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A Connectivity Monitoring Metric for IPPM
draft-ietf-ippm-connectivity-monitoring-07

Document Type Active Internet-Draft (ippm WG)
Author Ruediger Geib
Last updated 2023-11-09
Replaces draft-geib-ippm-connectivity-monitoring
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draft-ietf-ippm-connectivity-monitoring-07
ippm                                                        R. Geib, Ed.
Internet-Draft                                          Deutsche Telekom
Intended status: Experimental                            6 November 2023
Expires: 9 May 2024

               A Connectivity Monitoring Metric for IPPM
               draft-ietf-ippm-connectivity-monitoring-07

Abstract

   Within a Segment Routing domain, segment routed measurement packets
   can be sent along pre-determined paths.  This enables new kinds of
   measurements.  Connectivity monitoring allows to supervise the state
   and performance of a connection or a (sub)path from one or a few
   central monitoring systems.  This document specifies a suitable
   type-P connectivity monitoring metric.

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

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   This Internet-Draft will expire on 9 May 2024.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2023 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
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   Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights
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   provided without warranty as described in the Revised BSD License.

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Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
     1.1.  Requirements Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
   2.  A brief segment routing connectivity monitoring framework . .   5
   3.  Topology and measurement loop set up requirements . . . . . .  11
     3.1.  General network topology requirements . . . . . . . . . .  11
     3.2.  Sub-path Monitoring measurement loop routing
           requirements  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
     3.3.  Path  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
     3.4.  Sub-path Monitoring measurement loop packet spacing . . .  13
   4.  Generic Type-P-SR-Path-Periodic-* metric  . . . . . . . . . .  13
     4.1.  Metric Name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
     4.2.  Generic Metric Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
     4.3.  Metric Units  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
   5.  Singleton Definition for Type-P-SR-Path-Periodic-Delay  . . .  14
     5.1.  Metric Name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
     5.2.  Metric Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
     5.3.  Delay Metric Units  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
     5.4.  Definition  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15
     5.5.  Discussion  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15
     5.6.  Methodologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15
     5.7.  Errors and Uncertainties  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15
     5.8.  Reporting the metric  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15
   6.  Singleton Definition for Type-P-SR-Path-Packet-Loss . . . . .  15
     6.1.  Metric Name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15
     6.2.  Metric Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15
     6.3.  Packet Loss Metric Units  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16
     6.4.  Definition  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16
     6.5.  Discussion  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16
     6.6.  Methodologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16
     6.7.  Errors and Uncertainties  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16
     6.8.  Reporting the metric  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16
   7.  Definition of Samples for Type-P-SR-Path-Periodic-Delay . . .  16
     7.1.  Generic Type-P-SR-Path-Periodic-Delay-* metric  . . . . .  16
       7.1.1.  Metric Name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
       7.1.2.  Metric Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
       7.1.3.  Metric Units  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
       7.1.4.  Metric Defintion  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
       7.1.5.  Discussion  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
       7.1.6.  Errors and uncertainties  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
     7.2.  Definition of Type-P-SR-Path-Periodic-Delay-Stream  . . .  17
       7.2.1.  Metric Name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
     7.3.  Definition of Type-P-SR-Path-Periodic-Delay-Variation . .  18
       7.3.1.  Metric Name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18
       7.3.2.  Methodologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18
       7.3.3.  Discussion of SRDV  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18
       7.3.4.  Errors and uncertainties  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18

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     7.4.  Definition of
           Type-P-SR-Path-Periodic-Delay-Variation-Stream  . . . . .  18
       7.4.1.  Metric Name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18
       7.4.2.  Metric Defintion  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18
   8.  Statistic Definitions for SR-Path-Periodic-*-Stream
           samples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  19
     8.1.  SR-Path-Periodic-*-Mean . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  19
     8.2.  SR-Path-Periodic-*-Std  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  19
   9.  Statistic Definitions for Type-P-SR-Path-Packet-Loss  . . . .  19
     9.1.  SR-Path-Packet-Loss-Ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  19
   10. Sub-Path monitoring metrics derived from samples captured along
           the measurement loops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  20
     10.1.  Baseline measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  20
     10.2.  Discussion of the baseline measurement . . . . . . . . .  21
     10.3.  Definition of SR-Path-Sub-Path-RTD-Estimate  . . . . . .  22
     10.4.  Definition of SR-Path-Sub-Path-*-Changepoint . . . . . .  22
     10.5.  Discussion of SR-Path-Sub-Path-*-Changepoint . . . . . .  23
     10.6.  Definition of SR-Path-Sub-Path-Congestion-Location . . .  24
     10.7.  Definition of SR-Path-Sub-Path-Disconnected  . . . . . .  25
   11. Discussion of Temporal Resolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  27
   12. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  27
   13. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  27
   14. References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  27
     14.1.  Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  27
     14.2.  Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  29
   Author's Address  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  29

1.  Introduction

   Within a Segment Routing domain, measurement packets can be sent
   along pre-determined segment routed paths [RFC8402].  A segment
   routed path may consist of pre-determined sub paths, specific router-
   interfaces or a combination of both.  A measurement path may also
   consist of sub paths spanning multiple routers, given that all
   segments to address a desired path are available and known at the SR
   domain edge interface.

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   A Path Monitoring System (PMS, see [RFC8403]) is a dedicated central
   Segment Routing (SR) domain monitoring device (as compared to a
   distributed monitoring approach based on router-data and -functions
   only).  Monitoring individual sub-paths or point-to-point connections
   is executed for different purposes.  IGP exchanges hello messages
   between neighbors to keep alive routing and swiftly adapt routing to
   topology changes.  In addition to that, Network Operators may be
   interested in monitoring connectivity and congestion of interfaces or
   sub-paths at a timescale of seconds, minutes or hours.  The
   periodicity of active probing samples and statistics based on these
   samples is often significantly smaller than commodity interface
   monitoring based on router counters, which may be collected on a
   minute timescale to keep the processing data load low.

   The IPPM architecture was a first step to that direction [RFC2330].
   IPPM's active measurement solutions require dedicated measurement
   systems, a large number of measurement agents and synchronised
   clocks.  Monitoring a domain from edge to edge by commodity IPPM
   solutions increases scalability of the monitoring system.  But
   localising the site of a detected network behaviour change may
   require additional network tomography methods.

   The IPPM Metrics for measuring connectivity offer generic
   connectivity metrics [RFC2678].  These metrics capture connectivity
   between end nodes without making any assumption on the paths between
   them.  The metric and the type-p packet specified by this document
   follow a different approach: they are designed to monitor
   connectivity and performance of a specific single link or a path
   segment.  The underlying definition of connectivity is partially the
   same: a packet not reaching a destination indicates a loss of
   connectivity.  An IGP re-route may indicate a loss of a link between
   neighbors, while it doesn't necessarily cause a loss of connectivity
   between end systems.  The metric specified here detects a loss of
   connectivity between neighbors, defined by a complete absence of a
   path between two nodes in both directions of communication (whereas a
   re-routing will briefly disturb a path, but connectivity is restored
   by the network after a short disturbance).

   A Segment Routing PMS is part of an SR domain.  The PMS is IGP
   topology aware, covering the IP and (if present) the MPLS layer
   topology [RFC8402].  This allows to steer PMS measurement packets
   along arbitrary pre-determined concatenated sub-paths, identified by
   suitable Segment IDs.  Basically, the SR connectivity metric as
   specified by this document requires set up of a number of
   constrained, overlaid measurement loops (or measurement paths).  The
   delay of the packets sent along each of these measurement loops is
   measured.  A single congested interface along a monitored sub-path
   adds latency along a unique subset of several measurement loops.  If

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   a monitored sub-path no longer provides IP/MPLS connectivity between
   two nodes, another unique subset of measurement loops will drop all
   traffic while connectivity is lost.  The number of measurement loops
   required in total may be limited to one per sub-path (or connection)
   to be monitored, if a hub-and-spoke like sub-path topology as
   described below is monitored.  In addition to information revealed by
   a commodity ICMP ping measurement, the metrics and methods specified
   here identify the location of a congested interface (or ingress of a
   congested sub-path, respectively).  To do so, tomography assumptions
   and methods are combined to first plan the overlaid SR measurement
   loop set up and later on to evaluate the captured performance
   metrics.

   There's another difference as compared with commodity ping: the
   measurement loop packets remain in the data plane of passed routers.
   These need to forward the measurement packets without any additional
   processing apart from that.

   It is recommended to consider automated measurement loop set-up.  The
   methods proposed here are error-prone, if the topology and
   measurement loop design isn't followed properly.  While details of an
   automated set-up are not within scope of this document, some formal
   defintions of constraints to be respected are given.

   This document specifies type-p metrics determining properties of an
   SR path which allows to monitor connectivity and congestion of
   interfaces.  The specified methods further allow to locate the path
   or interface which caused a change in the reported type-p metrics.
   This document is limited to the Segment Routing MPLS layer, but the
   methodology may be applied within SR domains or MPLS domains in
   general.

1.1.  Requirements Language

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
   document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [RFC2119].

2.  A brief segment routing connectivity monitoring framework

   The Segment Routing IGP topology information consists of the IP and
   (if present) the MPLS layer topology.  The minimum SR topology
   information consists of Node-Segment-Identifiers (Node-SID),
   identifying an SR router.  The IGP exchange of Adjacency-SIDs (Adj-
   SID) [RFC8667], which identify local interfaces to adjacent nodes, is
   optional.  It is RECOMMENDED to distribute Adj-SIDs in a domain
   operating a PMS to monitor connectivity as specified below.  If Adj-
   SIDs aren't availbale, [RFC8287] provides methods how to steer

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   packets along desired paths by the proper choice of an MPLS Echo-
   request IP-destination address.  A detailed description of [RFC8287]
   methods as a replacement of Adj-SIDs is out of scope of this
   document.  Monitoring interfaces connecting nodes requires Adj-SIDs,
   if re-converged IP/MPLS layer connectivity would result in re-routing
   packets (and re-establishment of IP/MPLS layer connectivity) by using
   Node-SIDs.

   An active round trip measurement between two adjacent nodes is a
   simple method to monitor connectivity of a connecting link.  If
   multiple links are operational between two adjacent nodes and only a
   single one looses connectivity, a single plain round trip measurement
   may fail to notice that or fail to identify which link has lost
   connectivity.  A round trip measurement further fails to identify
   which particular interface is congested, even if only a single link
   connects two adjacent nodes.

   Segment Routing enables the set-up of extended measurement loops.
   Several different measurement loops can be set up to form a partial
   overlay.  If done properly, any network change impacts more than a
   single measurement loop's round trip delay or causes drops of packets
   of more than one loop.  Randomly chosen measurement loop paths
   including the interfaces or paths to be monitored may fail to produce
   the desired unique result patterns, hence commodity network
   tomography methods aren't applicable [CommodityTomography].  The
   approach pursued here uses a pre-specified measurement loop overlay
   design to produce the desired results with a minimum effort.

   A centralised monitoring approach doesn't require report collection
   and result correlation from two (or more) receivers.  The metrics
   captured along different measurement loops however still need to be
   correlated.

   An additional property of the measurement loop set-up specified below
   is that it allows to estimate the packet round trip delay of a
   monitored link or sub-path.

   An example hub and spoke network, operated as SR domain, is shown
   below.  The included PMS shown is supposed to monitor the
   connectivity of all the 6 links (a link is a simple and generic kind
   of sub-path) attaching the spoke-nodes L050, L060 and L070 to the
   hub-nodes L100 and L200.  L300 only serves to connect the PMS to
   nodes L100 and L200.

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      +---+   +----+     +----+
      |PMS|   |L100|-----|L050|
      +---+   +----+\   /+----+
        |    /    \  \_/_____
        |   /      \  /      \+----+
     +----+/        \/_  +----|L060|
     |L300|         /  |/     +----+
     +----+\       /   /\_
            \     /   /   \
             \+----+ /   +----+
              |L200|-----|L070|
              +----+     +----+

                                  Figure 1

   Example hub and spoke network allowing link connectivity verification
   with a PMS

   The SID values are picked for convenient reading only.  Node-SID: 100
   identifies L100, Node-SID: 300 identifies L300 and so on.  Adj-SID
   10050: Adjacency L100 to L050, Adj-SID 10060: Adjacency L100 to L060,
   Adj-SID 60200: Adjacency L60 to L200 and so on (note that the Adj-SID
   are locally assigned per node interface, meaning two per link).

   Monitoring the 6 links between hub nodes Ln00 (where n=1,2) and spoke
   nodes L0m0 (where m=5,6,7) requires 6 measurement loops, which have
   the following properties:

   *  Each measurement loop follows a single round trip from one hub
      Ln00 to one spoke L0m0 (e.g., from L100 and L050 and back to
      L100).

   *  Each measurement loop passes two more links: one between the same
      hub Ln00 and another spoke L0m0 and from there to the alternate
      hub Ln00 (e.g., from L100 to L060 and then from L060 to L200)

   *  Every monitored link is passed by a single round trip measurement
      loop only once and further only once unidirectional by two other
      loops.  These latter, unidirectional measurement loop sections
      forward packets in opposing direction along the monitored link.
      In the end, three measurement loops pass each single monitored
      link (sub-path).  In figure 1, e.g. the link between L100 and L050
      is passed by one measurement loop following a round trip L100 to
      L050 (the measured delay is M1, see below), a second loop passes
      in direction L100 to L050 only (delay M3) and a third loop passes
      in direction L050 to L100 only (delay M6).

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   Note that any 6 links connecting two to five nodes can be monitored
   that way too.  Further note that the measurement loop overlay chosen
   is optimised for 6 links and a hub and spoke topology of two to five
   nodes.  The 'one measurement loop per measured sub-path' paradigm
   only works under these conditions.

   The above overlay scheme results in 6 measurement loops for the given
   example.  The start and end of each measurement loop is PMS to L300
   to L100 or L200 and a similar sub-path on the return leg.  These
   parts of the measurement loops are omitted here for brevity (some
   discussion may befound below).  The following delays are measured
   along the SR paths of each measurement loop:

   1.  M1 is the delay along L100 -> L050 -> L100 -> L060 -> L200

   2.  M2 is the delay along L100 -> L060 -> L100 -> L070 -> L200

   3.  M3 is the delay along L100 -> L070 -> L100 -> L050 -> L200

   4.  M4 is the delay along L200 -> L050 -> L200 -> L060 -> L100

   5.  M5 is the delay along L200 -> L060 -> L200 -> L070 -> L100

   6.  M6 is the delay along L200 -> L070 -> L200 -> L050 -> L100

   For brevity, in the following delay M1 also identifies the
   corresponding measurement loop number 1 and so on.

   An example for a stack of Adj-SID segments the loop resulting in M1
   is (top to bottom): 100 | 10050 | 50100 | 10060 | 60200 | PMS.  As
   can be seen, the Node-SIDs 100 and PMS are present at top and bottom
   of the segment stack.  Their purpose is to transport the packet from
   the PMS to the start of the measurement loop at L100 and return it to
   the PMS from its end.  When connectivity is lost, a path determined
   by Adj-SIDs behaves deterministic: packets forwarded to an Adj-SID
   without connectivity to the neighboring node are dropped.

   An example for a stack of a loop consisting of Node-SID segments
   allowing to capture M1 is (top to bottom): 100 | 050 | 100 | 060 |
   200 | PMS.

   The evaluation of the measurement loop round trip delays M1 - M6
   allows to detect the follwing state-changes of the monitored sub-
   paths:

   *  If the loops are set up using Node-SIDs only, any single complete
      loss of connectivity caused by a failing single link between any
      Ln00 and any L0m0 node briefly disturbs three measurement loops

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      and changes the delay measured along them.  The traffic to the
      Node-SIDs is re-routed (in the case of a single link loss, no node
      is completely disconnected in the example network).  In that case,
      a suitable metric characterising re-routing coupled with the loss
      of that single link is required.  The change in propagation delay
      might be an approach for such a metric (if there is any delay
      change, as that depends on the resulting alternate route delay).
      A delay based connectiviy scheme may not work under all
      circumstances.

   *  If the measurement loops are set up using Adj-SIDs only, a loss of
      connectivity caused by a failing single link between any Ln00 and
      any L0m0 node terminates the traffic along three measurement
      loops.  The packets of all three loops will be dropped, until the
      link gets back into service.  Traffic to Adj-SIDs is not rerouted.
      Note that Node-SIDs may be used to foward the measurement packets
      from the PMS to the hub node, where the first sub-path to be
      monitored begins and from the hub node receiving the measurement
      from the last monitored sub path to the PMS.

   *  The simple example indicates superiority of Adj-SIDs over Node-
      SIDs only if links are monitored and the network architecture is
      similiar to the one shown in the figure.  The generic advice is,
      that unambiguous connectivity monitoring is best based on packet
      loss, rather than on delay changes.

   *  A single congested interface between any Ln00 and any L0m0 node
      always only impacts the measured delay of two measurement loops.

   *  As an example, the formula to calculate the (sub-path) Round Trip
      Delay (RTD) for link L100-L050 is given here

      4 * RTD_L100-L050-L100 = 3 * M1 + M3 + M6 - M2 - M4 - M5.

      This formula is reproducible for all other links: sum up 3*RTD
      measured along the loop passing the monitored link of interest in
      round trip fashion, and add the RTDs of the two measurement loops
      passing the evaluated monitored link only in a single direction.
      From this sum subtract the RTD captured for the measurement loops
      not passing the monitored link evaluated to get four times the RTD
      of the monitored link evaluated.

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   A closer look reveals that any single event of interest for the
   proposed metric, which are a single loss of connectivity or a single
   case of congestion, only impacts a unique set of measurement loops
   which can be determined a-priori.  If, e.g., connectivity is lost
   between L200 and L050, measurement loops M3, M4 and M6 indicate
   packet loss (or a change of the measured delay, if a Node-SID based
   approach is preferred).

   As a second example: if the interface L070 to L100 is congested,
   measurement loops M3 and M5 indicate a change in the measured delay.
   Without listing all events, it can be shown that all cases of single
   losses of connectivity or single events of congestion influence only
   delay measurements of a unique set of measurement loops.

   The measurement loops are best set up while there's no congestion.
   In that case, the congestion free RTDs of all monitored links can be
   calculated as shown above which later allows to estimate the queue-
   depth under congestion.  A single congestion event adds queuing delay
   to the RTD measured of two specific measurement loops.  The two
   measurement loops impacted indicate the congested interface and
   enable estimation of the queue-depth (in terms of seconds based on
   comparing actual and prior delay measurements).  The per link RTD can
   be calculated while the network is operating without congestion, say
   at interval T0.  Then as an example, assume a queue of an average
   depth of 20 ms to build up at interface L200 to L070 at interval T1.
   The measurement loops M5 and M6 are the only ones passing the
   interface in that direction.  Both indicate an added delay along M5
   and M6 of + 20 ms during a measurement interval T1 with congestion on
   this interface, while M1-4 indicate unchanged delays.  The location
   of the congested interface is determined by the combination of the
   two (and only two) measurement loops M5 and M6 showing a significant
   delay increase.  The average queue depth [s] = ( M5[T1] - M5[T0] +
   M6[T1] - M6[T0] )/2.

   As mentioned there's a constant delay added for each measurement
   loop, which is the delay of the path passed from PMS -> L100 + L200
   -> PMS.  Please note, that this added delay is appearing twice in the
   formula resulting in the monitored link delay estimate of the example
   network.  Then it is the RTD PMS -> L100 + RTD L200 -> PMS.  Both
   RTDs can be directly measured by two additional measurements Cor1 =
   RTD ( PMS -> L100 -> PMS) and Cor2 = RTD (PMS -> L200 -> PMS).  The
   monitored link RTD formula was linkRTDuncor = 3*Mx + My + Mz - Ms -
   Mt - Mu.  The correct 4*linkRTDx = 4*linkRTDxuncor - Cor1 - Cor2.

   If the interface between PMS and L100/L200 is congested, all
   measurement loops M1-M6 as well as Cor1 and Cor2 will see a change.
   A congested interface of a monitored link doesn't impact the RTDs
   captured by Cor1 and Cor2.

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   The measurement loops may also be set up between hub nodes L100 and
   L200, if that's preferred and supported by the nodes.  In that case,
   the above formulas apply without correction.

3.  Topology and measurement loop set up requirements

3.1.  General network topology requirements

   The metric and methods specified below can be applied to monitor
   networks or sub-paths forming a hub and spoke topology.  A single
   sub-path status change of type loss of connectivity or congestion can
   be detected.  The nodes don't have to act as hubs or spokes, this
   terminology is only chosen to describe a topology requirement.  In
   detail, the topology to be monitored MUST meet the following
   constraints:

   *  The SR domain sub-paths to be monitored create a hub and spoke
      topology with a PMS connected to all hub nodes.  The PMS may
      reside in a hub.

   *  Exactly 6 (six) sub-paths are monitored.

   *  The monitored sub-paths connect at least two and no more than 5
      nodes.

   *  Every spoke node MUST have at least one path to every hub node.

   *  Every spoke node MUST at least be connected to one (or more) hub
      node(s) by two monitored sub-paths.

   *  Sub-paths between spokes can't be monitored and therefore are out
      of scope (the overlay measurement loops can't be set up as
      desired).

   Shared resources, like a Shared Risk Link Group (e.g., a single fiber
   bundle) or a shared queue passed by several logical links need to be
   considered during set up.  Shared resources may either be desired or
   to be avoided.  As an example, if a set of logical links share one
   parental scheduler queue, it is sufficient to monitor a single
   logical connection to monitor the state of that parental scheduler.

3.2.  Sub-path Monitoring measurement loop routing requirements

   The methodologies sepcified by this document REQUIRE a measurement
   loop path overlay of all path delay measurement streams Fi, i in [1,
   2...6] as defined in this section.  In the follwing, a path delay
   measurement stream Fi is called measurement (loop) Fi for brevity.

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   *  Define the segment routed Sub-paths SPi, i in [1, 2...6] to be
      monitored.  The Sub-paths SPi SHOULD not share resources, if the
      operator isn't aware of the impact of the shared resources on the
      measurement loops Fi and the methodologies defined below.  The
      Sub-path SPi topology SHOULD respect the general network topology
      requirements as specified above.

   *  Set up i = 1, 2...6 measurement loops Fi thus that measurement Fi
      passes SPi and only SPi bidirectional (or by a round-trip) from
      Hub to Spoke and back.  Note that the correspondance of SPi and Fi
      isn't strictly required.  Measurement Fi thus however appears in
      all methodologies calculating a metric related to SPi.

   *  Set up the SR path per measurement loops Fj and Fk thus that SPi
      is passed by exactly one other measurement loop Fj unidirectional
      in direction Hub to Spoke and by exactly one other measurement
      loop Fk unidirectional in the opposite direction (Spoke to Hub).
      The measurement loop Fi != Fj != Fk.  As a description, one
      measurement loop Fj pass SPi in "downstream" direction from Hub to
      Spoke, whereas measurement loop Fk passes SPi in "upstream"
      direction from Spoke to Hub.

   *  Set up each segment routed measurement loop path Fi thus that it
      passes SPi bidirectional as specified above, SPj unidirectional
      from Hub to Spoke and SPk unidirectional from Spoke to Hub. The
      monitored Sub-path SPi MUST NOT be equal to SPj and MUST NOT be
      equal to SPk.

   *  The measurement loop set up to monitor all Sub-paths SPi is
      completed, if:

      +   Each Sub-path SPi is passed by exactly three measurements
          loops Fi, Fj and Fk as specified above.

      +   Each segment routed measurement loop path Fi passes exactly
          three concatenated Sub-paths SPi, SPm and SPn as specified
          above (indices m and n are chosen here only to avoid
          misconceptions which may result from picking indices j and k
          already appearing before - equality of j and k with either m
          and n is neither excluded nor required).

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3.3.  Path

   This document specifies sub-path monitoring within a closed domain by
   a controlled and pre-designed measurement loop set-up.  The path
   traversed by the packet SHOULD be reported, as detecting data plane
   forwarding in line with the desired measurement loop set-up is
   essential for the metric to enable and verify accurate evaluation.
   See [RFC8287] for SR MPLS OAM and
   [ID.draft-ietf-6man-spring-srv6-oam] for SRv6 OAM.

3.4.  Sub-path Monitoring measurement loop packet spacing

   Packets per measurement loop Fi are sent periodically by a temporal
   distance of IncT.  For convenience, packets of the 6 measurement
   loops are assumed to be equally spaced at the sender too.  Let's
   define the temporal distance IncF between two consecutive packets
   sent along to different measurement loops Fi and Fj at a single
   sender to be

   IncF = IncT / 6

   Further it seems useful to suggest IncF to be bigger than the largest
   measurement loop delay max (mi) under stable network operation (i.e.,
   including some tolerance).  Further assume the standard deviation of
   the measurement values mi to be much smaller than the delay mi, which
   is likely for a sub path being a regional or national link in many
   countries.  Note that this definition isn't a strict requirement.
   Interpretation of results is however simplified by it.  For the rest
   of the document assume

   IncF > 2 * max (mi), i in [1...6], which results in

   IncT > 12 * max (mi)

   Discussion and reasoning for a reasonable smallest interval IncF in
   relation to max(mi) follows below.

4.  Generic Type-P-SR-Path-Periodic-* metric

   To reduce the redundant information presented in the detailed metrics
   sections that follow, this section presents the specifications that
   are common to two or more metrics.  The section is organized using
   the same subsections as the individual metrics, to simplify
   comparisons.

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4.1.  Metric Name

   All metrics use the Type-P convention as described in [RFC2330].  The
   rest of the name is unique to each metric.

4.2.  Generic Metric Parameters

   Refer to section 3.2.  Metric Parameters: Type-P-* of [RFC6673].  The
   following parameters are added, enhanced or removed:

      Dst SHOULD be a diagnostic IP address as specified by [RFC8287]
      and [RFC8029], if MPLS OAM is operated to capture the metric.

      Fi, where i in [1, 2...6], a selection function defining
      unambiguously a packet of one particular stream i forming part of
      the monitoring overlay measurement loop set up.

      L, a packet length in bits.  The packets of all Type-P-SR-Path-
      Delay-Periodic-Streams Fi SHOULD all be of the same length.

      MLAi, a stack of Segment IDs determining a monitoring loop Fi.
      The Segment-IDs MUST be chosen so that a singleton type-p packet
      of selection function Fi passes the sub-path i to be monitored.

      No support: lambda (Poisson Streams remain ffs.)

4.3.  Metric Units

   Refer to section 3.4.  Metric Units: Type-P-* of [RFC6673].

5.  Singleton Definition for Type-P-SR-Path-Periodic-Delay

5.1.  Metric Name

   Type-P-SR-Path-Periodic-Delay

5.2.  Metric Parameters

   See section Section 4.2.

5.3.  Delay Metric Units

   A sequence of consecutive time values.  The value of a Type-P-SR-
   Path-Periodic-Delay is either a real number or an undefined
   (informally, infinite) number of seconds per singleton of each stream
   Fi.

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5.4.  Definition

   Section 3.4 of [RFC7679] applies per singleton of each stream Fi.
   The additional information related to singletons of section 4.2.4 of
   [RFC3432] applies too.

5.5.  Discussion

   See section 3.5 of [RFC7679].  One generalisation seems appropriate:
   a global satellite navigation system affords one way to achieve
   synchronization within usec.

5.6.  Methodologies

   Section 3.6 of [RFC7679] applies per stream Fi with one exception: at
   the Src host, select Src and Dst IP addresses, if IP-routing is
   applied, or select the proper functional IP-destination address if an
   [RFC8287] SR MPLS OAM packet format is applied.  Further add the
   appropriate stack of Segment IDs MLAi determining the monitoring loop
   Fi and form a test packet of Type-P with these addresses and the
   segment stack.

5.7.  Errors and Uncertainties

   See section 3.7 of [RFC7679] and section 4.6 of [RFC3432].

5.8.  Reporting the metric

   See section 3.8 of [RFC7679].

6.  Singleton Definition for Type-P-SR-Path-Packet-Loss

   Editors note: To be added based on existing loss metrics.  A delay
   based approach indicating loss of a physical interface by detecting
   delay changes caused by re-routing can't be assumed to reliably cause
   unique delay change patterns under all circumstances (consider a
   shortest path routed multi-hop MPLS sub-path to be monitored rather
   than a link or a scenario where a bundle of 6 equivalent links is
   monitored connecting a single hub and spoke).

6.1.  Metric Name

   Type-P-SR-Path-Packet-Loss

6.2.  Metric Parameters

   See section Section 4.2.

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6.3.  Packet Loss Metric Units

   The value of a Type-P-SR-Path-Packet-Loss is either a zero
   (signifying successful transmission of the packet) or a one
   (signifying loss) per singleton of each stream Fi.

6.4.  Definition

   Section 2.4 of [RFC7680] applies per singleton of each stream Fi.

6.5.  Discussion

   See section 3.5 of [RFC7680].

6.6.  Methodologies

   Section 2.6 of [RFC7680] applies per stream Fi with one exception: at
   the Src host, select Src and Dst IP addresses, if IP-routing is
   applied, or select the proper functional IP-destination address if an
   [RFC8287] SR MPLS OAM packet format is applied.  Further add the
   appropriate stack of Segment IDs MLAi determining the monitoring loop
   Fi and form a test packet of Type-P with these addresses and the
   segment stack.

6.7.  Errors and Uncertainties

   See section 2.7 of [RFC7680].

6.8.  Reporting the metric

   See section 2.8 of [RFC7680].

7.  Definition of Samples for Type-P-SR-Path-Periodic-Delay

   This sections defines metric samples and metrics derived from
   samples.

7.1.  Generic Type-P-SR-Path-Periodic-Delay-* metric

   To reduce the redundant information presented in the detailed metrics
   sections that follow, this section presents the specifications that
   are common to two or more metrics.  The section is organized using
   the same subsections as the individual metrics, to simplify
   comparisons.

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7.1.1.  Metric Name

   Type-P-SR-Path-Periodic-Delay-*

7.1.2.  Metric Parameters

      Src, the IP address of a host

      Dst, the IP address of a host

      MLAi, a stack of Segment IDs

      Ti0, a time

      Tif, a time

      incT, a time

7.1.3.  Metric Units

   See section Section 5.3.

7.1.4.  Metric Defintion

   Given Ti0 and Tif and nominal inter-packet interval incT, those time
   values greater than or equal to Ti0 and less than or equal to Tif are
   then selected.  At each of the selected times in this process, we
   obtain one value of Type-P-SR-Path-Periodic-Delay.  The value of the
   sample is the sequence made up of the resulting [time, delay] pairs.
   If there are no such pairs, the sequence is of length zero and the
   sample is said to be empty.

7.1.5.  Discussion

   See section 4.4 of [RFC3432].

7.1.6.  Errors and uncertainties

   See section 4.6 of [RFC3432].

7.2.  Definition of Type-P-SR-Path-Periodic-Delay-Stream

   The only definition required for this metric is a unique metric name.

7.2.1.  Metric Name

   Type-P-SR-Path-Periodic-Delay-Stream

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7.3.  Definition of Type-P-SR-Path-Periodic-Delay-Variation

   The smallest sample Type-P-SR-Path-Periodic-Delay-Stream is one of
   two consecutively received values.  These may be used to calculate a
   Segment Routed Path Delay-Variation (SRDV) singleton, defined below.

7.3.1.  Metric Name

   Type-P-SR-Path-Periodic-Delay-Variation

7.3.2.  Methodologies

   SRDV[i,j], for each sample of packets j and j-1 of stream Fi, j > 1,
   the delay variation between successive packets is calculated as:

   SRDV[i,j] = Delay[i,j] - Delay [i,j-1],

   j in [2,3...N] and N the total number of packets received at Dst. If
   one or more of the M packets sent by Src are lost, they are ignored
   for the metric, as no reasonable metric value is defined here.  If N
   > 1, the metric is calculated for every valid packet received and the
   preceding one.

7.3.3.  Discussion of SRDV

   Evaluation statistics of differential SRDV metric samples may help to
   identify issues.

7.3.4.  Errors and uncertainties

   See section 2.7 of [RFC3393].

7.4.  Definition of Type-P-SR-Path-Periodic-Delay-Variation-Stream

   The only definition required for this metric is a unique metric name.

7.4.1.  Metric Name

   Type-P-SR-Path-Periodic-Delay-Variation-Stream

7.4.2.  Metric Defintion

   Given Ti0 and Tif, those time values greater than or equal to Ti0 and
   less than or equal to Tif are then selected.  At each of the selected
   times in this process, we obtain one value of Type-P-SR-Path-
   Periodic-Delay.  The value of the sample is the sequence made up of
   the resulting [time, delay-variation] pairs with time being set to
   the Dst timestamp of the Delay-Variation singleton, for which a valid

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   singleton is calculated.  If there are no such pairs, the sequence is
   of length zero and the sample is said to be empty.  If N Delay
   singletons are captured and sampled N-1 Delay-Variation singletons
   are sampled during the same interval

8.  Statistic Definitions for SR-Path-Periodic-*-Stream samples

   Change point detection requires statistical defintions.  These are
   provided below.  The names of the statistics contain an "*"
   placeholder, which may be replaced by "Delay" or "Delay-Variation".

8.1.  SR-Path-Periodic-*-Mean

   For a type-p metric, the mean is specified by:

   SR-*Mean = (1/N) * Sum(from a=1 to N, value[a])

   *  N sample size

   *  value sample value of a sampled [time, value] pair

8.2.  SR-Path-Periodic-*-Std

   For a type-p metric, the Standard-Deviation Std is specified by:

   SR-*Std = [1/(N-1)] * Sum(from a=1 to N, [SR-*Mean - value[a]]^2 )

   *  N sample size

   *  value sample value of a sampled [time, value] pair

   *  SR-*Mean sample mean of the same metric as defined above

   The definition as given above requires a two-pass calculation per
   sample.  Algorithms estimating the standard-deviation by one-pass
   calculation have been published and might be preferable, if metric
   singletons and samples aren't buffered or calculations need to be
   fast.

9.  Statistic Definitions for Type-P-SR-Path-Packet-Loss

   The packet loss ratio is a useful metric to characterise congestion.

9.1.  SR-Path-Packet-Loss-Ratio

   See section 4.1 of [RFC7680]

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10.  Sub-Path monitoring metrics derived from samples captured along the
     measurement loops

   To produce meaningful sub-path monitoring values, the measurement
   loop metrics are captured during a phase with stable networking
   conditions.  In a backbone network domain, the absence of congestion
   often is a sufficient condition (frequent traffic shifts due to
   changes in routing and traffic engineering aren't expected).  This
   may be different in a network based on a shared medium.  It may be
   outright difficult in networks with frequently changing traffic
   management- and routing-policies.

   In the following, the index CS indicates a statistic captured during
   a mesurement interval with stable routing and no congestion.

10.1.  Baseline measurement

   Capture a sample of delay values Type-P-SR-Path-Periodic-Delay-Stream
   of sample size N for each measurment loop Fi.  As a rule of thumb
   choose N in [30, 100].

   For each measurement loop Fi, calculate the following metrics
   characterising the monitored Sub-Paths during stable and congestion
   free network conditions:

   *  SR-Path-Delay-MeanCSi, the mean delay captured along measurement
      loop Fi

   *  SR-Path-Delay-StdCSi, the standard-deviation of the delay captured
      along measurement loop Fi

   *  SR-Path-Delay-Variation-MeanCSi, the mean delay variation captured
      along measurement loop Fi

   *  SR-Path-Delay-Variation-StdCSi, the standard-deviation of the
      delay variation captured along measurement loop Fi

   A stable and uncongested network should produce rather constant
   delays, resulting in low standard-deviation values and almost zero
   mean delay variation.  [Editors note: Add text to select the median
   of a small set of stream mean captures, like 5 samples captured
   consecutively.]

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   Example data was captured in a lightly loaded Gigabit network. 11
   routers are passed per measurement loop.  The sample size is 30
   packets, more than 200 samples were captured per measurement loop.
   The loops are set up for a different purpose than specified here,
   they are picked due to a high number of passed routers.  Note that
   SR-DV-Mean here refers to an abs(SR-DV-Mean) sample, thus small,
   positive, non-zero means result.  The time unit is microseconds.

         Metric|Quantile|SR-D-Mean|SR-D-Std|SR-DV-Mean|SR-DV-Std
         ------+--------+---------+--------+----------+---------
         Loop1 |   95%  |  34507  |   62   |    41    |   84
         ------+--------+---------+--------+----------+---------
         Loop2 |   95%  |  35104  |   45   |    34    |   49
         ------+--------+---------+--------+----------+---------
         Loop1 |   50%  |  34496  |   19   |    19    |   17
         ------+--------+---------+--------+----------+---------
         Loop2 |   50%  |  35088  |   15   |    14    |   12
         ------+--------+---------+--------+----------+---------
         Loop1 |    5%  |  34491  |   14   |    20    |   12
         ------+--------+---------+--------+----------+---------
         Loop2 |    5%  |  35080  |   13   |    12    |    9
         ------+--------+---------+--------+----------+---------

                                  Figure 2

   Example baseline metrics for an 11 hop measurement loop (quantiles
   refer to SR-D-Mean)

10.2.  Discussion of the baseline measurement

   Delay outliers may occur at any time in any communication network,
   and the measurement system packet processing itself may also produce
   some.  It is fair to expect only single outliers in a stable, not
   congested network.  It may be worth to capture several consecutive
   SR-Path-Periodic-*-Stream samples and compare their statistics,
   before picking reasonable baseline metric values.  Samples showing
   higher standard deviations (compare the 95% quantile values in the
   above figure to the 50% quantile values) may benefit from removing
   the maximum singleton value from the sample.  This will smooth the
   mean and standard-deviation, and if the result then is closer to
   those of the majority of the samples, foster confidence in
   determining the baseline metrics.  Depending on the preferred method
   of data-processing and storing, this may require capturing the sample
   maximum as a separate metric.

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10.3.  Definition of SR-Path-Sub-Path-RTD-Estimate

   Within a single evaluation interval of identical Time T0 and Tf, SR-
   Path-Delay-MeanCSi(from now on DMeanCSi)is the mean delay of the
   measurement loop passing the monitored Sub-Path SPi by a round trip.
   Let's keep the indexig applied above, then Fj and Fk with captured
   mean delays DMeanCSj and DMeanCSk pass SPi uniderictional.  Further,
   3 measurement loops Fx, Fy and Fz don't pass Sub-Path SPi at all.
   The corresponding mean delays are DMeanCSs, DMeanCSt and DMeanCSu.

   The the SR-Path-Sub-Path-RTD-Estimate of the Round Trip Delay along
   the monitored Sub-Path Fi, RTD_Fi, is

   RTD_Fi=(3*DMeanCSi+DMeanCSj+DMeanCSk-DMeanCSx-DMeanCSy-DMeanCSz)/4

10.4.  Definition of SR-Path-Sub-Path-*-Changepoint

   The asterisk stands for "Interface" as well as "Connectivity".  If
   connectivity is lost and no path is available between two nodes, any
   packets to be transmitted will are dropped.  A change in sub-path
   routes with a change in measurement loop delay indicitates a re-
   routimg event (a temporal loss in connectivity), not a long lasting
   loss of connectivity.  Hence a change in measurement loop delays
   caused by a re-routed monitored sub isn't useful to derive a metric
   indicating connectivity loss on a monitored sub path (a sub-path-
   route-change metric might be of interest, but isn't within scope of
   this document).

   Network changes like congestion or re-routing are often characterised
   by a change in the mean delay of a monitoring measurement.  CUSUM
   (cumulative sum ) charts have been shown to be efficient in detecting
   shifts in the mean of a process [NIST].  The upper bound CUSUM is
   defined as:

   Sup(t)-Fi-Delay = max(0,Sup(t-1) + xt - SR-Path-*-MeanCSi - ki)

   with Sup(0) = 0, ki = Delta * SR-Path-*-StdCSi (Delta is a
   dimensionless integer number), xt = Type-P-SR-Path-Periodic-*
   singleton for measurement loop Fi at time t.

   The actual SR-Path-Delay-Mean of Measurement Loop Fi is decided to be
   significantly above SR-Path-*-MeanCSi, if:

   Sup(t)-Fi-Delay > h_SP, with h_SP = d*ki (d is a dimensionless
   integer number).

   An analogus CUSUM controls changes to a lower mean delay (which may
   be caused by a re-routing event):

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   Slo(t)-Fi-Delay = max(0,Slo(t-1) + SR-Path-*-MeanCSi - xj - k)

   The actual SR-Path-Delay-Mean of Fi is decided to be significantly
   below SR-Path-*-MeanCSi, if:

   Slo(t)-Fi-Delay > h_SP

10.5.  Discussion of SR-Path-Sub-Path-*-Changepoint

   CUSUM chart based changepoint detection is sensible even to small
   changes in the mean.  CUSUM charts offer a limited protection against
   single, isolated outliers.  A cumulated sum only grows, if the
   controled process consistenly changes its mean (or standard
   deviation, respectively).  Assuming constant physical minimum delays
   to characterise wireline communication networks, a change in standard
   deviation not affecting the mean delay doesn't seem to be caused by a
   change in networking conditions.

   The measured delays will change once a Sub-Path route has changed, or
   once persistent congestion starts to fill a queue.  Both indicate
   changes in the network.  As the Sub-Pathes SPi form an overlay with
   designed properties, every network change affecting a sub-path
   creates correlated SR-Path-* metric changes.  As the correspondance
   of network changes to Sub-Path metrics is known a-priory, detecting
   correlated SR-Path-* metric changes allows to locate the change.

   In the absence of packet re-routing, packet loss is characterising a
   loss of connectivity.  Packet loss requires a time threshold when to
   decide that an active measurement packet was lost, and consecutive
   loss requires receiver awareness, that packets have been sent (this
   argues for the sender to be the receiver, unless both comminicate
   fast and reliable out of band).

   The preferred CUSUM parametrisation will depend on the kind of events
   to detected and on the outlier characteristics.

   ki = Delta * SR-Path-*-StdCSi may be set to a value relevant high
   enough to exclude single outliers to trigger an alert, but low enough
   to indicate persistent changes in delay.  The same holds for the to
   be picked for d.

   A broader discussion on CUSUM parametrisation may be found in
   literature.  Networking skills are required to parametrise CUSUM, as
   well as to interprete the results (notably to differ re-routing from
   congestion).

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10.6.  Definition of SR-Path-Sub-Path-Congestion-Location

   An interface along a single monitored Sub-Path SPi whose queue is
   persistently filled adds latency to measurement loop Fi and one of
   the two unidirectional measurement loops Fj and Fk passing Sub-Path
   SPi.  Fj has been defined to pass SPi from Hub to Spoke and Fk pass
   SPI in opposite direction.  Then SR-Path-Sub-Path-Congestion-Location
   metric for the traffic directed from "Hub to Spoke" along Sub-Path
   SPi is:

   SPi_ConLoc_ij = Sup(t)_SPi_Periodic-Delay + Sup(t)_SPj_Periodic-Delay

   And for the opposite traffic direction, from "Spoke to Hub":

   SPi_ConLoc_ik = Sup(t)_SPi_Periodic-Delay + Sup(t)_SPk_Periodic-Delay

   Note that another 10 SR-Path-Sub-Path-Congestion-Location metrics are
   calculated, one per monitored Sub Path and traffic direction.  The
   evaluation can be simplified as follows:

      IF SPi_ConLoc_ij > h_SP

      AND h_SP > Sup(t)_SPk_Periodic-Delay

      AND h_SP > Sup(t)_SPx_Periodic-Delay

      AND h_SP > Sup(t)_SPy_Periodic-Delay

      AND h_SP > Sup(t)_SPz_Periodic-Delay

   Then Sub-Path SPi faces congestion in direction "Hub to Spoke".

      IF SPi_ConLoc_ik > h_SP

      AND h_SP > Sup(t)_SPj_Periodic-Delay

      AND h_SP > Sup(t)_SPx_Periodic-Delay

      AND h_SP > Sup(t)_SPy_Periodic-Delay

      AND h_SP > Sup(t)_SPz_Periodic-Delay

   Then Sub-Path SPi faces congestion in direction "Spoke to Hub".

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   Here, h_SP is a universal threshold in unit time to indicate a
   filling queue or a significant change in delay due to a Sub-Path
   reroute or another persistent change in topology (like e.g. automated
   Layer 1 / Layer 2 topology changes).  Packets following SPx, SPy and
   SPz don't pass the congested interface of Sub-Path SPi.

10.7.  Definition of SR-Path-Sub-Path-Disconnected

   The idea of this document is to monitor a set of sub-paths for a
   single case of congestion or a single loss of connectivity.  If a
   single sub-path SPi looses connectivity, i.e., all packets are
   dropped in both sub-path forwarding directions, then three
   measurement loops mi, mj and mk fail to receive any traffic.  A
   single interface congestion will add latency to mi and one of mj or
   mk, respectively.  Still, if it is congestion of a single sub-path
   SPi interface causing additional latency, either mj or mk face no
   congestion and the one measured delay mj or mk should be within the
   expected range of values.  Rather than basing a loss of connectivity
   metric on a "reliable" indication SR-Path-Packet-Loss on each
   measurement loop mi, mj and mk by waiting for Tmax to receive any of
   the missed packets, this allows for a reaction independant of a
   conservative packet loss threshold like Tmax.  The idea is to judge
   on disconnectivity if no packet is received on all three measurement
   loops mi, mj and mk after the time interval the last single packet
   was expected to be received, if there was no prior indication of
   congestion.

   If the spacing of packets along consecutive measurement loops Fi is
   IncF as defined within section Section 3.4, then under stable network
   conditions every measurement packet sent along measurement loop Fi is
   received, before the next measurement packet is sent along
   measurement loop Fj.  If a measurement interval starts at T1 and none
   of the three measurement loops Fi, Fj and Fk received a packet within
   T1 + incT = T1 + 6 * incF, monitored Sub-Path i is disconnected.  It
   doesn't matter, along which of the three measurement loops the first
   not received packet was sent (there's no order here).

   incF > max (SR-Path-Delay-MeanCSi+ d * Delta * SR-Path-Delay-StdCSi
   ), i in [1...6]

   With d and Delta being integer numbers as specified in section
   Section 10.4.  If Fi and Fi+1 are measurement loops along which
   measurement packets are sent in consecutive order, this definition of
   incF ensures that the measurement packet sent along measurement loop
   Fi is received prior to sending the next measurement packet along
   measurement loop Fi+1 (under stable network conditions).  The product
   d * Delta * SR-Path-Delay-StdCSi allows to set the preferred
   tolerance for outliers.  It impacts the tradeoff between speed of

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   detection and false positive ratio.  With this parameterisation, the
   metric indicationg a loss of bidirectional connectivity along Sub-
   Path i is defined as

   either zero or one (or some logical equivalent), where LofCi=1
   indicates loss of continuity along monitored Sub-Path Fi and LofCi=0
   indicates successful arrival of at least one packet sent along
   measurement-loop Fi, Fj or Fk within incT.

   Under conditions of section Section 3.4, if at any sliding interval
   incT no singleton was received along measurement-loops Fi, Fj and Fk,
   no more packets are forwarded in any direction of monitored sub-path
   SPi.

   Faster detection of disconnectivity is likely possible by a different
   metric definition, which likely will depend on the measurement-loop
   delay Mi, Mj and Mk.  The metric chosen above allows for a simple
   parametrisation.  Metrics allowing for a faster determination of
   disconnection are not within scope of this document.

   The sub-path SPi is judged to be disconnected from the earliest time,
   when a packet was sent but not received on any of the three sub-paths
   Fi, Fj or Fk.  The sub-path SPi is judged to be connected, whenever a
   measurement packet sent along one or more of the measurement-loops
   Fi, Fj and Fk is received again.

             Fi = send time of a packet along measurement-loop Fi
                  i in [1...6]
             Mi = receive time of a packet sent along Fi
             incT interval between two packets sent along Fi
             incF > max (Mi)

               IncF                       IncT = 6 * IncF
          __/\__         ___________________/\__________________
         /      \       /                                       \
         +------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
         t=0    1   |  2      3      4  |   5      6   |  7   |  8
                F1  |  F2     F3     F4 |   F5     F6  |  F1  |  F2
                    M1                  M4             M6     M1 |
                                                                     |
         At time 8, next packet should be sent along F2.         |
         No packets were received along F2, F3 and F5 yet.       |
             Indicates discontinuity along SP3 at time 8.  <------+

                                  Figure 3

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   Illustration of the sub-path disconnectivity metric; sub-path SP3 is
   link L100 <-> L070 of the example network Figure 1.

   Note, if F2 sent at time 2 was received at time 2 + M2, but no more
   packet passing SP3 afterwards, discontinuity of SP3 is indicated at
   time 9, when F3 is to send the next packet.  Also note that
   discontinuity of SP3 could be indicated as early as time 6 in the
   example.  That requires a different metric.  Basing the metric
   definition on incT however covers all potential intervals between
   relevant Fi, Fj and Fk.

11.  Discussion of Temporal Resolution

   A loss of connectivity is detected after a temporal distance of IncT,
   the time period between two packets beeing sent along the same
   measurement-loop Fi.  IncT is specified as 6*IncF, where IncF is 2
   times the largest measurement-loop delay in the absence of
   congestion.  Hence a loss of connectivity is indicated after 12 * the
   largest measurement-loop delay.

   Reliable indications of lost connectivity may be possible also at
   smaller timescales.  The specification chosen seems to be simple as
   well as reliable and thus defines a starting point for advanced
   designs offering faster reaction.

12.  IANA Considerations

   If standardised, the metric will require an entry in the IPPM metric
   registry.

13.  Security Considerations

   This draft specifies how to use methods specified or described within
   [RFC8402] and [RFC8403].  It does not introduce new or additional SR
   features.  The security considerations of both references apply here
   too.

14.  References

14.1.  Normative References

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.

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   [RFC2678]  Mahdavi, J. and V. Paxson, "IPPM Metrics for Measuring
              Connectivity", RFC 2678, DOI 10.17487/RFC2678, September
              1999, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2678>.

   [RFC3393]  Demichelis, C. and P. Chimento, "IP Packet Delay Variation
              Metric for IP Performance Metrics (IPPM)", RFC 3393,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC3393, November 2002,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3393>.

   [RFC3432]  Raisanen, V., Grotefeld, G., and A. Morton, "Network
              performance measurement with periodic streams", RFC 3432,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC3432, November 2002,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3432>.

   [RFC6673]  Morton, A., "Round-Trip Packet Loss Metrics", RFC 6673,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC6673, August 2012,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6673>.

   [RFC7679]  Almes, G., Kalidindi, S., Zekauskas, M., and A. Morton,
              Ed., "A One-Way Delay Metric for IP Performance Metrics
              (IPPM)", STD 81, RFC 7679, DOI 10.17487/RFC7679, January
              2016, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7679>.

   [RFC7680]  Almes, G., Kalidindi, S., Zekauskas, M., and A. Morton,
              Ed., "A One-Way Loss Metric for IP Performance Metrics
              (IPPM)", STD 82, RFC 7680, DOI 10.17487/RFC7680, January
              2016, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7680>.

   [RFC8029]  Kompella, K., Swallow, G., Pignataro, C., Ed., Kumar, N.,
              Aldrin, S., and M. Chen, "Detecting Multiprotocol Label
              Switched (MPLS) Data-Plane Failures", RFC 8029,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC8029, March 2017,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8029>.

   [RFC8287]  Kumar, N., Ed., Pignataro, C., Ed., Swallow, G., Akiya,
              N., Kini, S., and M. Chen, "Label Switched Path (LSP)
              Ping/Traceroute for Segment Routing (SR) IGP-Prefix and
              IGP-Adjacency Segment Identifiers (SIDs) with MPLS Data
              Planes", RFC 8287, DOI 10.17487/RFC8287, December 2017,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8287>.

   [RFC8402]  Filsfils, C., Ed., Previdi, S., Ed., Ginsberg, L.,
              Decraene, B., Litkowski, S., and R. Shakir, "Segment
              Routing Architecture", RFC 8402, DOI 10.17487/RFC8402,
              July 2018, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8402>.

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   [RFC8667]  Previdi, S., Ed., Ginsberg, L., Ed., Filsfils, C.,
              Bashandy, A., Gredler, H., and B. Decraene, "IS-IS
              Extensions for Segment Routing", RFC 8667,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC8667, December 2019,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8667>.

14.2.  Informative References

   [CommodityTomography]
              Lakhina, A., Papagiannaki, K., Crovella, M., Diot, C.,
              Kolaczyk, ED., and N. Taft, "Structural analysis of
              network traffic flows", 2004,
              <https://www.cc.gatech.edu/classes/AY2007/cs7260_spring/
              papers/odflows-sigm04.pdf>.

   [ID.draft-ietf-6man-spring-srv6-oam]
              Zafar, A., Filsfils, C., Matsushima, S., Voyer, D., and M.
              Chen, "Operations, Administration, and Maintenance (OAM)
              in Segment Routing Networks with IPv6 Data plane (SRv6)",
              2021.

   [NIST]     NIST, "NIST/SEMATECH e-Handbook of Statistical Methods,
              section CUSUM Control Charts", 2021,
              <http://www.itl.nist.gov/div898/handbook/>.

   [RFC2330]  Paxson, V., Almes, G., Mahdavi, J., and M. Mathis,
              "Framework for IP Performance Metrics", RFC 2330,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2330, May 1998,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2330>.

   [RFC8403]  Geib, R., Ed., Filsfils, C., Pignataro, C., Ed., and N.
              Kumar, "A Scalable and Topology-Aware MPLS Data-Plane
              Monitoring System", RFC 8403, DOI 10.17487/RFC8403, July
              2018, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8403>.

Author's Address

   Ruediger Geib (editor)
   Deutsche Telekom
   Ida Rhodes Str.2
   64295 Darmstadt
   Germany
   Phone: +49 6151 5812747
   Email: Ruediger.Geib@telekom.de

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