Network Mobility (NEMO) Basic Support Protocol
draft-ietf-nemo-basic-support-03
The information below is for an old version of the document that is already published as an RFC.
| Document | Type |
This is an older version of an Internet-Draft that was ultimately published as RFC 3963.
|
|
|---|---|---|---|
| Authors | Pascal Thubert , Alexandre Petrescu , Ryuji Wakikawa , Vijay Devarapalli | ||
| Last updated | 2013-03-02 (Latest revision 2004-06-07) | ||
| RFC stream | Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) | ||
| Intended RFC status | Proposed Standard | ||
| Formats | |||
| Additional resources | Mailing list discussion | ||
| Stream | WG state | (None) | |
| Document shepherd | (None) | ||
| IESG | IESG state | Became RFC 3963 (Proposed Standard) | |
| Action Holders |
(None)
|
||
| Consensus boilerplate | Unknown | ||
| Telechat date | (None) | ||
| Responsible AD | Margaret Cullen | ||
| Send notices to | (None) |
draft-ietf-nemo-basic-support-03
NEMO Working Group Vijay Devarapalli
INTERNET DRAFT Nokia
Category: Standards Track Ryuji Wakikawa
Expires December 2004 Keio University
Alexandru Petrescu
Motorola
Pascal Thubert
Cisco Systems
June 2004
Network Mobility (NEMO) Basic Support Protocol
draft-ietf-nemo-basic-support-03.txt
Status of This Memo
By submitting this Internet-Draft, I certify that any applicable
patent or other IPR claims of which I am aware have been disclosed,
and any of which I become aware will be disclosed, in accordance with
RFC 3667.
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Abstract
This document describes the Network Mobility (NEMO) Basic Support
protocol that enables mobile networks to attach to different points
in the Internet. The protocol is an extension of Mobile IPv6 and
allows for session continuity for every node in the mobile network as
the network moves. It also allows every node in the mobile network
to be reachable while moving around. The Mobile Router, which
connects the network to the Internet, runs the NEMO Basic Support
protocol with its Home Agent. The protocol is designed in such a way
that network mobility is transparent to the nodes inside the mobile
network.
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Contents
Status of This Memo 1
Abstract 1
1. Introduction 4
2. Terminology 5
3. Overview of the NEMO Protocol 6
4. Message Formats 9
4.1. Binding Update . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.2. Binding Acknowledgement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.3. Mobile Network Prefix Option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
5. Mobile Router Operation 12
5.1. Data Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
5.2. Sending Binding Updates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
5.3. Receiving Binding Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . 13
5.4. Error Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
5.4.1. Implicit Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
5.4.2. Explicit Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
5.5. Establishment of Bi-directional Tunnel . . . . . . . . . 15
5.6. Neighbor Discovery for Mobile Router . . . . . . . . . . 16
5.7. Multicast Groups for Mobile Router . . . . . . . . . . . 16
5.8. Returning Home . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
6. Home Agent Operation 18
6.1. Data Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
6.1.1. Binding Cache . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
6.1.2. Prefix Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
6.2. Mobile Network Prefix Registration . . . . . . . . . . . 19
6.3. Advertising Mobile Network Reachability . . . . . . . . . 20
6.4. Establishment of Bi-directional Tunnel . . . . . . . . . 21
6.5. Forwarding Packets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
6.6. Sending Binding Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
6.7. Mobile Network Prefix De-Registration . . . . . . . . . . 22
7. Modifications to Dynamic Home Agent Discovery 24
7.1. Modified Dynamic Home Agent Discovery Request . . . . . . 24
7.2. Modified Dynamic Home Agent Discovery Reply . . . . . . . 24
7.3. Modified Home Agent Information Option . . . . . . . . . 25
8. Support for Dynamic Routing Protocols 26
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9. Security Considerations 28
10. IANA Considerations 29
11. Contributors 29
12. Acknowledgements 29
A. Examples of NEMO Basic Support Operation 32
B. Running Link State Routing Protocol with NEMO Basic Support 35
B.1. Tunnel Interface Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
B.2. OSPF Area Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
C. Changes from Previous Version 37
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1. Introduction
This document describes protocol extensions to Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6)
[1] to enable support for network mobility. The extensions are
backward compatible with Mobile IPv6. In particular, a NEMO
compliant Home Agent can operate as a Mobile IPv6 Home Agent as well.
The NEMO Basic Support works in such a way that session continuity is
ensured for all the nodes in the mobile network even as the Mobile
Router changes its point of attachment to the Internet. It also
provides connectivity and reachability for all nodes in the mobile
network as the network moves. The solution supports both mobile
nodes and hosts that do not support mobility in the mobile network.
Within the context of this document, the definition of a Mobile
Router extends that of a Mobile IPv6 [1] Mobile Node, by adding
the capability of routing between its point of attachment (Care-of
Address) and a subnet which moves with the Mobile Router.
The solution described in this document requires setting up a
bi-directional tunnel between the Mobile Router and its Home Agent.
This tunnel is set up when the Mobile Router sends a successful
Binding Update to its Home Agent, informing the Home Agent of its
current point of attachment.
All traffic between the nodes in the mobile network and Correspondent
Nodes passes through the Home Agent. This document does not describe
route optimization of this traffic.
The terminology document [10] describes Nested Mobility as a scenario
where a Mobile Router allows another Mobile Router to attach to its
mobile network. There could be arbitrary levels of nested mobility.
The operation of each Mobile Router remains the same whether the
Mobile Router attaches to another Mobile Router or to a fixed Access
Router on the Internet. The solution described here does not place
any restriction on the number of levels for nested mobility. But it
should be noted that this might introduce significant overhead on the
data packets as each level of nesting introduces another IPv6 header
encapsulation.
This document does not discuss multihoming for Mobile Routers.
Devarapalli, et al. [Page 4]
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2. Terminology
The keywords "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [7].
Network Mobility related terminology is defined in [9] and [10].
This document in addition defines the following terms.
Mobile Network Prefix
An IPv6 prefix that is delegated to a Mobile
Router and advertised in the mobile network. There could
be more than one Mobile Network Prefix being advertised in
a mobile network.
Prefix Table
It is a list of Mobile Network Prefixes indexed by
the Home Address of a Mobile Router. The prefix table is
managed by the Home Agent and is used by the Home Agent
to determine which Mobile Network Prefixes belong to a
particular Mobile Router.
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3. Overview of the NEMO Protocol
A Mobile Network is a network segment or subnet which can move and
attach to arbitrary points in the routing infrastructure. A mobile
network can only be accessed via specific gateways called Mobile
Routers that manage its movement. Mobile networks have at least one
Mobile Router serving them. A Mobile Router does not distribute
the mobile network routes to the infrastructure at its point of
attachment (i.e. in the visited network). Instead, it maintains a
bidirectional tunnel to a Home Agent that advertises an aggregation
of mobile networks to the infrasructure. The Mobile Router is also
the default gateway for the mobile network.
A mobile network can also consist of multiple and nested subnets. A
router with no support for mobility may be permanently attached to
a mobile network for local distribution. Also, Mobile Routers may
be attached to mobile networks owned by different Mobile Routers and
form a graph. In particular, with Basic NEMO Support, each Mobile
Router is attached to another mobile network by a single interface,
and if loops are avoided, the graph is a tree.
A Mobile Router has an unique Home Address through which it is
reachable when it is registered with its Home Agent. The Home
Address is configured from a prefix that is aggregated and advertised
by its Home Agent. The prefix could either be the prefix advertised
on the home link or the prefix delegated to the Mobile Router.
The Mobile Router can have more than one Home Address if there
are multiple prefixes in the home link. The Mobile Router also
advertises one or more prefixes in the mobile network attached to it.
The actual mechanism for assigning these prefixes to a given Mobile
Router is outside the scope of this specification.
When the Mobile Router moves away from the home link and attaches to
a new access router, it acquires a Care-of Address from the visited
link. The Mobile Router can at any time act either as a Mobile Host
or a Mobile Router. It acts as a Mobile Host as defined in [1] for
sessions originated by itself, while providing connectivity to the
Mobile Network. As soon as the Mobile Router acquires a Care-of
Address, it immediately sends a Binding Update to its Home Agent as
described in [1]. When the Home Agent receives this Binding Update
it creates a binding cache entry binding the Mobile Router's Home
Address to its Care-of address at the current point of attachment.
If the Mobile Router wishes to act as a Mobile Router and provide
connectivity to nodes in the mobile network, it indicates this to the
Home Agent by setting a flag (R) in the Binding Update. It MAY also
include information about the Mobile Network Prefix in the Binding
Update using one of the modes described in Section 5.2, so that the
Home Agent can forward packets meant for nodes in the mobile network
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to the Mobile Router. A new Mobility Header Option is described in
this document to carry prefix information. This option is described
in Section 4.3. If the mobile network has more than one IPv6 prefix
and wants the Home Agent to setup forwarding for all these prefixes,
it includes multiple prefix information options in a single Binding
Update. The Home Agent sets up forwarding for each of these prefixes
to the Mobile Router's Care-of Address. In some scenarios the
Home Agent already knows which prefixes belong to a Mobile Router
by an alternate mechanism such as static configuration. In these
scenarios, the Mobile Router does not include any prefix information
in the Binding Update. The Home Agent sets up forwarding for all
prefixes owned by the Mobile Router, when it receives a Binding
Update from the mobile router with the router flag (R) set.
The Home Agent acknowledges the Binding Update by sending a Binding
Acknowledgement to the Mobile Router. A positive acknowledgement
means that the Home Agent has set up forwarding for the mobile
network. Once the binding process completes, a bi-directional tunnel
is established between the Home Agent and the Mobile Router. The
tunnel end points are Mobile Router's Care-of Address and the Home
Agent's address. If a packet with a source address belonging to
the Mobile Network Prefix is received from the mobile network, the
Mobile Router reverse-tunnels the packet to the Home Agent through
this tunnel. This reverse-tunneling is done by using IP-in-IP
encapsulation [3]. The Home Agent decapsulates this packet and
forwards it to the Correspondent Node. For traffic originated by
itself, the Mobile Router can use either reverse tunneling or route
optimization as specified in [1].
When a data packet is sent by a Correspondent Node to a node in the
mobile network, it gets routed to the Home Agent which currently
has the binding for the Mobile Router. It is expected that the
Mobile Router's network prefix would be aggregated at the Home Agent,
which advertises the resulting aggregation. Alternatively, the Home
Agent may receive the data packets destined to the mobile network
by advertising routes to the Mobile Network Prefix. The actual
mechanism by which these routes are advertised is outside the scope
of this document. When the Home Agent receives a data packet meant
for a node in the mobile network, it tunnels the packet to Mobile
Router's current Care-of address. The Mobile Router decapsulates the
packet and forwards it onto the interface where the mobile network
is connected. The Mobile Router before decapsulating the tunneled
packet, has to check if the Source address on the outer IPv6 header
is the Home Agent's address. However, this check is not necessary
if the packet is protected by IPsec in tunnel mode. The Mobile
Router also has to make sure the destination address on the inner
IPv6 header belongs to a prefix used in the Mobile Network before
forwarding the packet to the Mobile Network. Otherwise it should
drop the packet.
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The mobile network could consist of nodes that do not support
mobility and nodes that support mobility. A node in the mobile
network can also be a fixed or a mobile router. The protocol
described here ensures complete transparency of network mobility to
the nodes in the mobile network. Mobile Nodes that attach to the
mobile network treat it as a normal IPv6 access network and run the
Mobile IPv6 protocol.
It is also possible for the Mobile Router and the Home Agent to run
a routing protocol through the bi-directional tunnel. In that case,
the Mobile Router need not include prefix information in the Binding
Update. Instead the Home Agent uses the routing protocol updates to
setup forwarding for the mobile network. When running the routing
protocol it is required that the bi-directional tunnel be treated as
a tunnel interface. The tunnel interface is included in the list of
interfaces on which routing protocol is active. The Mobile Router
should be configured not to send any routing protocol messages on its
egress interface when it is away from the home link and connected to
a visited link.
Finally, the Home Agent may be configured with static routes to the
Mobile Network Prefix via the Mobile Router's Home Address. In that
case, the routes are set independently of the binding flows and
the returning Home of a Mobile Router. The benefit is that such
movement does not induce any additional signalling in the form of
routing updates in the Home Network. The drawback of that model is
the routes are present even if the related Mobile Routers are not
reachable (at Home or bound) at a given point of time.
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4. Message Formats
4.1. Binding Update
A new flag (R) is included in the Binding Update to indicate to the
Home Agent if the Binding Update is coming from a Mobile Router
and not from a mobile node. The rest of the Binding Update format
remains the same as defined in [1].
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Sequence # |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|A|H|L|K|M|R| Reserved | Lifetime |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
. .
. Mobility options .
. .
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Mobile Router Flag (R)
The Mobile Router Flag is set to indicate to the Home Agent
that the Binding Update is from a Mobile Router. If the flag
is set to 0, the Home Agent assumes that the Mobile Router is
just behaving as a Mobile Node, and MUST NOT forward packets
destined for the mobile network to the Mobile Router.
Mobility Options
Variable length field which can include zero or more mobility
options. This document defines a new mobility option in
addition to what is defined in [1].
For descriptions of the other fields in the message, see [1].
4.2. Binding Acknowledgement
A new flag (R) is included in the Binding Acknowledgement to indicate
that the Home Agent which processed the corresponding Binding Update
supports Mobile Routers. The flag is set only if the corresponding
Binding Update had the Mobile Router flag (R) set to 1. The rest of
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the Binding Acknowledgement format remains the same as defined in
[1].
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Status |K|R| Reserved |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Sequence # | Lifetime |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
. .
. Mobility options .
. .
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Mobile Router Flag (R)
The Mobile Router Flag is set to indicate that the Home Agent
which processed the Binding Update supports Mobile Routers. It
is set to 1 only if the corresponding Binding Update had the
Mobile Router flag set to 1.
For descriptions of the other fields in the message, see [1].
This document also introduces the following new Binding
Acknowledgement status values. The values shown below are decimal
values.
140 Mobile Router Operation not permitted
141 Invalid Prefix
142 Not Authorized for Prefix
143 Forwarding Setup failed
Status values less than 128 indicate that the Binding Update was
processed successfully by the receiving nodes. Values greater than
128 indicate that the Binding Update was rejected by the Home Agent.
4.3. Mobile Network Prefix Option
The Mobile Network Prefix Option is included in the Binding Update
to indicate to the Home Agent the prefix information for the mobile
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network. There could be multiple Mobile Network Prefix Options
if the Mobile Router has more than one IPv6 prefix in the mobile
network and wants the Home Agent to forward packets for each of these
prefixes to the Mobile Router's current location.
The Mobile Network Prefix Option has an alignment requirement of
8n+4. Its format is as follows.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type | Length | Reserved | Prefix Length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
+ +
| |
+ Mobile Network Prefix +
| |
+ +
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Type
TBA
Length
8 bit unsigned integer indicating the length in octets of the
option excluding the type and length fields. Set to 18.
Reserved
This field is unused for now. The value MUST be initialized to
zero by the sender, and MUST be ignored by the receiver.
Prefix Length
8 bit unsigned integer indicating the prefix length of the IPv6
prefix contained in the option.
Mobile Network Prefix
A 16 byte field contains the Mobile Network Prefix.
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5. Mobile Router Operation
Mobile Router operation is derived largely from the combined
behaviors of a Host, of a Router [5], and of a Mobile Node [1].
A Mobile Node can act in two different ways: (1) as a Mobile Host
(in which case the Home Agent doesn't maintain any prefix information
related to the Mobile Host's Home Address, but does maintain a
binding cache entry related to the Mobile Host's Home Address) and
(2) as a Mobile Router (in which case, in addition to maintaining the
binding cache entry corresponding to the Mobile Router Home Address,
the Home Agent also maintains forwarding information related to
prefixes assigned to the mobile network). The distinction between
the the two modes is represented by the value of the Mobile Router
flag (R).
A Mobile Router MUST implement all requirements for IPv6 Mobile Nodes
as described in Section 8.5 of [1].
5.1. Data Structures
Like a Mobile Host, a Mobile Router also maintains a Binding Update
List, described in Section 11.1 of Mobile IPv6 specification[1]. The
Binding Update list is a conceptual data structure which records
information that is sent in the Binding Updates. There is one entry
per each destination that the Mobile Router is currently sending
Binding Updates to.
This document introduces a new Prefix Information field in the
Binding Update list structure. This field is used to store any
prefix information that the Mobile Router includes in the Binding
Update. If the Mobile Router sets the Mobile Router flag (R) in the
Binding Update, but does not include any prefix information in it
this field is set to null. The Mobile Router does not include prefix
information in the Binding Update in the implicit mode or when it
runs a dynamic routing protocol with its Home Agent.
Similar to a Mobile Host, a Mobile Router stores the information
regarding status of flags of the Binding Update, in the corresponding
Binding Update List entry. This document introduces a new mobile
router flag (R) for this entry. The status of this flag is stored in
the Binding Update list whenever a Binding Update is sent.
A Mobile Router also maintains a Home Agent list populated according
to the same procedure as a Mobile Host.
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5.2. Sending Binding Updates
A Mobile Router sends Binding Updates to its Home Agent as described
in [1]. If the Mobile Router is not running a routing protocol
as described in Section 8, it uses one of the following modes to
instruct the Home Agent to determine the prefixes that belong to the
Mobile Router. In all the modes, the Mobile Router sets the Mobile
Router flag (R).
Implicit:
In this mode, the Mobile Router does not include a Mobile
Network Prefix Option in the Binding Update. The Home Agent
can use any mechanism (not defined in this document) to
determine the Mobile Network Prefix(es) owned by the Mobile
Router and setup forwarding for the mobile network. One
example would be manual configuration at the Home Agent mapping
the Mobile Router's Home Address to the information required
for setting up forwarding for the mobile network.
Explicit:
In this mode, the Mobile Router includes one or more Mobile
Network Prefix Options in the Binding Update. These options
contain information about the Mobile Network Prefix(es)
configured on the mobile network.
A Mobile Router MUST implement at least one mode and MAY implement
both modes. If a Mobile Router implements both modes, local
configuration on the Mobile Router decides which mode to use. This
is out of scope for this document.
If the Mobile Router flag is set, Home Registration flag (H) MUST be
set.
If the Mobile Router has a valid binding cache entry at the Home
Agent, subsequent Binding Updates for the same Home Address should
have the same value for the Mobile Router Flag (R) as the value in
the binding cache.
5.3. Receiving Binding Acknowledgements
The Mobile Router receives Binding Acknowledgements from the Home
Agent, corresponding to the Binding Updates it sent. If the Binding
Acknowledgement status is set to '0' (Binding Update accepted) and
the Mobile Router flag (R) is set to 1, the Mobile Router assumes
that the Home Agent has successfully processed the Binding Update
and has set up forwarding for the mobile network. The Mobile Router
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can then start using the bi-directional tunnel for reverse tunneling
traffic from the mobile network. If the Mobile Router flag (R) is
not set, then the Mobile Router concludes that its current Home
Agent does not support Mobile Routers and performs Dynamic Home
Agent Discovery again to discover Home Agents which support Mobile
Routers. Additional the Mobile Router MUST also de-register with the
Home Agent which did not support Mobile Routers before attempting
registration with another Home Agent.
5.4. Error Processing
If the Binding Acknowledgement status is set to a value between 128
and 139, the Mobile Router takes necessary actions as described in
the Mobile IPv6 specification [1]. For the Binding Acknowledgement
status values defined in this document, the following sections
explain the Mobile Router's behavior.
5.4.1. Implicit Mode
In Implicit mode, the Mobile Router interprets only error
status '140' (Mobile Router Operation not permitted) and '143'
(Forwarding Setup failed). The Mobile Router MUST discard Binding
Acknowledgements with status '141' and '142'.
If the Binding Acknowledgement from the Home Agent has the status
'140', the Mobile Router SHOULD send a Binding Update to another Home
Agent on the same home link. If no Home Agent replies positively
the Mobile Router MUST refrain from sending Binding Updates with the
Mobile Router flag set to any Home Agent on the home link, and log
the information.
If the Binding Acknowledgemnet has the status '143', the Mobile
Router SHOULD send a Binding Update to another Home Agent on the same
home link. If no Home Agent replies positively the Mobile Router
SHOULD refrain from sending this Binding Update to any Home Agent on
the home link, and MAY send Binding Updates in Explicit mode to a
Home Agent on the same home link.
5.4.2. Explicit Mode
If the Mobile Router sent a Binding Update to Home Agent in explicit
mode then the Mobile Router interprets only error status '140'
(Mobile Router Operation not permitted), '141' (Invalid Prefix) and
'142' (Not Authorized for Prefix). The Mobile Router MUST discard
Binding Acknowledgements with status '143'.
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If the Binding Acknowledgement from the Home Agent has the status
'140', the Mobile Router SHOULD send a Binding Update to another Home
Agent on the same home link. If no Home Agent replies positively
then the Mobile Router MUST refrain from sending Binding Updates with
the Mobile Router flag set to any Home Agent on the home link, and
log the information.
If the Binding Acknowledgement has the status '141' or '142', the
Mobile Router SHOULD send a Binding Update to another Home Agent
on the same home link. If no Home Agent replies positively then
the Mobile Router SHOULD refrain from sending Binding Updates to
any Home Agent on the home link. The Mobile Router MUST also stop
advertising the prefix in the Mobile Network and try to obtain new
IPv6 prefix information for the Mobile Network by the same means
that it initially got assigned the current Mobile Network Prefix.
Alternatively, Mobile Router MAY send Binding Updates in Implicit
mode to a Home Agent on the same home link.
If at the end of this Error Processing procedure, as described in
Sections 5.4.1 and 5.4.2, the Mobile Router has tried every available
modes of sending Binding Updates and still has not received a
positive Binding Acknowledgement, the Mobile Router MUST stop sending
Binding Updates with the Mobile Router flag set for this Home Address
and log the information.
In all the above cases, the Mobile Router MUST conclude that the Home
Agent did not create a binding cache entry for the Mobile Router's
Home Address.
5.5. Establishment of Bi-directional Tunnel
When a successful Binding Acknowledgement is received, the Mobile
Router sets up its endpoint of the bi-directional tunnel.
The bi-directional tunnel between Mobile Router and Home Agent allows
packets to flow in both directions between these entities, while the
Mobile Router is connected to a visited link. The bi-directional
tunnel is created by merging two unidirectional tunnels as described
in RFC 2473 [3]. The tunnel from the Mobile Router to the Home Agent
has the Care-of address of the Mobile Router as the tunnel entry
point and the Home Agent's address as the tunnel exit point. The
tunnel from the Home Agent to the Mobile Router has the Home Agent's
address and the Mobile Router's Care-of address as the tunnel entry
point and exit point respectively. All IPv6 traffic to and from the
mobile network is sent through this bi-directional tunnel.
A Mobile Router MAY limit the number of mobile routers that attach to
its mobile network (the number of levels in the nested aggregation)
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by means of setting the Tunnel Encapsulation Limit field of the
Tunnel Encapsulation option.
A Mobile Router uses the Tunnel Hop Limit that is normally assigned
to routers (not to hosts). Please refer to [3] for more details.
5.6. Neighbor Discovery for Mobile Router
When the Mobile Router is at home, it MAY be configured to send
Router Advertisements and reply to Router Solicitations on the
interface attached to the home link. The value of the Router
Lifetime field MUST be set to zero to prevent other nodes from
configuring the Mobile Router as the default router.
A Mobile Router SHOULD NOT send unsolicited Router Advertisements
and SHOULD NOT reply to Router Solicitations on any egress interface
when that interface is attached to a visited link. However, the
Mobile Router SHOULD reply with Neighbor Advertisements to Neighbor
Solicitations received on the egress interface, for topologically
correct addresses.
A router typically ignores router advertisements sent by other
routers on a link. However, a Mobile Router MUST NOT ignore Router
Advertisements received on the egress interface. The received Router
Advertisements MAY be used for address configuration, default router
selection or movement detection.
5.7. Multicast Groups for Mobile Router
When at home, the Mobile Router joins the multicast group All Routers
Address with scopes '1' interface-local (on the home-advertising
interface) and '2' link-local on any of its egress interfaces. When
in a visited network, the Mobile Router MUST NOT join the above
multicast groups on the corresponding interface.
5.8. Returning Home
When the Mobile Router realizes it has returned to its home link
through movement detection mechanisms, it MUST de-register with
its Home Agent. The Mobile Router MUST implement and follow the
returning home procedures defined for a mobile node in [1]. In
addition, the Mobile Router MAY start behaving as a router on its
egress interface. In particular,
- The Mobile Router MAY send router advertisements on its egress
interfaces. But the router lifetime SHOULD be set to 0, so that
Devarapalli, et al. [Page 16]
Internet Draft NEMO Basic Support June 2004
hosts on the home link do not pick the Mobile Router as the
default router.
- The Mobile Router MAY join the All Routers multicast group on the
home link.
- The Mobile Router MAY send routing protocol messages on its
egress interface if it is configured to run a dynamic routing
protocol.
When the Mobile Router sends a de-registration Binding Update in
Explicit mode, it SHOULD not include any Mobile Network Prefix
options in the Binding Update. When the Home Agent removes a binding
cache entry, it deletes all the associated Mobile Network Prefix
routes.
Devarapalli, et al. [Page 17]
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6. Home Agent Operation
In order for a Mobile Router to operate correctly, the Home Agent
MUST satisfy all the requirements listed in Section 8.4 of [1]. The
Home Agent MUST implement both modes described in Section 5.2 of this
document.
6.1. Data Structures
6.1.1. Binding Cache
The Home Agent maintains Binding Cache Entries for each Mobile Router
that is currently registered with the Home Agent. The Binding Cache
is a conceptual data structure described in detail in [1].
The Home Agent might need to store the Mobile Network Prefixes
associated with a Mobile Router in the corresponding Binding Cache
Entry. This is required if the Binding Update (that created the
Binding Cache Entry) contained explicit prefix information. This
information can be used later to cleanup routes installed in explicit
mode, when the Binding Cache Entry is removed, and to maintain the
routing table, for instance should the routes be manually removed.
The Home Agent also stores the status of the Mobile Router Flag (R)
in the Binding Cache entry.
6.1.2. Prefix Table
The Home Agent SHOULD be able to prevent a Mobile Router from
claiming Mobile Network Prefixes that belong to another Mobile
Router. The Home Agent can prevent such attacks if it maintains a
Prefix Table and verifies the Prefix Information provided by the
Mobile Router against the entries in the Prefix Table. The Prefix
Table SHOULD be used by the Home Agent when it processes a Binding
Update in explicit mode. It is not required when a dynamic routing
protocol is run between the Mobile Router and the Home Agent.
Each entry in the Prefix Table conceptually contains the following
fields:
- The Home Address of the Mobile Router. This field is used as the
key for searching the pre-configured prefix table.
- The Mobile Network Prefix of the Mobile Router associated with
the Home Address.
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Internet Draft NEMO Basic Support June 2004
6.2. Mobile Network Prefix Registration
The Home Agent processes the Binding Update as described in Section
10.3.1 of the Mobile IPv6 specification [1]. This section describes
the processing of the Binding Update if the Mobile Router (R) flag is
set. The Home Agent performs the following check in addition.
- The Home Registration (H) flag MUST be set. If not, the
Home Agent MUST reject the Binding Update and send a Binding
Acknowledgement with status set to 140. Note: The basic support
does not allow sending Binding Update for a Mobile Network Prefix
to correspondent nodes (for route optimization).
- Mobile IPv6 specification [1] requires that the Home Address in
the Binding Update should be configured from a prefix advertised
on the home link. Otherwise the Binding Update is rejected
with status value 132 [1]. This specification relaxes this
requirement so that the Home Agent rejects the Binding Update
only if Home Address does not belong to the prefix that the Home
Agent is configured to serve.
If the Home Agent has a valid binding cache entry for the Mobile
Router and if the Binding Update has the Mobile Router Flag (R)
set to a value different from the value in the existing binding
cache entry, the Home Agent MUST reject the Binding Update and send
a Binding Acknowledgement with status set to 139 (Registration
type change disallowed). However, if the Binding Update is a
de-registration Binding Update, the Home Agent ignores the value of
the Mobile Router Flag (R).
If the Home Agent does not reject the Binding Update as described
above, and if a dynamic routing protocol is not being run between
the Home Agent and the Mobile Router as described in Section 8, then
the Home Agent retrieves the Mobile Network Prefix information as
described below.
- If a Mobile Network Prefix Option is present in the Binding
Update, the prefix information for the Mobile Network Prefix is
retrieved from the Mobile Network Prefix field and the Prefix
Length field of the option. If the Binding Update contains more
than one option, the Home Agent MUST set up forwarding for all of
the Mobile Network Prefixes. If the Home Agent fails to setup
forwarding to all the prefixes listed in the Binding Update, then
it MUST NOT forward traffic to any of the prefixes, reject the
Binding Update and send a Binding Acknowledgement with status set
to 141 (Invalid Prefix).
If the Home Agent verifies the prefix information with the Prefix
Table and the check fails, the Home Agent MUST discard the
Devarapalli, et al. [Page 19]
Internet Draft NEMO Basic Support June 2004
Binding Update and send a Binding Acknowldegement with status set
to 142 (Not Authorized for Prefix).
- If there are is no option in the Binding Update carying
prefix information, the Home Agent uses manual pre-configured
information to determine the prefixes assigned to the Mobile
Router and for setting up forwarding for the mobile network. If
there is no information that the Home Agent can use, it MUST
reject the Binding Update and send a Binding Acknowledgement with
status set to 143 (Forwarding Setup failed).
If the Lifetime specified in the Binding Update is zero or the
specified Care-of address matches the Home Address in the Binding
Update, then this is a request to delete the cached binding for
the home address and specified Mobile Network Prefixes. The
Binding Update is processed according to the procedure described in
Section 6.7.
If all checks are passed, the Home Agent creates a binding cache
entry for Mobile Router's Home Address, or updates the binding cache
entry if it already exists. Otherwise, the Home Agent MUST NOT
register the binding of the Mobile Router's Home Address.
The Home Agent defends the Mobile Router's Home Address through Proxy
Neighbor Discovery by multicasting onto the home link a Neighbor
Advertisement message on behalf of the mobile router. All fields in
the Proxy Neighbor Advertisement message should be set in the same
way they would be set by the Mobile Router itself if sending this
Neighbor Advertisement while at home, as described in [6], with the
exception that the Router (R) bit in the Advertisement MUST be set if
the Mobile Router (R) flag has been set in the Binding Update.
The Home Agent also creates a bi-directional tunnel to the mobile
router for the requested Mobile Network Prefix, or update an existing
bi-directional tunnel as described in Section 6.4.
6.3. Advertising Mobile Network Reachability
In order to be able to receive packets meant for the mobile network,
the Home Agent advertises reachability to the mobile network. If
the Home Link is configured with a prefix that is an aggregation and
if the Mobile Network Prefix is aggregated under that prefix, then
the routing changes related to the Mobile Network may be restricted
to the Home Link. If the Home Agent is the only default router on
the Home Link, routes to the Mobile Network Prefix get aggregated
naturally under the Home Agent and the Home Agent does not have to do
anything special.
Devarapalli, et al. [Page 20]
Internet Draft NEMO Basic Support June 2004
If the Home Agent receives routing updates through a dynamic routing
protocol from the Mobile Router, it can be configured to propagate
those routes on the relevant interfaces.
6.4. Establishment of Bi-directional Tunnel
The implementation of the bi-directional tunnels and the mechanism
of attaching them to the IP stack are outside the scope of this
specification. However, all implementations MUST be capable of the
following operations.
- The Home Agent can tunnel packets meant for the mobile network
prefix to the Mobile Router's current location, the Care-of
Address of the Mobile Router.
- The Home Agent can accept packets tunneled by the Mobile Router
with source address of the outer IPv6 header set to the Care-of
Address of the Mobile Router.
6.5. Forwarding Packets
When the Home Agent receives a data packet destined for the mobile
network, it MUST forward the packet to the Mobile Router through the
bi-directional tunnel. The Home Agent either uses only the routing
table, only the Binding Cache or a combination of routing table
and Binding Cache to route packets to the mobile network. This is
implementation specific. Two examples are shown below.
1. The Home Agent maintains a route to the Mobile Network Prefix
with the next hop set to the Mobile Router's Home Address. When
the Home Agent tries to forward the packet to the next hop, it
finds a binding cache entry for the home address. Then the Home
Agent extracts the Mobile Router's Care-of address and tunnels
the packet to the Care-of address.
2. The Home Agent maintains a route to the Mobile Network Prefix
with the outgoing interface set to the bi-directional tunnel
interface between the Home Agent and the Mobile Router. For
this purpose, the Home Agent MUST treat this tunnel as a tunnel
interface. When the packets are forwarded through the tunnel
interface, they get encapsulated automatically with the source
address and destination address in the outer IPv6 header set to
the Home Agent's address and the Mobile Router's Care-of address,
respectively.
Devarapalli, et al. [Page 21]
Internet Draft NEMO Basic Support June 2004
6.6. Sending Binding Acknowledgements
A Home Agent serving a Mobile Router sends Binding Acknowledgements
according to the same rules it uses for sending Binding
Acknowledgements to Mobile Hosts [1], with the following
enhancements.
The Home Agent sets the status code in the Binding Acknowledgement
to '0' (Binding Update accepted) in order to indicate to the Mobile
Router that it successfully processed the Binding Update. It also
sets the Mobile Router flag (R) to indicate to the Mobile Router that
it has setup forwarding for the mobile network.
If the Home Agent is configured not to support mobile routers, it
sets the status code in the Binding Acknowledgement to '140' (Mobile
Router Operation not permitted).
If one or more prefixes received in the Binding Update are invalid
and the Home Agent cannot setup forwarding for the prefixes, the Home
Agent sets the status code in the Binding Acknowledgement to '141'
(Invalid Prefix) in order to indicate this to the Mobile Router.
If the Mobile Router is not authorized to use this Home Address to
forward packets for one or more prefixes that are present in the
Binding Update, the Home Agent sets the status code in the Binding
Acknowledgement to '142' (Not Authorized for Prefix) in order to
indicate this.
The Home Agent sets the status code to 143 (Forwarding Setup
failed) if it is unable to determine the information needed to setup
forwarding for the mobile network. This is used in the Implicit mode
where the Mobile Router does not include any prefix information in
the Binding Update.
6.7. Mobile Network Prefix De-Registration
The Mobile Router de-registers with the Home Agent by sending a
Binding Update with the lifetime set to zero. When the Home Agent
successfully processes the de-registration BU, it deletes the Binding
Cache Entry for the Mobile Router's Home Address and stops proxying
the Home Address. This is described in detail in the Mobile IPv6
specification [1].
In addition, the Home Agent also removes the bi-directional tunnel
and stops forwarding packets to the mobile network. The Home Agent
should keep all necessary information to clean up whichever routes it
installed, whether they come from implicit or explicit source.
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Internet Draft NEMO Basic Support June 2004
In Explicit mode, the Home Agent MUST ignore any Mobile Network
Prefix Options present in the de-registration Binding Update.
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7. Modifications to Dynamic Home Agent Discovery
This document extends the Dynamic Home Agent Discovery mechanism
defined in [1], so that Mobile Routers attempt registration only with
Home Agents that support Mobile Routers.
7.1. Modified Dynamic Home Agent Discovery Request
A new flag (R) (Support for Mobile Routers) is introduced in the
Dynamic Home Agent Discovery Reguest message defined in [1]. The
Mobile Router sets this flag to indicate that it wants to discover
Home Agents that support Mobile Routers.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type | Code | Checksum |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Identifier |R| Reserved |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Mobile Router Support Flag (R)
A 1 bit flag which when set indicates that the Mobile Router
wants to discover Home Agents that support Mobile Routers.
For a description of the other fields in the message, see [1].
7.2. Modified Dynamic Home Agent Discovery Reply
A new flag (R) (Support for Mobile Routers) is introduced in the
Dynamic Home Agent Discovery Reply message defined in [1]. If a Home
Agent receives a Dynamic Home Agent Discovery request message with
the Mobile Router Support flag set, it MUST reply with a list of Home
Agents that support Mobile Routers. The Mobile Router Support flag
MUST be set if there is at least one Home Agent that supports Mobile
Routers. If none of the Home Agents support Mobile Routers, the Home
Agent MAY reply with a list of Home Agents that support just Mobile
IPv6 Mobile Nodes. In this case, the Mobile Router Support flag MUST
be set to 0.
Devarapalli, et al. [Page 24]
Internet Draft NEMO Basic Support June 2004
The modified message format is as follows.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type | Code | Checksum |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Identifier |R| Reserved |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
+ +
. .
. Home Agent Addresses .
. .
+ +
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Mobile Router Support Flag (R)
A 1 bit flag which when set indicates that the Home Agents
listed in this message support Mobile Routers.
For a description of the other fields in the message, see [1].
7.3. Modified Home Agent Information Option
A new flag (R) (Support for Mobile Routers) is introduced in the Home
Agent Information Option defined in [1]. If a Home Agent supports
Mobile Routers, it SHOULD set the flag.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type | Length |R| Reserved |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Home Agent Preference | Home Agent Lifetime |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Mobile Router Support Flag (R)
A 1-bit flag which when set indicates that the Home Agent
supports Mobile Routers.
For a description of the other fields in the message, see [1].
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Internet Draft NEMO Basic Support June 2004
8. Support for Dynamic Routing Protocols
In the solution described so far, forwarding to the mobile network
at the Home Agent is set up when the Home Agent receives a Binding
Update from the Mobile Router. An alternative to this is for the
Home Agent and the Mobile Router to run an intra-domain routing
protocol like RIPng [12] and OSPF [13] through the bi-directional
tunnel. The Mobile Router can continue running the same routing
protocol that it was running when it was attached to the home link.
Support for running a intra-domain routing protocol is optional and
is governed by the configuration on the Mobile Router and the Home
Agent.
This feature is very useful when the mobile network is large with
multiple subnets containing different IPv6 prefixes. Routing changes
in the mobile network are propagated to the Home Agent quickly.
Routing changes in the home link are also propagated to the Mobile
Router very quickly.
When the Mobile Router is attached to the home link, it runs a
routing protocol by sending routing updates through its egress
interface. When the mobile router moves and attaches to a visited
network, it MUST stop sending routing updates on the interface
with which it attaches to the visited link. This is to reduce the
chances that prefixes specific to the Mobile Network are leaked to
the visited network in the case where routing protocol authentication
is not enabled in the visited network and in the Mobile Network. It
is expected that normal deployment practices will include proper
authentication mechanisms to prevent unauthorized route announcements
on both home and visited networks. The Mobile Router then starts
sending routing protocol messages through the bi-directional tunnel
towards the Home Agent. Most routing protocols use link local
addresses as source addresses for the routing information messages.
The Mobile Router is allowed to use link local addresses for the
inner IPv6 header of an encapsulated packet. But these routing
protocol messages with link local address MUST NOT be forwarded to
another link by either the Mobile Router or the Home Agent.
When the Home Agent receives the inner packet, it processes the
encapsulated routing protocol messages and updates its routing table
accordingly. As part of normal routing protocol operation, the next
hop information in these routing entries is filled with the Mobile
Router's link local address with the outgoing interface set to the
bi-directional tunnel.
Similary, the Home Agent also sends routing updates through the
bi-directional tunnel to the Mobile Router. The Mobile Router
processes these routing protocol messages and updates its routing
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Internet Draft NEMO Basic Support June 2004
table. For all routes advertised by the Home Agent, the Mobile
Router sets the outgoing interface to the bi-directional tunnel to
the Home Agent.
When the Mobile Router and the Home Agent exchange routes through
a dynamic routing protocol, the Mobile Router SHOULD NOT include
Mobile Network Prefixes in the Binding Update to the Home Agent. The
Home Agent depending on its configuration might not add routes based
on the prefix information in the Binding Updates at all, and might
use only the routing protocol updates. Moreover, including prefix
information in both the Binding Updates and the routing protocol
updates is redundant.
Since the routing protocol messages from the Home Agent to the
Mobile Router could potentially contain information about the
internal routing structure of the home network, these messages
require authentication and confidentiality protection. Appropriate
authentication and confidentiality protection mechanisms defined in
[14] MUST be used. For protecting routing protocol messages using
ESP, the bi-directional tunnel between the Mobile Router and the
Home Agent should be treated as the outgoing interface, with the
Home Agent's and Mobile Router's addresses as source and destination
addresses for the inner encapsulated messages.
If a link state routing protocol like OSPFv3 is run by the Mobile
Router and the Home Agent, the recommendations in Appendix B should
be followed.
Devarapalli, et al. [Page 27]
Internet Draft NEMO Basic Support June 2004
9. Security Considerations
All signaling messages between the Mobile Router and the Home Agent
MUST be authenticated by IPsec [8]. The use of IPsec to protect
Mobile IPv6 signaling messages is described in detail in the HA-MN
IPsec specification [2]. The signaling messages described in this
document just extend Mobile IPv6 messages and do not require any
changes to what is described in the HA-MN IPsec specification.
The Mobile Router has to perform ingress filtering on packets
received from the mobile network to ensure that nodes in the Mobile
Network do not use the bi-directional tunnel to launch IP spoofing
attacks. In particular the Mobile Router SHOULD check that the IP
source address in the packets received from the nodes in the Mobile
Network belongs to the Mobile Network Prefix and is not the same as
one of the addresses used by the Mobile Router. In case the Mobile
Router receives a IP-in-IP tunneled packet from a node in the Mobile
Network and the Mobile Router has to forward the decapsulated packet,
it SHOULD perform the above mentioned checks on the source address of
the inner packet.
The Home Agent has to verify that packets received through the
bi-directional tunnel belong to the mobile network. This check is
necessary in order to prevent nodes from using the Home Agent to
launch attacks that would have otherwise been prevented by ingress
filtering. The source address of the outer IPv6 header MUST be set
to the Mobile Router's current Care-of address. The source address
of the inner IPv6 header MUST be a topologically correct address with
respect to the IPv6 prefixes used in the mobile network.
When the Mobile Router is running a dynamic routing protocol as
described in Section 8, it injects routing update messages into
the Home Link. Since the routing protocol message could contain
information about the internal routing structure of the home network,
these messages require confidentiality protection. Confidentiality
protection through IPsec ESP as described in [14] SHOULD be used.
If the bi-directional tunnel between the Mobile Router and the Home
Agent is protected by ESP in tunnel mode for all IP traffic, then
no additional confidentiality protection specific to the routing
protocol is required.
Home agents and mobile routers may use IPsec ESP to protect payload
packets tunneled between themselves. This is useful to protect
communications against attackers on the path of the tunnel.
Please refer to the Mobile IPv6 specification [1] for security
considerations when the Mobile Router operates as a Mobile Host.
Devarapalli, et al. [Page 28]
Internet Draft NEMO Basic Support June 2004
10. IANA Considerations
This document defines a new Mobility Header Option, the Mobile
Network Prefix Option. This option is described in Section 4.3. The
type value for this option needs to be assigned from the same space
used by the mobility options defined in [1].
This document also defines the following new Binding Acknowledgement
status values. These status values are defined in Section 4.2
and need to be assigned from the same space used for Binding
Acknowledgement status values in [1].
- Mobile Router Operation not permitted
- Invalid Prefix
- Not Authorized for Prefix
- Forwarding Setup failed
11. Contributors
We would like to acknowledge Ludovic Bellier, Claude Castelluccia,
Thierry Ernst, Miguel Catalina-Gallego, Christophe Janneteau, T.J.
Kniveton, Hong-Yon Lach, Jari T. Malinen, Koshiro Mitsuya, Alexis
Olivereau, Charles E. Perkins and Keisuke Uehara, for their work on
earlier proposals for Network Mobility. This document inherits a lot
of ideas from these proposals.
12. Acknowledgements
We thank all members of the NEMO Working Group, and of the preceding
MONET BoF for fruitful discussions on the mailing list and at IETF
meetings.
Kent Leung, Marco Molteni and Patrick Wetterwald for their work on
Network Mobility for IPv4 and IPv6.
Tim Leinmueller for many insightful remarks and for Section 7.
Jari Arkko, James Kempf and Chan-Wah Ng for their thorough review and
comments.
Devarapalli, et al. [Page 29]
Internet Draft NEMO Basic Support June 2004
Normative References
[1] D. Johnson, C. Perkins and J. Arkko. Mobility Support in IPv6.
Internet Draft, IETF. draft-ietf-mobileip-ipv6-24.txt (work in
progress). June 2003.
[2] J. Arkko, V. Devarapalli and F. Dupont. Using IPsec to Protect
Mobile IPv6 Signaling between Mobile Nodes and Home Agents.
Internet Draft, IETF. draft-ietf-mobileip-mipv6-ha-ipsec-06.txt
(work in progress). June 2003.
[3] A. Conta and S. Deering. Generic Packet Tunneling in IPv6
Specification. RFC 2473, IETF. December 1998.
[4] S. Kent and R. Atkinson. IP Encapsulating Security Payload
(ESP). RFC 2402, IETF. November 1998.
[5] S. Deering and R. Hinden. Internet Protocol, Version 6 (IPv6)
Specification. RFC 2460, IETF. December 1998.
[6] T. Narten, E. Nordmark and W. Simpson. Neighbour Discovery for
IP Version 6 (IPv6). RFC 2461, IETF. December 1998.
[7] S. Bradner. Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement
Levels. RFC 2119, IETF. March 1997.
Informative References
[8] S. Kent and R. Atkinson. Security Architecture for the Internet
Protocol. RFC 2401, IETF. November 1998.
[9] J. Manner and M. Kojo. Mobility Related Terminology. Internet
Draft, IETF. draft-ietf-seamoby-mobility-terminology-05.txt
(work in progress). November 2003.
[10] T. Ernst and H.-Y. Lach. Network Mobility Support Terminology.
Internet Draft, IETF. draft-ietf-nemo-terminology-00.txt (work
in progress). May 2003.
[11] T. Ernst. Network Mobility Support Goals and Requirements.
Internet Draft, IETF. draft-ietf-nemo-requirements-01.txt (work
in progress). May 2003.
[12] G. Malkin and R. Minnear. RIPng for IPv6. RFC 2080, IETF.
January 1997.
[13] R. Coltun, D. Ferguson and J. Moy. OSPF for IPv6. RFC 2470,
IETF. December 1999.
Devarapalli, et al. [Page 30]
Internet Draft NEMO Basic Support June 2004
[14] M. Gupta and N. Melam. Authentication/Confidentiality for
OSPFv3. Internet Draft, IETF. draft-ietf-ospf-ospfv3-auth-04.txt
(work in progress). December 2003.
[15] T. Ernst. Network Mobility Support in IPv6. PhD Thesis,
University Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France. October 2001.
[16] T. Ernst, K, Mitsuya and K. Uehara. Network Mobility from the
InternetCAR perspective. Journal of Interconnection Networks
(JOIN), Vol. 4, No. 3. September 2003.
[17] J. Moy. Extending OSPF to Support Demand Circuits. RFC 1793,
IETF. April 1995.
[18] P. Thubert, et. al. NEMO Home Network models. Internet Draft,
IETF. draft-ietf-home-network-models-00.txt (work in progress).
April 2004.
Devarapalli, et al. [Page 31]
Internet Draft NEMO Basic Support June 2004
A. Examples of NEMO Basic Support Operation
This section tries to illustrate the NEMO protocol using a Mobile
Router and a Mobile Node belonging to different administrative
domains. The Mobile Router's mobile network consists of a Local
Fixed Node (LFN) and a Local Fixed Router (LFR) [10]. The LFR has
an access link to which other Mobile Nodes or Mobile Routers could
attach to.
Figure 1 depicts the scenario where both the Mobile Router and the
Mobile Node are at home.
+----+ +-------+
| MN | | HA_MN |
+--+-+ 1:: +---+---+
2+-------------+3
|
|
+-------+2 2:: +-------------------+ 3:: 2+-------+
| CN_MN |------| Internet |------| CN_MR |
+-------+ +-------------------+ +-------+
4:: |
|
2+-------------+3
+--+-+ +---+---+
| MR | | HA_MR |
+--+-+ +-------+
5:: |1
----------
2| |3
+--+-+ +--+-+
| LFN| | LFR|
+--+-+ +--+-+
6:: |1
----------
Figure 1: Mobile Router and Mobile Node at home.
Devarapalli, et al. [Page 32]
Internet Draft NEMO Basic Support June 2004
The Mobile Router then moves away from the home link and attaches to
a visited link. This is shown in Figure 2. The Mobile Router sends
a Binding Update to HA_MR when it attaches to a visited link and
configures a Care-of Addres. HA_MR creates a binding cache entry for
the Mobile Router's Home Address and also sets up forwarding for the
prefixes on the mobile network.
+----+ +-------+
| MN | | HA_MN |
+--+-+ 1:: +---+---+
2+-------------+3
|
|
+-------+2 2:: +-------------------+ 3:: 2+-------+
| CN_MN |------| Internet |------| CN_MR |
+-------+ ++------------------+ +-------+
| 7:: 4:: | 4::2->7::2
| |
2+ +3
+--+-+ +---+---+
| MR | | HA_MR | 4::2->7::2
+--+-+ +-------+ 5::/prefixlen -> forward
5:: |1 to MR
---------- 6::/prefixlen -> forward
2| |3 to MR
+--+-+ +--+-+
| LFN| | LFR|
+--+-+ +--+-+
6:: |1
----------
Figure 2: Mobile Router on a Visited Link.
Devarapalli, et al. [Page 33]
Internet Draft NEMO Basic Support June 2004
Figure 3 shows the Mobile Node moving away from its home link and
attaching to the Mobile Router. The Mobile Node configures a Care-of
Address from the prefix advertised on the mobile network and sends a
Binding Update to its Home Agent (HA_MN) and its Correspondent Node
(CN_MN). Both HA_MN and CN_MN create binding cache entries for the
Mobile Node's Home Address.
+-------+
| HA_MN | 1::2->6::2
1:: +---+---+
---------|3
|
|
+-------+2 2:: +-------------------+ 3:: 2+-------+
| CN_MN |------| Internet |------| CN_MR |
+-------+ ++------------------+ +-------+
1::2->6::2 | 7:: 4:: | 4::2->7::2
| |
2+ +3
+--+-+ +---+---+
| MR | | HA_MR | 4::2->7::2
+--+-+ +-------+ 5::/prefixlen -> forward
5:: |1 to MR
---------- 6::/prefixlen -> forward
2| |3 to MR
+--+-+ +--+-+
| LFN| | LFR|
+--+-+ +--+-+
6:: |1
--------+-
|2
+--+-+
| MN |
+----+
Figure 3: Mobile Node attached to Mobile
Router on a Visited Link
Devarapalli, et al. [Page 34]
Internet Draft NEMO Basic Support June 2004
B. Running Link State Routing Protocol with NEMO Basic Support
The bi-directional tunnel between the Mobile Router and the Home
Agent is used a virtual interface over which routing protocol
messages are exchanged. When a link state routing protocol is run
the following recommendations should be followed.
B.1. Tunnel Interface Considerations
If the tunnel interface goes up and down every time the Mobile Router
moves to a new visited network, with high level of mobility and
sufficient number of mobile routers, the amount of interface state
changes will adversely affect the Home Agent performance. This also
introduces a high level of instability in the home network. To
avoid this, the following should be considered when implementing the
bi-directional tunnel.
- A tunnel inteface is consistently assigned to each Mobile Router
as long as it has a valid binding cache at the Home Agent
- Everytime the Mobile Router moves and updates the binding cache
entry, the bi-directional tunnel should not be torn down and
setup again. The tunnel end points should be updated dynamically
with the Mobile Router's current care-of address.
- With a large number of interfaces, Hello packet processing may
become a burden. Therefore the tunnel interface should be
treated as On-Demand circuits for OSPF [17].
B.2. OSPF Area Considerations
The following should be considered when the Home Network is
configured for running OSPF.
- The entire Home domain SHOULD NOT be configured as a single area
if a Home Agent supports Mobile Routers. At least the Home
Network should be configured as a separate area.
- The bi-directional tunnel interfaces to the Mobile Routers should
never be included in the same area as the backbone links.
For a more detailed discussion on configuring a Home Network for NEMO
Basic Support, please see [18].
One disadvantage of running OSPFv3 with NEMO Basic Support is that
there is a possibility that the Mobile Networks will be told of the
topology of the entire Home Network, including all the fixed and
Devarapalli, et al. [Page 35]
Internet Draft NEMO Basic Support June 2004
mobile routers, while the only thing the Mobile Routers might really
need is a default route through the Home Agent.
To reduce the amount of routing protocol messages received by a
Mobile Router, one can configure each bi-directional tunnel to a
Mobile Router as a separate area. But this requires that the Home
Agent support a large number of OSPF areas if it supports a large
number of Mobile Routers and might not be possible with most router
implementations.
Another option is to configure multiple areas on the Home Link and
group a number of Mobile Routers into each area. This reduces the
number of areas that a Home Agent needs to support, but at the same
time reduces the amount of routing protocol traffic that a Mobile
Router receives.
Devarapalli, et al. [Page 36]
Internet Draft NEMO Basic Support June 2004
C. Changes from Previous Version
The following changes have been made to this document from version 02
- Clarified that Mobile Network Prefix Options should be ignored in
de-registration binding updates. (Issue #30)
- Addressed tunnel interface concerns when dynamic routing
protocols are used. Added section B.1. (Issue #31)
- Addressed OSPF Area configuration considerations. Added section
B.2. (Issue #31)
- Clarified the use of link local addresses on the inner
encapsulated packets when routing protocol messages are exchanged
between the Mobile Router and the Home Agent. (Issue #31)
- Clarified that binding acknowledgement status values are in
decimal. (Issue #32)
- Clarifed that the Home Agent does not have to check the source
address of the outer IPv6 header against the binding cache if the
tunneled packet is protected by ESP in tunneled mode. (Issue
#33)
- Fixed the text which says Mobile Router does not process binding
acknowledgement with status value 140. (Issue #33)
- Added text to clarify the relationship between the use of a
Prefix Table and running a dynamic routing protocol. (Issue #33)
- Clarified the terminology used in describing bi-directional
tunnel setup. (Issue #34)
- Added text to specify that the Mobile Router has to implement
atleast one mode and may implement both. (Issue #34)
- Re-wrote section 5.4 for better clarity. (Issue #34)
- Mobile Router Flag in Binding Update conflicts with HMIPv6's M
flag. Moved the flag to a new position. (Issue #35)
- Clarified Binding Acknowledgement status value 139 and the Mobile
Router Flag. (Issue #38)
Devarapalli, et al. [Page 37]
Internet Draft NEMO Basic Support June 2004
Authors' Address
Vijay Devarapalli
Nokia Research Center
313 Fairchild Drive
Mountain View, CA 94043
USA
Email: vijay.devarapalli@nokia.com
Ryuji Wakikawa
Keio University and WIDE
5322 Endo Fujisawa Kanagawa
252-8520 Japan
Email: ryuji@sfc.wide.ad.jp
Alexandru Petrescu
Motorola Labs
Parc les Algorithmes Saint Aubin
Gif-sur-Yvette 91193
France
Email: Alexandru.Petrescu@motorola.com
Pascal Thubert
Cisco Systems Technology Center
Village d'Entreprises Green Side
400, Avenue Roumanille
Biot - Sophia Antipolis 06410
France
Email: pthubert@cisco.com
Devarapalli, et al. [Page 38]
Internet Draft NEMO Basic Support June 2004
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