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Home Networking Control Protocol
draft-ietf-homenet-hncp-07

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Document Type
This is an older version of an Internet-Draft that was ultimately published as RFC 7788.
Authors Markus Stenberg , Steven Barth , Pierre Pfister
Last updated 2015-07-05
Replaces draft-stenberg-homenet-hncp
RFC stream Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
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IESG IESG state Became RFC 7788 (Proposed Standard)
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draft-ietf-homenet-hncp-07
Homenet Working Group                                        M. Stenberg
Internet-Draft
Intended status: Standards Track                                S. Barth
Expires: January 6, 2016
                                                              P. Pfister
                                                           Cisco Systems
                                                            July 5, 2015

                    Home Networking Control Protocol
                       draft-ietf-homenet-hncp-07

Abstract

   This document describes the Home Networking Control Protocol (HNCP),
   an extensible configuration protocol and a set of requirements for
   home network devices on top of the Distributed Node Consensus
   Protocol (DNCP).  It enables automated configuration of addresses,
   naming, network borders and the seamless use of a routing protocol.

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
   working documents as Internet-Drafts.  The list of current Internet-
   Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   This Internet-Draft will expire on January 6, 2016.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2015 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
   (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
   to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must

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   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.

Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
   2.  Requirements language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
   3.  DNCP Profile  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
   4.  Common Links  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
   5.  Border Discovery  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
   6.  Autonomic Address Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
     6.1.  External Connections  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
       6.1.1.  External Connection TLV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
       6.1.2.  Delegated Prefix TLV  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
       6.1.3.  Prefix Domain TLV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
       6.1.4.  DHCP Data TLVs  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
     6.2.  Prefix Assignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
       6.2.1.  Prefix Assignment Algorithm Parameters  . . . . . . .  11
       6.2.2.  Assigned Prefix TLV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
       6.2.3.  Making New Assignments  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
       6.2.4.  Applying Assignments  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
       6.2.5.  DHCPv6-PD Excluded Prefix Support . . . . . . . . . .  14
       6.2.6.  Downstream Prefix Delegation Support  . . . . . . . .  15
     6.3.  Node Address Assignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15
     6.4.  Local IPv4 and ULA Prefixes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16
     6.5.  Special Purpose Prefixes  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
   7.  Configuration of Hosts and non-HNCP Routers . . . . . . . . .  18
     7.1.  DHCPv6 for Addressing or Configuration  . . . . . . . . .  18
     7.2.  Sending Router Advertisements . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  19
     7.3.  DHCPv6 for Prefix Delegation  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  19
     7.4.  DHCPv4 for Addressing and Configuration . . . . . . . . .  20
     7.5.  Multicast DNS Proxy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  20
   8.  Naming and Service Discovery  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  20
     8.1.  DNS Delegated Zone TLV  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  21
     8.2.  Domain Name TLV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  22
     8.3.  Node Name TLV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  23
   9.  Securing Third-Party Protocols  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  23
   10. HNCP Versioning and Capabilities  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  24
   11. Requirements for HNCP Routers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  25
   12. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  27
     12.1.  Border Determination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  27
     12.2.  Security of Unicast Traffic  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  28
     12.3.  Other Protocols in the Home  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  28
   13. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  29
   14. References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  29
     14.1.  Normative references . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  29
     14.2.  Informative references . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  30

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   Appendix A.  Changelog [RFC Editor: please remove]  . . . . . . .  31
   Appendix B.  Draft source [RFC Editor: please remove] . . . . . .  32
   Appendix C.  Implementation [RFC Editor: please remove] . . . . .  32
   Appendix D.  Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  32
   Authors' Addresses  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  33

1.  Introduction

   HNCP synchronizes state across a small site in order to allow
   automated network configuration.  The protocol enables use of border
   discovery, address prefix distribution
   [I-D.ietf-homenet-prefix-assignment], naming and other services
   across multiple links.

   HNCP provides enough information for a routing protocol to operate
   without homenet-specific extensions.  In homenet environments where
   multiple IPv6 source-prefixes can be present, routing based on source
   and destination address is necessary [RFC7368].

2.  Requirements language

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
   "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in RFC
   2119 [RFC2119].

3.  DNCP Profile

   HNCP is defined as a profile of DNCP [I-D.ietf-homenet-dncp] with the
   following parameters:

   o  HNCP uses UDP datagrams on port HNCP-UDP-PORT as a transport over
      link-local scoped IPv6, using unicast and multicast (All-Homenet-
      Routers is the HNCP group address).  Received datagrams with an
      IPv6 source or destination address which is not link-local scoped
      MUST be ignored.  Unicast replies to multicast and unicast
      messages MUST be sent to the IPv6 source address and port of the
      original message.  Each node MUST be able to receive (and
      potentially reassemble) UDP datagrams with a payload of at least
      4000 bytes.

   o  HNCP operates on multicast-capable interfaces only.  HNCP routers
      MUST assign a unique 32-bit endpoint identifier to each interface
      for which HNCP is enabled.  The value zero is reserved for
      internal purposes.  Implementations MAY use a value equivalent to
      the sin6_scope_id for the given interface.

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   o  HNCP unicast traffic SHOULD be secured using DTLS [RFC6347] as
      described in DNCP if exchanged over unsecured links.  UDP on port
      HNCP-DTLS-PORT is used for this purpose.  A node implementing HNCP
      security MUST support the DNCP Pre-Shared Key method, SHOULD
      support the DNCP Certificate Based Trust Consensus and MAY support
      the PKI-based trust method.

   o  HNCP uses opaque 32-bit node identifiers
      (DNCP_NODE_IDENTIFIER_LENGTH = 32).  A node implementing HNCP
      SHOULD generate and use a random node identifier.  If using a
      random node identifier and there is a node identifier collision,
      the node MUST immediately generate and use a new random node
      identifier which is not used by any other node.

   o  HNCP nodes MUST ignore all Node State TLVs received via multicast
      on a link which has DNCP security enabled in order to prevent
      spoofing of node state changes.

   o  HNCP nodes use the following Trickle parameters:

      *  k SHOULD be 1, as the timer reset when data is updated and
         further retransmissions should handle packet loss.

      *  Imin SHOULD be 200 milliseconds but MUST NOT be lower.  Note:
         Earliest transmissions may occur at Imin / 2.

      *  Imax SHOULD be 7 doublings of Imin (i.e. 25.6 seconds) but MUST
         NOT be lower.

   o  HNCP nodes MUST use the leading 64 bits of MD5 [RFC1321] as DNCP
      non-cryptographic hash function H(x).

   o  HNCP nodes MUST use DNCP's keep-alive extension on all endpoints.
      The following parameters are suggested:

      *  Default keep-alive interval (DNCP_KEEPALIVE_INTERVAL): 20
         seconds.

      *  Multiplier (DNCP_KEEPALIVE_MULTIPLIER): 2.1.

4.  Common Links

   HNCP uses the concept of Common Links for some of its applications.
   A Common Link usually refers to a link layer broadcast domain with
   certain properties and is used, e.g., to determine where prefixes
   should be assigned or which neighboring nodes participate in the
   election of a DHCP(v6) server.  The Common Link is computed
   separately for each local interface, and it always contains the local

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   interface.  Additionally, if the local interface is not in ad-hoc
   mode, it also contains the set of interfaces that are bidirectionally
   reachable from the given local interface, i.e. every remote interface
   of a remote node meeting all of the following requirements:

   o  The local node publishes a Neighbor TLV with:

      *  Neighbor Node Identifier = remote node's node identifier

      *  Neighbor Endpoint Identifier = remote interface's endpoint
         identifier

      *  Endpoint Identifier = local interface's endpoint identifier

   o  The remote node publishes a Neighbor TLV with:

      *  Neighbor Node Identifier = local node's node identifier

      *  Neighbor Endpoint Identifier = local interface's endpoint
         identifier

      *  Endpoint Identifier = remote interface's endpoint identifier

   A node MUST be able to detect whether two of its local interfaces are
   connected, e.g. by detecting an identical remote interface being part
   of the Common Links of both local interfaces.

5.  Border Discovery

   HNCP router's interfaces are either internal, external or of a
   different category derived from the internal one.  This section
   defines the border discovery algorithm.  It is suitable for both IPv4
   and IPv6 (single or dual-stack) and determines whether an HNCP
   interface is internal, external, or uses another fixed category.  The
   algorithm is derived from the edge router interactions described in
   the Basic Requirements for IPv6 Customer Edge Routers [RFC7084].
   This algorithm MUST be implemented by any router implementing HNCP.

   The border discovery auto-detection algorithm works as follows, with
   evaluation stopping at first match:

   1.  If a fixed category is configured for the interface, it MUST be
       used.

   2.  If a delegated prefix could be acquired by running a DHCPv6
       client on the interface, it MUST be considered external.

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   3.  If an IPv4 address could be acquired by running a DHCPv4 client
       on the interface it MUST be considered external.

   4.  Otherwise the interface MUST be considered internal.

   In order to avoid conflicts between border discovery and HNCP routers
   running DHCPv4 [RFC2131] or DHCPv6-PD [RFC3633] servers, each router
   MUST implement the following mechanism based on The User Class Option
   for DHCPv4 [RFC3004] and its DHCPv6 counterpart [RFC3315]:

   o  An HNCP router running a DHCP client on an HNCP interface MUST
      include a DHCP User-Class consisting of the ASCII-String
      "HOMENET".

   o  An HNCP router running a DHCP server on an HNCP interface MUST
      ignore or reject DHCP-Requests containing a DHCP User-Class
      consisting of the ASCII-String "HOMENET".

   A router MUST allow setting a category of either auto-detected,
   internal or external for each interface which is suitable for both
   internal and external connections.  In addition the following
   specializations of the internal category are defined to modify the
   local router behavior:

   Leaf category:  This declares an interface used by client devices
      only.  Such an interface acts as an internal interface with the
      exception that HNCP or routing protocol traffic MUST NOT be sent
      on the interface, and all such traffic received on the interface
      MUST be ignored.  This category SHOULD be supported.

   Guest category:  This declares an interface used by untrusted client
      devices only.  In addition to the restrictions of the Leaf
      category, HNCP routers MUST enable firewalling rules such that
      connected devices are unable to reach other devices inside the
      HNCP network or query services advertised by them unless
      explicitly allowed.  This category SHOULD be supported.

   Ad-hoc category:  This configures an interface to be ad-hoc
      (Section 4).  Ad-hoc interfaces are considered internal but no
      assumption is made on the the link transitivity properties.
      Support for this category is OPTIONAL.

   Hybrid category:  This declares an interface to be internal while
      still running DHCPv4 and DHCPv6-PD clients on it.  It is assumed
      that the link is under control of a legacy, trustworthy non-HNCP
      router, still within the same network.  Detection of this category
      automatically in addition to manual configuration is out of scope
      of this document.  Support for this category is OPTIONAL.

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   Each router MUST continuously scan each active interface that does
   not have a fixed category in order to dynamically reclassify it if
   necessary.  The router therefore runs an appropriately configured
   DHCPv4 and DHCPv6 client as long as the interface is active including
   states where it considers the interface to be internal.  The router
   SHOULD wait for a reasonable time period (5 seconds as a default),
   during which the DHCP clients can acquire a lease, before treating a
   newly activated or previously external interface as internal.  Once
   it treats a certain interface as internal it MUST start forwarding
   traffic with appropriate source addresses between its internal
   interfaces and allow internal traffic to reach external networks
   according to the routes it publishes.  Once a router detects an
   interface transitioning to external it MUST stop any previously
   enabled internal forwarding.  In addition it SHOULD announce the
   acquired information for use in the network as described in later
   sections of this draft if the interface appears to be connected to an
   external network.

6.  Autonomic Address Configuration

   This section specifies how HNCP routers configure host and router
   addresses.  At first border routers share information obtained from
   service providers or local configuration by publishing one or more
   External Connection TLVs.  These contain other TLVs such as Delegated
   Prefix TLVs which are then used for prefix assignment.  Finally, HNCP
   routers obtain addresses either statelessly or using a specific
   stateful mechanism and hosts and legacy routers are configured using
   SLAAC or DHCP.

   In all TLVs specified in this section which include a prefix, IPv4
   prefixes are encoded using the IPv4-mapped IPv6 addresses format
   [RFC4291].  The prefix length of such IPv4 prefix is set to 96 plus
   the IPv4 prefix length.

6.1.  External Connections

   Each HNCP router MAY obtain external connection information from one
   or more sources, e.g., DHCPv6-PD [RFC3633], NETCONF [RFC6241] or
   static configuration.  This section specifies how such information is
   encoded and advertised.

6.1.1.  External Connection TLV

   An External Connection TLV is a container-TLV used to gather network
   configuration information associated with a single external
   connection.  A node MAY publish an arbitrary number of instances of
   this TLV.

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   0                   1                   2                   3
   0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   | Type: EXTERNAL-CONNECTION (33)|             Length            |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                          Nested TLVs                          |

   The External Connection TLV is a container which:

   o  MAY contain an arbitrary number of Delegated Prefix TLVs.

   o  MUST NOT contain multiple Delegated Prefix TLVs with identical or
      overlapping prefixes.  In such a situation, the External
      Connection TLV MUST be ignored.

   o  MAY contain at most one DHCPv6 Data TLV and at most one DHCPv4
      Data TLV encoding options associated with the External Connection
      but MUST NOT contain more than one of each otherwise the External
      Connection TLV MUST be ignored.

   o  MAY contain other TLVs for future use.  Such additional TLVs MUST
      be ignored.

6.1.2.  Delegated Prefix TLV

   The Delegated Prefix TLV is used by HNCP routers to advertise
   prefixes which are allocated to the whole network and will be used
   for prefix assignment.  Any Delegated Prefix TLV MUST be nested in an
   External Connection TLV.

   0                   1                   2                   3
   0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |  Type: DELEGATED-PREFIX (34)  |          Length: >= 9         |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                        Valid Lifetime                         |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                      Preferred Lifetime                       |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   | Prefix Length |                                               |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+            Prefix [+ nested TLVs]             +
   |                                                               |

   Valid Lifetime:   The time in seconds the delegated prefix is valid.
      The value is relative to the point in time the Node-Data TLV was
      last published.  It MUST be updated whenever the node republishes
      its Node-Data TLV.

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   Preferred Lifetime:   The time in seconds the delegated prefix is
      preferred.  The value is relative to the point in time the Node-
      Data TLV was last published.  It MUST be updated whenever the node
      republishes its Node-Data TLV.

   Prefix Length:   The number of significant bits in the Prefix.

   Prefix:   Significant bits of the prefix padded with zeroes up to the
      next byte boundary.

   Nested TLVs:  Other TLVs included in the Delegated Prefix TLV and
      starting at the next 32-bit boundary following the end of the
      encoded prefix:

      *  Zero or more Prefix Domain TLVs.  In absence of any such TLV
         the prefix is assumed to be generated by an HNCP-router and for
         internal use only.

      *  If the encoded prefix represents an IPv6 prefix, at most one
         DHCPv6 Data TLV MAY be included, and any included DHCPv4 Data
         TLV MUST be ignored.

      *  If the prefix represents an IPv4 prefix (encoded as an
         IPv4-mapped IPv6 prefix), at most one DHCPv4 Data TLV MAY be
         included, and any included DHCPv6 Data TLV MUST be ignored.

      *  It MAY contain other TLVs for future use.  Such additional TLVs
         MUST be ignored.

6.1.3.  Prefix Domain TLV

   The Prefix Domain TLV contains information about the origin and
   applicability of a delegated prefix.  This information can be used to
   determine whether prefixes for a certain domain (e.g. local
   reachability, internet connectivity) do exist or should be acquired
   and to make decisions about assigning prefixes to certain links or to
   fine-tune border firewalls.  See Section 6.5 for a more in-depth
   discussion.

   0                   1                   2                   3
   0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |    Type: PREFIX-DOMAIN (43)   |          Length: >= 1         |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |  Domain Type  |                                               |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+                    Value                      +
   |                                                               |

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   Domain Type:   The type of the domain identifier.

      0      :  Internet connectivity (no Value).

      1-128  :  Explicit destination prefix with the Domain Type being
         the actual length of the prefix (Value contains significant
         bits of the destination prefix padded with zeroes up to the
         next byte boundary).

      129    :  DNS Zone (Value contains an RFC 1035 [RFC1035] encoded
         DNS label sequence).

      130    :  Opaque UTF-8 string (e.g. for administrative purposes).

      131-255:  Reserved for future additions.

   Value:   A variable length identifier of the given type.

6.1.4.  DHCP Data TLVs

   Auxiliary connectivity information is encoded as a stream of DHCP
   options.  Such TLVs MUST only be present in an External Connection
   TLV or a Delegated Prefix TLV.  When included in an External
   Connection TLV, they MUST contain DHCP options which are relevant to
   the whole External Connection.  When included in a Delegated Prefix,
   they MUST contain DHCP options which are specific to the Delegated
   Prefix.

   The DHCPv6 Data TLV uses the following format:

   0                   1                   2                   3
   0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |    Type: DHCPV6-DATA (37)     |          Length: > 0          |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                      DHCPv6 option stream                     |

   DHCPv6 option stream:   DHCPv6 options encoded as specified in
      [RFC3315].

   The DHCPv4 Data TLV uses the following format:

   0                   1                   2                   3
   0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |     Type: DHCPV4-DATA (38)    |          Length: > 0          |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                       DHCPv4 option stream                    |

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   DHCPv4 option stream:   DHCPv4 options encoded as specified in
      [RFC2131].

6.2.  Prefix Assignment

   HNCP uses the Distributed Prefix Assignment Algorithm specified in
   [I-D.ietf-homenet-prefix-assignment] in order to assign prefixes to
   HNCP internal links and uses the terminology defined there.

6.2.1.  Prefix Assignment Algorithm Parameters

   All HNCP nodes running the prefix assignment algorithm MUST use the
   following parameters:

   Node IDs:   HNCP node identifiers are used.  The comparison operation
      is defined as bit-wise comparison.

   Set of Delegated Prefixes:   The set of prefixes encoded in Delegated
      Prefix TLVs which are not strictly included in prefixes encoded in
      other Delegated Prefix TLVs.  Note that Delegated Prefix TLVs
      included in ignored External Connection TLVs are not considered.
      It is dynamically updated as Delegated Prefix TLVs are added or
      removed.

   Set of Shared Links:   The set of Common Links associated with
      internal, leaf, guest or ad-hoc interfaces.  It is dynamically
      updated as HNCP interfaces are added, removed, or switch from one
      category to another.  When multiple interfaces are detected as
      belonging to the same Common Link, prefix assignment is disabled
      on all of these interfaces except one.

   Set of Private Links:   This document defines Private Links
      representing DHCPv6-PD clients or as a mean to advertise prefixes
      included in the DHCPv6 Exclude Prefix option.  Other
      implementation-specific Private Links may be defined whenever a
      prefix needs to be assigned for a purpose that does not require a
      consensus with other HNCP routers.

   Set of Advertised Prefixes:   The set of prefixes included in
      Assigned Prefix TLVs advertised by other HNCP routers (Prefixes
      advertised by the local node are not in this set).  The associated
      Advertised Prefix Priority is the priority specified in the TLV.
      The associated Shared Link is determined as follows:

      *  If the Link Identifier is zero, the Advertised Prefix is not
         assigned on a Shared Link.

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      *  If the other node's interface identified by the Link Identifier
         is included in one of the Common Links used for prefix
         assignment, it is considered as assigned on the given Common
         Link.

      *  Otherwise, the Advertised Prefix is not assigned on a Shared
         Link.

      Advertised Prefixes as well as their associated priorities and
      associated Shared Links MUST be updated as Assigned Prefix TLVs
      are added, updated or removed, and as Common Links are modified.

   ADOPT_MAX_DELAY:   The default value is 0 seconds (i.e. prefix
      adoption MAY be done instantly).

   BACKOFF_MAX_DELAY:   The default value is 4 seconds.

   RANDOM_SET_SIZE:   The default value is 64.

   Flooding Delay:   The default value is 5 seconds.

   Default Advertised Prefix Priority:   When a new assignment is
      created or an assignment is adopted - as specified in the prefix
      assignment algorithm routine - the default Advertised Prefix
      Priority to be used is 2.

6.2.2.  Assigned Prefix TLV

   Published Assigned Prefixes MUST be advertised using the Assigned
   Prefix TLV:

   0                   1                   2                   3
   0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |  Type: ASSIGNED-PREFIX (35)   |          Length: >= 6         |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                      Endpoint Identifier                      |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |  Rsv. | Prty. | Prefix Length |                               |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+            Prefix             +
   |                                                               |

   Endpoint Identifier:   The endpoint identifier of the local interface
      that belongs to the Common Link the prefix is assigned to, or 0 if
      the Common Link is a Private Link (e.g., when the prefix is
      assigned for downstream prefix delegation).

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   Rsv.:   Bits are reserved for future use.  They MUST be set to zero
      when creating this TLV, and their value MUST be ignored when
      processing the TLV.

   Prty:   The Advertised Prefix Priority from 0 to 15.

      0-1  :  Low priorities.

      2    :  Default priority.

      3-7  :  High priorities.

      8-11 :  Administrative priorities.  MUST NOT be used unless
         configured otherwise.

      12-14:  Reserved for future use.

      15   :  Provider priorities.  MAY only be used by the router
         advertising the corresponding delegated prefix and based on
         static or dynamic configuration (e.g., for excluding a prefix
         based on DHCPv6-PD Prefix Exclude Option [RFC6603]).

   Prefix Length:   The number of significant bits in the Prefix field.

   Prefix:   The significant bits of the prefix padded with zeroes up to
      the next byte boundary.

6.2.3.  Making New Assignments

   Whenever the Prefix Assignment Algorithm subroutine is run on a
   Common Link and whenever a new prefix may be assigned (case 1 of the
   subroutine), the decision of whether the assignment of a new prefix
   is desired MUST follow these rules:

      If the Delegated Prefix TLV contains a DHCPv4 or DHCPv6 Data TLV,
      and the meaning of one of the DHCP options is not understood by
      the HNCP router, the creation of a new prefix is not desired.
      This rule applies to TLVs inside Delegated Prefix TLVs but not to
      those inside External Connection TLVs.

      If the remaining preferred lifetime of the prefix is 0 and there
      is another delegated prefix of the same IP version used for prefix
      assignment with a non-null preferred lifetime, the creation of a
      new prefix is not desired.

      Otherwise, the creation of a new prefix is desired, if the
      Delegated Prefix is either locally generated (does not have any
      Prefix Domain TLVs) or intended for internet access (has a Prefix

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      Domain TLV of type 0).  Local desirability policies MAY override
      or provide additional desirability rules for delegated prefixes,
      e.g., by matching different Prefix Domain TLV values.

   If the considered delegated prefix is an IPv6 prefix, and whenever
   there is at least one available prefix of length 64, a prefix of
   length 64 MUST be selected unless configured otherwise.  In case no
   prefix of length 64 would be available, a longer prefix MAY be
   selected even without configuration.

   If the considered delegated prefix is an IPv4 prefix (Section 6.4
   details how IPv4 delegated prefixes are generated), a prefix of
   length 24 SHOULD be preferred.

   In any case, a router MUST support a mechanism suitable to distribute
   addresses from the considered prefix if the link is intended to be
   used by clients.  In this case a router assigning an IPv4 prefix MUST
   support the L-capability and a router assigning an IPv6 prefix MUST
   support serving router advertisements.  In addition if an assigned
   IPv6 prefix is not suitable for Stateless Address Autoconfiguration
   the router MUST also support the H-capability as defined in
   Section 10.

6.2.4.  Applying Assignments

   The prefix assignment algorithm indicates when a prefix is applied to
   the respective Common Link.  When that happens each router connected
   to said link:

      MUST create an appropriate route for said prefix, indicating it is
      directly reachable on the respective link and advertise said route
      using the chosen routing protocol.

      MUST participate in the client configuration election as described
      in Section 7, if the link is intended to be used by clients.

      MAY add an address from said prefix to the respective network
      interface as described in Section 6.3, e.g., if it is to be used
      as source for locally originating traffic.

6.2.5.  DHCPv6-PD Excluded Prefix Support

   Whenever a DHCPv6 Prefix Exclude option [RFC6603] is received with a
   delegated prefix, the excluded prefix MUST be advertised as assigned
   to a Private Link with the maximum priority (i.e. 15).

   The same procedure MAY be applied in order to exclude prefixes
   obtained by other means of configuration.

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6.2.6.  Downstream Prefix Delegation Support

   When an HNCP router receives a request for prefix delegation, it
   SHOULD assign one prefix per delegated prefix in the network.  This
   set of assigned prefix is then delegated to the client, after it has
   been applied as described in the Prefix Assignment Algorithm.  Each
   client MUST be considered as an independent Private Link and
   delegation MUST be based on the same set of Delegated Prefixes as the
   one used for Common Link prefix assignments.

   The assigned prefixes MUST NOT be given to clients before they are
   applied, and MUST be withdrawn whenever they are destroyed.  As an
   exception to this rule, in order to shorten delays of processed
   requests, a router MAY prematurely give out a prefix which is
   advertised but not yet applied if it does so with a valid lifetime of
   not more than 30 seconds and ensures removal or correction of
   lifetimes as soon as possible.

6.3.  Node Address Assignment

   This section specifies how HNCP nodes reserve addresses for their own
   use.  Nodes MAY, at any time, try to reserve a new address from any
   applied Assigned Prefix.  Each HNCP router MUST announce at least one
   IPv6 address and - if it supports IPv4 - at least one IPv4 address,
   whenever matching prefixes are assigned to at least one if its Common
   Links.  These addresses are published using Node Address TLVs and
   used to locally reach HNCP nodes for other services.  Nodes SHOULD
   NOT create and announce more than one assignment per IP version to
   avoid cluttering the node data with redundant information unless a
   special use case requires it.

   Stateless assignment based on Modified EUI64 interface identifiers
   [RFC4291] SHOULD be used for address assignment whenever possible,
   otherwise (e.g., for IPv4) the following method MUST be used instead:
   For any assigned prefix for which SLAAC cannot be used, the first
   quarter of the addresses are reserved for routers HNCP based address
   assignments, whereas the last three quarters are left to the DHCPv6
   (resp.  DHCPv4) elected router (Section 10 specifies the DHCP server
   election process).  For instance, if the prefix 192.0.2.0/24 is
   assigned and applied to a Common Link, addresses included in
   192.0.2.0/26 are reserved for HNCP nodes and the remaining addresses
   are reserved for the elected DHCPv4 server.

   HNCP routers assign themselves addresses using the Node Address TLV:

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   0                   1                   2                   3
   0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |    Type: NODE-ADDRESS (36)    |           Length: 20          |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                      Endpoint Identifier                      |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                                                               |
   |                           IP Address                          |
   |                                                               |
   |                                                               |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

   Endpoint Identifier:   The endpoint identifier of the local interface
      that belongs to the Common Link the prefix is assigned to, or 0 if
      it is not assigned on an HNCP enabled link.

   IP Address:   The globally scoped IPv6 address, or the IPv4 address
      encoded as an IPv4-mapped IPv6 address [RFC4291].

   The process of obtaining addresses is specified as follows:

   o  A router MUST NOT start advertising an address if it is already
      advertised by another router.

   o  An assigned address MUST be in the first quarter of an assigned
      prefix currently applied on a Common Link which includes the
      interface specified by the endpoint identifier.

   o  An address MUST NOT be used unless it has been advertised for at
      least ADDRESS_APPLY_DELAY consecutive seconds, and is still
      currently being advertised.  The default value for
      ADDRESS_APPLY_DELAY is 3 seconds.

   o  Whenever the same address is advertised by more than one node, all
      but the one advertised by the node with the highest node
      identifier MUST be removed.

6.4.  Local IPv4 and ULA Prefixes

   HNCP routers can create an ULA or private IPv4 prefix to enable
   connectivity between local devices.  These prefixes are inserted in
   HNCP as if they were delegated prefixes.  The following rules apply:

      An HNCP router SHOULD create a ULA prefix if there is no other
      IPv6 prefix with a preferred time greater than 0 in the network.
      It MAY also do so, if there are other delegated IPv6 prefixes, but
      none of which is locally generated (i.e., without any Prefix

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      Domain TLV) and has a preferred time greater than 0.  However, it
      MUST NOT do so otherwise.  In case multiple locally generated ULA
      prefixes are present, only the one published by the node with the
      highest node identifier is kept among those with a preferred time
      greater than 0 - if there is any.

      An HNCP router MUST create a private IPv4 prefix [RFC1918]
      whenever it wishes to provide IPv4 internet connectivity to the
      network and no other private IPv4 prefix with internet
      connectivity currently exists.  It MAY also enable local IPv4
      connectivity by creating a private IPv4 prefix if no IPv4 prefix
      exists but MUST NOT do so otherwise.  In case multiple IPv4
      prefixes are announced, only the one published by the node with
      the highest node identifier is kept among those with a Prefix
      Domain of type 0 - if there is any.  The router publishing a
      prefix with internet connectivity MUST announce an IPv4 default
      route using the routing protocol and perform NAT on behalf of the
      network as long as it publishes the prefix, other routers in the
      network MAY choose not to.

   Creation of such ULA and IPv4 prefixes MUST be delayed by a random
   timespan between 0 and 10 seconds in which the router MUST scan for
   other nodes trying to do the same.

   When a new ULA prefix is created, the prefix is selected based on the
   configuration, using the last non-deprecated ULA prefix, or generated
   based on [RFC4193].

6.5.  Special Purpose Prefixes

   Some prefixes may have a special meaning and are not regularly used
   for internal or internet connectivity, instead they may provide
   access to special services like VPNs, sensor networks, VoIP, IPTV,
   etc.  Care must be taken that these prefixes are properly integrated
   and dealt with in the network, in order to avoid breaking
   connectivity for devices who are not aware of their special
   characteristics.

   Special purpose prefixes are distinguished using Prefix Domain TLVs
   (Section 6.1.3).  Their contents MAY be partly opaque to HNCP nodes,
   and their identification and usage depends on local policy.  However
   the following general rules MUST be adhered to:

      Special rules apply when making address assignments for prefixes
      with Prefix Domain TLVs other than type 0, as described in
      Section 6.2.3

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      In presence of any type 1 to 128 Prefix Domain TLV the prefix is
      specialized to reach destinations denoted by any such Prefix
      Domain TLV, i.e. in abscence of a type 0 Prefix Domain TLV it is
      not usable for general internet connectivity.  An HNCP router MAY
      enforce this restriction with appropriate packet filtering rules
      to provide increased security.

      The presence of a type 129 (DNS zone) Prefix Domain TLV indicates
      that the delegated prefix or its associated external connection is
      specialized to reach destinations within the given DNS zone.  An
      HNCP router providing name resolving services SHOULD prefer DNS
      servers listed in the associated external connection's DHCPv4 or
      DHCPv6 Data TLVs when resolving domains from that zone.

7.  Configuration of Hosts and non-HNCP Routers

   HNCP routers need to ensure that hosts and non-HNCP downstream
   routers on internal links are configured with addresses and routes.
   Since DHCP-clients can usually only bind to one server at a time, a
   per-link and per-service election takes place.

   HNCP routers may have different capabilities for configuring
   downstream devices and providing naming services.  Each router MUST
   therefore indicate its capabilities as specified in Section 10 in
   order to participate as a candidate in the election.

7.1.  DHCPv6 for Addressing or Configuration

   In general Stateless Address Autoconfiguration is used for client
   configuration for its low overhead and fast renumbering capabilities,
   however stateful DHCPv6 can be used in addition by administrative
   choice, to e.g. collect hostnames and use them to provide naming
   services or whenever stateless configuration is not applicable.

   The designated stateful DHCPv6 server for a Common Link (Section 4)
   is elected based on the capabilities described in Section 10.  The
   winner is the router (connected to the Common Link) advertising the
   greatest H-capability.  In case of a tie, Capability Values and node
   identifiers are considered (greatest value is elected).  The elected
   router MUST serve stateful DHCPv6 and MUST provide naming services
   for acquired hostnames as outlined in Section 8.  Stateful addresses
   SHOULD be assigned in a way not hindering fast renumbering even if
   the DHCPv6 server or client do not support the DHCPv6 reconfigure
   mechanism.  In case no router was elected, stateful DHCPv6 is not
   provided and each router assigning IPv6-prefixes on said link MUST
   provide stateless DHCPv6 service.

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7.2.  Sending Router Advertisements

   All HNCP routers MUST send Router Advertisements periodically via
   multicast and via unicast in response to Router Solicitations.

   o  The "Managed address configuration" flag MUST be set whenever a
      router connected to the link is advertising a non-null
      H-capability and MUST NOT be set otherwise.  The "Other
      configuration" flag MUST always be set.

   o  The default Router Lifetime MUST be set to an appropriate non-null
      value whenever an IPv6 default route is known in the HNCP network
      and MUST be set to zero otherwise.

   o  A Prefix Information Option MUST be added for each assigned and
      applied IPv6 prefix on the given link.  The autonomous address-
      configuration flag MUST be set whenever the prefix is suitable for
      stateless configuration.  The preferred and valid lifetimes MUST
      be smaller than the preferred and valid lifetimes of the delegated
      prefix the prefix is from.  When a prefix is removed, it MUST be
      deprecated as specified in [RFC7084].

   o  A Route Information Option [RFC4191] MUST be added for each
      delegated IPv6 prefix known in the HNCP network.  Additional ones
      SHOULD be added for each non-default IPv6 route with an external
      destination prefix advertised by the routing protocol.

   o  A Recursive DNS Server Option and a DNS Search List Option MUST be
      included with appropriate contents.

   o  To allow for optimized routing decisions for clients on the local
      link routers SHOULD adjust their Default Router Preference and
      Route Preferences [RFC4191] so that the priority is set to low if
      the next hop of the default or more specific route is on the same
      interface as the Route Advertisement being sent on.  Similarly the
      router MAY use the high priority if it is certain it has the best
      metric of all routers on the link for all routes known in the
      network with the respective destination.

   Every router sending Router Advertisements MUST immediately send an
   updated Router Advertisement via multicast as soon as it notices a
   condition resulting in a change of any advertised information.

7.3.  DHCPv6 for Prefix Delegation

   The designated DHCPv6 server for prefix-delegation on a Common Link
   is elected based on the capabilities described in Section 10.  The
   winner is the router (connected to the Common Link) advertising the

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   greatest P-capability.  In case of a tie, Capability Values are
   compared, and router with the greatest value is elected.  In case of
   another tie, the router with the highest node identifier is elected
   among the routers with tied Capability Values.  The elected router
   MUST provide prefix-delegation services [RFC3633] on the given link
   and follow the rules in Section 6.2.6.

7.4.  DHCPv4 for Addressing and Configuration

   The designated DHCPv4 server on a Common Link (Section 4) is elected
   based on the capabilities described in Section 10.  The winner is the
   router (connected to the Common Link) advertising the greatest
   L-capability.  In case of a tie, Capability Values are compared, and
   router with the greatest value is elected.  In case of another tie,
   the router with the highest node identifier is elected among the
   routers with tied Capability Values.  The elected router MUST provide
   DHCPv4 services on the given link.

   The DHCPv4 serving router MUST announce itself as router [RFC2132] to
   clients if and only if there is an IPv4 default route known in the
   network.  In addition, the router SHOULD announce a Classless Static
   Route Option [RFC3442] for each non-default IPv4 route advertised in
   the routing protocol with an external destination.

   DHCPv4 lease times SHOULD be short (i.e. not longer than 5 minutes)
   in order to provide reasonable response times to changes.

7.5.  Multicast DNS Proxy

   The designated MDNS [RFC6762] proxy on a Common Link is elected based
   on the capabilities described in Section 10.  The winner is the
   router (connected to the Common Link) advertising the greatest
   M-capability.  In case of a tie, Capability Values are compared, and
   router with the greatest value is elected.  In case of another tie,
   the router with the highest node identifier is elected among the
   routers with tied Capability Values.  The elected router MUST provide
   an MDNS-proxy on the given link and announce it as described in
   Section 8.

8.  Naming and Service Discovery

   Network-wide naming and service discovery can greatly improve the
   user-friendliness of a network.  The following mechanism provides
   means to setup and delegate naming and service discovery across
   multiple HNCP routers.

   Each HNCP router SHOULD provide and announce an auto-generated or
   user-configured name for each internal Common Link (Section 4) for

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   which it is the designated DHCPv4, stateful DHCPv6 server, MDNS
   proxy, or for which it provides forward or reverse DNS services on
   behalf of connected devices.  HNCP routers providing name resolving
   services MUST use the included DNS server address to resolve names
   belonging to the zone.

   Each HNCP router SHOULD announce a node name for itself to be easily
   reachable and MAY do so on behalf of other devices.  HNCP routers
   providing name resolving services MUST resolve these names to their
   respective IP addresses.

   The following TLVs are defined and MUST be supported by all nodes
   implementing naming and service discovery:

8.1.  DNS Delegated Zone TLV

   This TLV is used to announce a forward or reverse DNS zone delegation
   in the HNCP network.  Its meaning is roughly equivalent to specifying
   an NS and A/AAAA record for said zone.  There MUST NOT be more than
   one delegation for the same zone in the whole DNCP network.  In case
   of a conflict the announcement of the node with the highest node
   identifier takes precedence and all other nodes MUST cease to
   announce the conflicting TLV.

   0                   1                   2                   3
   0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   | Type: DNS-DELEGATED-ZONE (39) |        Length: >= 17          |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                                                               |
   |                           IP Address                          |
   |                                                               |
   |                                                               |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |Reserved |L|B|S|                                               |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+  Zone (DNS label sequence - variable length)  |
   |                                                               |

   IP Address :  The IPv6 address of the authoritative DNS server for
      the zone; IPv4 addresses are represented as IPv4-mapped addresses
      [RFC4291].  The special value of :: (all-zero) means the
      delegation is available in the global DNS-hierarchy.

   Reserved :  Those bits MUST be set to zero when creating the TLV and
      ignored when parsing it unless defined in a later specification.

   L-bit :  DNS-SD [RFC6763] Legacy-Browse, indicates that this
      delegated zone should be included in the network's DNS-SD legacy

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      browse list of domains at lb._dns- sd._udp.(DOMAIN-NAME).  Local
      forward zones SHOULD have this bit set, reverse zones SHOULD NOT.

   B-bit :  (DNS-SD [RFC6763] Browse) indicates that this delegated zone
      should be included in the network's DNS-SD browse list of domains
      at b._dns-sd._udp.  (DOMAIN-NAME).  Local forward zones SHOULD
      have this bit set, reverse zones SHOULD NOT.

   S-bit :  (fully-qualified DNS-SD [RFC6763] domain) indicates that
      this delegated zone consists of a fully-qualified DNS-SD domain,
      which should be used as base for DNS-SD domain enumeration, i.e.
      _dns-sd._udp.(Zone) exists.  Forward zones MAY have this bit set,
      reverse zones MUST NOT.  This can be used to provision DNS search
      path to hosts for non-local services (such as those provided by an
      ISP, or other manually configured service providers).  Zones with
      this flag SHOULD be added to the search domains advertised to
      clients.

   Zone :  The label sequence of the zone, encoded as the domain names
      are encoded DNS messages as specified in [RFC1035].  The last
      label in the zone MUST be empty.

8.2.  Domain Name TLV

   This TLV is used to indicate the base domain name for the network.
   It is the zone used as a base for all non fully-qualified delegated
   zones and node names.  In case of conflicts the announced domain of
   the node with the greatest node identifier takes precedence.  By
   default, i.e., if no node advertises such a TLV., ".home" is used.
   This TLV MUST NOT be announced unless the domain name was explicitly
   configured by an administrator.

   0                   1                   2                   3
   0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |    Type: DOMAIN-NAME (40)     |         Length: > 0           |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |        Domain (DNS label sequence - variable length)          |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

   Domain:   The label sequence encoded according to [RFC1035].
      Compression MUST NOT be used.  The zone MUST end with an empty
      label.

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8.3.  Node Name TLV

   This TLV is used to assign the name of a node in the network to a
   certain IP address.  In case of conflicts the announcement of the
   node with the greatest node identifier for a name takes precedence
   and all other nodes MUST cease to announce the conflicting TLV.

   0                   1                   2                   3
   0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |     Type: NODE-NAME (41)      |         Length: > 16          |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                                                               |
   |                           IP Address                          |
   |                                                               |
   |                                                               |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |         Name (not null-terminated - variable length)          |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

   IP Address:   The IP address associated with the name.  IPv4
      addresses are encoded using IPv4-mapped IPv6 addresses.

   Name:   The name of the node as a single DNS label (up to 63
      characters, no leading length byte).

9.  Securing Third-Party Protocols

   Pre-shared keys (PSKs) are often required to secure IGPs and other
   protocols which lack support for asymmetric security.  The following
   mechanism manages PSKs using HNCP to enable bootstrapping of such
   third-party protocols and SHOULD therefore be used if such a need
   arises.  The following rules define how such a PSK is managed and
   used:

   o  If no Managed-PSK-TLV is currently being announced, an HNCP router
      MUST create one after a random delay of 0 to 10 seconds with a 32
      bytes long random key and add it to its node data.

   o  In case multiple routers announce such a TLV at the same time, all
      but the one with the greatest node identifier stop advertising it
      and adopt the remaining one.

   o  The router currently advertising the Managed-PSK-TLV must generate
      and advertise a new random one whenever an unreachable node is
      purged as described in DNCP.

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   0                   1                   2                   3
   0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |    Type: Managed-PSK (42)     |          Length: 32           |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                                                               |
   |                                                               |
   |                                                               |
   |                           Random PSK                          |
   |                                                               |
   |                                                               |
   |                                                               |
   |                                                               |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

   PSKs for individual protocols are derived from the random PSK through
   the use of HMAC-SHA256 [RFC6234] with a pre-defined per-protocol
   HMAC-key in ASCII-format.  The following HMAC-keys are currently
   defined to derive PSKs for the respective protocols:

      "ROUTING": to be used for IGPs

10.  HNCP Versioning and Capabilities

   Multiple versions of HNCP based on compatible DNCP profiles may be
   present in the same network when transitioning between HNCP versions
   and HNCP routers may have different capabilities to support clients.
   The following mechanism describes a way to announce the currently
   active version and User-agent of a node.  Each node MUST include an
   HNCP-Version-TLV in its Node Data and MUST ignore (except for DNCP
   synchronization purposes) any TLVs with a type greater than 32
   published by nodes not also publishing an HNCP-Version TLV or
   publishing such a TLV with a different Version number.

   Capabilities are indicated by setting M, P, H and L fields in the
   TLV.  The "capability value" is a metric indicated by interpreting
   the bits as an integer, i.e.  (M << 12 | P << 8 | H << 4 | L).

   0                   1                   2                   3
   0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |    Type: HNCP-VERSION (32)    |         Length: >= 5          |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |    Version    |   Reserved    |   M   |   P   |   H   |   L   |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                          User-agent                           |

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   Version:  Indicates which version of HNCP is currently in use by this
      particular node.  It MUST be set to 1.  Nodes with different
      versions are considered incompatible.

   Reserved:  Bits are reserved for future use.  They MUST be set to
      zero when creating this TLV, and their value MUST be ignored when
      processing the TLV.

   M-capability:  Priority value used for electing the on-link MDNS
      [RFC6762] proxy.  It MUST be set to some value between 1 and 7
      included (4 is the default) if the router is capable of proxying
      MDNS and 0 otherwise.  The values 8-15 are reserved for future
      use.

   P-capability:  Priority value used for electing the on-link DHCPv6-PD
      server.  It MUST be set to some value between 1 and 7 included (4
      is the default) if the router is capable of providing prefixes
      through DHCPv6-PD (Section 6.2.6) and 0 otherwise.  The values
      8-15 are reserved for future use.

   H-capability:  Priority value used for electing the on-link DHCPv6
      server offering non-temporary addresses.  It MUST be set to some
      value between 1 and 7 included (4 is the default) if the router is
      capable of providing such addresses and 0 otherwise.  The values
      8-15 are reserved for future use.

   L-capability:  Priority value used for electing the on-link DHCPv4
      server.  It MUST be set to some value between 1 and 7 included (4
      is the default) if the router is capable of running a legacy
      DHCPv4 server offering IPv4 addresses to clients and 0 otherwise.
      The values 8-15 are reserved for future use.

   User-Agent:  The user-agent is a human-readable UTF-8 string that
      describes the name and version of the current HNCP implementation.

11.  Requirements for HNCP Routers

   Each router implementing HNCP is subject to the following
   requirements:

   o  It MUST implement HNCP-Versioning, Border Discovery, Prefix
      Assignment and Configuration of hosts and non-HNCP routers as
      defined in this document.

   o  It MUST implement and run the method for securing third-party
      protocols whenever it uses the security mechanism of HNCP.

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   o  It SHOULD implement support for the Service Discovery and Naming
      TLVs as defined in this document.

   o  It MUST implement and run a routing protocol appropriate for the
      given link type on all of the interfaces it sends and receives
      HNCP traffic on.  The protocol MUST support source-specific routes
      and MUST correctly propagate those also for the external
      destinations that may have only implicit source-specific
      information, such as a combination of a DHCPv6 PD-derived prefix
      and a non-source-specific default route.

   o  It MUST use adequate security mechanisms for the routing protocol
      on any interface where it also uses the security mechanisms of
      HNCP.  If the security mechanism is based on a PSK it MUST use a
      PSK derived from the Managed-PSK to secure the IGP.

   o  It MAY be able to provide connectivity to IPv4-devices using
      DHCPv4.

   o  It SHOULD be able to delegate prefixes to legacy IPv6 routers
      using DHCPv6-PD.

   o  In addition, normative language of Basic Requirements for IPv6
      Customer Edge Routers [RFC7084] applies with the following
      adjustments:

      *  The section "WAN-Side Configuration" applies to HNCP interfaces
         classified as external.

      *  If the CE sends a size-hint as indicated in WPD-2, the hint
         MUST NOT be determined by the number of LAN-interfaces of the
         CE, but SHOULD instead be large enough to at least accommodate
         prefix assignments announced for existing delegated or ULA-
         prefixes, if such prefixes exist and unless explicitly
         configured otherwise.

      *  The dropping of packets with a destination address belonging to
         a delegated prefix mandated in WPD-5 MUST NOT be applied to
         destinations that are part of any prefix announced using an
         ASSIGNED-PREFIX TLV by any HNCP router in the network.

      *  The section "LAN-Side Configuration" applies to HNCP interfaces
         classified as internal.

      *  The requirement L-2 to assign a separate /64 to each LAN
         interface is replaced by the participation in the prefix
         assignment mechanism (Section 6.2) for each such interface.

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      *  The requirement L-12 to make DHCPv6 options available is
         adapted, in that a CER SHOULD publish the subset of options
         using the DHCPv6 Data TLV in an External Connection TLV.
         Similarly it SHOULD do the same for DHCPv4 options in a DHCPv4
         Data TLV.  DHCPv6 options received inside an OPTION_IAPREFIX
         [RFC3633] MUST be published using a DHCPv6 Data TLV inside the
         respective Delegated Prefix TLV.  HNCP routers SHOULD make
         relevant DHCPv6 and DHCPv4 options available to clients, i.e.
         options contained in External Connection TLVs that also include
         delegated prefixes from which a subset is assigned to the
         respective link.

12.  Security Considerations

   HNCP enables self-configuring networks, requiring as little user
   intervention as possible.  However this zero-configuration goal
   usually conflicts with security goals and introduces a number of
   threats.

   General security issues for existing home networks are discussed in
   [RFC7368].  The protocols used to set up addresses and routes in such
   networks to this day rarely have security enabled within the
   configuration protocol itself.  However these issues are out of scope
   for the security of HNCP itself.

   HNCP is a DNCP-based state synchronization mechanism carrying
   information with varying threat potential.  For this consideration
   the payloads defined in DNCP and this document are reviewed:

   o  Network topology information such as HNCP nodes and their common
      links.

   o  Address assignment information such as delegated and assigned
      prefixes for individual links.

   o  Naming and service discovery information such as auto-generated or
      customized names for individual links and routers.

12.1.  Border Determination

   As described in Section 5, an HNCP router determines the internal or
   external state on a per-link basis.  A firewall perimeter is set up
   for the external links, and for internal links, HNCP and IGP traffic
   is allowed.

   Threats concerning automatic border discovery cannot be mitigated by
   encrypting or authenticating HNCP traffic itself since external
   routers do not participate in the protocol and often cannot be

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   authenticated by other means.  These threats include propagation of
   forged uplinks in the homenet in order to e.g. redirect traffic
   destined to external locations and forged internal status by external
   routers to e.g. circumvent the perimeter firewall.

   It is therefore imperative to either secure individual links on the
   physical or link-layer or preconfigure the adjacent interfaces of
   HNCP routers to an adequate fixed-category in order to secure the
   homenet border.  Depending on the security of the external link
   eavesdropping, man-in-the-middle and similar attacks on external
   traffic can still happen between a homenet border router and the ISP,
   however these cannot be mitigated from inside the homenet.  For
   example, DHCPv4 has defined [RFC3118] to authenticate DHCPv4
   messages, but this is very rarely implemented in large or small
   networks.  Further, while PPP can provide secure authentication of
   both sides of a point to point link, it is most often deployed with
   one-way authentication of the subscriber to the ISP, not the ISP to
   the subscriber.

12.2.  Security of Unicast Traffic

   Once the homenet border has been established there are several ways
   to secure HNCP against internal threats like manipulation or
   eavesdropping by compromised devices on a link which is enabled for
   HNCP traffic.  If left unsecured, attackers may perform arbitrary
   eavesdropping, spoofing or denial of service attacks on HNCP services
   such as address assignment or service discovery.

   Detailed interface categories like "leaf" or "guest" can be used to
   integrate not fully trusted devices to various degrees into the
   homenet by not exposing them to HNCP and IGP traffic or by using
   firewall rules to prevent them from reaching homenet-internal
   resources.

   On links where this is not practical and lower layers do not provide
   adequate protection from attackers, DNCP secure mode MUST be used to
   secure traffic.

12.3.  Other Protocols in the Home

   IGPs and other protocols are usually run alongside HNCP therefore the
   individual security aspects of the respective protocols must be
   considered.  It can however be summarized that many protocols to be
   run in the home (like IGPs) provide - to a certain extent - similar
   security mechanisms.  Most of these protocols do not support
   encryption and only support authentication based on pre-shared keys
   natively.  This influences the effectiveness of any encryption-based

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   security mechanism deployed by HNCP as homenet routing information is
   thus usually not encrypted.

13.  IANA Considerations

   IANA is requested to maintain a registry for HNCP TLV-Types.  This
   registry inherits TLV-Types and allocation policy defined in DNCP
   [I-D.ietf-homenet-dncp], but is independent with regard to all TLV-
   Types not specified or reserved by DNCP.  Particularly, other DNCP
   profile may have there own registries, using same TLV numbers.

   The following TLV-Types are defined in this document:

      32: HNCP-Version

      33: External-Connection

      34: Delegated-Prefix

      35: Assigned-Prefix

      36: Node-Address

      37: DHCPv4-Data

      38: DHCPv6-Data

      39: DNS-Delegated-Zone

      40: Domain-Name

      41: Node-Name

      42: Managed-PSK

   HNCP requires allocation of UDP port numbers HNCP-UDP-PORT and HNCP-
   DTLS-PORT, as well as an IPv6 link-local multicast address All-
   Homenet-Routers.

14.  References

14.1.  Normative references

   [I-D.ietf-homenet-dncp]
              Stenberg, M. and S. Barth, "Distributed Node Consensus
              Protocol", draft-ietf-homenet-dncp-07 (work in progress),
              July 2015.

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   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.

   [RFC6347]  Rescorla, E. and N. Modadugu, "Datagram Transport Layer
              Security Version 1.2", RFC 6347, January 2012.

   [RFC6603]  Korhonen, J., Savolainen, T., Krishnan, S., and O. Troan,
              "Prefix Exclude Option for DHCPv6-based Prefix
              Delegation", RFC 6603, May 2012.

   [RFC4191]  Draves, R. and D. Thaler, "Default Router Preferences and
              More-Specific Routes", RFC 4191, November 2005.

   [I-D.ietf-homenet-prefix-assignment]
              Pfister, P., Paterson, B., and J. Arkko, "Distributed
              Prefix Assignment Algorithm", draft-ietf-homenet-prefix-
              assignment-07 (work in progress), June 2015.

14.2.  Informative references

   [RFC7084]  Singh, H., Beebee, W., Donley, C., and B. Stark, "Basic
              Requirements for IPv6 Customer Edge Routers", RFC 7084,
              November 2013.

   [RFC3004]  Stump, G., Droms, R., Gu, Y., Vyaghrapuri, R., Demirtjis,
              A., Beser, B., and J. Privat, "The User Class Option for
              DHCP", RFC 3004, November 2000.

   [RFC3118]  Droms, R. and W. Arbaugh, "Authentication for DHCP
              Messages", RFC 3118, June 2001.

   [RFC2131]  Droms, R., "Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol", RFC
              2131, March 1997.

   [RFC3315]  Droms, R., Bound, J., Volz, B., Lemon, T., Perkins, C.,
              and M. Carney, "Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol for
              IPv6 (DHCPv6)", RFC 3315, July 2003.

   [RFC3633]  Troan, O. and R. Droms, "IPv6 Prefix Options for Dynamic
              Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) version 6", RFC 3633,
              December 2003.

   [RFC1918]  Rekhter, Y., Moskowitz, R., Karrenberg, D., Groot, G., and
              E. Lear, "Address Allocation for Private Internets", BCP
              5, RFC 1918, February 1996.

   [RFC4291]  Hinden, R. and S. Deering, "IP Version 6 Addressing
              Architecture", RFC 4291, February 2006.

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   [RFC7368]  Chown, T., Arkko, J., Brandt, A., Troan, O., and J. Weil,
              "IPv6 Home Networking Architecture Principles", RFC 7368,
              October 2014.

   [RFC1035]  Mockapetris, P., "Domain names - implementation and
              specification", STD 13, RFC 1035, November 1987.

   [RFC6234]  Eastlake, D. and T. Hansen, "US Secure Hash Algorithms
              (SHA and SHA-based HMAC and HKDF)", RFC 6234, May 2011.

   [RFC1321]  Rivest, R., "The MD5 Message-Digest Algorithm", RFC 1321,
              April 1992.

   [RFC6762]  Cheshire, S. and M. Krochmal, "Multicast DNS", RFC 6762,
              February 2013.

   [RFC6763]  Cheshire, S. and M. Krochmal, "DNS-Based Service
              Discovery", RFC 6763, February 2013.

   [RFC6241]  Enns, R., Bjorklund, M., Schoenwaelder, J., and A.
              Bierman, "Network Configuration Protocol (NETCONF)", RFC
              6241, June 2011.

   [RFC2132]  Alexander, S. and R. Droms, "DHCP Options and BOOTP Vendor
              Extensions", RFC 2132, March 1997.

   [RFC3442]  Lemon, T., Cheshire, S., and B. Volz, "The Classless
              Static Route Option for Dynamic Host Configuration
              Protocol (DHCP) version 4", RFC 3442, December 2002.

   [RFC4193]  Hinden, R. and B. Haberman, "Unique Local IPv6 Unicast
              Addresses", RFC 4193, October 2005.

14.3.  URIs

   [3] http://www.openwrt.org

   [4] http://www.homewrt.org/doku.php?id=run-conf

Appendix A.  Changelog [RFC Editor: please remove]

   draft-ietf-homenet-hncp-07: Using version 1 instead of version 0, as
   existing implementations already use it.

   draft-ietf-homenet-hncp-06: Various edits based on feedback,
   hopefully without functional delta.

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   draft-ietf-homenet-hncp-05: Renamed "Adjacent Link" to "Common Link".
   Changed single IPv4 uplink election from MUST to MAY.  Added explicit
   indication to distinguish (IPv4)-PDs for local connectivity and ones
   with uplink connectivity allowing e.g. better local-only
   IPv4-connectivity.

   draft-ietf-homenet-hncp-04: Change the responsibility for sending RAs
   to the router assigning the prefix.

   draft-ietf-homenet-hncp-03: Split to DNCP (generic protocol) and HNCP
   (homenet profile).

   draft-ietf-homenet-hncp-02: Removed any built-in security.  Relying
   on IPsec.  Reorganized interface categories, added requirements
   languages, made manual border configuration a MUST-support.
   Redesigned routing protocol election to consider non-router devices.

   draft-ietf-homenet-hncp-01: Added (MAY) guest, ad-hoc, hybrid
   categories for interfaces.  Removed old hnetv2 reference, and now
   pointing just to OpenWrt + github.  Fixed synchronization algorithm
   to spread also same update number, but different data hash case.
   Made purge step require bidirectional connectivity between nodes when
   traversing the graph.  Edited few other things to be hopefully
   slightly clearer without changing their meaning.

   draft-ietf-homenet-hncp-00: Added version TLV to allow for TLV
   content changes pre-RFC without changing IDs.  Added link id to
   assigned address TLV.

Appendix B.  Draft source [RFC Editor: please remove]

   This draft is available at https://github.com/fingon/ietf-drafts/ in
   source format.  Issues and pull requests are welcome.

Appendix C.  Implementation [RFC Editor: please remove]

   A GPLv2-licensed implementation of HNCP is currently under
   development at https://github.com/sbyx/hnetd/ and binaries are
   available in the OpenWrt [3] package repositories.  See [4] for more
   information.  Feedback and contributions are welcome.

Appendix D.  Acknowledgements

   Thanks to Ole Troan, Mark Baugher, Mark Townsley and Juliusz
   Chroboczek for their contributions to the draft.

   Thanks to Eric Kline for the original border discovery work.

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Authors' Addresses

   Markus Stenberg
   Helsinki  00930
   Finland

   Email: markus.stenberg@iki.fi

   Steven Barth
   Halle  06114
   Germany

   Email: cyrus@openwrt.org

   Pierre Pfister
   Cisco Systems
   Paris
   France

   Email: pierre.pfister@darou.fr

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