Split Network Virtualization Edge (Split-NVE) Control-Plane Requirements
RFC 8394
| Document | Type | RFC - Informational (May 2018) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Authors | Yizhou Li , Donald E. Eastlake 3rd , Larry Kreeger , Dr. Thomas Narten , David L. Black | ||
| Last updated | 2018-12-19 | ||
| RFC stream | Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) | ||
| Formats | |||
| Additional resources | Mailing list discussion | ||
| IESG | Responsible AD | Alia Atlas | |
| Send notices to | (None) |
RFC 8394
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) Y. Li
Request for Comments: 8394 D. Eastlake 3rd
Category: Informational Huawei Technologies
ISSN: 2070-1721 L. Kreeger
Arrcus, Inc.
T. Narten
IBM
D. Black
Dell EMC
May 2018
Split Network Virtualization Edge (Split-NVE) Control-Plane Requirements
Abstract
In the Split Network Virtualization Edge (Split-NVE) architecture,
the functions of the NVE are split across a server and a piece of
external network equipment that is called an "External NVE". The
server-resident control-plane functionality resides in control
software, which may be part of hypervisor or container-management
software; for simplicity, this document refers to the hypervisor as
the "location" of this software.
One or more control-plane protocols between a hypervisor and its
associated External NVE(s) are used by the hypervisor to distribute
its virtual-machine networking state to the External NVE(s) for
further handling. This document illustrates the functionality
required by this type of control-plane signaling protocol and
outlines the high-level requirements. Virtual-machine states as well
as state transitioning are summarized to help clarify the protocol
requirements.
Status of This Memo
This document is not an Internet Standards Track specification; it is
published for informational purposes.
This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force
(IETF). It represents the consensus of the IETF community. It has
received public review and has been approved for publication by the
Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Not all documents
approved by the IESG are candidates for any level of Internet
Standard; see Section 2 of RFC 7841.
Information about the current status of this document, any errata,
and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at
https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8394.
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Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2018 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
(https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
publication of this document. Please review these documents
carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must
include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
described in the Simplified BSD License.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction ....................................................3
1.1. Terminology ................................................4
1.2. Target Scenarios ...........................................6
2. VM Lifecycle ....................................................7
2.1. VM Creation Event ..........................................8
2.2. VM Live Migration Event ....................................8
2.3. VM Termination Event .......................................9
2.4. VM Pause, Suspension, and Resumption Events ...............10
3. Hypervisor-to-NVE Control-Plane Protocol Functionality .........10
3.1. VN_Connect and VN_Disconnect ..............................10
3.2. TSI Associate and Activate ................................12
3.3. TSI De-Associate and Deactivate ...........................15
4. Hypervisor-to-NVE Control-Plane Protocol Requirements ..........16
5. VDP Applicability and Enhancement Needs ........................17
6. Security Considerations ........................................19
7. IANA Considerations ............................................20
8. References .....................................................21
8.1. Normative References ......................................21
8.2. Informative References ....................................22
Appendix A. VDP Illustrations (per IEEE 802.1Q) (for Information
Only) .................................................23
Acknowledgements ..................................................25
Authors' Addresses ................................................26
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1. Introduction
In the Split Network Virtualization Edge (Split-NVE) architecture
shown in Figure 1, the functionality of the NVE is split across an
end device supporting virtualization and an external network device
that is called an "External NVE". The portion of the NVE
functionality located on the end device is called the "tNVE"
(terminal-side NVE), and the portion located on the External NVE is
called the "nNVE" (network-side NVE) in this document. Overlay
encapsulation/decapsulation functions are normally offloaded to the
nNVE on the External NVE.
+------------ Split-NVE ---------+
| |
| |
+-----------------|-----+ |
| +---------------|----+| |
| | +--+ \|/ || |
| | |V |TSI +-------+ || +------|-------------+
| | |M |-----+ | || | \|/ |
| | +--+ | | || |+--------+ |
| | +--+ | tNVE | ||-------------------|| | |
| | |V |TSI | | || || nNVE | |
| | |M |-----| | || || | |
| | +--+ +-------+ || |+--------+ |
| | || +--------------------+
| +-----Hypervisor-----+|
+-----------------------+
End Device External NVE
Figure 1: Split-NVE Structure
The tNVE is normally implemented as a part of a hypervisor or
container and/or a virtual switch in a virtualized end device. This
document uses the term "hypervisor" throughout when describing the
Split-NVE scenario where part of the NVE functionality is offloaded
to a separate device from the "hypervisor" that contains a VM
(Virtual Machine) connected to a VN (Virtual Network). In this
context, the term "hypervisor" is meant to cover any device type
where part of the NVE functionality is offloaded in this fashion,
e.g., a Network Service Appliance or Linux Container.
The Network Virtualization over Layer 3 (NVO3) problem statement
[RFC7364] discusses the need for a control-plane protocol (or
protocols) to populate each NVE with the state needed to perform the
required functions. In one scenario, an NVE provides overlay
encapsulation/decapsulation packet-forwarding services to Tenant
Systems that are co-resident within the NVE on the same end device
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(e.g., when the NVE is embedded within a hypervisor or a Network
Service Appliance). In such cases, there is no need for a
standardized protocol between the hypervisor and the NVE, as the
interaction is implemented via software on a single device. However,
in the Split-NVE architecture scenarios shown in Figures 2 through 4
(see Section 1.2), one or more control-plane protocols between a
hypervisor and its associated External NVE(s) are required for the
hypervisor to distribute the VM's networking states to the NVE(s) for
further handling. The protocol is an NVE-internal protocol and runs
between tNVE and nNVE logical entities. This protocol is mentioned
in the "third work area" text in Section 4.5 of the NVO3 problem
statement [RFC7364].
VM states and state transitioning are summarized in this document,
showing events where the NVE needs to take specific actions. Such
events might correspond to actions that the control-plane signaling
protocol or protocols need to take between the tNVE and the nNVE in
the Split-NVE scenario. The high-level requirements to be fulfilled
are listed in Section 4.
To describe the requirements, this document uses VMs as an example of
Tenant Systems, even though a VM is just one type of Tenant System
that may connect to a VN. For example, a service instance within a
Network Service Appliance is another type of Tenant System, as are
systems running on OS-level virtualization technologies like
containers. The fact that VMs have lifecycles (e.g., can be created
and destroyed, can be moved, and can be started or stopped) results
in a general set of protocol requirements, most of which are
applicable to other forms of Tenant Systems, although not all of the
requirements are applicable to all forms of Tenant Systems.
Section 2 describes VM states and state transitioning in the VM's
lifecycle. Section 3 introduces hypervisor-to-NVE control-plane
protocol functionality derived from VM operations and network events.
Section 4 outlines the requirements of the control-plane protocol to
achieve the required functionality.
1.1. Terminology
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
"OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in
BCP 14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all
capitals, as shown here.
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This document uses the same terminology as the terminology found in
[RFC7365]. This section defines additional terminology used by this
document.
Split-NVE: A type of NVE (Network Virtualization Edge) where the
functionalities are split across an end device supporting
virtualization and an external network device.
tNVE: Terminal-side NVE. The portion of Split-NVE functionalities
located on the end device supporting virtualization. The tNVE
interacts with a Tenant System through an internal interface in
the end device.
nNVE: Network-side NVE. The portion of Split-NVE functionalities
located on the network device that is directly or indirectly
connected to the end device that contains the corresponding tNVE.
The nNVE normally performs encapsulation to and decapsulation from
the overlay network.
External NVE: The physical network device that contains the nNVE.
Hypervisor: The logical collection of software, firmware, and/or
hardware that allows the creation and running of server or service
appliance virtualization. The tNVE is located under a hypervisor.
The term "hypervisor" is loosely used in this document to refer to
the end device supporting the virtualization. For simplicity, we
also use the term "hypervisor" to represent both the hypervisor
and the container.
Container: Please see "Hypervisor:" above.
VN Profile: Metadata that is associated with a VN and applied to any
attachment point to the VN (i.e., VAP (Virtual Access Point)
properties that are applied to all VAPs associated with a given VN
and used by an NVE when ingressing/egressing packets to/from a
specific VN). Metadata could include such information as Access
Control Lists (ACLs) and QoS settings. The VN Profile contains
parameters that apply to the VN as a whole. Control protocols
between the NVE and the NVA (Network Virtualization Authority)
could use the VN ID or VN Name to obtain the VN Profile.
VSI: Virtual Station Interface. See [IEEE802.1Q].
VDP: VSI Discovery and Configuration Protocol. See [IEEE802.1Q].
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1.2. Target Scenarios
In the Split-NVE architecture, an External NVE can provide offloading
of the encapsulation/decapsulation functions and network policy
enforcement as well as offloading of overhead from the VN overlay
protocol. This offloading may improve performance and/or save
resources in the end device (e.g., hypervisor) using the
External NVE.
Figures 2 through 4 give example scenarios for the Split-NVE
architecture.
Hypervisor Access Switch
+------------------+ +-----+-------+
| +--+ +-------+ | | | |
| |VM|---| | | VLAN | | |
| +--+ | tNVE |---------+ nNVE| +--- Underlying
| +--+ | | | Trunk | | | Network
| |VM|---| | | | | |
| +--+ +-------+ | | | |
+------------------+ +-----+-------+
Figure 2: Hypervisor with an External NVE
Hypervisor L2 Switch
+---------------+ +-----+ +----+---+
| +--+ +----+ | | | | | |
| |VM|---| | |VLAN | |VLAN | | |
| +--+ |tNVE|-------+ +-----+nNVE| +--- Underlying
| +--+ | | |Trunk| |Trunk| | | Network
| |VM|---| | | | | | | |
| +--+ +----+ | | | | | |
+---------------+ +-----+ +----+---+
Figure 3: Hypervisor with an External NVE
Connected through an Ethernet Access Switch
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Network Service Appliance Access Switch
+-----------------------------+ +-----+-------+
| +---------------+ | \ | | | |
| |Network Service|----| \ | | | |
| |Instance | | \ | VLAN | | |
| +---------------+ |tNVE| |------+nNVE | +--- Underlying
| +---------------+ | | | Trunk| | | Network
| |Network Service|----| / | | | |
| |Instance | | / | | | |
| +---------------+ | / | | | |
+-----------------------------+ +-----+-------+
Figure 4: Physical Network Service Appliance with an External NVE
Tenant Systems connect to External NVEs via a Tenant System Interface
(TSI). The TSI logically connects to the External NVE via a VAP
[RFC8014]. The External NVE may provide Layer 2 or Layer 3
forwarding. In the Split-NVE architecture, the External NVE may be
able to reach multiple Media Access Control (MAC) addresses and IP
addresses via a TSI. An IP address can be in either IPv4 or IPv6
format. For example, Tenant Systems that are providing network
services (such as a transparent firewall, load balancer, or VPN
gateway) are likely to have a complex address hierarchy. This
implies that if a given TSI de-associates from one VN, all the MAC
and/or IP addresses are also de-associated. There is no need to
signal the deletion of every MAC or IP address when the TSI is
brought down or deleted. In the majority of cases, a VM will be
acting as a simple host that will have a single TSI as well as a
single MAC and IP address visible to the External NVE.
Figures 2 through 4 show the use of VLANs to separate traffic for
multiple VNs between the tNVE and the nNVE; VLANs are not strictly
necessary if only one VN is involved, but multiple VNs are expected
in most cases. Hence, this document assumes the presence of VLANs.
2. VM Lifecycle
Figure 2 of [RFC7666] shows the states and transitions of a VM. Some
of the VM states are of interest to the External NVE. This section
illustrates the relevant phases and events in the VM lifecycle. Note
that the following subsections do not give exhaustive descriptions of
VM lifecycle states. Rather, they are intended as illustrative
examples that are relevant to the Split-NVE architecture and not as
prescriptive text; the goal is to capture sufficient detail to set a
context for the signaling-protocol functionality and requirements
described in the following sections.
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2.1. VM Creation Event
The VM creation event causes the VM state to transition from the
"preparing" state to the "shutdown" state and then to the "running"
state [RFC7666]. The end device allocates and initializes local
virtual resources like storage in the VM's preparing state. In the
shutdown state, the VM has everything ready, except that CPU
execution is not scheduled by the hypervisor and the VM's memory is
not resident in the hypervisor. The transition from the shutdown
state to the running state normally requires human action or a
system-triggered event. The running state indicates that the VM is
in the normal execution state. As part of transitioning the VM to
the running state, the hypervisor must also provision network
connectivity for the VM's TSI(s) so that Ethernet frames can be sent
and received correctly. Initially, when in the running state, no
ongoing migration, suspension, or shutdown is in process.
In the VM creation phase, the VM's TSI has to be associated with the
External NVE. "Association" here indicates that the hypervisor and
the External NVE have signaled each other and reached some form of
agreement. Relevant networking parameters or information have been
provisioned properly. The External NVE should be informed of the
VM's TSI MAC address and/or IP address. In addition to external
network connectivity, the hypervisor may provide local network
connectivity between the VM's TSI and TSIs for other VMs that are
co-resident on the same hypervisor. When the intra- or
inter-hypervisor connectivity is extended to the External NVE, a
locally significant tag, e.g., VLAN ID, should be used between the
hypervisor and the External NVE to differentiate each VN's traffic.
Both the hypervisor and External NVE sides must agree on that tag
value for traffic identification, isolation, and forwarding.
The External NVE may need to do some preparation before it signals
successful association with the TSI. Such preparation may include
locally saving the states and binding information of the TSI and its
VN or communicating with the NVA for network provisioning.
A TSI association should be performed before the VM enters the
running state, preferably in the shutdown state. If the association
with an External NVE fails, the VM should not go into the running
state.
2.2. VM Live Migration Event
Live migration is sometimes referred to as "hot" migration in that,
from an external viewpoint, the VM appears to continue to run while
being migrated to another server (e.g., TCP connections generally
survive this class of migration). In contrast, "cold" migration
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consists of shutting down VM execution on one server and restarting
it on another. For simplicity, the following abstract summary of
live migration assumes shared storage, so that the VM's storage is
accessible to the source and destination servers. Assume that the VM
"live migrates" from hypervisor 1 to hypervisor 2. Such a migration
event involves state transitions on both source hypervisor 1 and
destination hypervisor 2. The VM state on source hypervisor 1
transitions from the running state to the "migrating" state and then
to the shutdown state [RFC7666]. The VM state on destination
hypervisor 2 transitions from the shutdown state to the migrating
state and then to the running state.
The External NVE connected to destination hypervisor 2 has to
associate the migrating VM's TSI with itself (i.e., the External NVE)
by discovering the TSI's MAC and/or IP addresses, discovering its VN,
discovering its locally significant VLAN ID (if any), and
provisioning other network-related parameters of the TSI. The
External NVE may be informed about the VM's peer VMs, storage
devices, and other network appliances with which the VM needs to
communicate or is communicating. The migrated VM on destination
hypervisor 2 should not go to the running state until all the network
provisioning and binding have been done.
The VM state on both the source hypervisor and the destination
hypervisor will be the migrating state during the transfer of VM
execution. The migrating VM should not be in the running state at
the same time on the source hypervisor and destination hypervisor
during migration. The VM on the source hypervisor does not
transition to the shutdown state until the VM successfully enters the
running state on the destination hypervisor. It is possible that the
VM on the source hypervisor stays in the migrating state for a while
after the VM on the destination hypervisor enters the running state.
2.3. VM Termination Event
A VM termination event is also referred to as "powering off" a VM. A
VM termination event leads to the VM's transition to the shutdown
state. Per [RFC7666], there are two possible causes of VM
termination:
1. A running VM has undergone a normal "power-off".
2. The VM has been migrated to another hypervisor, and the VM image
on the source hypervisor has to stop executing and be shut down.
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In VM termination, the External NVE connecting to that VM needs to
deprovision the VM, i.e., delete the network parameters associated
with that VM. In other words, the External NVE has to de-associate
the VM's TSI.
2.4. VM Pause, Suspension, and Resumption Events
A VM pause event leads to the VM transitioning from the running state
to the "paused" state. The paused state indicates that the VM is
resident in memory but that CPU execution is not scheduled by the
hypervisor [RFC7666]. The VM can be easily reactivated from the
paused state to the running state.
A VM suspension event leads to the VM transitioning from the running
state to the "suspended" state. A VM resumption event leads to the
VM transitioning from the suspended state to the running state. In
the suspended state, the memory and CPU execution state of the VM are
saved to persistent storage. During this state, CPU execution for
the VM is not scheduled by the hypervisor [RFC7666].
In the Split-NVE architecture, the External NVE should not
de-associate the paused or suspended VM, as the VM can return to the
running state at any time.
3. Hypervisor-to-NVE Control-Plane Protocol Functionality
The following subsections show illustrative examples of the state
transitions of an External NVE that are relevant to hypervisor-to-NVE
signaling-protocol functionality. Note: This is not prescriptive
text for the full state machine.
3.1. VN_Connect and VN_Disconnect
In the Split-NVE scenario, a protocol is needed between the end
device (e.g., hypervisor) and the External NVE it is using, in order
to make the External NVE aware of the changing VN membership
requirements of the Tenant Systems within the end device.
A key driver for using a protocol rather than using static
configuration of the External NVE is that the VN connectivity
requirements can change frequently as VMs are brought up, moved, and
brought down on various hypervisors throughout the data center or
external cloud.
Figure 5 shows the state transition for a VAP on the External NVE.
An NVE that supports the hypervisor-to-NVE control-plane protocol
should support one instance of the state machine for each active VN.
The state transition on the External NVE is normally triggered by
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events and behaviors on the hypervisor-facing side. Some of the
interleaved interactions between the NVE and the NVA will be
illustrated to better explain the whole procedure, while other
interactions will not be shown.
+----------------+ Receive VN_Connect; +----------------------+
|VN_Disconnected | return Local_Tag value |VN_Connected |
+----------------+ for VN if successful; +----------------------+
|VN_ID; |-------------------------->|VN_ID; |
|VN_State= | |VN_State=VN_Connected;|
|VN_Disconnected;| |Num_TSI_Associated; |
| |<--Receive VN_Disconnect---|Local_Tag; |
+----------------+ |VN_Context; |
+----------------------+
Figure 5: State Transition Example of a VAP Instance
on an External NVE
The External NVE must be notified when an end device requires a
connection to a particular VN and when it no longer requires a
connection. Connection cleanup for the failed devices should be
employed. Note that this topic is out of scope for the protocol
specified in this document.
In addition, the External NVE should provide a local tag value for
each connected VN to the end device to use for exchanging packets
between the end device and the External NVE (e.g., a locally
significant tag value per [IEEE802.1Q]). How "local" the
significance is depends on whether
1. the hypervisor has a direct physical connection to the
External NVE (in which case the significance is local to the
physical link) or
2. there is an Ethernet switch (e.g., a blade switch) connecting the
hypervisor to the NVE (in which case the significance is local to
the intervening switch and all the links connected to it).
These VLAN tags are used to differentiate between different VNs as
packets cross the shared-access network to the External NVE. When
the External NVE receives packets, it uses the VLAN tag to identify
their VN coming from a given TSI, strips the tag, adds the
appropriate overlay encapsulation for that VN, and sends it towards
the corresponding remote NVE across the underlying IP network.
The Identification of the VN in this protocol could be through either
a VN Name or a VN ID. A globally unique VN Name facilitates
portability of a tenant's virtual data center. Once an External NVE
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receives a VN_Connect message, the NVE needs a way to get a
VN_Context allocated (or to receive the already-allocated VN_Context)
for a given VN Name or VN ID (as well as any other information needed
to transmit encapsulated packets). How this is done is the subject
of the NVE-to-NVA protocol; see the "first two areas of work" text in
Section 4.5 of [RFC7364]. The External NVE needs to synchronize the
mapping information of the local tag and VN Name or VN ID with
the NVA.
The VN_Connect message can be explicit or implicit. "Explicit" means
that the hypervisor sends a request message explicitly for the
connection to a VN. "Implicit" means that the External NVE receives
other messages, e.g., the very first TSI Associate message (see the
next subsection) for a given VN, that implicitly indicate its
interest in connecting to a VN.
A VN_Disconnect message indicates that the NVE can release all the
resources for that disconnected VN and transition to the
VN_Disconnected state. The local tag assigned for that VN can
possibly be reclaimed for use by another VN.
3.2. TSI Associate and Activate
Typically, a TSI is assigned a single MAC address, and all frames
transmitted and received on that TSI use that single MAC address. As
mentioned earlier, it is also possible for a Tenant System to
exchange frames using multiple MAC addresses or packets with multiple
IP addresses.
Particularly in the case of a Tenant System that is forwarding frames
or packets from other Tenant Systems, the External NVE will need to
communicate the mapping between the NVE's IP address on the
underlying network and ALL the addresses the Tenant System is
forwarding on behalf of the corresponding VN to the NVA.
The NVE has two ways it can discover the tenant addresses for which
frames are to be forwarded to a given end device (and ultimately to
the Tenant System within that end device).
1. It can glean the addresses by inspecting the source addresses in
packets it receives from the end device.
2. The hypervisor can explicitly signal the address associations of
a TSI to the External NVE. An address association includes all
the MAC and/or IP addresses possibly used as source addresses in
a packet sent from the hypervisor to the External NVE. The
External NVE may further use this information to filter the
future traffic from the hypervisor.
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To use the second approach above, the control-plane protocol running
between the hypervisor and the NVE must support end devices
communicating new tenant-address associations for a given TSI within
a given VN.
Figure 6 shows an example of a state transition for a TSI connecting
to a VAP on the External NVE. An NVE that supports the hypervisor-
to-NVE control-plane protocol may support one instance of the state
machine for each TSI connecting to a given VN.
De-Associate +--------+ De-Associate
+--------------->| Init |<--------------------+
| +--------+ |
| | | |
| | | |
| +--------+ |
| | | |
| Associate | | Activate |
| +-----------+ +-----------+ |
| | | |
| | | |
| \|/ \|/ |
+--------------------+ +---------------------+
| Associated | | Activated |
+--------------------+ +---------------------+
|TSI_ID; | |TSI_ID; |
|Port; |-----Activate---->|Port; |
|VN_ID; | |VN_ID; |
|State=Associated; | |State=Activated; |-+
+-|Num_Of_Addr; |<---Deactivate ---|Num_Of_Addr; | |
| |List_Of_Addr; | |List_Of_Addr; | |
| +--------------------+ +---------------------+ |
| /|\ /|\ |
| | | |
+---------------------+ +-------------------+
add/remove/updt addr; add/remove/updt addr;
or update port; or update port;
Figure 6: State Transition Example of a TSI Instance
on an External NVE
The Associated state of a TSI instance on an External NVE indicates
that all the addresses for that TSI have already associated with the
VAP of the External NVE on a given port, e.g., on port p for a given
VN, but no real traffic to and from the TSI is expected and allowed
to pass through. An NVE has reserved all the necessary resources for
that TSI. An External NVE may report the mappings of its underlay IP
address and the associated TSI addresses to the NVA, and relevant
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network nodes may save such information to their mapping tables but
not their forwarding tables. An NVE may create ACLs or filter rules
based on the associated TSI addresses on that attached port p but not
enable them yet. The local tag for the VN corresponding to the TSI
instance should be provisioned on port p to receive packets.
The VM migration event (discussed in Section 2) may cause the
hypervisor to send an Associate message to the NVE connected to the
destination hypervisor of the migration. A VM creation event may
also trigger the same scenario.
The Activated state of a TSI instance on an External NVE indicates
that all the addresses for that TSI are functioning correctly on a
given port, e.g., port p, and traffic can be received from and sent
to that TSI via the NVE. The mappings of the NVE's underlay IP
address and the associated TSI addresses should be added to the
forwarding table rather than the mapping table on relevant network
nodes. ACLs or filter rules based on the associated TSI addresses on
the attached port p on the NVE are enabled. The local tag for the VN
corresponding to the TSI instance must be provisioned on port p to
receive packets.
The Activate message makes the state transition from Init or
Associated to Activated. VM creation, VM migration, and VM
resumption events (discussed in Section 2) may trigger sending the
Activate message from the hypervisor to the External NVE.
TSI information may get updated in either the Associated state or the
Activated state. The following are considered updates to the TSI
information: add or remove the associated addresses, update the
current associated addresses (for example, update the IP address for
a given MAC address), and update the NVE port information based on
where the NVE receives messages. Such updates do not change the
state of the TSI. When any address associated with a given TSI
changes, the NVE should inform the NVA to update the mapping
information for the NVE's underlying address and the associated TSI
addresses. The NVE should also change its local ACLs or filter
settings accordingly for the relevant addresses. Port information
updates will cause the provisioning of the local tag for the VN
corresponding to the TSI instance on the new port and removal from
the old port.
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3.3. TSI De-Associate and Deactivate
De-Associate and Deactivate behaviors are conceptually the reverse of
Associate and Activate.
From the Activated state to the Associated state, the External NVE
needs to make sure the resources are still reserved but the addresses
associated with the TSI are not functioning. No traffic to or from
the TSI is expected or allowed to pass through. For example, the NVE
needs to tell the NVA to remove the relevant information regarding
address mapping from the forwarding and routing tables. ACLs and
filter rules regarding the relevant addresses should be disabled.
From the Associated or Activated state to the Init state, the NVE
releases all the resources relevant to TSI instances. The NVE should
also inform the NVA to remove the relevant entries from the mapping
table. ACLs or filter rules regarding the relevant addresses should
be removed. Local tag provisioning on the connecting port on the NVE
should be cleared.
A VM suspension event (discussed in Section 2) may cause the relevant
TSI instance(s) on the NVE to transition from the Activated state to
the Associated state.
A VM pause event normally does not affect the state of the relevant
TSI instance(s) on the NVE, as the VM is expected to run again soon.
A VM shutdown event will normally cause the relevant TSI instance(s)
on the NVE to transition to the Init state from the Activated state.
All resources should be released.
A VM migration will cause the TSI instance on the source NVE to leave
the Activated state. When a VM migrates to another hypervisor
connecting to the same NVE, i.e., the source and destination NVE are
the same, the NVE should use the TSI_ID and the incoming port to
differentiate two TSI instances.
Although the triggering messages for the state transition shown in
Figure 6 do not indicate the difference between a VM
creation/shutdown event and a VM migration arrival/departure event,
the External NVE can make optimizations if it is given such
information. For example, if the NVE knows that the incoming
Activate message is caused by migration rather than VM creation, some
mechanisms may be employed or triggered to make sure the dynamic
configurations or provisionings on the destination NVE are the same
as those on the source NVE for the migrated VM. For example, an IGMP
query [RFC2236] can be triggered by the destination External NVE to
the migrated VM so that the VM is forced to send an IGMP report to
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the multicast router. The multicast router can then correctly route
the multicast traffic to the new External NVE for those multicast
groups the VM joined before the migration.
4. Hypervisor-to-NVE Control-Plane Protocol Requirements
Req-1: The protocol MUST support a bridged network connecting end
devices to the External NVE.
Req-2: The protocol MUST support multiple end devices sharing the
same External NVE via the same physical port across a
bridged network.
Req-3: The protocol MAY support an end device using multiple
External NVEs simultaneously, but only one External NVE for
each VN (active-standby External NVE case for a VN).
Req-4: The protocol MAY support an end device using multiple
External NVEs simultaneously for the same VN (active-active
External NVE case for a VN).
Req-5: The protocol MUST allow the end device to initiate a request
to its associated External NVE to be connected/disconnected
to a given VN.
Req-6: The protocol MUST allow an External NVE initiating a request
to its connected end devices to be disconnected from a
given VN.
Req-7: When a Tenant System attaches to a VN, the protocol MUST
allow for an end device and its External NVE to negotiate
one or more locally significant tags for carrying traffic
associated with a specific VN (e.g., tags per [IEEE802.1Q]).
Req-8: The protocol MUST allow an end device initiating a request
to associate/de-associate and/or activate/deactivate some or
all addresses of a TSI instance to a VN on an NVE port.
Req-9: The protocol MUST allow the External NVE initiating a
request to de-associate and/or deactivate some or all
addresses of a TSI instance to a VN on an NVE port.
Req-10: The protocol MUST allow an end device initiating a request
to add, remove, or update address(es) associated with a TSI
instance on the External NVE. Addresses can be expressed in
different formats -- for example, MAC, IP, or IP-MAC pair.
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Req-11: The protocol MUST allow the External NVE and the connected
end device to authenticate each other.
Req-12: The protocol MUST be able to run over Layer 2 links between
the end device and its External NVE.
Req-13: The protocol SHOULD support an end device that indicates
that an Associate or Activate request from the end device is
the result of a VM hot migration event.
5. VDP Applicability and Enhancement Needs
The Virtual Station Interface (VSI) Discovery and Configuration
Protocol (VDP) [IEEE802.1Q] can be the control-plane protocol running
between the hypervisor and the External NVE. Appendix A provides
informative VDP illustrations for the reader.
VDP facilitates the automatic discovery and configuration of Edge
Virtual Bridging (EVB) stations and EVB bridges. An EVB station is
normally an end station running multiple VMs. In this document, it
is considered conceptually equivalent to a hypervisor. An EVB bridge
is conceptually equivalent to the External NVE.
VDP is able to pre-associate/associate/de-associate a VSI on an EVB
station with a port on the EVB bridge. In the context of this
document, a VSI is conceptually approximate to a virtual port by
which a VM connects to the hypervisor. The EVB station and the EVB
bridge can reach agreement on VLAN ID(s) assigned to a VSI via a VDP
message exchange. Other configuration parameters can be exchanged
via VDP as well. VDP is carried over the Edge Control Protocol (ECP)
[IEEE802.1Q], which provides reliable transportation over a Layer 2
network.
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VDP needs some extensions to fulfill the requirements listed in
Section 4 of this document. Table 1 shows the needed extensions
and/or clarifications in the NVO3 context.
+------+-----------+-----------------------------------------------+
| Req | Supported | Remarks |
| | by VDP? | |
+------+-----------+-----------------------------------------------+
| Req-1| | |
+------+ |Needs extension. Must be able to send to a |
| Req-2| |specific unicast MAC, and should be able to |
+------+ Partially |send to a non-reserved well-known multicast |
| Req-3| |address other than the nearest customer bridge |
+------+ |address. |
| Req-4| | |
+------+-----------+-----------------------------------------------+
| Req-5| Yes |The VN is indicated by GroupID. |
+------+-----------+-----------------------------------------------+
| Req-6| Yes |The bridge sends a De-Associate. |
+------+-----------+------------------------+----------------------+
| | |VID==NULL in the request. The bridge returns |
| | |the assigned VLAN ID (VID) value in the |
| Req-7| Yes |response. GroupID, which is optionally present|
| | |in the request, is equivalent to the VN ID in |
| | |the context of NVO3. Multiple VLANs per group |
| | |are allowed. |
+------+-----------+------------------------+----------------------+
| | | Requirements | VDP Equivalent |
| | +------------------------+----------------------+
| Req-8| Partially | Associate/De-Associate |Pre-Assoc/De-Associate|
| | | Activate/Deactivate |Associate/De-Associate|
| | +------------------------+----------------------|
| | |Needs extension to allow Associate->Pre-Assoc. |
+------+-----------+------------------------+----------------------+
| Req-9| Yes |The VDP bridge initiates a De-Associate. |
+------+-----------+-----------------------------------------------+
|Req-10| Partially |Needs extension for an IPv4/IPv6 address. |
| | |Add a new "filter information format" type. |
+------+-----------+-----------------------------------------------+
| | |An out-of-band mechanism is preferred, e.g., |
| | |MACsec or 802.1X. Implicit authentication |
|Req-11| No |based on control of physical connectivity |
| | |exists in VDP when the External NVE connects to|
| | |the end device directly and is reachable with |
| | |the nearest customer bridge address. |
+------+-----------+-----------------------------------------------+
|Req-12| Yes |VDP naturally runs on the Layer 2 protocol. |
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+------+-----------+-----------------------------------------------+
| | |A migration event may cause the M-bit to be set|
| | |to 1 in the VDP request to the migration |
| | |destination hypervisor and the S-bit to be set |
| | |to 1 in the VDP request to the migration source|
| | |hypervisor. However, a setting of M-bit = 0 or|
|Req-13| Partially |S-bit = 0 can indicate that no information is |
| | |available regarding migration or that the |
| | |events in question are not caused by migration.|
| | |To fully meet the requirement, this ambiguity |
| | |would need to be fixed so that migration or no |
| | |migration could be safely inferred from the |
| | |M-bit or S-bit settings. |
+------+-----------+-----------------------------------------------+
Table 1: Comparison of Split-NVE Requirements and VDP Capabilities
By simply adding the ability to carry Layer 3 addresses as per
Req-10, VDP can provide most of the hypervisor-to-NVE control-plane
functionality required.
6. Security Considerations
External NVEs must ensure that only properly authorized Tenant
Systems are allowed to join and become a part of any particular VN.
In some cases, the tNVE may want to connect to the nNVE for
provisioning purposes. This may require that the tNVE authenticate
the nNVE in addition to the nNVE authenticating the tNVE. If a
secure channel is required between the tNVE and the nNVE to carry the
encrypted Split-NVE control-plane protocol, then existing mechanisms
such as MACsec [IEEE802.1AE] can be used. In some deployments,
authentication may be implicit, based on control of physical
connectivity, e.g., if the nNVE is located in the bridge that is
directly connected to the server that contains the tNVE. The use of
the "nearest customer bridge address" in VDP [IEEE802.1Q] is an
example of where this sort of implicit authentication is possible,
although explicit authentication also applies in that case.
As the control-plane protocol results in configuration changes for
both the tNVE and the nNVE, tNVE and nNVE implementations should log
all state changes, including those described in Section 3.
Implementations should also log significant protocol events, such as
the establishment or loss of control-plane protocol connectivity
between the tNVE and the nNVE, as well as authentication results.
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In addition, External NVEs will need appropriate mechanisms to ensure
that any hypervisor wishing to use the services of an NVE is properly
authorized to do so. One design point is whether the hypervisor
should
1. supply the External NVE with necessary information (e.g., VM
addresses, VN information, or other parameters) that the
External NVE uses directly or
2. only supply a VN ID and an identifier for the associated VM
(e.g., its MAC address), with the External NVE using that
information to obtain the information needed to validate the
hypervisor-provided parameters or obtain related parameters in a
secure manner.
The former approach can be used in a trusted environment so that the
External NVE can directly use all the information retrieved from the
hypervisor for local configuration. It relieves the External NVE
side of effort related to information retrieval and/or validation.
The latter approach gives more reliable information, as the
External NVE needs to retrieve it from a management-system database.
In particular, some network-related parameters, such as VLAN IDs, can
be passed back to the hypervisor to be used as a form of provisioning
that is more authoritative. However, in certain cases it is
difficult or inefficient for an External NVE to be granted rights to
access or query information on those management systems. The
External NVE then has to obtain the information from the hypervisor.
7. IANA Considerations
This document has no IANA actions.
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8. References
8.1. Normative References
[IEEE802.1Q]
IEEE, "IEEE Standard for Local and metropolitan area
networks--Bridges and Bridged Networks", IEEE Standard
802.1Q-2014, DOI 10.1109/IEEESTD.2014.6991462.
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.
[RFC7365] Lasserre, M., Balus, F., Morin, T., Bitar, N., and Y.
Rekhter, "Framework for Data Center (DC) Network
Virtualization", RFC 7365, DOI 10.17487/RFC7365,
October 2014, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7365>.
[RFC7666] Asai, H., MacFaden, M., Schoenwaelder, J., Shima, K., and
T. Tsou, "Management Information Base for Virtual Machines
Controlled by a Hypervisor", RFC 7666,
DOI 10.17487/RFC7666, October 2015,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7666>.
[RFC8014] Black, D., Hudson, J., Kreeger, L., Lasserre, M., and T.
Narten, "An Architecture for Data-Center Network
Virtualization over Layer 3 (NVO3)", RFC 8014,
DOI 10.17487/RFC8014, December 2016,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8014>.
[RFC8174] Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in
RFC 2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174,
DOI 10.17487/RFC8174, May 2017,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8174>.
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8.2. Informative References
[IEEE802.1AE]
IEEE, "IEEE Standard for Local and Metropolitan Area
Networks: Media Access Control (MAC) Security",
IEEE Standard 802.1AE-2006,
DOI 10.1109/IEEESTD.2006.245590.
[NVO3-HYPERVISOR-NVE-CP]
Kreeger, L., Narten, T., and D. Black, "Network
Virtualization Hypervisor-to-NVE Overlay Control Protocol
Requirements", Work in Progress, draft-kreeger-nvo3-
hypervisor-nve-cp-01, February 2013.
[NVO3-TES-NVE]
Yingjie, G. and L. Yizhou, "The mechanism and signalling
between TES and NVE", Work in Progress, draft-gu-nvo3-tes-
nve-mechanism-01, October 2012.
[NVO3-VM-NVE]
Kompella, K., Rekhter, Y., Morin, T., and D. Black,
"Signaling Virtual Machine Activity to the Network
Virtualization Edge", Work in Progress, draft-kompella-
nvo3-server2nve-02, April 2013.
[RFC2236] Fenner, W., "Internet Group Management Protocol,
Version 2", RFC 2236, DOI 10.17487/RFC2236, November 1997,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2236>.
[RFC4122] Leach, P., Mealling, M., and R. Salz, "A Universally
Unique IDentifier (UUID) URN Namespace", RFC 4122,
DOI 10.17487/RFC4122, July 2005,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4122>.
[RFC7364] Narten, T., Ed., Gray, E., Ed., Black, D., Fang, L.,
Kreeger, L., and M. Napierala, "Problem Statement:
Overlays for Network Virtualization", RFC 7364,
DOI 10.17487/RFC7364, October 2014,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7364>.
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Appendix A. VDP Illustrations (per IEEE 802.1Q) (for Information Only)
VDP (the VSI Discovery and Discovery and Configuration Protocol; see
Clause 41 of [IEEE802.1Q]) can be considered as a controlling
protocol running between the hypervisor and the external bridge. The
VDP association TLV structure is formatted as shown in Figure 7.
+--------+--------+------+-----+--------+------+------+------+------+
|TLV Type|TLV Info|Status|VSI |VSI Type|VSI ID|VSI ID|Filter|Filter|
| |String | |Type |Version |Format| |Info |Info |
| |Length | |ID | | | |Format| |
+--------+--------+------+-----+--------+------+------+------+------+
| | |<--VSI Type and instance--->|<--Filter--->|
| | |<-------------VSI attributes------------->|
|<--TLV header--->|<-----------TLV information string ------------->|
Figure 7: VDP Association TLV
There are basically four TLV types.
1. Pre-Associate: The Pre-Associate is used to Pre-Associate a VSI
instance with a bridge port. The bridge validates the request
and returns a failure status in the case of errors. A successful
Pre-Associate does not imply that the indicated VSI Type or
provisioning will be applied to any traffic flowing through the
VSI. By allowing the bridge to obtain the VSI Type prior to an
association, the Pre-Associate enables faster response to an
Associate.
2. Pre-Associate with Resource Reservation: The Pre-Associate with
Resource Reservation involves the same steps as those for the
Pre-Associate, but on success it also reserves resources in the
bridge to prepare for a subsequent Associate request.
3. Associate: The Associate request creates and activates an
association between a VSI instance and a bridge port. A bridge
allocates any required bridge resources for the referenced VSI.
The bridge activates the configuration for the VSI Type ID. This
association is then applied to the traffic flow to/from the VSI
instance.
4. De-Associate: The De-Associate is used to remove an association
between a VSI instance and a bridge port. Pre-associated and
associated VSIs can be de-associated. The De-Associate releases
any resources that were reserved as a result of prior Associate
or Pre-Associate operations for that VSI instance.
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The De-Associate can be initiated by either side, and the other types
can only be initiated by the server side.
Some important flag values in the VDP Status field are as follows:
1. M-bit (Bit 5): M-bit = 1: indicates that the user of the VSI
(e.g., the VM) is migrating. M-bit = 0: no indication of whether
the VSI user is migrating. The M-bit is used as an indicator
relative to the VSI to which the user is migrating.
2. S-bit (Bit 6): S-bit = 1: indicates that the VSI user (e.g., the
VM) is suspended. S-bit = 0: no indication of whether the VSI
user is suspended. A keep-alive Associate request with S-bit = 1
can be sent when the VSI user is suspended. The S-bit is used as
an indicator relative to the VSI from which the user is
migrating.
The filter information format currently defines four types.
Information for each of these types is shown in detail in Figures 8
through 11. "PCP" stands for Priority Code Point [IEEE802.1Q]. The
PCP value, if specified, is used by the EVB station as the default
PCP value associated with the VSI and VID. The filter information
contains a PCP Significant (PS) bit associated with each PCP field,
indicating whether the PCP field carries a PCP value (binary 1) or
does not carry a PCP value (binary 0).
+----------+-------+--------+--0------+
| # of | PS | PCP | VID |
|entries |(1 bit)|(3 bits)|(12 bits)|
|(2 octets)| | | |
+----------+-------+--------+---------+
|<---Repeated per entry--->|
Figure 8: VID Filter Information Format
+----------+--------------+-------+--------+---------+
| # of | MAC address | PS | PCP | VID |
|entries | (6 octets) |(1 bit)|(3 bits)|(12 bits)|
|(2 octets)| | | | |
+----------+--------------+-------+--------+---------+
|<----------Repeated per entry----------->|
Figure 9: MAC/VID Filter Information Format
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+----------+--------------+-------+--------+---------+
| # of | GroupID | PS | PCP | VID |
|entries | (4 octets) |(1 bit)|(3 bits)|(12 bits)|
|(2 octets)| | | | |
+----------+--------------+-------+--------+---------+
|<----------Repeated per entry----------->|
Figure 10: GroupID/VID Filter Information Format
+----------+----------+-------------+-------+--------+---------+
| # of | GroupID | MAC address | PS | PCP | VID |
|entries |(4 octets)| (6 octets) |(1 bit)|(3 bits)|(12 bits)|
|(2 octets)| | | | | |
+----------+----------+-------------+-------+--------+---------+
|<---------------Repeated per entry---------------->|
Figure 11: GroupID/MAC/VID Filter Information Format
The null VID can be used in the VDP Request sent from the station to
the external bridge. The null VID indicates that the set of VID
values associated with the VSI is expected to be supplied by the
bridge. The set of VID values is returned to the station via the VDP
Response. The returned VID values can be locally significant values.
When GroupID is used, it is equivalent to the VN ID in NVO3. GroupID
will be provided by the station to the bridge. The bridge maps
GroupID to a locally significant VLAN ID.
The VSI ID in the VDP association TLV that identifies a VM can be in
one of the following formats: IPv4 address, IPv6 address, MAC
address, Universally Unique Identifier (UUID) [RFC4122], or locally
defined.
Acknowledgements
This document was initiated based on the merger of the following
documents: [NVO3-HYPERVISOR-NVE-CP], [NVO3-TES-NVE], and
[NVO3-VM-NVE]. Thanks to all the coauthors and contributing members
of those documents.
The authors would like to specially thank Lucy Yong and Jon Hudson
for their generous help in improving this document.
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Authors' Addresses
Yizhou Li
Huawei Technologies
101 Software Avenue
Nanjing 210012
China
Phone: +86-25-56625409
Email: liyizhou@huawei.com
Donald Eastlake 3rd
Huawei R&D USA
155 Beaver Street
Milford, MA 01757
United States of America
Phone: +1-508-333-2270
Email: d3e3e3@gmail.com
Lawrence Kreeger
Arrcus, Inc.
Email: lkreeger@gmail.com
Thomas Narten
IBM
Email: narten@us.ibm.com
David Black
Dell EMC
176 South Street
Hopkinton, MA 01748
United States of America
Email: david.black@dell.com
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