External Trace ID for Configuration Tracing
draft-ietf-netconf-configuration-tracing-00
| Document | Type | Active Internet-Draft (netconf WG) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Authors | Jean Quilbeuf , Benoît Claise , Thomas Graf , Diego Lopez , Sun Qiong | ||
| Last updated | 2024-01-11 | ||
| Replaces | draft-quilbeuf-netconf-configuration-tracing | ||
| RFC stream | Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) | ||
| Intended RFC status | (None) | ||
| Formats | |||
| Yang Validation | 0 errors, 0 warnings | ||
| Additional resources | Mailing list discussion | ||
| Stream | WG state | WG Document | |
| Document shepherd | (None) | ||
| IESG | IESG state | I-D Exists | |
| Consensus boilerplate | Unknown | ||
| Telechat date | (None) | ||
| Responsible AD | (None) | ||
| Send notices to | (None) |
draft-ietf-netconf-configuration-tracing-00
OPSAWG J. Quilbeuf
Internet-Draft B. Claise
Intended status: Standards Track Huawei
Expires: 13 July 2024 T. Graf
Swisscom
D. Lopez
Telefonica I+D
Q. Sun
China Telecom
10 January 2024
External Trace ID for Configuration Tracing
draft-ietf-netconf-configuration-tracing-00
Abstract
Network equipment are often configured by a variety of network
management systems (NMS), protocols, and teams. If a network issue
arises (e.g., because of a wrong configuration change), it is
important to quickly identify the root cause and obtain the reason
for pushing that modification. Another potential network issue can
stem from concurrent NMSes with overlapping intents, each having
their own tasks to perform. In such a case, it is important to map
the respective modifications to its originating NMS.
This document specifies a NETCONF mechanism to automatically map the
configuration modifications to their source, up to a specific NMS
change request. Such a mechanism is required, in particular, for
autonomous networks to trace the source of a particular configuration
change that led to an anomaly detection. This mechanism facilitates
the troubleshooting, the post mortem analysis, and in the end the
closed loop automation required for self-healing networks. The
specification also includes a YANG module that is meant to map a
local configuration change to the corresponding trace id, up to the
controller or even the orchestrator.
Discussion Venues
This note is to be removed before publishing as an RFC.
Source for this draft and an issue tracker can be found at
https://github.com/JeanQuilbeufHuawei/draft-quilbeuf-opsawg-
configuration-tracing.
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Status of This Memo
This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.
Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute
working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet-
Drafts is at https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.
Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."
This Internet-Draft will expire on 13 July 2024.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2024 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (https://trustee.ietf.org/
license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document.
Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights
and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components
extracted from this document must include Revised BSD License text as
described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are
provided without warranty as described in the Revised BSD License.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2. Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3. Use cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3.1. Configuration Mistakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.2. Concurrent NMS Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.3. Conflicting Intents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.4. Not a use case: Onboarding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
4. Relying on W3C Trace Context to Trace Configuration
Modifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
4.1. Existing configuration metadata on device . . . . . . . . 6
4.2. Client ID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
4.3. Instantiating the YANG module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
4.4. Using the YANG module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
5. YANG module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
5.1. Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
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5.2. YANG module ietf-external-transaction-id . . . . . . . . 9
6. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
7. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
8. Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
9. Open Issues / TODO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
10. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
11. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Appendix A. Changes between revisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Appendix B. Tracing configuration changes . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1. Introduction
Issues arising in the network, for instance violation of some SLAs,
might be due to some configuration modification. In the context of
automated networks, the assurance system needs not only to identify
and revert the problematic configuration modification, but also to
make sure that it won't happen again and that the fix will not
disrupt other services. To cover the last two points, it is
imperative to understand the cause of the problematic configuration
change. Indeed, the first point, making sure that the configuration
modification will not be repeated, cannot be ensured if the cause for
pushing the modification in the first place is not known. Ensuring
the second point, not disrupting other services, requires as well
knowing if the configuration modification was pushed in order to
support new services. Therefore, we need to be able to trace a
configuration modification on a device back to the reason that
triggered that modification, for instance in a NMS, whether the
controller or the orchestrator.
This specification focuses only on configuration pushed via NETCONF
[RFC6241] or RESTCONF [RFC8040]. The rationale for this choice is
that NETCONF is better suited for normalization than other protocols
(SNMP, CLI). Another reason is that the notion of trace context,
useful to track configuration modifications, has been ported to
NETCONF in [I-D.rogaglia-netconf-trace-ctx-extension] and RESTCONF in
[I-D.rogaglia-netconf-restconf-trace-ctx-headers].
The same network element, or NETCONF [RFC6241] server, can be
configured by different NMSs or NETCONF clients. If an issue arises,
one of the starting points for investigation is the configuration
modification on the devices supporting the impacted service. In the
best case, there is a dedicated user for each client and the
timestamp of the modification allows tracing the problematic
modification to its cause. In the worst case, everything is done by
the same user and some more correlations must be done to trace the
problematic modification to its source.
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This document specifies a mechanism to automatically map the
configuration modifications to their source, up to a specific NMS
service request. Practically, this mechanism annotates configuration
changes on the configured element with sufficient information to
unambiguously identify the corresponding transaction, if any, on the
element that requested the configuration modification. It reuses the
concept of Trace Context [W3C-Trace-Context] applied to NETCONF as in
[I-D.ietf-netconf-transaction-id] The information needed to trace the
configuration is stored in a new YANG module that maps a local
configuration change to some additional metadata. The additional
metadata contains the trace ID, and, if the local change is not the
beginning of the trace, the ID of the client that triggered the
local-change.
2. Terminology
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
"OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP
14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all
capitals, as shown here.
This document uses the terms client and server from [RFC6241].
This document uses the terms transaction and Transaction ID from
[I-D.ietf-netconf-transaction-id].
This document uses the term trace ID from [W3C-Trace-Context].
Local Commit ID Identifier of a local configuration change on a
Network Equipment, Controller, Orchestrator or any other device or
software handling configuration. Such an identifier is usually
present in devices that can show an history of the configuration
changes, to identify one such configuration change.
3. Use cases
This document was written with autonomous networks in mind. We
assume that an existing monitoring or assurance system, such as
described in [RFC9417], is able to detect and report network
anomalies , e.g. SLA violations, intent violations, network failure,
or simply a customer issue. Here are the use cases for the proposed
YANG module.
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3.1. Configuration Mistakes
Taking into account that many network anomalies are due to
configuration mistakes, this mechanism allows to find out whether the
offending configuration modification was triggered by a tracing-
enabled client/NMS. In such a case, we can map the offending
configuration modification id on a server/NE to a local configuration
modification id on the client/NMS. Assuming that this mechanism (the
YANG module) is implemented on the controller, we can recursively
find, in the orchestrator, the latest (set of of) service request(s)
that triggered the configuration modification. Whether this/those
service request(s) are actually the root cause needs to be
investigated. However, they are a good starting point for
troubleshooting, post mortem analysis, and in the end the closed loop
automation, which is absolutely required for for self-healing
networks.
3.2. Concurrent NMS Configuration
Building on the previous use case is the situation where two NMS's,
unaware of the each other, are configuring a common router, each
believing that they are the only NMS for the common router. So one
configuration executed by the NMS1 is overwritten by the NMS2, which
in turn is overwritten by NMS1, etc.
3.3. Conflicting Intents
Autonomous networks will be solved first by assuring intent per
specific domain; for example data center, core, cloud, etc. This
last use case is a more specific "Concurrent NMS configuration" use
case where assuring domain intent breaks the entire end to end
service, even if the domain-specific controllers are aware of each
other.
3.4. Not a use case: Onboarding
During onboarding, a newly added device is likely to receive a
multiple configuration message, as it needs to be fully configured.
Our use cases focus more on what happens after the initial
configuration is done, i.e. when the "stable" configuration is
modified.
4. Relying on W3C Trace Context to Trace Configuration Modifications
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4.1. Existing configuration metadata on device
This document assumes that NETCONF clients or servers (orchestrators,
controllers, devices, ...) have some kind of mechanism to record the
modifications done to the configuration. For instance, devices
typically have an history of configuration changes and this history
associates a locally unique identifier to some metadata, such as the
timestamp of the modification, the user doing the modification or the
protocol used for the modification. Such a locally unique identifier
is a Local Commit ID, we assume that it exists on the platform. This
Local Commit ID is the link between the module presented in this
draft and the device-specific way of storing configuration changes.
4.2. Client ID
This document assumes that each NETCONF client for which
configuration must be traced (for instance orchestrator and
controllers) has a unique client ID among the other NETCONF clients
in the network. Such an ID could be an IP address or a host name.
The mechanism for providing and defining this client ID is out of
scope of the current document.
4.3. Instantiating the YANG module
[I-D.rogaglia-netconf-trace-ctx-extension] defines a NETCONF
extension providing the trace context from [W3C-Trace-Context].
Using this mechanism, the NETCONF server captures the trace-id, when
available, and maps it to a local commit ID, by populating the YANG
module.
+---------------+
| Orchestrator |
+---------------+
| tr-1, tx-1
v
+---------------+
| Controller |
+---------------+
tr-1, tx-2 | | tr-1, tx-3
v v
+-----+ +-----+
| NE1 | | NE2 |
+-----+ +-----+
Figure 1: Example of Hierarchical Configuration. tx: transaction.
tr: trace.
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It is technically possible that several clients push configuration to
the candidate configuration datastore and only one of them commits
the changes to the running configuration datastore. From the running
configuration datastore perspective, which is the effective one,
there is a single modification, but caused by several clients, which
means that this modification should have several corresponding
client-ids. Although, this case is technically possible, it is a bad
practice. We won’t cover it in this document. In other terms, we
assume that a given configuration modification on a server is caused
by a single client, and thus has a single corresponding client-id.
4.4. Using the YANG module
The YANG module defined below enables tracing a configuration change
in a Network Equipment back to its origin, for instance a service
request in an orchestrator. To do so, the Anomaly Detection System
(ADS) should have, for each client-id, access to some credentials
enabling read access to the YANG module for configuration tracing on
that client. It should as well have access to the network equipment
in which an issue is detected.
+---------------+
.----------------[5]match tr-1-------------->| |
| | Orchestrator |
| ----------------[6]commit-id---------------| |
| | +---------------+
| | | tx-1
| | v
| | +---------------+
| | .-----------[3] match tr-1------------>| |
| | | | Controller |
| | | .-----------[4] c-id O tr-1----------| |
| | | | +---------------+
| | | | | tx-2
| v | v v
+-----------+ +----+
| Anomaly |--[1] match commit-id before time t-->| |
| Detection | | NE |
| System |<--------- [2] c-id C tr-1------------| |
+----------+ +----+
Figure 2: Example of Configuration Tracing. tr: trace-id, C:
Controller, O: orchestrator. The number between square brackets
refer to steps in the listing below.
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The steps for a software to trace a configuration modification in a
Network Equipment back to a service request are illustrated in
Figure 2. They are detailed below.
1. The Anomaly Detection System (ADS) identifies the commit id that
created an issue, for instance by looking for the last commit-id
occurring before the issue was detected. The ADS queries the NE
for the trace id and client id associated to the commit-id.
2. The ADS receives the trace-id and the client-id. In Figure 2,
that step would receive the trace-id tr-1 and the id of the
Controller as a result. If there is no associated client-id, the
change was not done by a client compatible with the present
draft, and the investigation stops here.
3. The ADS queries the client identified by the client-id found at
the previous step, looking for a match of the trace-id from the
previous step. In Figure 2, for that step, the software would
look for the trace-id tr-1 stored in the Controller.
4. From that query, the ADS knows the local-commit-id on the client
(Controller in our case). Since the local-commit-id is
associated to a client-id pointing to the Orchestrator, the ADS
continues the investigation.
5. The ADS queries the Orchestrator, trying to find a match for the
trace-id tr-1.
6. Finally, the ADS receives the commit-id from the Orchestrator
that ultimately caused the issue in the NE. Since there is no
associated client-id, the investigation stops here. The
modification associated to the commit-id, for instance a service
request, is now available for further manual or automated
analysis, such as analyzing the root cause of the issue.
Note that step 5 and 6 are actually a repetition of step 3 and 4.
The general algorithm is to continue looking for a client until no
more client-id can be found in the current element.
5. YANG module
We present in this section the YANG module for modelling the
information about the configuration modifications.
5.1. Overview
The tree representation [RFC8340] of our YANG module is depicted in
Figure 3
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module: ietf-external-transaction-id
+--ro external-transactions-id
+--ro configuration-change* [local-commit-id]
+--ro local-commit-id string
+--ro timestamp? yang:date-and-time
+--ro trace-parent
| +--ro version? hex-digits
| +--ro trace-id? hex-digits
| +--ro parent-id? hex-digits
| +--ro trace-flags? hex-digits
+--ro client-id? string
Figure 3: Tree representation of ietf-external-transaction-id
YANG module
The local-commit-id represents the local id of the configuration
changes, which is device-specific. It can be used to retrieve the
local configuration changes that happened during that transaction.
The trace-parent is present to identify the trace associated to the
local-commit-id. This trace-parent can be transmitted by a client or
created by the current server. In Section 4.4, the most important
field in trace-parent is the trace-id. We also included the other
fields for trace-parent as defined in [W3C-Trace-Context] for the
sake of completion. In some cases, for instance direct configuration
of the device, the device may choose to not include the trace-id.
The presence of a client-id indicates that the trace-parent has been
transmitted by that client. If the trace is initiated by the current
server, there is no associated client-id.
Even if this document focuses only on NETCONF or RESTCONF, the use
cases defined in Section 3 are not specific to NETCONF or RESTCONF
and the mechanism described in this document could be adapted to
other configuration mechanisms. For instance, a configuration
modification pushed via CLI can be identified via a label, which
could contain the trace-parent. As such cases are difficult to
standardize, we won’t cover them in this document.
5.2. YANG module ietf-external-transaction-id
<CODE BEGINS> file "ietf-external-transaction-id@2021-11-03.yang"
module ietf-external-transaction-id {
yang-version 1.1;
namespace
"urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-external-transaction-id";
prefix ext-txid;
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import ietf-yang-types {
prefix yang;
reference
"RFC 6991: Common YANG Data Types, Section 3";
}
organization
"IETF NETCONF Working Group";
contact
"WG Web: <https://datatracker.ietf.org/wg/netconf/>
WG List: <mailto:netconf@ietf.org>
Author: Benoit Claise <mailto:benoit.claise@huawei.com>
Author: Jean Quilbeuf <mailto:jean.quilbeuf@huawei.com>";
description
"This module enables tracing of configuration changes in a
network for the sake of automated correlation between
configuration changes and the external request that triggered
that change.
The module stores the identifier of the trace, if any, that
triggered the change in a device. If that trace-id was provided
by a client, (i.e. not created locally by the server), the id
of that client is stored as well to indicated which client
triggered the configuration change.
Copyright (c) 2022 IETF Trust and the persons identified as
authors of the code. All rights reserved.
Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or
without modification, is permitted pursuant to, and subject
to the license terms contained in, the Revised BSD License
set forth in Section 4.c of the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions
Relating to IETF Documents
(https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info).
This version of this YANG module is part of RFC XXXX; see the
RFC itself for full legal notices. ";
revision 2022-10-20 {
description
"Initial revision";
reference
"RFC xxxx: Title to be completed";
}
typedef hex-digits {
type string {
pattern '[0-9a-f]*';
}
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description
"A string composed of hexadecimal digits. Digits represented by
letters are restricted to lowercase so that a single
representation of a given value is allowed. This enables using
the string equality to check equality of the represented
values.";
}
grouping trace-parent-g {
description
"Trace parent frow the W3C trace-context recommandation.
Follows the format version 00.";
leaf version {
type hex-digits {
length "2";
}
must "../version = '00'";
description
"Version of the trace context. Must be 00 to match the
format described in this module.";
}
leaf trace-id {
type hex-digits {
length "32";
}
must "../trace-id != '00000000000000000000000000000000'";
description
"Trace ID that is common for every transaction that is
part of the configuration chain. This value can be used
to match a local commit id to a commit local to another
system.";
}
leaf parent-id {
type hex-digits {
length "16";
}
description
"ID of the request (client-side) that lead to configuring
the server hosting this module.";
}
leaf trace-flags {
type hex-digits {
length "2";
}
description
"Flags enabled for this trace. See W3C reference for the
details about flags.";
}
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}
container external-transactions-id {
config false;
description
"Contains the IDs of configuration transactions that are
external to the device.";
list configuration-change {
key "local-commit-id";
description
"List of configuration changes, identified by their
local-commit-id";
leaf local-commit-id {
type string;
description
"Stores the identifier as saved by the server. Can be used
to retrieve the corresponding changes using the server
mechanism if available.";
}
leaf timestamp {
type yang:date-and-time;
description
"A timestamp that can be used to further filter change
events.";
}
container trace-parent {
description
"Trace parent associated to the local-commit-id. If a
client ID is present as well, the trace context was
transmitted by that client. If not, the trace context was
created locally.
This trace-parent must come from the trace context of the
request actually modifying the running configuration
datastore. This request might be an edit-config or a
commit depending on whether the candidate datastore is
used.";
uses trace-parent-g;
}
leaf client-id {
type string;
description
"ID of the client that originated the modification, to
further query information about the corresponding
change.
This data node is present only when the configuration was
pushed by a compatible system.";
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}
}
}
}
<CODE ENDS>
6. Security Considerations
7. IANA Considerations
This document includes no request to IANA.
8. Contributors
9. Open Issues / TODO
* Indicate what to do with O-RAN apps, since each of them might be
seen as a different client with a different client-id. This is
actually a requirement that the client-id should be granular
enough to distinguish between different controllers colocated on
the same device. For instance, the IP address might not be a
suitable client-id in that case.
* Define how to pass the client-id. Current leads are the trace-
state from [W3C-Trace-Context] and W3C Baggage
(https://www.w3.org/TR/baggage/).
* The model and usage presented here focuses of the problem of
tracing a configuration change back to its sources. As it relies
on [W3C-Trace-Context], we could also use associated mechanisms
for collecting and representing trace data such as OTLP. For
instance, we could define a YANG model matching the OTLP
protobuffer definition (draft: https://github.com/rgaglian/ietf-
netconf-trace-context-extension/blob/main/ietf-netconf-otlp-
protocol.tree). In that case the client-id could be a specific
attribute of the spans list.
10. Normative References
[I-D.ietf-netconf-transaction-id]
Lindblad, J., "Transaction ID Mechanism for NETCONF", Work
in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-netconf-
transaction-id-01, 4 July 2023,
<https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-ietf-netconf-
transaction-id-01>.
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[I-D.rogaglia-netconf-restconf-trace-ctx-headers]
Gagliano, R., Larsson, K., and J. Lindblad, "RESTCONF
Extension to support Trace Context Headers", Work in
Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-rogaglia-netconf-restconf-
trace-ctx-headers-00, 6 July 2023,
<https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-rogaglia-
netconf-restconf-trace-ctx-headers-00>.
[I-D.rogaglia-netconf-trace-ctx-extension]
Gagliano, R., Larsson, K., and J. Lindblad, "NETCONF
Extension to support Trace Context propagation", Work in
Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-rogaglia-netconf-trace-
ctx-extension-03, 6 July 2023,
<https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-rogaglia-
netconf-trace-ctx-extension-03>.
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.
[RFC6241] Enns, R., Ed., Bjorklund, M., Ed., Schoenwaelder, J., Ed.,
and A. Bierman, Ed., "Network Configuration Protocol
(NETCONF)", RFC 6241, DOI 10.17487/RFC6241, June 2011,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6241>.
[RFC8174] Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC
2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174,
May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8174>.
[RFC8340] Bjorklund, M. and L. Berger, Ed., "YANG Tree Diagrams",
BCP 215, RFC 8340, DOI 10.17487/RFC8340, March 2018,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8340>.
[W3C-Trace-Context]
"W3C Recommendation on Trace Context", 23 November 2021,
<https://www.w3.org/TR/2021/REC-trace-context-
1-20211123/>.
11. Informative References
[RFC8040] Bierman, A., Bjorklund, M., and K. Watsen, "RESTCONF
Protocol", RFC 8040, DOI 10.17487/RFC8040, January 2017,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8040>.
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Internet-Draft Configuration Tracing via trace-id January 2024
[RFC9417] Claise, B., Quilbeuf, J., Lopez, D., Voyer, D., and T.
Arumugam, "Service Assurance for Intent-Based Networking
Architecture", RFC 9417, DOI 10.17487/RFC9417, July 2023,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9417>.
Appendix A. Changes between revisions
01 -> 02
* Switch to trace-parent instead of transaction id for tracing
configuration
00 -> 01
* Define Parent and Child Transaction
* Context for the "local-commit-id" concept
* Feedback from Med, both in text and YANG module
Appendix B. Tracing configuration changes
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Mohamed Boucadair, Jan Linblad and
Roque Gagliano for their reviews and propositions.
Authors' Addresses
Jean Quilbeuf
Huawei
Email: jean.quilbeuf@huawei.com
Benoit Claise
Huawei
Email: benoit.claise@huawei.com
Thomas Graf
Swisscom
Binzring 17
CH-8045 Zurich
Switzerland
Email: thomas.graf@swisscom.com
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Diego R. Lopez
Telefonica I+D
Don Ramon de la Cruz, 82
Madrid 28006
Spain
Email: diego.r.lopez@telefonica.com
Qiong Sun
China Telecom
Email: sunqiong@chinatelecom.cn
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