) [RFC8201] is not entirely reliable, many IPv6 hosts refrain from sending packets larger than the IPv6 minimum link MTU (i.e., 1280 bytes). When packets are small, the overhead imposed by large Routing Headers is excessive. This document describes an experiment whose purposes are: * To demonstrate that the CRH can be implemented and deployed. * To demonstrate that the security considerations, described in this document, can be addressed with access control lists. * To encourage replication of the experiment. 2. Requirements Language The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all capitals, as shown here. 3. The Compressed Routing Headers (CRH) Both CRH versions (i.e., CRH-16 and CRH-32) contain the following fields: * Next Header - Defined in [RFC8200]. * Hdr Ext Len - Defined in [RFC8200]. Bonica, et al. Expires 18 July 2024 [Page 3] Internet-Draft IPv6 Compressed Routing Header January 2024 * Routing Type - Defined in [RFC8200]. (CRH-16 value is 5. CRH-32 value is 6). * Segments Left - Defined in [RFC8200]. * Type-specific Data - Described in [RFC8200]. In the CRH, the Type-specific data field contains a list of Segment Identifiers (SIDs). Each SID identifies an entry in the CRH Forwarding Information Base (CRH-FIB) (Section 4). Each CRH-FIB entry identifies an interface on the path that the packet takes to its destination. SIDs are listed in reverse order. So, the first SID in the list represents the final interface in the path. Because segments are listed in reverse order, the Segments Left field can be used as an index into the SID list. In this document, the "current SID" is the SID list entry referenced by the Segments Left field. The first segment in the path can be omitted from the list. See Appendix A an example. In the CRH-16 (Figure 1), each SID is encoded in 16-bits. In the CRH-32 (Figure 2), each SID is encoded in 32-bits. In all cases, the CRH MUST end on a 64-bit boundary. So, the Type- specific data field MUST be padded with zeros if the CRH would otherwise not end on a 64-bit boundary. 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Next Header | Hdr Ext Len | Routing Type | Segments Left | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | SID[0] | SID[1] | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-| | ......... +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+- Figure 1: CRH-16 Bonica, et al. Expires 18 July 2024 [Page 4] Internet-Draft IPv6 Compressed Routing Header January 2024 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Next Header | Hdr Ext Len | Routing Type | Segments Left | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + SID[0] + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + SID[1] + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ // // +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + SID[n] + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ Figure 2: CRH-32 4. The CRH Forwarding Information Base (CRH-FIB) Each SID identifies a CRH-FIB entry. Each CRH-FIB entry contains: * An IPv6 address. * A topological function. * Arguments for the topological function. (Optional). The topological function specifies how the processing node forwards the packet to the interface identified by the IPv6 address. The following are examples: * Forward the packet through the least-cost path to the interface identified by the IPv6 address (i.e., loose source routing). * Forward the packet through a specified interface to the interface identified by the IPv6 address (i.e.,strict source routing) Some topological functions require parameters. For example, a topological function might require a parameter that identifies the interface through which the packet is forwarded. The CRH-FIB can be populated: * By an operator, using a Command Line Interface (CLI). Bonica, et al. Expires 18 July 2024 [Page 5] Internet-Draft IPv6 Compressed Routing Header January 2024 * By a controller, using the Path Computation Element (PCE) Communication Protocol (PCEP) [RFC5440] or the Network Configuration Protocol (NETCONF) [RFC6241]. * By a distributed routing protocol [ISO10589-Second-Edition], [RFC5340], [RFC4271]. 5. Processing Rules The following rules describe CRH processing: * If Segments Left equals 0, skip over the CRH and process the next header in the packet. * If Hdr Ext Len indicates that the CRH is larger than the implementation can process, discard the packet and send an ICMPv6 [RFC4443] Parameter Problem, Code 0, message to the Source Address, pointing to the Hdr Ext Len field. * Compute L, the minimum CRH length ( Section 5.1). * If L is greater than Hdr Ext Len, discard the packet and send an ICMPv6 Parameter Problem, Code 0, message to the Source Address, pointing to the Segments Left field. * Decrement Segments Left. * Search for the current SID in the CRH-FIB. In this document, the "current SID" is the SID list entry referenced by the Segments Left field. * If the search does not return a CRH-FIB entry, discard the packet and send an ICMPv6 Parameter Problem, Code 0, message to the Source Address, pointing to the current SID. * If Segments Left is greater than 0 and the CRH-FIB entry contains a multicast address, discard the packet and send an ICMPv6 Parameter Problem, Code 0, message to the Source Address, pointing to the current SID. * Copy the IPv6 address from the CRH-FIB entry to the Destination Address field in the IPv6 header. * Decrement the IPv6 Hop Limit. * Submit the packet, its topological function and its parameters to the IPv6 module. See NOTE. Bonica, et al. Expires 18 July 2024 [Page 6] Internet-Draft IPv6 Compressed Routing Header January 2024 NOTE: By default, the IPv6 module determines the next-hop and forwards the packet. However, the topological function may elicit another behavior. For example, the IPv6 module may forward the packet through a specified interface. 5.1. Computing Minimum CRH Length The algorithm described in this section accepts the following CRH fields as its input parameters: * Routing Type (i.e., CRH-16 or CRH-32). * Segments Left. It yields L, the minimum CRH length. The minimum CRH length is measured in 8-octet units, not including the first 8 octets. <CODE BEGINS> switch(Routing Type) { case CRH-16: if (Segments Left <= 2) return(0) sidsBeyondFirstWord = Segments Left - 2; sidPerWord = 4; case CRH-32: if (Segments Left <= 1) return(0) sidsBeyondFirstWord = Segments Left - 1; sidsPerWord = 2; case default: return(0xFF); } words = sidsBeyondFirstWord div sidsPerWord; if (sidsBeyondFirstWord mod sidsPerWord) words++; return(words) <CODE ENDS> 6. Mutability In the CRH, the Segments Left field is mutable. All remaining fields are immutable. Bonica, et al. Expires 18 July 2024 [Page 7] Internet-Draft IPv6 Compressed Routing Header January 2024 7. Destination Address Transparency When a packet containing the CRH header leaves its source, it does not include its final destination address. The final destination address is not added to the packet until the final SID is resolved. Therefore, intermediate nodes may not be able to determine whether the checksum is valid. While destination address transparency enhances privacy, it prevents intermediate nodes from verifying IPv6 checksums. 8. Applications And SIDs A CRH contains one or more SIDs. Each SID is processed by exactly one node. Therefore, a SID is not required to have domain-wide significance. Applications can: * Allocate SIDs so that they have domain-wide significance. * Allocate SIDs so that they have node-local significance. 9. Management Considerations PING and TRACEROUTE [RFC2151] both operate correctly in the presence of the CRH. TCPDUMP and Wireshark have been extended to support the CRH. 10. Textual Representation A 16-bit SID is represented by a colon (:) followed by four hexadecimal digits. Leading zeros can be omitted. The following are examples: * :1 * :fef3 * :1234 * :34 A 32-bit SID is represented by a colon (:), four hexadecimal digits, another colon (:), and another four hexadecimal digits. Leading zeros can be omitted. The following are examples: * ::13 Bonica, et al. Expires 18 July 2024 [Page 8] Internet-Draft IPv6 Compressed Routing Header January 2024 * :123:abcd * :fffe:ffaa * :1234:5678 11. Security Considerations In this document, one node trusts another only if both nodes are operated by the same party. A node can encounter security vulnerabilities by indiscriminately processing packets that contain Routing Headers [RFC5095]. Therefore, nodes MUST discard packets containing the CRH when both of the following conditions are true: * The Source Address does not identify an interface on a trusted node. * The Destination Address identifies an interface on the local node. The above-state rule does not protect the node from attack packets that contain a forged (i.e., spoofed) Source Address. In order to mitigate this risk, nodes MAY also discard packets containing the CRH when all of the following conditions are true: * The Source Address identifies an interface on a trusted node. * The Destination Address identifies an interface on the local node. * The packet does not pass an Enhanced Feasible-Path Unicast Reverse Path Forwarding (RPF) [RFC8704], The RPF check eliminates some, but not all packets with forged source addresses. Therefore, a network operator that deploys CRH MUST implement Access Control Lists (ACL) on each of its edge nodes. The ACL discards packets whose source address identifies an interface on a trusted node. 12. Implementation and Deployment Status Juniper Networks has produced experimental implementations of the CRH on the MX-series (ASIC-based) router Liquid Telecom has produced experimental implementations of the CRH on software based routers. Bonica, et al. Expires 18 July 2024 [Page 9] Internet-Draft IPv6 Compressed Routing Header January 2024 The CRH has carried non-production traffic in CERNET and Liquid Telecom. 13. Experimental Results Parties participating in this experiment should publish experimental results within one year of the publication of this document. Experimental results should address the following: * Effort required to deploy - Was deployment incremental or network-wide? - Was there a need to synchronize configurations at each node or could nodes be configured independently - Did the deployment require hardware upgrade? - Did SIDs have domain-wide or node-local significance? * Effort required to secure * Performance impact * Effectiveness of risk mitigation with ACLs * Cost of risk mitigation with ACLs * Mechanism used to populate the FIB * Scale of deployment * Interoperability - Did you deploy two inter-operable implementations? - Did you experience interoperability problems? - Did implementations generally implement the same topological functions with identical arguments? - Were topological function semantics identical on each implementation? * Effectiveness and sufficiency of OAM mechanism - Did PING work? Bonica, et al. Expires 18 July 2024 [Page 10] Internet-Draft IPv6 Compressed Routing Header January 2024 - Did TRACEROUTE work? - Did Wireshark work? - Did TCPDUMP work? 14. IANA Considerations This document makes the following registrations in the "Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) Parameters" "Routing Types" subregistry maintained by IANA: +-------+------------------------------+---------------+ | Value | Description | Reference | +=======+==============================+===============+ | 5 | CRH-16 | This document | +-------+------------------------------+---------------+ | 6 | CRH-32 | This document | +-------+------------------------------+---------------+ 15. Acknowledgements Thanks to Dr. Vanessa Ameen, Dale Carder, Brian Carpenter, Fernando Gont, Naveen Kottapalli, Joel Halpern, Mark Smith, Reji Thomas, Tony Li, Xing Li, Gerald Schmidt, Nancy Shaw, Ketan Talaulikar, and Chandra Venkatraman for their contributions to this document. 16. Contributors Gang Chen Baidu No.10 Xibeiwang East Road Haidian District Beijing 100193 P.R. China Email: phdgang@gmail.com Yifeng Zhou ByteDance Building 1, AVIC Plaza, 43 N 3rd Ring W Rd Haidian District Beijing 100000 P.R. China Bonica, et al. Expires 18 July 2024 [Page 11] Internet-Draft IPv6 Compressed Routing Header January 2024 Email: yifeng.zhou@bytedance.com Gyan Mishra Verizon Silver Spring, Maryland, USA Email: hayabusagsm@gmail.com 17. References 17.1. Normative References [RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>. [RFC4443] Conta, A., Deering, S., and M. Gupta, Ed., "Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMPv6) for the Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) Specification", STD 89, RFC 4443, DOI 10.17487/RFC4443, March 2006, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4443>. [RFC5095] Abley, J., Savola, P., and G. Neville-Neil, "Deprecation of Type 0 Routing Headers in IPv6", RFC 5095, DOI 10.17487/RFC5095, December 2007, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5095>. [RFC8174] Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC 2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174, May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8174>. [RFC8200] Deering, S. and R. Hinden, "Internet Protocol, Version 6 (IPv6) Specification", STD 86, RFC 8200, DOI 10.17487/RFC8200, July 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8200>. [RFC8201] McCann, J., Deering, S., Mogul, J., and R. Hinden, Ed., "Path MTU Discovery for IP version 6", STD 87, RFC 8201, DOI 10.17487/RFC8201, July 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8201>. Bonica, et al. Expires 18 July 2024 [Page 12] Internet-Draft IPv6 Compressed Routing Header January 2024 [RFC8704] Sriram, K., Montgomery, D., and J. Haas, "Enhanced Feasible-Path Unicast Reverse Path Forwarding", BCP 84, RFC 8704, DOI 10.17487/RFC8704, February 2020, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8704>. 17.2. Informative References [IANA-RH] IANA, "Routing Headers", <https://www.iana.org/assignments/ipv6-parameters/ ipv6-parameters.xhtml#ipv6-parameters-3>. [ISO10589-Second-Edition] International Organization for Standardization, ""Intermediate system to Intermediate system intra-domain routeing information exchange protocol for use in conjunction with the protocol for providing the connectionless-mode Network Service (ISO 8473)", ISO/IEC 10589:2002, Second Edition,", November 2001. [RFC2151] Kessler, G. and S. Shepard, "A Primer On Internet and TCP/ IP Tools and Utilities", FYI 30, RFC 2151, DOI 10.17487/RFC2151, June 1997, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2151>. [RFC4271] Rekhter, Y., Ed., Li, T., Ed., and S. Hares, Ed., "A Border Gateway Protocol 4 (BGP-4)", RFC 4271, DOI 10.17487/RFC4271, January 2006, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4271>. [RFC5340] Coltun, R., Ferguson, D., Moy, J., and A. Lindem, "OSPF for IPv6", RFC 5340, DOI 10.17487/RFC5340, July 2008, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5340>. [RFC5440] Vasseur, JP., Ed. and JL. Le Roux, Ed., "Path Computation Element (PCE) Communication Protocol (PCEP)", RFC 5440, DOI 10.17487/RFC5440, March 2009, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5440>. [RFC6241] Enns, R., Ed., Bjorklund, M., Ed., Schoenwaelder, J., Ed., and A. Bierman, Ed., "Network Configuration Protocol (NETCONF)", RFC 6241, DOI 10.17487/RFC6241, June 2011, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6241>. [RFC6890] Cotton, M., Vegoda, L., Bonica, R., Ed., and B. Haberman, "Special-Purpose IP Address Registries", BCP 153, RFC 6890, DOI 10.17487/RFC6890, April 2013, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6890>. Bonica, et al. Expires 18 July 2024 [Page 13] Internet-Draft IPv6 Compressed Routing Header January 2024 Appendix A. CRH Processing Examples This appendix demonstrates CRH processing in the following scenarios: * The SID list contains one entry for each segment in the path (Appendix A.1). * The SID list omits the first entry in the path (Appendix A.2). ----------- ----------- ----------- |Node: S | |Node: I1 | |Node: I2 | |Loopback: |---------------|Loopback: |---------------|Loopback: | |2001:db8::a| |2001:db8::1| |2001:db8::2| ----------- ----------- ----------- | | | ----------- | | |Node: D | | ---------------------|Loopback: |--------------------- |2001:db8::b| ----------- Figure 3: Reference Topology Figure 3 provides a reference topology that is used in all examples. +=====+==============+===================+ | SID | IPv6 Address | Forwarding Method | +=====+==============+===================+ | 2 | 2001:db8::2 | Least-cost path | +-----+--------------+-------------------+ | 11 | 2001:db8::b | Least-cost path | +-----+--------------+-------------------+ Table 1: Node SIDs Table 1 describes two entries that appear in each node's CRH-FIB. A.1. The SID List Contains One Entry For Each Segment In The Path In this example, Node S sends a packet to Node D, via I2. In this example, I2 appears in the CRH segment list. Bonica, et al. Expires 18 July 2024 [Page 14] Internet-Draft IPv6 Compressed Routing Header January 2024 +=====================================+===================+ | As the packet travels from S to I2: | | +=====================================+===================+ | Source Address = 2001:db8::a | Segments Left = 1 | +-------------------------------------+-------------------+ | Destination Address = 2001:db8::2 | SID[0] = 11 | +-------------------------------------+-------------------+ | | SID[1] = 2 | +-------------------------------------+-------------------+ Table 2 +=====================================+===================+ | As the packet travels from I2 to D: | | +=====================================+===================+ | Source Address = 2001:db8::a | Segments Left = 0 | +-------------------------------------+-------------------+ | Destination Address = 2001:db8::b | SID[0] = 11 | +-------------------------------------+-------------------+ | | SID[1] = 2 | +-------------------------------------+-------------------+ Table 3 A.2. The SID List Omits The First Entry In The Path In this example, Node S sends a packet to Node D, via I2. In this example, I2 does not appear in the CRH segment list. +=====================================+===================+ | As the packet travels from S to I2: | | +=====================================+===================+ | Source Address = 2001:db8::a | Segments Left = 1 | +-------------------------------------+-------------------+ | Destination Address = 2001:db8::2 | SID[0] = 11 | +-------------------------------------+-------------------+ Table 4 Bonica, et al. Expires 18 July 2024 [Page 15] Internet-Draft IPv6 Compressed Routing Header January 2024 +=====================================+===================+ | As the packet travels from I2 to D: | | +=====================================+===================+ | Source Address = 2001:db8::a | Segments Left = 0 | +-------------------------------------+-------------------+ | Destination Address = 2001:db8::b | SID[0] = 11 | +-------------------------------------+-------------------+ Table 5 Authors' Addresses Ron Bonica Juniper Networks 2251 Corporate Park Drive Herndon, Virginia 20171 United States of America Email: rbonica@juniper.net Yuji Kamite NTT Communications Corporation 3-4-1 Shibaura, Minato-ku, 108-8118 Japan Email: y.kamite@ntt.com Andrew Alston Liquid Telecom Nairobi Kenya Email: Andrew.Alston@liquidtelecom.com Daniam Henriques Liquid Telecom Johannesburg South Africa Email: daniam.henriques@liquidtelecom.com Luay Jalil Verizon Richardson, Texas United States of America Email: luay.jalil@one.verizon.com Bonica, et al. 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