Agent Unification, Runtime, and Operational Responsibility Attestation (AURORA)
draft-khera-aurora-00
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| Document | Type | Active Internet-Draft (individual) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Author | Ankur Khera | ||
| Last updated | 2026-06-05 | ||
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draft-khera-aurora-00
Network Working Group A. Khera
Internet-Draft 5 June 2026
Intended status: Standards Track
Expires: 7 December 2026
Agent Unification, Runtime, and Operational Responsibility Attestation
(AURORA)
draft-khera-aurora-00
Abstract
This document specifies the Agent Unification, Runtime, and
Operational Responsibility Attestation (AURORA) protocol, a dual-
layer security framework for the machine-to-machine (M2M) ecosystem.
The core architectural mandate of this protocol is that an agent
should be able to prove its authority, scope, and runtime integrity.
Existing agent protocols enable communication syntax and identity
propagation; however, they fail to provide a standardized mechanism
for proving that a network transaction or payload was generated and
transmitted by a software agent executing within a verified,
hardware-attested runtime environment, nor do they map clear
boundaries of principal attribution. AURORA solves this by unifying
hardware-enclave-backed Runtime Integrity Attestation with scoped,
cryptographically bound Authority Delegation.
Status of This Memo
This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.
Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute
working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet-
Drafts is at https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.
Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."
This Internet-Draft will expire on 7 December 2026.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2026 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
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This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (https://trustee.ietf.org/
license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document.
Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights
and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components
extracted from this document must include Revised BSD License text as
described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are
provided without warranty as described in the Revised BSD License.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.1. Conventions Used . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2. Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2. Problem Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.1. Problem Statement 1: The Puppet Problem (Runtime Integrity
Vulnerability) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.2. Problem Statement 2: The Rogue Agent Problem (Authority
Vulnerability) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3. The AURORA Solution: Dual-Layer Protocol Specification . . . 5
3.1. Core Handshake Flow Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.2. Architecture Layer 1: Runtime Integrity Attestation
(Mitigating Problem 1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.3. Architecture Layer 2: Authority Attestation (Mitigating
Problem 2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4. Interoperability & System Optimization . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.1. Agent Capability Declaration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.2. Gateway Format Switch Signal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4.3. Fallback Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
5. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
5.1. Network Latency & Clock Drift Mitigation . . . . . . . . 10
5.2. Trusted Computing Base (TCB) Degradation & Enclave
Recovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
5.3. Authority Token Revocation Lifecycle . . . . . . . . . . 11
5.4. Replay Attack Vectors on Multi-Gateway Environs . . . . . 11
5.5. Cognitive Puppeteering Vulnerabilities (Prompt
Injection) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
5.6. Cryptographic Cross-Layer Token Binding . . . . . . . . . 12
6. Privacy Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
6.1. Principal Identity Exposure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
6.2. Enclave Attestation Report Linkability . . . . . . . . . 12
6.3. Financial Metadata Minimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
7. Implementation Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
8. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
9. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
9.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
9.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Author's Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
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1. Introduction
As autonomous AI agents migrate from isolated testing environments to
the public open web, network infrastructure must pivot to support
workloads natively optimized for machine execution. While emerging
standards address data semantic translation (e.g., Model Context
Protocol), they rely entirely on legacy authentication frameworks
such as static API keys or human-centric OAuth tokens.
AURORA introduces a standardized architecture to secure agentic
interactions by requiring parallel proofs of computational provenance
and explicit operational mandate.
1.1. Conventions Used
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
"OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP
14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all
capitals, as shown here.
1.2. Terminology
This document uses the following terms:
Agent (or Connecting Agent) An autonomous AI software runtime that
initiates network connections and executes transactions on behalf
of a human principal without real-time human intervention.
Principal The human individual or corporate legal entity that
authorizes an agent's actions and is cryptographically attributed
as the authorizing party for each transaction. Note: AURORA
establishes attribution, not legal liability. Determination of
legal liability from this attribution record is the domain of
applicable law and courts, not the protocol.
Target Gateway The network endpoint or host server that receives and
validates AURORA protocol handshake payloads before granting
access to resources or executing transactions.
Enclave (or Hardware Security Enclave) A physically isolated,
tamper-resistant execution environment provided by hardware (e.g.,
Intel TDX, AMD SEV-SNP, ARM TrustZone) that generates
cryptographically verifiable attestation reports.
Delegated Authority Token (DAT) An immutable, cryptographically
signed token issued by a human principal that encodes the agent's
operational scope, financial limits, and expiry.
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Hardware-Anchored Proof Challenge for Autonomous Hosts (HAPCHA) The
Layer 1 mechanism by which a gateway verifies that a response was
generated by a software agent executing within a hardware-attested
enclave, within a defined timing ceiling consistent with
uninterrupted machine execution.
Attested Execution Duration (AED) The silicon-measured processing
delta between nonce ingestion and payload generation, co-signed by
the enclave chip into the attestation report.
Puppeteering An attack where a human adversary injects manual steps
or latency into a machine-to-machine interaction to manipulate the
output of an agent while mimicking autonomous execution.
Trusted Computing Base (TCB) The set of hardware, firmware, and
software components critical to the security of an enclave. A TCB
downgrade indicates a known vulnerability in one of these layers.
2. Problem Statements
The current internet fabric lacks native defenses against two
critical structural vulnerabilities introduced by autonomous machine
agents: The Puppet Problem and The Rogue Agent Problem.
2.1. Problem Statement 1: The Puppet Problem (Runtime Integrity
Vulnerability)
Current network endpoints cannot differentiate between a software
agent executing within a verified hardware enclave and a human
adversary utilizing automated scripts to mimic machine-originated
traffic ("puppeteering").
Without a mechanism to attest the runtime environment of an endpoint,
systems are exposed to Sybil attacks, data interception, and man-in-
the-loop payload manipulation. Legacy CAPTCHAs stop uncoordinated
bots from mimicking humans, but the internet lacks a standardized
mechanism to attest that a payload originated from a specific,
verified software stack --- rather than from a human operator
proxying requests through automation scripts.
2.2. Problem Statement 2: The Rogue Agent Problem (Authority
Vulnerability)
AI agents operate as dynamic code runtimes capable of planning,
invoking tools, and committing financial or computational assets.
When a machine endpoint initiates a binding contract, a target server
cannot verify under whose authorization the machine is acting, nor
attribute the transaction to a specific human principal.
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If an agent suffers a logical loop or context injection and executes
an unauthorized asset transfer, the receiving server cannot attribute
the transaction to a specific authorizing human principal. The
internet has no standardized, cryptographically attenuated
authorization token designed for software-mediated delegation ---
analogous to a scoped "Power of Attorney" --- that would allow post-
incident attribution.
3. The AURORA Solution: Dual-Layer Protocol Specification
AURORA addresses both problem vectors simultaneously using a unified,
two-key cryptographic handshake. A request is explicitly rejected
unless both the Runtime Integrity Layer (Layer 1) and the Mandate
Layer (Layer 2) are verified concurrently.
3.1. Core Handshake Flow Overview
The AURORA protocol execution sequence flows as follows:
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Connecting Agent Target Gateway Enclave Chip
| | |
|--- 1. Initiate Session ---->| |
| + DAT attached | |
| + aurora-accept: | |
| [protobuf, json-rpc, | |
| json] (Sec. 4.1) | |
| | |
|<-- 2. Time-Bound Nonce -----| |
| |
|--- 3. Ingest Nonce & Generate Output ---------------->|
| |
|<-- 4. Sign Payload + Attestation Report --------------|
| |
|--- 5. Return: Signed Output + Enclave Report + DAT -->|
| | |
| |-- [6a. LAYER 1 CHECK] |
| | Runtime Integrity |
| | - AED: timing verify |
| | - Enclave key verify |
| | - Nonce binding check |
| | - RTT ceiling check |
| | |
| |-- [6b. LAYER 2 CHECK] |
| | Authority Attestation |
| | - DAT signature valid |
| | - Principal identity |
| | - Scope & spend limit |
| | - Chronological ceil. |
| | - Enclave key binding |
| | |
| [Both layers PASS?] |
| / \ |
|<-- 7a. ACCEPT --------- ------> 7b. REJECT |
| + aurora-content-type: Layer fault |
| negotiated format (Sec. 4.2) + reason code |
| (or fallback: json) (Sec. 4.3) |
| | |
3.2. Architecture Layer 1: Runtime Integrity Attestation (Mitigating
Problem 1)
To provide cryptographically verifiable evidence that a payload
originated from a software agent executing within a hardware-attested
runtime environment, the protocol MUST enforce a rigorous
computational speed challenge designated the Hardware-Anchored Proof
Challenge for Autonomous Hosts (HAPCHA). HAPCHA does not claim to
prove machine consciousness or intent; it attests that the responding
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endpoint executed within a measurable timing envelope consistent with
uninterrupted software execution inside a verified enclave. HAPCHA
accounts natively for global network variances and is composed of
three interlocking mechanisms:
* *Attested Execution Duration (AED)*: Upon ingesting the gateway's
time-bound cryptographic Nonce, the agent's Trusted Execution
Environment (TEE) MUST use its internal, hardware-isolated secure
clock to record the exact millisecond of nonce ingestion (T_start)
and the exact millisecond of payload generation completion
(T_end).
The enclave MUST calculate the silicon processing delta:
Delta_T_exec = T_end - T_start
The enclave MUST co-sign this processing delta directly into the
hardware attestation report alongside the output payload.
The Target Gateway MUST enforce an operator-configured AED ceiling
(AED_max) and MUST reject any connection where:
Delta_T_exec > AED_max
The AED_max value is deployment-specific and MUST be configured by
the gateway operator based on the agent's declared context window
size and the measured baseline throughput of the target enclave
hardware. As a non-normative reference point, a 4K-token
inference task on current-generation TEE hardware typically
completes within 15-50ms under unloaded conditions. Gateways MUST
NOT apply a single universal ceiling across all agent types; doing
so would generate false positives for agents processing large
context windows (e.g., 128K tokens) or operating on resource-
constrained silicon.
* *Dynamic Round-Trip Time (RTT) Profiling*: To prevent relay
puppeteering attacks (where a remote human solves challenges and
proxies them back to a local enclave), the gateway MUST measure
the connection's actual propagation baseline (RTT_base) during the
cryptographic handshake. The Target Gateway MUST set the per-
connection network deadline as:
RTT_allowed = RTT_base + Delta_T_exec + epsilon
where epsilon is a configurable jitter tolerance buffer
(RECOMMENDED default: 10ms) that accounts for sub-millisecond
clock drift between the agent's TEE hardware clock and the
gateway's NTP-synchronized clock [RFC5905], as well as transient
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network queuing variance. Operators MAY increase epsilon for
high-jitter network paths (e.g., satellite links) but SHOULD NOT
exceed 50ms to preserve the anti-puppeteering guarantee.
This formula natively accommodates geographic propagation
variances, high-latency satellite links (e.g., Starlink), and
regional fiber congestion without sacrificing security.
* *Hardware Enclave Co-Signing*: The agent's runtime environment
MUST execute within a physically isolated hardware security
enclave (e.g., Intel TDX, AMD SEV-SNP, or ARM TrustZone). The
enclave chip MUST sign the output payload and attestation report
using a key that is generated and stored exclusively within the
enclave boundary, anchoring the data directly to the enclave
hardware. This signature provides evidence that the payload was
generated by the declared software stack within the attested
enclave boundary. Gateways MUST verify the enclave signature
against the platform's attestation service before accepting any
payload. Note: enclave attestation proves the integrity of the
runtime environment, not the intent or autonomy of the executing
agent.
3.3. Architecture Layer 2: Authority Attestation (Mitigating Problem 2)
Once runtime integrity is attested by Layer 1, the agent MUST present
its Delegated Authority Token (DAT) to cryptographically attribute
the session to an authorizing human principal and bind explicit
operational scope. The DAT establishes who authorized this agent to
act and within what boundaries --- providing an attribution record
from which legal accountability may subsequently be determined by the
appropriate authority. Gateways MUST reject any connection that
passes Layer 1 but omits a valid DAT.
* *The Delegated Authority Token (DAT)*: The agent MUST transmit an
immutable, cryptographically signed token originated directly by
its human principal or corporate entity. The DAT MUST be signed
using the principal's private key and MUST be bound to the agent's
Enclave Public Key hash to prevent cross-machine token reuse (see
Section 5.6). The DAT cryptographically attributes the session to
the signing principal; it does not constitute legal proof of
liability, which is determined by applicable law.
* *Scope Attenuation Claims*: The DAT payload MUST enforce rigid
operational boundaries that the gateway acts upon to restrict
usage:
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- *Principal Identifier*: The verifiable identity of the entity
cryptographically attributed as the authorizing party for this
transaction, expressed as one of: an X.509 Distinguished Name
(DN) bound to a TLS client certificate [RFC8446], a corporate
public key registered with a recognized Certificate Authority
(CA), or a decentralized identifier (DID) for deployments
operating within blockchain-native infrastructure.
- *Financial Allocation Limit*: The maximum capital allocation
(e.g., expressed in micro-denominations of currency or gas
units) the machine is authorized to spend per transaction or
session window. Gateways MUST reject transactions that would
cause cumulative spend to exceed this limit within the session
window.
- *Functional Permitted Contexts*: An immutable array restricting
allowed API calls or tool pathways (e.g., Read_Data,
Execute_Trade). Gateways MUST reject any request invoking a
pathway not present in this array.
- *Chronological Ceiling*: A hard expiry timestamp after which
the DAT MUST be considered invalid. Gateways MUST reject
expired tokens and MUST NOT accept token re-use across separate
session windows. A new DAT MUST be issued by the human
principal upon expiration.
4. Interoperability & System Optimization
Upon successful dual-layer verification, gateways SHOULD switch the
active session to a machine-optimized serialization format to
eliminate unnecessary presentation-layer overhead (e.g., CSS
rendering hints, HTML template wrappers, and visual tracking
payloads). This section defines the protocol mechanism by which this
capability is negotiated.
4.1. Agent Capability Declaration
During session initiation (Step 1 of the handshake defined in
Section 3.1), the connecting agent MUST include an "aurora-accept"
header field declaring its supported machine-optimized serialization
formats in descending order of preference:
aurora-accept: application/x-protobuf, application/json-rpc, application/json
Gateways MUST parse this field before initiating the HAPCHA
challenge. If the field is absent, the gateway MUST assume the
client requires standard HTTP/HTML responses and MUST NOT attempt a
format switch.
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4.2. Gateway Format Switch Signal
Upon completing successful dual-layer verification (Steps 6a and 6b),
the gateway MUST include an "aurora-content-type" header in the
ACCEPT response (Step 7a) to signal the negotiated format for all
subsequent communication within the session:
aurora-content-type: application/x-protobuf
The gateway MUST select the highest-preference format from the
agent's declared "aurora-accept" list that the gateway itself
supports. If no mutually supported format exists, the gateway MUST
fall back to standard JSON (application/json) and MUST NOT terminate
the session.
4.3. Fallback Behavior
Gateways that do not implement machine-optimized format switching
MUST continue to serve standard HTTP responses and MUST NOT penalize
or reject agents that include the "aurora-accept" header. Format
optimization is OPTIONAL for gateway implementors; dual-layer
security verification (Sections 3.2 and 3.3) remains REQUIRED
regardless of whether format negotiation is supported.
5. Security Considerations
5.1. Network Latency & Clock Drift Mitigation
The Hardware-Anchored Proof Challenge for Autonomous Hosts (HAPCHA)
relies heavily on sub-millisecond precision. On global networks,
legitimate connections may fail due to Network Time Protocol (NTP)
asymmetry or geographic routing paths. Gateways MUST implement
dynamic round-trip time (RTT) profiling as specified in Section 3.2
to prevent false-positive fault generation across satellite, mobile,
and inter-continental network segments.
5.2. Trusted Computing Base (TCB) Degradation & Enclave Recovery
Hardware-level vulnerabilities discovered in legacy architectural
enclaves (e.g., side-channel speculation leaks) could compromise
local keys. AURORA enforces a strict validation requirement matching
the TCB security level against real-time hardware status providers.
Outdated or unpatched silicon firmware layers MUST trigger an
immediate, graceful connection step-down.
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5.3. Authority Token Revocation Lifecycle
A human principal MUST retain out-of-band revocation capabilities to
invalidate a Delegated Authority Token (DAT) at any time. Concrete
revocation triggers include:
* *Unauthorized Scope Breach*: The agent invokes an API call or tool
pathway not listed in the DAT's Functional Permitted Contexts
field.
* *Financial Threshold Violation*: Cumulative transaction spend
within a session window approaches or exceeds the DAT's Financial
Allocation Limit, triggering a mandatory principal re-
authorization.
* *Enclave Integrity Failure*: The hardware enclave reports a
Trusted Computing Base (TCB) status downgrade or attestation key
compromise during an active session.
* *Principal-Initiated Signal*: The human principal transmits an
explicit revocation command via an authenticated out-of-band
channel (e.g., a signed revocation payload referencing the DAT's
unique identifier).
Gateways MUST cross-check the DAT identifier against a centralized,
high-availability revocation index (e.g., a Bloom filter or
distributed revocation list) before every transaction execution, not
only at session initiation.
5.4. Replay Attack Vectors on Multi-Gateway Environs
A compromised network observer could intercept a valid Layer 1 co-
signed payload and attempt a parallel execution replay against an
alternative gateway within the expiration window. To mathematically
block this, all gateway session nonces MUST bind cryptographically to
the host gateway's domain identifier.
5.5. Cognitive Puppeteering Vulnerabilities (Prompt Injection)
Even if an agent executes securely within hardware enclaves, it
remains vulnerable to prompt injection or model alignment jailbreaks
that override its reasoning system. In this scenario, the hardware
enclave faithfully signs malicious output logic. To mitigate this
cross-layer threat, Layer 1 MUST implement Semantic Attestation,
requiring the enclave to cryptographically measure and append the
agent's immutable base system prompt and system parameter hashes
directly alongside the payload execution trace.
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5.6. Cryptographic Cross-Layer Token Binding
If a Delegated Authority Token (DAT) is decoupled from its original
machine context, an attacker could extract it from memory and pass it
to an un-attested machine. AURORA fully neutralizes this attack
vector by forcing Layer 2 to cryptographically bind to Layer 1: the
human principal signs the DAT explicitly locking it to the SHA-256
hash of the unique Enclave Public Key generated inside the physical
chip. The DAT cannot be validated on any other piece of physical
silicon.
6. Privacy Considerations
The AURORA protocol processes and transmits identity-linked data that
carries significant privacy implications. Implementors MUST account
for the following:
6.1. Principal Identity Exposure
The Delegated Authority Token (DAT) contains a Principal Identifier
(e.g., an X.509 Distinguished Name or corporate public key) that is
transmitted to the Target Gateway on every session initiation.
Gateways MUST NOT log or retain raw DAT payloads beyond the minimum
duration required for transaction verification and audit trail
purposes.
6.2. Enclave Attestation Report Linkability
Hardware attestation reports contain platform-specific identifiers
(e.g., enclave measurement values) that could be used to fingerprint
a specific physical device across sessions. Implementations SHOULD
rotate enclave signing keys at defined intervals to limit long-term
cross-session correlation of a single agent's hardware identity.
6.3. Financial Metadata Minimization
The DAT's Financial Allocation Limit field exposes agent spending
capacity to the Target Gateway. Gateways MUST treat this field as
confidential commercial data and MUST NOT disclose it to third
parties outside the scope of the verified transaction.
7. Implementation Status
This section records the implementation status of the AURORA protocol
in accordance with [RFC7942].
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As of the date of this Internet-Draft, no production implementations
of the full AURORA dual-layer handshake exist. The following
components are under active development:
* *Reference Gateway Validator*: A prototype Target Gateway
validator implementing Layer 1 (HAPCHA/AED timing checks) and
Layer 2 (DAT signature and scope verification) is planned as an
open-source reference implementation. Status: Pre-Alpha.
* *DAT Issuance Library*: A library for human principals to
generate, sign, and revoke Delegated Authority Tokens is under
design. Status: Specification phase.
* *TEE Integration Layer*: Adapter libraries for Intel TDX and AMD
SEV-SNP to produce AURORA-compatible attestation reports are
planned. Status: Research phase.
Contributions and early implementations are welcomed via the project
repository at: https://github.com/mastermindankur/aurora-protocol
8. IANA Considerations
This document does not currently request any registry actions from
IANA. Future revisions defining specific JSON Web Token (JWT) claim
registrations for the Delegated Authority Token (DAT) will utilize
the parameters established in [RFC7519].
9. References
9.1. Normative References
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.
[RFC8174] Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC
2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174,
May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8174>.
[RFC8446] Rescorla, E., "The Transport Layer Security (TLS) Protocol
Version 1.3", RFC 8446, DOI 10.17487/RFC8446, August 2018,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8446>.
[RFC7519] Jones, M., Bradley, J., and N. Sakimura, "JSON Web Token
(JWT)", RFC 7519, DOI 10.17487/RFC7519, May 2015,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7519>.
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9.2. Informative References
[RFC5905] Mills, D., Martin, J., Ed., Burbank, J., and W. Kasch,
"Network Time Protocol Version 4: Protocol and Algorithms
Specification", RFC 5905, DOI 10.17487/RFC5905, June 2010,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5905>.
[RFC7942] Sheffer, Y. and A. Farrel, "Improving Awareness of Running
Code: The Implementation Status Section", BCP 205,
RFC 7942, DOI 10.17487/RFC7942, July 2016,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7942>.
Author's Address
Ankur Khera
Email: ankurkhera@iitdalumni.com
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