MANET Internetworking: Problem Statement and Gap Analysis
draft-templin-manet-inet-05
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| Document | Type | Active Internet-Draft (candidate for manet WG) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Authors | Fred Templin , Daniel J. Jakubisin | ||
| Last updated | 2026-04-15 (Latest revision 2026-04-02) | ||
| RFC stream | Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) | ||
| Intended RFC status | (None) | ||
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| Stream | WG state | Call For Adoption By WG Issued | |
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draft-templin-manet-inet-05
Network Working Group F. L. Templin, Ed.
Internet-Draft The Boeing Company
Intended status: Informational D. J. Jakubisin
Expires: 4 October 2026 National Security Institute, Virginia Tech
2 April 2026
MANET Internetworking: Problem Statement and Gap Analysis
draft-templin-manet-inet-05
Abstract
[RFC2501] defines a MANET as "an autonomous system of mobile nodes.
The system may operate in isolation, or may have gateways to and
interface with a fixed network" (such as the global public Internet).
This document presents a MANET Internetworking problem statement and
gap analysis.
Status of This Memo
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provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.
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This Internet-Draft will expire on 4 October 2026.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2026 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (https://trustee.ietf.org/
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Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights
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provided without warranty as described in the Revised BSD License.
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Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2. Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3. MANET Use Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
4. MANET Internetworking Problem Statement and Gap Analysis . . 6
4.1. Problem 1: MANET Local Addressing . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
4.2. Problem 2: Autoconfiguration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.3. Problem 3: MANET-internal Communications . . . . . . . . 9
4.4. Problem 4: MANET Peer to Internetwork Correspondent . . . 10
4.5. Problem 5: Internetwork Correspondent to MANET Peer . . . 10
4.6. Problem 6: Peer-to-Peer Between Different MANETs . . . . 11
4.7. Problem 7: Stub MANET to Not-so-stubby MANET
Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
5. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
6. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
7. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
8. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
8.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
8.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Appendix A. Change Log . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1. Introduction
Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs) [RFC2501] often include mobile nodes
with limited range wireless transmission media interfaces that
establish links via a dynamically changing set of neighbors within
operational range. Each mobile node engages a MANET routing protocol
to discover links to first hop neighbors as well as multihop paths to
reach other nodes beyond. As IP routers [RFC0791][RFC8200], MANET
routers represent multihop paths as "host routes" established through
either proactive or on-demand discovery.
Individual MANETs typically include modest numbers of mobile nodes
(e.g., O(1), O(10), O(100), etc.); this naturally limits the number
of host routes needed in the local routing system. MANETs can merge
to form larger MANETs and/or partition into smaller MANETs according
to dynamic network conditions such as mobility. MANETs may also have
internal clusters with cluster heads that limit the extent over which
host routes propagate to reduce control message overhead. Finally,
MANETs often operate autonomously unless or until they encounter
Internetwork access points of opportunity.
Data communications between two nodes within the same MANET local
routing region follow host routes using MANET-internal links. When a
MANET border router establishes an Internetwork link, it can provide
"Internet connection-sharing" access to the rest of the MANET as a
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connected "stub" network. Per [RFC2501], "stub networks carry
traffic originating at and/or destined for internal nodes, but do not
permit exogenous traffic to "transit" through the stub network".
Practical applications however suggest that MANETs can act as either
true stub networks (e.g., a cellphone providing a hotspot for a
multihop WiFi IBSS) or as "not-so-stubby" networks (e.g., Intelligent
Transportation Systems where the 5G/6G "SideLink" service supports
vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) multihopping). In the former case, the
cellphone acts as an IP router for a stub WiFi MANET behind it and
the individual WiFi nodes act as dependent nodes. In the latter
case, individual 5G/6G SideLink nodes can connect the stub MANETs
they aggregate across not-so-stubby V2V multihop forwarding paths.
MANET Internetworking must therefore be capable of accommodating all
such scenarios.
A widely-accepted axiom at the time of this writing suggests that
there are more cellphones than people on the planet [STATISTA].
According to Wikipedia, the world population reached 8 billion in
2022 and is expected to reach 10 billion by 2056 [WIKI]. Each mobile
node that connects to the global public Internet can in some sense be
regarded as a singleton "MANET" with the potential to connect still
larger MANETs.
MANET Internetworking therefore regards the global Internet as a
"network of (mobile ad-hoc) networks" with unrestricted dynamic
relationships between distinct MANET local routing regions joined by
a Non-Broadcast Multiple Access (NBMA) virtual overlay link.
Figure 1 illustrates an example of 2 distinct MANET local routing
regions connected via the NBMA overlay using the Internet as transit:
.-(::::::::)
.-(::: Global ::)-.
X==+======(===================)======+==X
| `-(: Internet :)-' |
| `-(::::::)-' |
| |
.-(::::::::) .-(::::::::)
.-(::::::::::::)-. .-(::::::::::::)-.
(::::: MANET 1 :::::) (::::: MANET 2 :::::)
`-(::::::::::::)-' `-(::::::::::::)-'
`-(::::::)-' `-(::::::)-'
Figure 1: MANET Internetworking
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While the figure depicts just 2 MANET local routing regions, many
others worldwide will also want to connect to the virtual link.
Since a sustained increase in both the world population and number of
mobile wireless devices is certain, MANET Internetworking must
therefore accommodate populations on the order of 10**10. This
includes address duplication avoidance through operational assurance
since statistical properties alone may be insufficient to avoid
duplication in such a large population.
2. Terminology
The following terms are defined within the scope of this document:
Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET)
the same as defined in [RFC2501]; often includes mobile nodes with
limited range wireless transmission media interfaces that
establish links via a dynamically changing set of neighbors within
operational range.
Internetwork
a more stable and wide-area terrestrial, non-terrestrial or hybrid
network that can serve as transit to interconnect disjoint (or
partitioned) MANET local routing regions. The global public
Internet is an example, as are private operator service networks
either individually or in concatenations with other service
networks.
MANET Interface
a node's (typically wireless) limited range transmission media
interface with indeterminant connectivity properties.
MANET Router
a node that runs a routing protocol over one or more MANET
interfaces to establish multihop forwarding paths within a local
routing region.
MANET Cluster Head
a MANET router that joins multiple smaller MANET local routing
regions to form a single larger local routing region. Each
smaller region is seen as a cluster within the larger region.
MANET Border Router
a MANET router that also has a continuous or intermittent
interface connection to a transit Internetwork.
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Client
a MANET router that connects to a multilink Internetworking
service via Proxy/Servers in a Non-Broadcast, Multiple Access
(NBMA) overlay.
Proxy/Server
an overlay multilink network service node in an Internetwork that
provides proxy forwarding services to MANET border routers and
other MANET router Clients.
Mobility Anchor Point (MAP)
a Proxy/Server that also provides mobility, address/prefix
autoconfiguration and address resolution services to Clients. The
MAP also runs an interdomain routing protocol (e.g., BGP) to
announce its Client associations to Gateways. All (reasonably)
stable Proxy/Servers are eligible to serve as MAPs as part of a
Distributed Mobility Management (DMM) service.
Gateway
an overlay multilink network service node that runs an interdomain
routing protocol (e.g., BGP) to track Client-to-MAP associations.
Gateways furthermore join multiple Internetworking segments in an
overlay multilink virtual bridging service to form larger
Internetworks.
3. MANET Use Cases
MANETs have an important role in emergency response communications,
disaster relief situations, communications in remote and rural areas,
military operations, vehicular and swarm communications, and low-
powered Internet of things (IoT) applications. MANETs provide the
ability to establish and maintain communications when infrastructure-
based networks, such as 5G cellular communication systems, are not
accessible. As described above, MANETs may also provide Internet
connectivity to internal nodes, for example, as a "stub" network via
MANET routers which possess an Internetworking capability and an
external connection to a radio access network.
Example use cases of such MANETs include the following:
* Disaster Relief: Disaster situations may compromise network
infrastructure, such as through the loss of base stations in a
cellular radio access network (RAN). In this scenario, MANET
networks can play a role in closing coverage gaps through multi-
hop routing to nodes within the coverage area of uncompromised
base stations. This use case is broadly applicable to any
situation in which nodes are operating outside or at the periphery
of RAN coverage.
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* Tracking and Monitoring: Another example use case is the tracking
and monitoring of data from low-cost low-power IoT devices
("tags") which may be placed on packages during shipment or
storage. Such devices may transition in and out of coverage of
infrastructure-based networks, often being located in environments
that are not conducive to RF propagation (e.g., shipping
container, warehouse, etc.). The ability to discover and connect
to neighboring MANET-enabled devices and to establish Internet
connectivity through such MANETs, enables real-time logistics and
inventory data to be collected opportunistically.
* UAV Swarms: local communications within swarms for coordination
and cooperation is a good use case for MANET networks due to the
highly mobile dynamic nature of such networks. Yet swarms may
also benefit from connectivity to the Internet, or other external
networks. And in large swarm-based MANETs, routing of traffic
through infrastructure networks to MANET endpoints, rather than
traversing the entire MANET can improve communications throughput
and reliability.
Under mobility conditions, distinct UAV swarms defined by MANET
local routing regions will encounter situations where the local
regions enter into communications range of each other. In this
case, it is desirable to establish cluster heads between these
regions and to propagation host routes over them as new
interconnections are available and discovered. Moreover, UAV
swarms for which internetworking will be persistent should be able
to perform local region merger. In this case, internetworking
protocols must support seamless merger of the MANET local routing
regions into a larger region. Conversely, nodes or collections of
nodes which leave coverage of the local region should be capable
of establishing and operating an independent local region at a
future time.
4. MANET Internetworking Problem Statement and Gap Analysis
4.1. Problem 1: MANET Local Addressing
MANET Internetworking observes the IP addressing model in ad hoc
networks [RFC5889]. Each MANET router requires a unique IP address
for MANET local communications and a unique router ID for
participation in the local routing protocol. For MANETs that are
only intermittently connected to an Internetwork, these IP addresses
must be generated from prefixes of scope greater than link-local but
not associated with any infrastructure aggregation points. For all
MANET types, each address and router ID must be locally-unique within
the (limited) MANET local routing region. For not-so-stubby MANETs,
each address must also be globally-unique among all MANET local
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routing regions worldwide while router IDs only need be locally
unique.
The locally-unique property ensures that no two nodes that
participate in the routing protocol within the same MANET local
routing region configure the same address and/or router ID. The
globally-unique property for addresses may seem moot until one
considers that a first MANET can merge with other MANETs, and nodes
from a first MANET can freely move to other MANETs. This may allow a
node from a first MANET where there are no duplicates to interact
with other MANETs where a duplicate address may be encountered
resulting in unpredictable behavior and/or communication failures.
Although the node population for each MANET local routing region is
likely to be modest (O(100) or less), the total population of MANET
nodes that may join the MANET Internetwork overlay may be on the
order of the number of worldwide mobile connections (see: Section 1).
Assuming O(10**10) wireless connections, if MANET nodes assigned
random addresses from a 64-bit space, the probability of one or more
collisions within the total world population (i.e., when multiple
nodes independently configure the same address) exceeds 98%
[RFC9374]. With such a high likelihood of duplication in the
worldwide population, unresolvable collisions could disrupt
communications.
When MANET Internetworking is applied to connect routers in different
not-so-stubby MANETs, independent local routing regions are
dynamically joined by an overlay that spans any underlying
Internetworks as a normal course of operational data communications.
When multiple MANET local routing regions merge in this way, the
MANET local addresses present in all MANETs must be mutually
exclusive.
In the limiting case, all worldwide MANET local routing regions may
be considered to be persistently merged over the MANET
Internetworking overlay at all times. Statistical uniqueness
properties of random assignments from even very large populations may
therefore be insufficient to ensure collision freedom since MANET
Internetworking exposes the full world population of MANET local
addresses as potential duplicates.
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Nodes in not-so-stubby MANETs should therefore configure MANET local
addresses managed for global uniqueness even if they first self-
generate the addresses (e.g., based on a secure hash of a public key)
before enrolling them in a registration service. The node assigns
its MANET local address to an overlay multilink network interface or
another virtual interface such as a loopback. Routers in all MANETs
also configure unique router IDs that may be derived from a globally-
unique IP address or randomly generated with sufficient statistical
uniqueness properties within the local region.
An important use case for IPv6 Link-Local Addresses (LLAs) remains
even when MANET routers assign MANET local addresses. MANET routers
assign LLAs to their MANET interfaces by embedding their interface
Media Access Control (MAC) addresses within the LLA Interface
Identifier (IID) [RFC4862][RFC5889]. This provides a next hop
address for routes discovered by the MANET routing protocol and
supports stateless forwarding based on the LLA's embedded MAC address
without requiring address resolution messaging. Since each MANET
router assigns a MAC address independently, the possibility for
duplication exists but this does not present a problem if the MANET
router sets its router ID to a locally unique value instead of an
LLA. Any packets forwarded according to a duplicate next hop LLA
would simply be deconflicted by the IP layers of the multiple next
hop routers.
4.2. Problem 2: Autoconfiguration
When a MANET comes in contact with a fixed Internetwork such as the
global public Internet, nodes in the MANET that engage global mobile
Internetworking services require some means of autoconfiguring
global-scoped IP addresses or prefixes that are properly routable by
network elements accessible from the current point of attachment.
These network elements are typically proxies or gateways of some
variety that connect to the mobile routing system.
Nodes in the MANET local routing region that are multiple IP hops
away from a MANET border router with an Internetwork connection
cannot use unmodified standard autoconfiguration services including
IPv6 Neighbor Discovery (IPv6ND) [RFC4861] or DHCPv6 [RFC8415] over a
MANET interface since these services are link-scoped in nature. (The
DHCPv6 architecture includes a "relay" function, but the dynamic
nature of links in (multi-link) MANET local routing regions may
interfere with straightforward application of DHCPv6 relays.)
Two methods of supporting generalized autoconfiguration for nodes
within a MANET have been suggested. In a first method (conducted
directly over MANET interfaces) first-hop neighboring nodes within
the MANET collectively participate to repeat link-scoped
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autoconfiguration discovery requests to other neighbors that are
topologically closer to a MANET border router. This hop-by-hop
process continues between neighbors until the request arrives at a
MANET border router that can then contact an Internetwork element
capable of delegating an Internet Service Provider (ISP) Provider-
Aggregated (PA) IP address or prefix. The Internetwork element then
returns the delegated IP address/prefix in a reply that traverses the
reverse path to the original requesting node. Each MANET router then
configures a route to this IP address/prefix within the MANET local
routing protocol, i.e., the MANET local routing protocol becomes
aware of the delegation.
In a second autoconfiguration method, the requesting node configures
a (virtual) overlay multilink network interface over its (physical)
MANET interface(s) and issues standard link-scoped IPv6ND and/or
DHCPv6 requests over the virtual interface. The virtual interface
applies encapsulation to provide the appearance of a single NBMA link
spanning the entire (multilink) MANET. This virtual link supports
standard link-scoped autoconfiguration services coordinated with an
Internetwork element capable of delegating an address. For stub
MANETs, the MANET border router itself delegates a public or private
IP address. For not-so-stubby MANETs, an overlay Internetwork
Mobility Anchor Point (MAP) delegates a Mobility Service Provider
(MSP) Mobile Network Prefix (MNP) as a Provider-Independent (PI) IP
prefix maintained by the overlay for the requesting node to provision
on downstream-attached interfaces. The MAP then returns the
delegated IP prefix in a link-scoped reply over the virtual interface
that traverses the reverse path to the original requesting node.
In summary, MANET nodes located one or more hops from a MANET border
router can regard the MANET border router as a Network Address
Translator (NAT) to convert MANET local addresses into MNP addresses
with no autoconfiguration requirements; they can also request address
delegations directly from the border router's MNP(s) and use them to
support communications with Internetwork peers according to the stub
model. MANET nodes can instead (or in addition) request their own
MNPs and register their MANET local addresses with a MAP while using
the MANET border router as a transit intermediate system according to
the not-so-stubby model.
4.3. Problem 3: MANET-internal Communications
Two nodes located within the same local MANET routing region should
be able to communicate (across multiple hops if necessary) using
MANET local addressing with no external Internetwork infrastructure
reference points. As long as the MANET local addresses configured by
communicating peers are unique, the MANET local routing system
maintains continuous multihop forwarding services to ensure session
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continuity.
Nodes within the MANET local routing region can discover the MANET
local addresses of peers using services like Multicast DNS (mDNS)
[RFC6762] supported by Simplified Multicast Forwarding (SMF)
[RFC6621]. Peer-to-peer communications can then be coordinated in
multihop fashion using OMNI encapsulation and header compression via
an overlay virtual link spanning any MANET intermediate hops in the
path.
4.4. Problem 4: MANET Peer to Internetwork Correspondent
When an originating peer (or its stub MANET border router) within a
not-so-stubby MANET needs to communicate with correspondents
connected elsewhere in an external Internetwork, the peer consults
the global DNS which returns a (stable) globally-routable IP address
for the correspondent. The peer can then use one of its MNP-based IP
addresses obtained through autoconfiguration and the global IP
address of the Internetwork correspondent as the source and
destination addresses for packet exchanges.
The MANET peer first establishes per-flow on-demand virtual circuits
in the overlay to an Internetwork relay beyond the MANET border.
MANET local multihop routing will then convey the peer's original
packets to the MANET border which then forwards them via the overlay
to an Internetwork relay which directs the packets to the
correspondent node.
In the reverse path, the correspondent uses the MNP-based IP address
of the peer obtained from the source address of initiating packets as
the destination address for reply packets. Standard Internetwork
routing will direct the packets back to the relay which then forwards
them via per-flow overlay virtual circuits to the originating peer's
MANET border. MANET local routing and forwarding will then convey
the packets over one or more MANET local hops until they ultimately
reach the peer.
In this case, the originating peer's IP address need not appear in
the global DNS since the correspondent discovers the address by
examining the source of received packets.
4.5. Problem 5: Internetwork Correspondent to MANET Peer
When an Internetwork correspondent needs to communicate with a target
peer within a MANET local routing region, the correspondent consults
the global DNS to determine an IP address for the peer.
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The correspondent then forwards packets via standard Internet routing
until they arrive at a relay. The relay then establishes per-flow
virtual circuits in the overlay to the MANET peer while forwarding
packets via the virtual circuit until they reach the destination.
Reverse path forwarding from the MANET peer to the Internetwork
correspondent is then conducted in the same manner described in
Section 4.4.
IP addresses covered by delegated prefixes remain stable even across
MANET-wide mobility events to the point that continuous dynamic
updates to the DNS are not required to maintain uninterruptable
communications. While it is possible that mobility events may cause
minor temporary disruptions, transport protocol retransmissions will
maintain continuity for any ongoing sessions.
4.6. Problem 6: Peer-to-Peer Between Different MANETs
When two prospective peer nodes are located in different MANET local
routing regions separated by one or more transit Internetwork
segments, both peers should include their IP addresses in global DNS
resource records for the same reasons cited in Section 4.5.
The peers then establish per-flow virtual circuits in the overlay to
support peer-to-peer packet forwarding. The peers may use either an
MNP address or their MANET local address, which are routable within
the overlay limited domain. The overlay therefore exhibits the
outward appearance of a MANET-of-MANETs, where overlay interior nodes
engage in an interdomain global routing service bridging many MANET
local routing regions.
A certain degree of coordination between peer nodes and the MSP is
then required to maintain address mappings. The MSP is responsible
for ensuring that each peer remains reachable at its stable IP
address/prefix through distributed mobility management.
Note that a common use case includes joining multiple partitions of a
formerly unified MANET local routing region. The partitions may
arise from pre-planned or un-planned node mobility patterns, but as
long as each partition includes a MANET border router with an
Internetwork connection nodes within different partitions can
continue to communicate using their MANET local addresses.
4.7. Problem 7: Stub MANET to Not-so-stubby MANET Connections
When a MANET border router connects a stub MANET to an Internetwork,
it can either delegate global-scoped IP addresses to stub MANET nodes
or apply Network Address Translation (NAT) to non-global scoped
addresses to support external communications.
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In the public case, all manners of peer-to-peer communications are
made possible due to the globally routable nature of the addresses.
In the NAT case, only communications initiated by a stub network peer
are supported since the reverse path terminates at the NAT.
The stub MANET itself may configure a local overlay that regards the
(multihop) MANET as a single unified link. In that case, the stub
network overlay link is distinct from the overlay link that spans the
global public Internet and the two links are joined by an IPv6
router.
In the not-so-stubby case, a single overlay link extends across both
any transit Internetworks and the source and target MANETs
themselves. All peer-to-peer communications are therefore conveyed
across the common MANET Internetworking overlay.
5. IANA Considerations
This document is an informational problem statement and does not in
itself request any IANA actions. IANA considerations can be found in
solution space documents.
6. Security Considerations
This document is an informational problem statement and does not in
itself address security. Security considerations can be found in
solution space documents.
7. Acknowledgements
Discussions on the MANET working group mailing list helped shape
concepts exposed in this document. Abdussalam Baryun encouraged a
MANET use case analysis.
Polls conducted by chairs during the IETF124 MANET working group
session presentation of this document showed unanimous and
substantial interest in MANET Internetworking:
https://datatracker.ietf.org/meeting/124/materials/minutes-124-manet-
202511061630-00.
Discussions during the IETF125 MANET working group presentation and
in subsequent MANET list posts that followed showed significant
sustained interest.
This work is aligned with the Boeing/Virginia Tech National Security
Institute (VTNSI) 5G MANET research program.
Honoring life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.
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8. References
8.1. Normative References
[RFC0791] Postel, J., "Internet Protocol", STD 5, RFC 791,
DOI 10.17487/RFC0791, September 1981,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc791>.
[RFC8200] Deering, S. and R. Hinden, "Internet Protocol, Version 6
(IPv6) Specification", STD 86, RFC 8200,
DOI 10.17487/RFC8200, July 2017,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8200>.
8.2. Informative References
[RFC2501] Corson, S. and J. Macker, "Mobile Ad hoc Networking
(MANET): Routing Protocol Performance Issues and
Evaluation Considerations", RFC 2501,
DOI 10.17487/RFC2501, January 1999,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2501>.
[RFC4861] Narten, T., Nordmark, E., Simpson, W., and H. Soliman,
"Neighbor Discovery for IP version 6 (IPv6)", RFC 4861,
DOI 10.17487/RFC4861, September 2007,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4861>.
[RFC4862] Thomson, S., Narten, T., and T. Jinmei, "IPv6 Stateless
Address Autoconfiguration", RFC 4862,
DOI 10.17487/RFC4862, September 2007,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4862>.
[RFC5889] Baccelli, E., Ed. and M. Townsley, Ed., "IP Addressing
Model in Ad Hoc Networks", RFC 5889, DOI 10.17487/RFC5889,
September 2010, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5889>.
[RFC6621] Macker, J., Ed., "Simplified Multicast Forwarding",
RFC 6621, DOI 10.17487/RFC6621, May 2012,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6621>.
[RFC6762] Cheshire, S. and M. Krochmal, "Multicast DNS", RFC 6762,
DOI 10.17487/RFC6762, February 2013,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6762>.
[RFC8415] Mrugalski, T., Siodelski, M., Volz, B., Yourtchenko, A.,
Richardson, M., Jiang, S., Lemon, T., and T. Winters,
"Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol for IPv6 (DHCPv6)",
RFC 8415, DOI 10.17487/RFC8415, November 2018,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8415>.
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[RFC9374] Moskowitz, R., Card, S., Wiethuechter, A., and A. Gurtov,
"DRIP Entity Tag (DET) for Unmanned Aircraft System Remote
ID (UAS RID)", RFC 9374, DOI 10.17487/RFC9374, March 2023,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9374>.
[STATISTA] Statista, S., "Number of connected devices worldwide as of
October 2025, by device,
https://www.statista.com/statistics/1559435/connected-
devices-worldwide", March 2026.
[WIKI] Wikipedia, W., "World population milestones,
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
World_population_milestones", March 2026.
Appendix A. Change Log
<< RFC Editor - remove prior to publication >>
Differences from -04 to -05:
* Updated discussion of world population estimates.
* Clarified distinctions between IP addresses and router IDs.
Differences from -03 to -04:
* Cited [RFC4862][RFC5889] and discussed LLAs.
Differences from -02 to -03:
* Added terminology section; expanded use case discussion.
* Updated architecture figure and made clarifications to the general
discussion.
* Updated acknowledgements to reflect IETF interest.
Differences from -01 to -02:
* Simplified addressing model under Autoconfiguration section. Only
autoconfiguration now necessary is for Mobile Network Prefixes
(MNPs).
Differences from -00 to -01:
* Included use case discussion.
* Slight clarification to addressing model.
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Differences from earlier versions:
* First draft publication.
Authors' Addresses
Fred L. Templin (editor)
The Boeing Company
P.O. Box 3707
Seattle, WA 98124
United States of America
Email: fltemplin@acm.org
Daniel J. Jakubisin
National Security Institute, Virginia Tech
2202 Kraft Dr.
Blacksburg, VA 24060
United States of America
Email: djj@vt.edu
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