DNS Queries over HTTPS
draft-hoffman-dns-over-https-00
The information below is for an old version of the document.
| Document | Type |
This is an older version of an Internet-Draft whose latest revision state is "Replaced".
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|---|---|---|---|
| Authors | Paul E. Hoffman , Patrick McManus | ||
| Last updated | 2017-05-03 | ||
| Replaced by | draft-ietf-doh-dns-over-https, draft-ietf-doh-dns-over-https, draft-ietf-doh-dns-over-https, RFC 8484 | ||
| RFC stream | (None) | ||
| Formats | |||
| Stream | Stream state | (No stream defined) | |
| Consensus boilerplate | Unknown | ||
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draft-hoffman-dns-over-https-00
Network Working Group P. Hoffman
Internet-Draft ICANN
Intended status: Standards Track P. McManus
Expires: November 4, 2017 Mozilla
May 03, 2017
DNS Queries over HTTPS
draft-hoffman-dns-over-https-00
Abstract
DNS queries sometimes experience problems with end to end
connectivity at times and places where HTTPS flows freely.
HTTPS provides the most practical mechanism for reliable end to end
communication. Its use of TLS provides integrity and confidentiality
guarantees and its use of HTTP allows it to interoperate with
proxies, firewalls, and authentication systems where required for
transit.
This document describes how to run DNS service over HTTP using
https:// URIs.
[ This paragraph is to be removed when this document is published as
an RFC ] Comments on this draft can be sent to the DNS over HTTP
mailing list at https://www.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/dnsoverhttp .
Status of This Memo
This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.
Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute
working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet-
Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.
Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."
This Internet-Draft will expire on November 4, 2017.
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Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2017 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
(http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
publication of this document. Please review these documents
carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must
include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
described in the Simplified BSD License.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2. Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3. Use Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
4. Protocol Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
4.1. Non-requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
5. The HTTP Request . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
5.1. Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
6. The HTTP Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
6.1. Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
7. HTTP Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
8. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
9. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
10. Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
11. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
11.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
11.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Appendix A. Previous Work on DNS over HTTP or in Other Formats . 10
Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1. Introduction
The Internet does not always provide end to end reachability for
native DNS. On-path network devices may spoof DNS responses, block
DNS requests, or just redirect DNS queries to different DNS servers
that give less-than-honest answers.
Over time, there have been many proposals for using HTTP and HTTPS as
a substrate for DNS queries and responses. To date, none of those
proposals have made it beyond early discussion, partially due to
disagreement about what the appropriate formatting should be and
partially because they did not follow HTTP best practices.
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This document defines a specific protocol for sending DNS [RFC1035]
queries and getting DNS responses over modern versions of HTTP
[RFC7540] using https:// (and therefore TLS [RFC5246] security for
integrity and confidentiality).
The described approach is more than a tunnel over HTTP. It
establishes default media formatting types for requests and responses
but uses normal HTTP content negotiation mechanisms for selecting
alternatives that endpoints may prefer in anticipation of serving new
use cases. In addition to this media type negotiation, it aligns
itself with HTTP features such as caching, proxying, and compression.
The integration with HTTP provides a transport suitable for both
traditional DNS clients and native web applications seeking access to
the DNS.
A server that supports this protocol is called a "DNS API server" to
differentiate it from a "DNS server" (one that uses the regular DNS
protocol). Similarly, a client that supports this protocol is called
a "DNS API client".
2. Terminology
In this document, the key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED",
"SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY",
and "OPTIONAL" are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14, RFC 2119
[RFC2119].
3. Use Cases
There are two primary use cases for this protocol.
The primary one is to prevent on-path network devices from
interfering with native DNS operations. This interference includes,
but is not limited to, spoofing DNS responses, blocking DNS requests,
and tracking. HTTP authentication and proxy friendliness are
expected to make this protocol function in some environments where
DNS directly on TLS ([RFC7858]) would not.
A secondary use case is web applications that want to access DNS
information. Standardizing an HTTPS mechanism allows this to be done
in a way consistent with the cross-origin resource sharing [CORS]
security model of the web and also integrate the caching mechanisms
of DNS with those of HTTP. These applications may be interested in
using a different media type than traditional clients.
[ This paragraph is to be removed when this document is published as
an RFC ] Note that these use cases are different than those in a
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similar protocol described at [I-D.ietf-dnsop-dns-wireformat-http].
The use case for that protocol is proxying DNS queries over HTTP
instead of over DNS itself. The use cases in this document all
involve query origination instead of proxying.
4. Protocol Requirements
The protocol described here bases its design on the following
protocol requirements:
o The protocol must use normal HTTP semantics.
o The query format must be able to be flexible enough to express
every normal DNS query.
o The protocol must allow implementations to use HTTP's content
negotiation mechanism.
o The protocol must ensure interoperable media formats through a
mandatory to implement format wherein a query must be able to
contain one or more EDNS extensions, including those not yet
defined.
o The protocol must use a secure transport that meets the
requirements for modern https://.
4.1. Non-requirements
o Supporting network-specific DNS64 [RFC6147]
o Supporting other network-specific inferences from plaintext DNS
queries
o Supporting insecure HTTP
o Supporitng legacy HTTP versions
5. The HTTP Request
The URI scheme MUST be https.
The path SHOULD be "/.well-known/dns-query" but a different path can
be used if the DNS API Client has prior knowledge about a DNS API
service on a different path at the origin being used. (See Section 8
for the registration of this in the well-known URI registry.) Using
the well-known path allows automated discovery of a DNS API Service,
and also helps contextualize DNS Query requests pushed over an active
HTTP/2 connection.
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Some forms of the request may also include a HTTP query as defined by
[RFC3986].
A DNS API Client encodes the DNS query into the HTTP request in one
of two different methods:
GET: Using the on-the-wire representation of a DNS message defined
in [RFC1035] as the query string portion of the URI, encoded as
necessary with [RFC3986], using the GET HTTP method. This is the
preferred approach because it is friendlier to HTTP caches.
POST: Including the DNS query as the message body of the HTTP
request, with the request using the POST method. The body MUST
use a media type selected by the DNS API Client, and that media
type MUST be indicated by the request's Content-Type header.
The DNS request MAY have one or more EDNS(0) extensions [RFC6891].
The DNS API Client SHOULD include an HTTP "Accept:" request header to
say what type of content can be understood in response. The client
MUST be prepared to process "application/dns-udpwireformat" responses
but MAY process any other type it receives.
In order to maximize cache friendliness, DNS API Clients SHOULD use
the same ID (the first two bytes of the header) for every DNS
request. The exact mechanism for doing so is dependent on the media
type in use. HTTP semantics correlate the request and response which
eliminates the need for the ID in a media type such as application/
dns-udpwireformat. Using a constant value greatly increases the
opportunity for successful caching.
DNS API clients can use HTTP/2 padding and compression in the same
way that other HTTP/2 clients use (or don't use) them.
5.1. Example
For example, assume a DNS API server is following this specification
on origin https://dnsserver.example.net/ and the well-known path.
The example uses HTTP/2 formatting from [RFC7540].
A query for the IN A records for "www.example.com" with recursion
turned on using the GET approach would be:
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:method = GET
:scheme = https
:authority = dnsserver.example.net
:path = /.well-known/dns-query?%ab%cd%01%00%00%01%00%00%00%00 (no CR)
%00%00%03www%07example%03com%00%00%01%00%01
accept = application/dns-udpwireformat, application/dns-futureJsonDns
The same DNS query, using the second method of HTTP encoding would
be:
:method = POST
:scheme = https
:authority = dnsserver.example.net
:path = /.well-known/dns-query
accept = application/dns-udpwireformat, application/dns-futureJsonDns
content-type = application/dns-udpwireformat
content-length = 33
<33 bytes represented by the following hex encoding>
abcd 0100 0001 0000 0000 0000 0377 7777
0765 7861 6d70 6c65 0363 6f6d 0000 0100
01
6. The HTTP Response
Different response media types will provide more or less information
from a DNS response. For example, one response type might include
the information from the DNS header bytes while another might omit
it. The amount and type of information that a media type gives is
solely up to the format, and not defined in this protocol.
At the time this is published, the response types are works in
progress. The only known response type is "application/dns-
udpwireformat", but it is likely that at least one JSON-based
response format might be defined in the future.
The DNS response MAY have one or more EDNS(0) extensions, depending
on the extension definition of the extensions given in the DNS
request.
Native HTTP methods are used to correlate requests and responses.
Responses may be returned in a different temporal order than requests
were made using the protocols native multistreaming functionality.
In the HTTP responses, the HTTP cache headers SHOULD be set to expire
at the same time as the shortest DNS TTL in the response. Because
DNS provides only caching but not revalidation semantics, DNS over
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HTTP responses should not carry revalidation response headers (such
as Last-Modified: or Etag:) or return 304 responses.
A DNS API Server MUST be able to process application/dns-
udpwireformat request messages.
A DNS API Server SHOULD respond with HTTP status code 415 upon
receiving a media type it is unable to process.
This document does not change the definition of any HTTP response
codes or otherwise proscribe their use.
6.1. Example
This is an example response for a query for the IN A records for
"www.example.com" with recursion turned on. The response bears one
record with an address of 93.184.216.34 and a TTL of 128 seconds.
:status = 200
content-type = application/dns-udpwireformat
content-length = 64
cache-control = max-age=128
<64 bytes represented by the following hex encoding>
abcd 8180 0001 0001 0000 0000 0377 7777
0765 7861 6d70 6c65 0363 6f6d 0000 0100
0103 7777 7707 6578 616d 706c 6503 636f
6d00 0001 0001 0000 0080 0004 5Db8 d822
7. HTTP Integration
In order to satisfy the security requirements of DNS over HTTPS, this
protocol MUST use HTTP/2 [RFC7540] or its successors. HTTP/2
enforces a modern TLS profile necessary for achieving the security
requirements of this protocol.
This protocol MUST be used with https scheme URI [RFC7230].
The messages in classic UDP based DNS [RFC1035] are inherently
unordered and have low overhead. A competitive HTTP transport needs
to support reordering, priority, parallelism, and header compression.
For this additional reason, this protocol MUST use HTTP/2 [RFC7540]
or its successors.
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8. IANA Considerations
This specification registers a Well-Known URI [RFC5785]:
o URI Suffix: dns-query
o Change Controller: IETF
o Specification Document(s): [this specification]
(Note for the -00 draft: a request for the media type application/
dns-udpwireformat has already been submitted separately from this
draft because it may be useful for other documents as well. That
application is pending approval.)
9. Security Considerations
Running DNS over https:// relies on the security of the underlying
HTTP connection. By requiring at least [RFC7540] levels of support
for TLS this protocol expects to use current best practices for
secure transport.
Session level encryption has well known weaknesses with respect to
traffic analysis which might be particularly acute when dealing with
DNS queries. Sections 10.6 (Compression) and 10.7 (Padding) of
[RFC7540] provide some further advice on mitigations within an HTTP/2
context.
10. Acknowledgments
Joe Hildebrand contributed lots of material for a different iteration
of this document. Helpful early comments were given by Ben Schwartz
and Mark Nottingham.
11. References
11.1. Normative References
[RFC1035] Mockapetris, P., "Domain names - implementation and
specification", STD 13, RFC 1035, DOI 10.17487/RFC1035,
November 1987, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1035>.
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.
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[RFC3986] Berners-Lee, T., Fielding, R., and L. Masinter, "Uniform
Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax", STD 66,
RFC 3986, DOI 10.17487/RFC3986, January 2005,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3986>.
[RFC5246] Dierks, T. and E. Rescorla, "The Transport Layer Security
(TLS) Protocol Version 1.2", RFC 5246,
DOI 10.17487/RFC5246, August 2008,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5246>.
[RFC5785] Nottingham, M. and E. Hammer-Lahav, "Defining Well-Known
Uniform Resource Identifiers (URIs)", RFC 5785,
DOI 10.17487/RFC5785, April 2010,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5785>.
[RFC7230] Fielding, R., Ed. and J. Reschke, Ed., "Hypertext Transfer
Protocol (HTTP/1.1): Message Syntax and Routing",
RFC 7230, DOI 10.17487/RFC7230, June 2014,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7230>.
[RFC7540] Belshe, M., Peon, R., and M. Thomson, Ed., "Hypertext
Transfer Protocol Version 2 (HTTP/2)", RFC 7540,
DOI 10.17487/RFC7540, May 2015,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7540>.
[RFC7858] Hu, Z., Zhu, L., Heidemann, J., Mankin, A., Wessels, D.,
and P. Hoffman, "Specification for DNS over Transport
Layer Security (TLS)", RFC 7858, DOI 10.17487/RFC7858, May
2016, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7858>.
11.2. Informative References
[CORS] W3C, "Cross-Origin Resource Sharing", 2014,
<https://www.w3.org/TR/cors/>.
[I-D.ietf-dnsop-dns-wireformat-http]
Song, L., Vixie, P., Kerr, S., and R. Wan, "DNS wire-
format over HTTP", draft-ietf-dnsop-dns-wireformat-http-01
(work in progress), March 2017.
[RFC6147] Bagnulo, M., Sullivan, A., Matthews, P., and I. van
Beijnum, "DNS64: DNS Extensions for Network Address
Translation from IPv6 Clients to IPv4 Servers", RFC 6147,
DOI 10.17487/RFC6147, April 2011,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6147>.
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[RFC6891] Damas, J., Graff, M., and P. Vixie, "Extension Mechanisms
for DNS (EDNS(0))", STD 75, RFC 6891,
DOI 10.17487/RFC6891, April 2013,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6891>.
Appendix A. Previous Work on DNS over HTTP or in Other Formats
The following is an incomplete list of earlier work that related to
DNS over HTTP/1 or representing DNS data in other formats.
The list includes links to the tools.ietf.org site (because these
documents are all expired) and web sites of software.
o https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-mohan-dns-query-xml
o https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-daley-dnsxml
o https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-dulaunoy-dnsop-passive-dns-cof
o https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-bortzmeyer-dns-json
o https://www.nlnetlabs.nl/projects/dnssec-trigger/
Authors' Addresses
Paul Hoffman
ICANN
Email: paul.hoffman@icann.org
Patrick McManus
Mozilla
Email: pmcmanus@mozilla.com
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