Use of ML-KEM in the Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS)
draft-ietf-lamps-cms-kyber-05
Document | Type | Active Internet-Draft (lamps WG) | |
---|---|---|---|
Authors | PRAT Julien , Mike Ounsworth , Daniel Van Geest | ||
Last updated | 2024-10-15 | ||
Replaces | draft-ietf-lamps-kyber | ||
RFC stream | Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) | ||
Intended RFC status | (None) | ||
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Additional resources | Mailing list discussion | ||
Stream | WG state | WG Document | |
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IESG | IESG state | I-D Exists | |
Consensus boilerplate | Unknown | ||
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draft-ietf-lamps-cms-kyber-05
LAMPS J. Prat Internet-Draft CryptoNext Security Intended status: Standards Track M. Ounsworth Expires: 18 April 2025 Entrust D. Van Geest CryptoNext Security 15 October 2024 Use of ML-KEM in the Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS) draft-ietf-lamps-cms-kyber-05 Abstract The Module-Lattice-based Key-Encapsulation Mechanism (ML-KEM) algorithm is a one-pass (store-and-forward) cryptographic mechanism for an originator to securely send keying material to a recipient using the recipient's ML-KEM public key. Three parameters sets for the ML-KEM algorithm are specified by NIST in [FIPS203]. In order of increasing security strength (and decreasing performance), these parameter sets are ML-KEM-512, ML-KEM-768, and ML-KEM-1024. This document specifies the conventions for using ML-KEM with the Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS) using KEMRecipientInfo as specified in [RFC9629]. About This Document This note is to be removed before publishing as an RFC. Status information for this document may be found at https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/draft-ietf-lamps-cms-kyber/. Discussion of this document takes place on the Limited Additional Mechanisms for PKIX and SMIME (lamps) Working Group mailing list (mailto:spasm@ietf.org), which is archived at https://mailarchive.ietf.org/arch/browse/spasm/. Subscribe at https://www.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/spasm/. Source for this draft and an issue tracker can be found at https://github.com/lamps-wg/kyber-certificates. Status of This Memo This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79. Prat, et al. Expires 18 April 2025 [Page 1] Internet-Draft ML-KEM in CMS October 2024 Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet- Drafts is at https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/. Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress." This Internet-Draft will expire on 18 April 2025. Copyright Notice Copyright (c) 2024 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved. This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (https://trustee.ietf.org/ license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Revised BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the Revised BSD License. Table of Contents 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.1. Conventions and Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.2. ML-KEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2. Use of the ML-KEM Algorithm in CMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2.1. RecipientInfo Conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2.2. Underlying Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2.2.1. Use of the HKDF-based Key Derivation Function . . . . 5 2.2.2. Components for ML-KEM in CMS . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2.3. Certificate Conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2.4. SMIME Capabilities Attribute Conventions . . . . . . . . 7 3. Identifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 4. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 5. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 6. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 7. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 7.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 7.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Appendix A. ASN.1 Module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Appendix B. ML-KEM CMS Enveloped-Data Example . . . . . . . . . 15 B.1. Originator CMS Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Prat, et al. Expires 18 April 2025 [Page 2] Internet-Draft ML-KEM in CMS October 2024 B.2. Recipient CMS Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 1. Introduction ML-KEM is an IND-CCA2-secure key-encapsulation mechanism (KEM) standardized in [FIPS203] by the US NIST PQC Project [NIST-PQ]. Prior to standardization, the algorithm was known as Kyber. ML-KEM and Kyber are not compatible. Native support for Key Encapsulation Mechanisms (KEMs) was added to CMS in [RFC9629], which defines the KEMRecipientInfo structure for the use of KEM algorithms for the CMS enveloped-data content type, the CMS authenticated-data content type, and the CMS authenticated- enveloped-data content type. This document specifies the direct use of ML-KEM in the KEMRecipientInfo structure in CMS using each of the three parameter sets from [FIPS203], namely MK-KEM-512, ML-KEM-768, and ML-KEM-1024. It does not address or preclude the use of ML-KEM as part of any hybrid scheme. 1.1. Conventions and Terminology The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all capitals, as shown here. 1.2. ML-KEM ML-KEM is a lattice-based key encapsulation mechanism using Module Learning with Errors as its underlying primitive, which is a structured lattices variant that offers good performance and relatively small and balanced key and ciphertext sizes. ML-KEM was standardized with three parameter sets: ML-KEM-512, ML-KEM-768, and ML-KEM-1024. The parameters for each of the security levels were chosen to be at least as secure as a generic block cipher of 128, 192, or 256 bits, respectively. Like all KEM algorithms, ML-KEM provides three functions: KeyGen(), Encapsulate(), and Decapsulate(). KeyGen() -> (pk, sk): Generate the public key (pk) and a private key (sk). Encapsulate(pk) -> (ct, ss): Given the recipient's public key (pk), produce a ciphertext (ct) to be passed to the recipient and a shared secret (ss) for use by the originator. Prat, et al. Expires 18 April 2025 [Page 3] Internet-Draft ML-KEM in CMS October 2024 Decapsulate(sk, ct) -> ss: Given the private key (sk) and the ciphertext (ct), produce the shared secret (ss) for the recipient. The KEM functions defined above correspond to the following functions in [FIPS203]: KeyGen(): ML-KEM.KeyGen() from section 7.1. Encapsulate(): ML-KEM.Encaps() from section 7.2. Decapsulate(): ML-KEM.Decaps() from section 7.3. All security levels of ML-KEM use SHA3-256, SHA3-512, SHAKE256, and SHAKE512 internally. 2. Use of the ML-KEM Algorithm in CMS The ML-KEM algorithm MAY be employed for one or more recipients in the CMS enveloped-data content type [RFC5652], the CMS authenticated- data content type [RFC5652], or the CMS authenticated-enveloped-data content type [RFC5083]. In each case, the KEMRecipientInfo [RFC9629] is used with the ML-KEM algorithm to securely transfer the content- encryption key from the originator to the recipient. Processing ML-KEM with KEMRecipientInfo follows the same steps as Section 2 of [RFC9629]. To support the ML-KEM algorithm, a CMS originator MUST implement the Encapsulate() function and a CMS responder MUST implement the Decapsulate() function. 2.1. RecipientInfo Conventions When the ML-KEM algorithm is employed for a recipient, the RecipientInfo alternative for that recipient MUST be OtherRecipientInfo using the KEMRecipientInfo structure as defined in [RFC9629]. The fields of the KEMRecipientInfo MUST have the following values: version is the syntax version number; it MUST be 0. rid identifies the recipient's certificate or public key. kem identifies the KEM algorithm; it MUST contain one of id-alg- ml-kem-512, id-alg-ml-kem-768, or id-alg-ml-kem-1024. These identifiers are reproduced in Section 3. kemct is the ciphertext produced for this recipient. Prat, et al. Expires 18 April 2025 [Page 4] Internet-Draft ML-KEM in CMS October 2024 kdf identifies the key-derivation algorithm. Note that the Key Derivation Function (KDF) used for CMS RecipientInfo process MAY be different than the KDF used within the ML-KEM algorithm. kekLength is the size of the key-encryption key in octets. ukm is an optional random input to the key-derivation function. ML-KEM doesn't place any requirements on the ukm contents. wrap identifies a key-encryption algorithm used to encrypt the content-encryption key. 2.2. Underlying Components When ML-KEM is employed in CMS, the security levels of the different underlying components used within the KEMRecipientInfo structure SHOULD be consistent. 2.2.1. Use of the HKDF-based Key Derivation Function The HMAC-based Extract-and-Expand Key Derivation Function (HKDF) is defined in [RFC5869]. The HKDF function is a composition of the HKDF-Extract and HKDF- Expand functions. HKDF(salt, IKM, info, L) = HKDF-Expand(HKDF-Extract(salt, IKM), info, L) HKDF(salt, IKM, info, L) takes the following parameters: salt: optional salt value (a non-secret random value). In this document this parameter is unused, that is it is the zero-length string "". IKM: input keying material. In this document this is the shared secret outputted from the Encapsulate() or Decapsulate() functions. This corresponds to the IKM KDF input from Section 5 of [RFC9629]. info: optional context and application specific information. In this document this corresponds to the info KDF input from Section 5 of [RFC9629]. This is the ASN.1 DER encoding of CMSORIforKEMOtherInfo. L: length of output keying material in octets. This corresponds to Prat, et al. Expires 18 April 2025 [Page 5] Internet-Draft ML-KEM in CMS October 2024 the L KDF input from Section 5 of [RFC9629], which is identified in the kekLength value from KEMRecipientInfo. Implementations MUST confirm that this value is consistent with the key size of the key-encryption algorithm. HKDF may be used with different hash functions, including SHA-256 [FIPS180]. The object identifier id-alg-hkdf-with-sha256 is defined in [RFC8619], and specifies the use of HKDF with SHA-256. The parameter field MUST be absent when this algorithm identifier is used to specify the KDF for ML-KEM in KemRecipientInfo. 2.2.2. Components for ML-KEM in CMS A compliant implementation MUST support HKDF with SHA-256, using the id-alg-hkdf-with-sha256 KDF object identifier, as the KemRecipientInfo KDF for all ML-KEM parameter sets. Note that the KDF used to process the KEMRecipientInfo structure MAY be different from the KDF used in the ML-KEM algorithm. For ML-KEM-512, an implementation must support the AES-Wrap-128 [RFC3394] key-encryption algorithm using the id-aes128-wrap key- encryption algorithm object identifier [RFC3565]. For ML-KEM-768 and ML-KEM-1024, an implementation must support the AES-Wrap-256 [RFC3394] key-encryption algorithm using the id- aes256-wrap key-encryption algorithm object identifier [RFC3565]. The above object identifiers are reproduced for convenience in Section 3. An implementation MAY also support other key-derivation functions and other key-encryption algorithms. If underlying components other than those specified above are used, then the following KDF requirements are in effect in addition to those asserted in [RFC9629]: ML-KEM-512 SHOULD be used with a KDF capable of outputting a key with at least 128 bits of preimage strength and with a key wrapping algorithm with a key length of at least 128 bits. ML-KEM-768 SHOULD be used with a KDF capable of outputting a key with at least 192 bits of preimage strength and with a key wrapping algorithm with a key length of at least 192 bits. ML-KEM-1024 SHOULD be used with a KDF capable of outputting a key with at least 256 bits of preimage strength and with a key wrapping algorithm with a key length of at least 256 bits. Prat, et al. Expires 18 April 2025 [Page 6] Internet-Draft ML-KEM in CMS October 2024 2.3. Certificate Conventions The conventions specified in this section augment [RFC5280]. A recipient who employs the ML-KEM algorithm with a certificate MUST identify the public key in the certificate using the id-alg-ml-kem- 512, id-alg-ml-kem-768, or id-alg-ml-kem-1024 object identifiers following the conventions specified in [I-D.ietf-lamps-kyber-certificates]. In particular, the key usage certificate extension MUST only contain keyEncipherment (Section 4.2.1.3 of [RFC5280]). 2.4. SMIME Capabilities Attribute Conventions Section 2.5.2 of [RFC8551] defines the SMIMECapabilities attribute to announce a partial list of algorithms that an S/MIME implementation can support. When constructing a CMS signed-data content type [RFC5652], a compliant implementation MAY include the SMIMECapabilities attribute that announces support for one or more of the ML-KEM algorithm identifiers. The SMIMECapability SEQUENCE representing the ML-KEM algorithm MUST include one of the ML-KEM object identifiers in the capabilityID field. When the one of the ML-KEM object identifiers appears in the capabilityID field, the parameters MUST NOT be present. 3. Identifiers All identifiers used to indicate ML-KEM within CMS are defined elsewhere but reproduced here for convenience: Prat, et al. Expires 18 April 2025 [Page 7] Internet-Draft ML-KEM in CMS October 2024 nistAlgorithms OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { joint-iso-ccitt(2) country(16) us(840) organization(1) gov(101) csor(3) nistAlgorithm(4) } kems OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { nistAlgorithms 4 } id-alg-ml-kem-512 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { kems 1 } id-alg-ml-kem-768 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { kems 2 } id-alg-ml-kem-1024 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { kems 3 } hashAlgs OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { joint-iso-itu-t(2) country(16) us(840) organization(1) gov(101) csor(3) nistAlgorithm(4) 2 } id-alg-hkdf-with-sha256 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { iso(1) member-body(2) us(840) rsadsi(113549) pkcs(1) pkcs-9(9) smime(16) alg(3) 28 } aes OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { joint-iso-itu-t(2) country(16) us(840) organization(1) gov(101) csor(3) nistAlgorithms(4) 1 } id-aes128-wrap OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { aes 5 } id-aes256-wrap OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { aes 45 } 4. Security Considerations The Security Considerations sections of [I-D.ietf-lamps-kyber-certificates] and [RFC9629] apply to this specification as well. The ML-KEM variant and the underlying components need to be selected consistent with the desired security level. Several security levels have been identified in NIST SP 800-57 Part 1 [NIST.SP.800-57pt1r5]. To achieve 128-bit security, ML-KEM-512 SHOULD be used, the key- derivation function SHOULD provide at least 128 bits of preimage strength, and the symmetric key-encryption algorithm SHOULD have a security strength of at least 128 bits. To achieve 192-bit security, ML-KEM-768 SHOULD be used, the key-derivation function SHOULD provide at least 192 bits of preimage strength, and the symmetric key- encryption algorithm SHOULD have a security strength of at least 192 bits. In the case of AES Key Wrap, a 256-bit key is typically used because AES-192 is not as commonly deployed. To achieve 256-bit security, ML-KEM-1024 SHOULD be used, the key-derivation function SHOULD provide at least 256 bits of preimage strength, and the symmetric key-encryption algorithm SHOULD have a security strength of at least 256 bits. Prat, et al. Expires 18 April 2025 [Page 8] Internet-Draft ML-KEM in CMS October 2024 Provided all inputs are well-formed, the key establishment procedure of ML-KEM will never explicitly fail. Specifically, the ML- KEM.Encaps and ML-KEM.Decaps algorithms from [FIPS203] will always output a value with the same data type as a shared secret key, and will never output an error or failure symbol for well-formed inputs. However, it is possible (though extremely unlikely) that the process will fail in the sense that ML-KEM.Encaps and ML-KEM.Decaps will produce different outputs, even though both of them are behaving honestly and no adversarial interference is present. In this case, the sender and recipient clearly did not succeed in producing a shared secret key. This event is called a decapsulation failure. Estimates for the decapsulation failure probability (or rate) for each of the ML-KEM parameter sets are provided in Table 1 of [FIPS203] and reproduced here in Table 1. +===============+============================+ | Parameter set | Decapsulation failure rate | +===============+============================+ | ML-KEM-512 | 2^(-138.8) | +---------------+----------------------------+ | ML-KEM-768 | 2^(-164.8) | +---------------+----------------------------+ | ML-KEM-1024 | 2^(-174.8) | +---------------+----------------------------+ Table 1: ML-KEM decapsulation failure rates Implementations MUST protect the ML-KEM private key, the key- encryption key, the content-encryption key, message-authentication key, and the content-authenticated-encryption key. Disclosure of the ML-KEM private key could result in the compromise of all messages protected with that key. Disclosure of the key-encryption key, the content-encryption key, or the content-authenticated-encryption key could result in compromise of the associated encrypted content. Disclosure of the key-encryption key, the message-authentication key, or the content-authenticated-encryption key could allow modification of the associated authenticated content. Additional considerations related to key management may be found in [NIST.SP.800-57pt1r5]. The security of the ML-KEM algorithm depends on a quality random number generator. For further discussion on random number generation, see [RFC4086]. ML-KEM encapsulation and decapsulation only outputs a shared secret and ciphertext. Implementations SHOULD NOT use intermediate values directly for any purpose. Prat, et al. Expires 18 April 2025 [Page 9] Internet-Draft ML-KEM in CMS October 2024 Implementations SHOULD NOT reveal information about intermediate values or calculations, whether by timing or other "side channels", otherwise an opponent may be able to determine information about the keying data and/or the recipient's private key. Although not all intermediate information may be useful to an opponent, it is preferable to conceal as much information as is practical, unless analysis specifically indicates that the information would not be useful to an opponent. Generally, good cryptographic practice employs a given ML-KEM key pair in only one scheme. This practice avoids the risk that vulnerability in one scheme may compromise the security of the other, and may be essential to maintain provable security. Parties MAY gain assurance that implementations are correct through formal implementation validation, such as the NIST Cryptographic Module Validation Program (CMVP) [CMVP]. 5. IANA Considerations For the ASN.1 Module in Appendix A, IANA is requested to assign an object identifier (OID) for the module identifier (TBD1) with a Description of "id-mod-cms-ml-kem-2024". The OID for the module should be allocated in the "SMI Security for S/MIME Module Identifier" registry (1.2.840.113549.1.9.16.0). 6. Acknowledgements This document borrows heavily from [I-D.ietf-lamps-rfc5990bis], [FIPS203], and [I-D.kampanakis-ml-kem-ikev2]. Thanks go to the authors of those documents. "Copying always makes things easier and less error prone" - RFC8411. Thanks to Carl Wallace and Jonathan Hammel for the detailed review and Carl Wallace for interoperability testing. 7. References 7.1. Normative References [FIPS203] National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), "Module-Lattice-based Key-Encapsulation Mechanism Standard", FIPS PUB 203 , 13 August 2024, <https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.FIPS.203>. [I-D.ietf-lamps-kyber-certificates] Turner, S., Kampanakis, P., Massimo, J., and B. Westerbaan, "Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure - Prat, et al. Expires 18 April 2025 [Page 10] Internet-Draft ML-KEM in CMS October 2024 Algorithm Identifiers for Module-Lattice-Based Key- Encapsulation Mechanism (ML-KEM)", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-lamps-kyber-certificates-04, 20 September 2024, <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/ draft-ietf-lamps-kyber-certificates-04>. [RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2119>. [RFC3394] Schaad, J. and R. Housley, "Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) Key Wrap Algorithm", RFC 3394, DOI 10.17487/RFC3394, September 2002, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc3394>. [RFC3565] Schaad, J., "Use of the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) Encryption Algorithm in Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS)", RFC 3565, DOI 10.17487/RFC3565, July 2003, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc3565>. [RFC5083] Housley, R., "Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS) Authenticated-Enveloped-Data Content Type", RFC 5083, DOI 10.17487/RFC5083, November 2007, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc5083>. [RFC5280] Cooper, D., Santesson, S., Farrell, S., Boeyen, S., Housley, R., and W. Polk, "Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure Certificate and Certificate Revocation List (CRL) Profile", RFC 5280, DOI 10.17487/RFC5280, May 2008, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc5280>. [RFC5652] Housley, R., "Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS)", STD 70, RFC 5652, DOI 10.17487/RFC5652, September 2009, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc5652>. [RFC5869] Krawczyk, H. and P. Eronen, "HMAC-based Extract-and-Expand Key Derivation Function (HKDF)", RFC 5869, DOI 10.17487/RFC5869, May 2010, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc5869>. [RFC8174] Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC 2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174, May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8174>. [RFC8551] Schaad, J., Ramsdell, B., and S. Turner, "Secure/ Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (S/MIME) Version 4.0 Message Specification", RFC 8551, DOI 10.17487/RFC8551, April 2019, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8551>. Prat, et al. Expires 18 April 2025 [Page 11] Internet-Draft ML-KEM in CMS October 2024 [RFC8619] Housley, R., "Algorithm Identifiers for the HMAC-based Extract-and-Expand Key Derivation Function (HKDF)", RFC 8619, DOI 10.17487/RFC8619, June 2019, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8619>. [RFC9629] Housley, R., Gray, J., and T. Okubo, "Using Key Encapsulation Mechanism (KEM) Algorithms in the Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS)", RFC 9629, DOI 10.17487/RFC9629, August 2024, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc9629>. 7.2. Informative References [CMVP] National Institute of Standards and Technology, "Cryptographic Module Validation Program", 2016, <https://csrc.nist.gov/projects/cryptographic-module- validation-program>. [FIPS180] Dang, Q. H. and NIST, "Secure Hash Standard", NIST Federal Information Processing Standards Publications 180-4, DOI 10.6028/NIST.FIPS.180-4, July 2015, <https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/FIPS/ NIST.FIPS.180-4.pdf>. [I-D.ietf-lamps-rfc5990bis] Housley, R. and S. Turner, "Use of the RSA-KEM Algorithm in the Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS)", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-lamps-rfc5990bis-10, 30 July 2024, <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/ draft-ietf-lamps-rfc5990bis-10>. [I-D.kampanakis-ml-kem-ikev2] Kampanakis, P. and G. Ravago, "Post-quantum Hybrid Key Exchange with ML-KEM in the Internet Key Exchange Protocol Version 2 (IKEv2)", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-kampanakis-ml-kem-ikev2-08, 18 September 2024, <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-kampanakis- ml-kem-ikev2-08>. [NIST-PQ] National Institute of Standards and Technology, "Post- Quantum Cryptography Project", 20 December 2016, <https://csrc.nist.gov/projects/post-quantum- cryptography>. [NIST.SP.800-57pt1r5] Barker, E. and NIST, "Recommendation for key management:part 1 - general", NIST Special Publications (General) 800-57pt1r5, DOI 10.6028/NIST.SP.800-57pt1r5, Prat, et al. Expires 18 April 2025 [Page 12] Internet-Draft ML-KEM in CMS October 2024 May 2020, <https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/ NIST.SP.800-57pt1r5.pdf>. [RFC4086] Eastlake 3rd, D., Schiller, J., and S. Crocker, "Randomness Requirements for Security", BCP 106, RFC 4086, DOI 10.17487/RFC4086, June 2005, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4086>. [RFC5911] Hoffman, P. and J. Schaad, "New ASN.1 Modules for Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS) and S/MIME", RFC 5911, DOI 10.17487/RFC5911, June 2010, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc5911>. Appendix A. ASN.1 Module RFC EDITOR: Please replace TBD2 with the value assigned by IANA during the publication of [I-D.ietf-lamps-kyber-certificates]. <CODE BEGINS> CMS-ML-KEM-2024 { iso(1) member-body(2) us(840) rsadsi(113549) pkcs(1) pkcs-9(9) smime(16) modules(0) id-mod-cms-ml-kem-2024(TBD1) } DEFINITIONS IMPLICIT TAGS ::= BEGIN EXPORTS ALL; IMPORTS SMIME-CAPS FROM AlgorithmInformation-2009 -- [RFC5911] { iso(1) identified-organization(3) dod(6) internet(1) security(5) mechanisms(5) pkix(7) id-mod(0) id-mod-algorithmInformation-02(58) } KEM-ALGORITHM FROM KEMAlgorithmInformation-2023 -- [RFC9629] { iso(1) identified-organization(3) dod(6) internet(1) security(5) mechanisms(5) pkix(7) id-mod(0) id-mod-kemAlgorithmInformation-2023(109) } kda-hkdf-with-sha256 FROM HKDF-OID-2019 -- [RFC8619] { iso(1) member-body(2) us(840) rsadsi(113549) pkcs(1) pkcs-9(9) smime(16) modules(0) id-mod-hkdf-oid-2019(68) } kwa-aes128-wrap, kwa-aes256-wrap FROM CMSAesRsaesOaep-2009 Prat, et al. Expires 18 April 2025 [Page 13] Internet-Draft ML-KEM in CMS October 2024 { iso(1) member-body(2) us(840) rsadsi(113549) pkcs(1) pkcs-9(9) smime(16) modules(0) id-mod-cms-aes-02(38) } id-alg-ml-kem-512, id-alg-ml-kem-768, id-alg-ml-kem-1024, pk-ml-kem-512, pk-ml-kem-768, pk-ml-kem-1024 FROM X509-ML-KEM-2024 { iso(1) identified-organization(3) dod(6) internet(1) security(5) mechanisms(5) pkix(7) id-mod(0) id-mod-x509-ml-kem-2024(TBD2) }; -- -- ML-KEM Key Encapsulation Mechanism Algorithms -- kema-ml-kem-512 KEM-ALGORITHM ::= { IDENTIFIER id-alg-ml-kem-512 PARAMS ARE absent PUBLIC-KEYS { pk-ml-kem-512 } UKM ARE optional SMIME-CAPS { IDENTIFIED BY id-alg-ml-kem-512 } } kema-ml-kem-768 KEM-ALGORITHM ::= { IDENTIFIER id-alg-ml-kem-768 PARAMS ARE absent PUBLIC-KEYS { pk-ml-kem-768 } UKM ARE optional SMIME-CAPS { IDENTIFIED BY id-alg-ml-kem-768 } } kema-ml-kem-1024 KEM-ALGORITHM ::= { IDENTIFIER id-alg-ml-kem-1024 PARAMS ARE absent PUBLIC-KEYS { pk-ml-kem-1024 } UKM ARE optional SMIME-CAPS { IDENTIFIED BY id-alg-ml-kem-1024 } } -- Updates for the SMIME-CAPS Set from RFC 5911 SMimeCapsSet SMIME-CAPS ::= { kema-ml-kem-512.&smimeCaps | kema-ml-kem-768.&smimeCaps | kema-ml-kem-1024.&smimeCaps | kda-hkdf-with-sha256.&smimeCaps | kwa-aes128-wrap.&smimeCaps | kwa-aes256-wrap.&smimeCaps, ... } END Prat, et al. Expires 18 April 2025 [Page 14] Internet-Draft ML-KEM in CMS October 2024 <CODE ENDS> Appendix B. ML-KEM CMS Enveloped-Data Example This example shows the establishment of an AES-128 content-encryption key using: * ML-DSA-512 and HKDF with SHA-256; * KEMRecipientInfo key derivation using HKDF with SHA-256; and * KEMRecipientInfo key wrap using AES-128-KEYWRAP. In real-world use, the originator would encrypt the content- encryption key in a manner that would allow decryption with their own private key as well as the recipient's private key. This is omitted in an attempt to simplify the example. B.1. Originator CMS Processing Alice obtains Bob's ML-KEM-512 public key: -----BEGIN PUBLIC KEY----- MIIDMjALBglghkgBZQMEBAEDggMhACTnc6B5UOyymOxQLDt8PzI2vIHkccIGsy1b uI6EZ4UVHbHHpbRRv3mZwW7AEu+YEbpcB6kkZ28jUTHWFfYIIIeUbq6hMa/nRcLT UPYcjTwBK+dRU1UbmfTHCdtrF3U0hyB7tXsBo6tTeQWCpP7LBrYxmAFBhp2JuUx6 MO+TpIWVHVzyzS2UE4MEBQ/HDGWyCgL6WRKGRdrEfBc2Wg7loCc7RDjoOqWGYPcV n2HCLPVhemLWAeCRE0wcLUPSvUzhKZsrRk4cfSi5eZB7Dze4olQ8NFGiJ8WMi+Y3 xjiTW/w6X/Y7bC+zf8JLFcn7jOvQNM85PXp4j3KIiXSnCAv1OEUDZO5peP0QQUU1 CxvQQjxCj+kGHZ/EaKeFy7QD0Crhl69xccB0dMzZMgQFmynLv5kZd0Z4SuSkANQ8 ymtoLDvMqyHznseJS68ru+ZRn88KkVMosF4UkhKjphLXASHQU5RyquuBORUGLY/q DXQSyCJ8AHAlzCYwEUdpqGzsMo84bB72AyN5LNL3mxZaQnxAuREpQIO8w13IREfG HEPbHDJVZBXqCcD2wBWllJk4Fjn3b0uid62UfZLARoNCvakIkT+wUv68FS+WGVoY zbvYqqPSpJg5GRrTT8KUDwLscRkBVPIDctMWFD20yppmL9iLSwPkrz/1xhbgEqdA HGG2kt8XdkIRmEZ2IeLUJeiDPPGCi4zlywkbNpgIHajQriGcNQnoQWQZG3vWe0n2 ZGuHoF/lPZ0awi6roL7ZOWaysXSBYRv5DiXTP3EFD2lQGDMDECjQPUw2yMXBDRFY pYPAeuEGfXMhl8EDgcuie/06oy45kOxxiud6r8q2b9hnH5YzGjJLYSygm9jAhQrQ a80GWUdVHvvElgZLs7uEFHhKtgcFbYmDH4GaiLVLMo70cSpDdDXmdVc0J9mEOsSk ac5ztj+mgj7qfCkib6QXeAMCmSnASKugi9iSAEEmXalmN5Jksh75YlozJM0xyDTZ k5SqKn5seA97Y+ExjOJXOEzcsXhHV9vc/9HTgFGXNv+Lbj8u+q4i4NDoWIntY5eM +u9k28Eo -----END PUBLIC KEY----- Bob's ML-KEM-512 public key has the following key identifier: 5017165E720D05D70CFDA5F47B54BD5008C3ABE1 Prat, et al. Expires 18 April 2025 [Page 15] Internet-Draft ML-KEM in CMS October 2024 Alice generates a shared secret and ciphertext using Bob's ML-KEM-512 public key, derives the key-encryption key from the shared secret and CMSORIforKEMOtherInfo using HKDF with SHA-256, randomly generates a 128-bit content-encryption key, uses AES-128-KEYWRAP to encrypt the content-encryption key with the key-encryption key, encrypts the plaintext content with the content-encryption key and encodes the EnvelopedData (using KEMRecipientInfo) and ContentInfo, and then sends the result to Bob. The Base64-encoded result is: MIID4AYJKoZIhvcNAQcDoIID0TCCA80CAQMxggOIpIIDhAYLKoZIhvcNAQkQDQMw ggNzAgEAgBRQFxZecg0F1wz9pfR7VL1QCMOr4TALBglghkgBZQMEBAEEggMAqXwh xkJt/Vd+oSOSIDXM8851hXdyECMaHp2hnWGL2JohQ38wE82Yg4GC3YfU8F/kA6EZ yK5p96HnJsXRfg3dzxprhf7QX4/UNo6v7nwk1JEP5cCwmuMOnbZfeKPb1Mr4qilG hlwjpq/r6fR9rZmGOyBG0ZDAQVNlNzgPqnlgK1V/DGYf6KAfWscdjRGs8xHMeRJg 7vLDSz9A/u1Cu2dZWIMKzwK5snTK2FbOAYerTfDDBnYNoQFpcgoWOFN45SYDTvgb 2n9sUxWHovMRKlF6j6f9UVa0uqHYzoIXaLU3R9f0LxUVSV6bJ3hQp87t2l3E5ysd k3pmqsKkHhBWltJSJeRjjELSDUYs8AuW7D0TnLH0Jt/q0XG7zm1C2cWhJ5oTij10 yr4qf38mwbG9R1dAbkrtchxl8Rl9v0OJZgfUHJLuSVMTYAb6n3Ltc4tN8qIia3cy Lg+wan2CjnXA3fKGDMMWhvaH0GRirItKumKBXg11MuG8PjLm/neUX2MIE+3hzDBB GBqSI586EZAx+WgWEhn7sLKlbm8wZtY5jfaqobusj3hN/RxCzFtplq6e3H7tEpFv mblF9lSPNpeA06Tj+PXZxXjgupj4gRp+fsjcVheG/syt5MuiFuTG7xdDtWyU7K3e 8ZBo+zSUysipy4QEFlrBo+tMvhyDffyOd/qaaQnT0cv2ctEU6OeshZ1+J+ptDmx7 6K3WH+k9etrcwUTmblJn8FDM3czM7fC+XScB5CrNyl9C+W1TN/NzMxaXRQcWuDyJ 3jRWXmtJEGksg489cJAv1QbZXQmDlarrwq/01Tb7PWbE1QjfRQ627p3ZtAmK6zf7 wZ8m8ZhoVMRA7qoEd3wfDxmdv4AgGvKILntG3WPgEYpF37qJbHbD6FQqhJXN2kx1 FUDtsYCmiXB/3+MSz3HDbmXJvC7oxVmpM7YQHWYsrmRE1xDZcQl5IOUHo6yjjDvI iAsbmd7BCbanMK8Izysi1Whkw/hjQIuBfi6lH4ykkhN1d9U0Ebn3OZ625WmEMA0G CyqGSIb3DQEJEAMcAgEgMAsGCWCGSAFlAwQBLQQoxaMpy4QqMaoK3B0wFDbqmvAW Kuo1hZIymSqlgVuw9FRNxbWvSMp24TA8BgkqhkiG9w0BBwEwHQYJYIZIAWUDBAEq BBB7U/4MxliKkV8ho6ZJIm9UgBDzlQzo0SLI9+VS4VoV1mvr This result decodes to: 0 992: SEQUENCE { 4 9: OBJECT IDENTIFIER envelopedData (1 2 840 113549 1 7 3) 15 977: [0] { 19 973: SEQUENCE { 23 1: INTEGER 3 26 904: SET { 30 900: [4] { 34 11: OBJECT IDENTIFIER '1 2 840 113549 1 9 16 13 3' 47 883: SEQUENCE { 51 1: INTEGER 0 54 20: [0] : 50 17 16 5E 72 0D 05 D7 0C FD A5 F4 7B 54 BD 50 : 08 C3 AB E1 Prat, et al. Expires 18 April 2025 [Page 16] Internet-Draft ML-KEM in CMS October 2024 76 11: SEQUENCE { 78 9: OBJECT IDENTIFIER '2 16 840 1 101 3 4 4 1' : } 89 768: OCTET STRING : A9 7C 21 C6 42 6D FD 57 7E A1 23 92 20 35 CC F3 : CE 75 85 77 72 10 23 1A 1E 9D A1 9D 61 8B D8 9A : 21 43 7F 30 13 CD 98 83 81 82 DD 87 D4 F0 5F E4 : 03 A1 19 C8 AE 69 F7 A1 E7 26 C5 D1 7E 0D DD CF : 1A 6B 85 FE D0 5F 8F D4 36 8E AF EE 7C 24 D4 91 : 0F E5 C0 B0 9A E3 0E 9D B6 5F 78 A3 DB D4 CA F8 : AA 29 46 86 5C 23 A6 AF EB E9 F4 7D AD 99 86 3B : 20 46 D1 90 C0 41 53 65 37 38 0F AA 79 60 2B 55 : 7F 0C 66 1F E8 A0 1F 5A C7 1D 8D 11 AC F3 11 CC : 79 12 60 EE F2 C3 4B 3F 40 FE ED 42 BB 67 59 58 : 83 0A CF 02 B9 B2 74 CA D8 56 CE 01 87 AB 4D F0 : C3 06 76 0D A1 01 69 72 0A 16 38 53 78 E5 26 03 : 4E F8 1B DA 7F 6C 53 15 87 A2 F3 11 2A 51 7A 8F : A7 FD 51 56 B4 BA A1 D8 CE 82 17 68 B5 37 47 D7 : F4 2F 15 15 49 5E 9B 27 78 50 A7 CE ED DA 5D C4 : E7 2B 1D 93 7A 66 AA C2 A4 1E 10 56 96 D2 52 25 : E4 63 8C 42 D2 0D 46 2C F0 0B 96 EC 3D 13 9C B1 : F4 26 DF EA D1 71 BB CE 6D 42 D9 C5 A1 27 9A 13 : 8A 3D 74 CA BE 2A 7F 7F 26 C1 B1 BD 47 57 40 6E : 4A ED 72 1C 65 F1 19 7D BF 43 89 66 07 D4 1C 92 : EE 49 53 13 60 06 FA 9F 72 ED 73 8B 4D F2 A2 22 : 6B 77 32 2E 0F B0 6A 7D 82 8E 75 C0 DD F2 86 0C : C3 16 86 F6 87 D0 64 62 AC 8B 4A BA 62 81 5E 0D : 75 32 E1 BC 3E 32 E6 FE 77 94 5F 63 08 13 ED E1 : CC 30 41 18 1A 92 23 9F 3A 11 90 31 F9 68 16 12 : 19 FB B0 B2 A5 6E 6F 30 66 D6 39 8D F6 AA A1 BB : AC 8F 78 4D FD 1C 42 CC 5B 69 96 AE 9E DC 7E ED : 12 91 6F 99 B9 45 F6 54 8F 36 97 80 D3 A4 E3 F8 : F5 D9 C5 78 E0 BA 98 F8 81 1A 7E 7E C8 DC 56 17 : 86 FE CC AD E4 CB A2 16 E4 C6 EF 17 43 B5 6C 94 : EC AD DE F1 90 68 FB 34 94 CA C8 A9 CB 84 04 16 : 5A C1 A3 EB 4C BE 1C 83 7D FC 8E 77 FA 9A 69 09 : D3 D1 CB F6 72 D1 14 E8 E7 AC 85 9D 7E 27 EA 6D : 0E 6C 7B E8 AD D6 1F E9 3D 7A DA DC C1 44 E6 6E : 52 67 F0 50 CC DD CC CC ED F0 BE 5D 27 01 E4 2A : CD CA 5F 42 F9 6D 53 37 F3 73 33 16 97 45 07 16 : B8 3C 89 DE 34 56 5E 6B 49 10 69 2C 83 8F 3D 70 : 90 2F D5 06 D9 5D 09 83 95 AA EB C2 AF F4 D5 36 : FB 3D 66 C4 D5 08 DF 45 0E B6 EE 9D D9 B4 09 8A : EB 37 FB C1 9F 26 F1 98 68 54 C4 40 EE AA 04 77 : 7C 1F 0F 19 9D BF 80 20 1A F2 88 2E 7B 46 DD 63 : E0 11 8A 45 DF BA 89 6C 76 C3 E8 54 2A 84 95 CD : DA 4C 75 15 40 ED B1 80 A6 89 70 7F DF E3 12 CF : 71 C3 6E 65 C9 BC 2E E8 C5 59 A9 33 B6 10 1D 66 Prat, et al. Expires 18 April 2025 [Page 17] Internet-Draft ML-KEM in CMS October 2024 : 2C AE 64 44 D7 10 D9 71 09 79 20 E5 07 A3 AC A3 : 8C 3B C8 88 0B 1B 99 DE C1 09 B6 A7 30 AF 08 CF : 2B 22 D5 68 64 C3 F8 63 40 8B 81 7E 2E A5 1F 8C : A4 92 13 75 77 D5 34 11 B9 F7 39 9E B6 E5 69 84 861 13: SEQUENCE { 863 11: OBJECT IDENTIFIER : hkdfWithSha256 (1 2 840 113549 1 9 16 3 28) : } 876 1: INTEGER 32 879 11: SEQUENCE { 881 9: OBJECT IDENTIFIER : aes256-wrap (2 16 840 1 101 3 4 1 45) : } 892 40: OCTET STRING : C5 A3 29 CB 84 2A 31 AA 0A DC 1D 30 14 36 EA 9A : F0 16 2A EA 35 85 92 32 99 2A A5 81 5B B0 F4 54 : 4D C5 B5 AF 48 CA 76 E1 : } : } : } 934 60: SEQUENCE { 936 9: OBJECT IDENTIFIER data (1 2 840 113549 1 7 1) 947 29: SEQUENCE { 949 9: OBJECT IDENTIFIER : aes256-CBC (2 16 840 1 101 3 4 1 42) 960 16: OCTET STRING : 7B 53 FE 0C C6 58 8A 91 5F 21 A3 A6 49 22 6F 54 : } 978 16: [0] : F3 95 0C E8 D1 22 C8 F7 E5 52 E1 5A 15 D6 6B EB : } : } : } : } B.2. Recipient CMS Processing Bob's ML-KEM-512 private key: Prat, et al. Expires 18 April 2025 [Page 18] Internet-Draft ML-KEM in CMS October 2024 -----BEGIN PRIVATE KEY----- MIIGdAIBADALBglghkgBZQMEBAEEggZgccN7jmIdwnCzfWgVxgIPofRkZ+qPP+Jn e7kd/wBvcwFsqygTliNHMixSTSc4OckHLmuehHZcpOc+mKNGyMu+flEy73GrpjrB L/Q/WaS7Vxe665MIbDKCqhJJS2AFguuYDBWGOxuCZYSQhawoAfR0OAkA5RoihgMH OKAx+6F0V8VJLFyj2yuVpNqOn2J3/bJ+DAMZv/ki2TcNoiEI/ZBfO0iEOKmso1tG p0A+96odcQOM0Bw2ATrJBpubaMFsK5y9Trgl6fJjwQI2eidnYcxC0ME6fVqNRWrK RDk3+jBiPkBzMOdJIsemNYeIwKu/ZpCbn8guTogI0tscIDiciXQwBbNp0HePdasB f4FklaESWfzO2XNyI8x/7nyBn2OJQrup6ec1BjKphuA5saBPnpW4D8UMJaVeCdq7 7jVBdQwJDcUzWMGe0JpDGAJTqtONrPg0xyplcGQDoiGklDJhEuS5uDUgkaM27bJT FiDJxeGM9fZenJG129pCOwcTnud3yjeMsKmQ1joFjPuF4WxJsTE7BZWO9joX3oR+ BVcrsua7ndarRDmY2LzIXWguTtulaEUkPre5l2dZpnFBv1sBEVASk+RBW8AxckcQ ZdIBX8QyRtgZbdVd6gy/nVhWnGcbFKEfEZY69ZlTZHG4SScdALmRfMdV2DB+i+XC GQZYVaeamzUa5EFqtGwPi/tz+AeZEHESs/YMamZplGBr5eCTthsZi9NZs5is1dFE avMnXKbN7oWBTYyKeOFFDph+RSCNlnnH5hKtFHWsPMZqVVaD7TAT8mYuhOq1gGKE mHlPTJNlPom1LbRiUktp9yWB9fQ5c9C5IrLPnMCIhqdcZ/a0zlHELyZ3DPNeSepD lBSuUacgClq7FNuV2LMgsbFqiVLD1bSVYzRLAAOac/Z1EZDCyPu9vlglAH3G5SLF mypxVtST1XQ91gkurfwksUK13vSif6miRvV9gFwb+5d2kJIjdJAcKilDi5TL7+wQ YYN9qGkYCNuVYDMVRCI0VEIHjise4KZaJOdzoHlQ7LKY7FAsO3w/Mja8geRxwgaz LVu4joRnhRUdsceltFG/eZnBbsAS75gRulwHqSRnbyNRMdYV9gggh5RurqExr+dF wtNQ9hyNPAEr51FTVRuZ9McJ22sXdTSHIHu1ewGjq1N5BYKk/ssGtjGYAUGGnYm5 THow75OkhZUdXPLNLZQTgwQFD8cMZbIKAvpZEoZF2sR8FzZaDuWgJztEOOg6pYZg 9xWfYcIs9WF6YtYB4JETTBwtQ9K9TOEpmytGThx9KLl5kHsPN7iiVDw0UaInxYyL 5jfGOJNb/Dpf9jtsL7N/wksVyfuM69A0zzk9eniPcoiJdKcIC/U4RQNk7ml4/RBB RTULG9BCPEKP6QYdn8Rop4XLtAPQKuGXr3FxwHR0zNkyBAWbKcu/mRl3RnhK5KQA 1DzKa2gsO8yrIfOex4lLryu75lGfzwqRUyiwXhSSEqOmEtcBIdBTlHKq64E5FQYt j+oNdBLIInwAcCXMJjARR2mobOwyjzhsHvYDI3ks0vebFlpCfEC5ESlAg7zDXchE R8YcQ9scMlVkFeoJwPbAFaWUmTgWOfdvS6J3rZR9ksBGg0K9qQiRP7BS/rwVL5YZ WhjNu9iqo9KkmDkZGtNPwpQPAuxxGQFU8gNy0xYUPbTKmmYv2ItLA+SvP/XGFuAS p0AcYbaS3xd2QhGYRnYh4tQl6IM88YKLjOXLCRs2mAgdqNCuIZw1CehBZBkbe9Z7 SfZka4egX+U9nRrCLqugvtk5ZrKxdIFhG/kOJdM/cQUPaVAYMwMQKNA9TDbIxcEN EVilg8B64QZ9cyGXwQOBy6J7/TqjLjmQ7HGK53qvyrZv2GcfljMaMkthLKCb2MCF CtBrzQZZR1Ue+8SWBkuzu4QUeEq2BwVtiYMfgZqItUsyjvRxKkN0NeZ1VzQn2YQ6 xKRpznO2P6aCPup8KSJvpBd4AwKZKcBIq6CL2JIAQSZdqWY3kmSyHvliWjMkzTHI NNmTlKoqfmx4D3tj4TGM4lc4TNyxeEdX29z/0dOAUZc2/4tuPy76riLg0OhYie1j l4z672TbwSjZpZyRy7PJw/1ddylMqPKx+8P8zUDASMuBWGXxUXFXnH57d4puN9tR 8okk0ej2GS/mY8DijpX4g0XMQ0RECPq4 -----END PRIVATE KEY----- Bob decapsulates the ciphertext in the KEMRecipientInfo to get the ML-KEM-512 shared secret, derives the key-encryption key from the shared secret and CMSORIforKEMOtherInfo using HKDF with SHA-256, uses AES-128-KEYWRAP to decrypt the content-encryption key with the key- encryption key, and decrypts the encrypted contents with the content- encryption key, revealing the plaintext content: Hello, world! Prat, et al. Expires 18 April 2025 [Page 19] Internet-Draft ML-KEM in CMS October 2024 Authors' Addresses Julien Prat CryptoNext Security 16, Boulevard Saint-Germain 75005 Paris France Email: julien.prat@cryptonext-security.com Mike Ounsworth Entrust Limited 2500 Solandt Road -- Suite 100 Ottawa, Ontario K2K 3G5 Canada Email: mike.ounsworth@entrust.com Daniel Van Geest CryptoNext Security 16, Boulevard Saint-Germain 75005 Paris France Email: daniel.vangeest@cryptonext-security.com Prat, et al. Expires 18 April 2025 [Page 20]