Node Tags in YANG Modules
draft-ietf-netmod-node-tags-11
| Document | Type | Active Internet-Draft (netmod WG) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Authors | Qin Wu , Benoît Claise , Mohamed Boucadair , Peng Liu , Zongpeng Du | ||
| Last updated | 2023-11-03 (Latest revision 2023-10-21) | ||
| Replaces | draft-tao-netmod-yang-node-tags | ||
| RFC stream | Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) | ||
| Intended RFC status | Proposed Standard | ||
| Formats | |||
| Yang Validation | 0 errors, 0 warnings | ||
| Reviews |
YANGDOCTORS Last Call review
(of
-04)
by Mahesh Jethanandani
On the Right Track
|
||
| Additional resources | Mailing list discussion | ||
| Stream | WG state | Waiting for WG Chair Go-Ahead | |
| Document shepherd | Kent Watsen | ||
| IESG | IESG state | I-D Exists | |
| Consensus boilerplate | Yes | ||
| Telechat date | (None) | ||
| Responsible AD | (None) | ||
| Send notices to | kent+ietf@watsen.net |
draft-ietf-netmod-node-tags-11
NETMOD Working Group Q. Wu
Internet-Draft B. Claise
Updates: 8407 (if approved) Huawei
Intended status: Standards Track M. Boucadair
Expires: 23 April 2024 Orange
P. Liu
Z. Du
China Mobile
21 October 2023
Node Tags in YANG Modules
draft-ietf-netmod-node-tags-11
Abstract
This document defines a method to tag nodes that are associated with
the operation and management data in YANG modules. This method for
tagging YANG nodes is meant to be used for classifying either data
nodes or instances of data nodes from different YANG modules and
identifying their characteristic data. Tags may be registered as
well as assigned during the definition of the module, assigned by
implementations, or dynamically defined and set by users.
This document also provides guidance to future YANG data model
writers; as such, this document updates RFC 8407.
Status of This Memo
This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.
Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute
working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet-
Drafts is at https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.
Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."
This Internet-Draft will expire on 23 April 2024.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2023 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
Wu, et al. Expires 23 April 2024 [Page 1]
Internet-Draft YANG Node Tags October 2023
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (https://trustee.ietf.org/
license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document.
Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights
and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components
extracted from this document must include Revised BSD License text as
described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are
provided without warranty as described in the Revised BSD License.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2. Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3. Sample Use Cases for Node Tags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
4. Node Tag Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
4.1. IETF Tags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4.2. Vendor Tags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4.3. User Tags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4.4. Reserved Tags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
5. Node Tag Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
5.1. Module Design Tagging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
5.2. Implementation Tagging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
5.3. User Tagging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
6. Node Tags Module Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
6.1. Node Tags Module Tree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
7. Node Tags YANG Module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
8. Guidelines to Model Writers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
8.1. Define Standard Tags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
9. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
9.1. YANG Data Node Tag Prefixes Registry . . . . . . . . . . 13
9.2. IETF YANG Data Node Tags Registry . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
9.3. Updates to the IETF XML Registry . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
9.4. Updates to the YANG Module Names Registry . . . . . . . . 15
10. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
11. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
12. Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
13. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
13.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
13.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Appendix A. Instance Level Tunnel Tagging Example . . . . . . . 19
Appendix B. NETCONF Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Appendix C. Non-NMDA State Module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Appendix D. Targeted Data Fetching Example . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Appendix E. Changes between Revisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Wu, et al. Expires 23 April 2024 [Page 2]
Internet-Draft YANG Node Tags October 2023
1. Introduction
The use of tags for classification and organization purposes is
widespread, not only within IETF protocols, but globally in the
Internet (e.g., "#hashtags"). For the specific case of YANG data
models, a module tag has already been defined as a string that is
associated with a module name at the module level [RFC8819]for YANG
modules classification.
Many data models have been specified by various Standards Developing
Organizations (SDOs) and the Open Source community, and it is likely
that many more will be specified. These models cover many of the
networking protocols and techniques. However, data nodes defined by
these technology-specific data models might represent only a portion
of fault, configuration, accounting, performance, and security
(FCAPS) management information ([FCAPS]) at different levels and
network locations, but also categorized in various different ways.
Furthermore, there is no consistent classification criteria or
representations for a specific service, feature, or data source.
This document defines tags for both nodes in the schema tree and
instance nodes in the data tree, and shows how these tags can be
associated with nodes within a YANG module, to:
* Provide dictionary meaning for specific targeted data nodes;
* Indicate a relationship between data nodes within the same YANG
module or from different YANG modules;
* Identify auxiliary data properties related to data nodes;
* Identify key performance metric related data nodes and the
absolute XPath expression identifying the element path to the
nodes.
To that aim, this document defines a YANG module [RFC7950] that
augments the YANG Module Tags ([RFC8819]) to provide a list of node
entries to which add node tags or from which to remove node tags, as
well as a way to view the set of node tags associated with specific
data nodes or instance of data nodes within YANG modules.This new
module is: "ietf-node-tags" (Section 7).
Typically, NETCONF clients can discover node tags supported by a
NETCONF server by means of the <get-data> operation on the
operational datastore (Section 3.1 of [RFC8526]) via the "ietf-node-
tags" module. Alternatively, <get-schema> operation [RFC6022] can be
used to retrieve tags for nodes in the schema tree in any data
module. These node tags can be used by a NETCONF [RFC6241] or
Wu, et al. Expires 23 April 2024 [Page 3]
Internet-Draft YANG Node Tags October 2023
RESTCONF [RFC8040] client to classify either data nodes or instance
of these data nodes from different YANG modules and identify
characteristic data and associated path to the nodes or node
instances. Therefore, the NETCONF/ RESTCONF client can query
specific configuration or operational state on a server corresponding
to characteristic data.
Similar to YANG module tags defined in [RFC8819], these node tags
(e.g., tags for node in the schema node) may be registered or
assigned during the module definition, assigned (e.g., tags for nodes
in the data tree) by implementations, or dynamically defined and set
by users. The contents of node tags from the operational state view
are constructed using the following steps:
1. System tags (i.e., tags of "system" origin) that are assigned
during the module definition time are added;
2. User-configured tags (i.e., tags of "intended" origin) that are
dynamically defined and added by users at runtime;
3. Any tag that is equal to a masked-tag is removed.
This document defines an extension statement to indicate tags for
data nodes. YANG metadata annotations are also defined in [RFC7952]
as a YANG extension. The values of YANG metadata annotation are
attached to a given data node instance and decided and assigned by
the server and sent to the client (e.g., the origin value indicates
to the client the origin of a particular data node instance) while
tags for data node in the schema tree defined in Section 6 are
retrieved centrally via the "ietf-node-tags" module and can be either
assigned during the module defintion time or dynamically set by the
client for a given data node instance.
This document also defines an IANA registry for tag prefixes and a
set of globally assigned tags (Section 9).
Section 8 provides guidelines for authors of YANG data models. This
document updates [RFC8407].
The YANG data model in this document conforms to the Network
Management Datastore Architecture defined in [RFC8342].
Wu, et al. Expires 23 April 2024 [Page 4]
Internet-Draft YANG Node Tags October 2023
2. Terminology
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
"OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP
14 [RFC2119][RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all
capitals, as shown here.
The following terms are defined in [RFC7950] and are not redefined
here:
* Data Node
* Data Tree
* Schema Tree
This document defines the following term:
Node Tag: Tag for YANG nodes used for classifying either data nodes
or instances of data nodes from different YANG modules and
identifying their characteristic data.
Metrics: Metrics are a specific kind of telemetry data. They
represent a snapshot of the current state for a set of data, e.g.,
the current value of CPU resource. They are distinct from logs or
events, which focus on records or information about individual
events [OpenTelemetry].
Logs: Logs are detailed information about discrete event within a
component or a set of components, particularly errors, warnings or
other exceptional situations. This rich data tends to be much
larger than metric data and can cause processing issues,
especially if components are logging too frequently
[OpenTelemetry].
Traces: Traces provide visibility into how a request is processed
across multiple services in a microservices environment. Every
trace needs to have a unique identifier associated with it. Where
logging provides an overview to a discrete, event-triggered log,
tracing encompasses a much wider, continuous view of an
application [OpenTelemetry].
Info: Info is used to expose textual information which SHOULD NOT
change during process lifetime. Common examples are an
application's version [OpenMetric].
Wu, et al. Expires 23 April 2024 [Page 5]
Internet-Draft YANG Node Tags October 2023
The meanings of the symbols in tree diagrams are defined in
[RFC8340].
3. Sample Use Cases for Node Tags
The following describes some use cases to illustrate the use of node
tags. This section does not intend to be exhaustive.
An example of the use of tags is to search discrete categories of
YANG nodes that are scattered across the same or different YANG
modules supported by a device. For example, if instances of these
nodes in YANG modules are adequately tagged and set by a first client
("Client A") via the "ietf-node-tags" module (Section 7) and
retrieved by another client ("Client B") from the operational
datastore, then "Client B" can obtain the path to the tagged nodes
and subscribe only to network performance related data node instances
in the operational datastore supported by a device.
"Client B" can also subscribe to updates from the operational
datastore using the "ietf-node-tags" module. Any tag changes in the
updates will then resynchronize to the "Client B".
Also, tag classification is useful for users searching data node
repositories. A query restricted to the "ietf:metric" data node tag
in the "ietf-node-tags" module can be used to return only the YANG
nodes that are associated with the metric. Without tags, a user
would need to know the name of all the IETF YANG data nodes or
instances of data nodes in different YANG modules.
Future management protocol extensions could allow for filtering
queries of configuration or operational state on a server based on
tags (for example, return all operational state related to system
management).
4. Node Tag Values
All node tags (except in some cases of user tags as described in
Section 4.3) begin with a prefix indicating who owns their
definition. All tag prefixes MUST end with a colon and Colons MUST
NOT be used within a prefix. An IANA registry (Section 9.1) is used
to register node tag prefixes. Three prefixes are defined in the
subsections that follow.
No further structure is imposed by this document on the value
following the registered prefix, and the value can contain any YANG
type 'string' characters except carriage returns, newlines, tabs, and
spaces.
Wu, et al. Expires 23 April 2024 [Page 6]
Internet-Draft YANG Node Tags October 2023
Except for the conflict-avoiding prefix, this document is
purposefully not specifying any structure on (i.e., restricting) the
tag values. The intent is to avoid arbitrarily restricting the
values that designers, implementers, and users can use. As a result
of this choice, designers, implementers, and users are free to add or
not add any structure they may require to their own tag values.
4.1. IETF Tags
An IETF tag is a node tag that has the prefix "ietf:".
All IETF node tags are registered with IANA in the registry defined
in Section 9.2. These IETF Node Tags MUST conform to Net-Unicode as
defined in [RFC5198], and SHOULD not need normalization.
4.2. Vendor Tags
A vendor tag is a tag that has the prefix "vendor:".
These tags are defined by the vendor that implements the module, and
are not registered with IANA. However, it is RECOMMENDED that the
vendor includes extra identification in the tag to avoid collisions,
such as using the enterprise or organization name following the
"vendor:" prefix (e.g., vendor:entno:vendor-defined-classifier)
[RFC9371].
4.3. User Tags
User tags are defined by a user/administrator and are not registered
by IANA.
Any tag with the prefix "user:" is a user tag. Furthermore, any tag
that does not contain a colon (":", i.e., has no prefix) is also a
user tag.
Users are not required to use the "user:" prefix; however, doing so
is RECOMMENDED.
4.4. Reserved Tags
Section 9.1 describes the IANA registry of tag prefixes. Any prefix
not included in that registry is reserved for future use, but tags
starting with such a prefix are still valid tags.
Therefore an implementation SHOULD be able to process all tags
regardless of their prefixes.
Wu, et al. Expires 23 April 2024 [Page 7]
Internet-Draft YANG Node Tags October 2023
5. Node Tag Management
Tags may be associated with a data node within a YANG module in a
number of ways. Typically, tags may be defined and associated at the
module design time, at implementation time without the need of a live
server, or via user administrative control. As the main consumers of
node tags are users, users may also remove any tag from a live
server, no matter how the tag became associated with a data node
within a YANG module.
5.1. Module Design Tagging
A data node definition MAY indicate a set of node tags to be added by
a module's implementer. These design time tags are indicated using
'node-tag' extension statement.
If the data node is defined in an IETF Standards Track document, node
tags MUST be IETF Tags (Section 4.1). Thus, new data nodes can drive
the addition of new IETF tags to the IANA registry defined in
Section 9.2, and the IANA registry can serve as a check against
duplication.
5.2. Implementation Tagging
An implementation that wishes to define additional tags to associate
with data nodes within a YANG module MAY do so at implementation
time. These tags SHOULD be IETF (i.e., registered)), but MAY be
vendor tags. IETF tags allows better interoperability than vendor
tags.
5.3. User Tagging
Node tags that are dynamically defined, with or without a prefix, can
be added by the user from a server using normal configuration
mechanisms.
In order to remove a node tag from the operational datastore, the
user adds a matching "masked-tag" entry for a given node within the
'ietf-node-tags' module.
6. Node Tags Module Structure
6.1. Node Tags Module Tree
The tree associated with the "ietf-node-tags" module is shown as
figure 1:
Wu, et al. Expires 23 April 2024 [Page 8]
Internet-Draft YANG Node Tags October 2023
module: ietf-node-tags
augment /tags:module-tags/tags:module:
+--rw node-tags
+--rw node* [id]
+--rw id unit64
+--rw node-selector nacm:node-instance-identifier
+--rw tags* tags:tag
+--rw masked-tag* tags:tag
Figure 1: YANG Module Node Tags Tree Diagram
7. Node Tags YANG Module
The "ietf-node-tags" module imports types from [RFC8819] and
[RFC8341].
<CODE BEGINS> file "ietf-node-tags@2022-02-04.yang"
module ietf-node-tags {
yang-version 1.1;
namespace "urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-node-tags";
prefix ntags;
import ietf-netconf-acm {
prefix nacm;
reference
"RFC 8341: Network Configuration Access Control
Model";
}
import ietf-module-tags {
prefix tags;
reference
"RFC 8819: YANG Module Tags";
}
organization
"IETF NetMod Working Group (NetMod)";
contact
"WG Web: <https://datatracker.ietf.org/wg/netmod/>
WG List: <mailto:netmod@ietf.org>
Editor: Qin Wu
<mailto:bill.wu@huawei.com>
Editor: Benoit Claise
<mailto:benoit.claise@huawei.com>
Editor: Mohamed Boucadair
<mailto:mohamed.boucadair@orange.com>
Wu, et al. Expires 23 April 2024 [Page 9]
Internet-Draft YANG Node Tags October 2023
Editor: Peng Liu
<mailto:liupengyjy@chinamobile.com>
Editor: Zongpeng Du
<mailto:duzongpeng@chinamobile.com>";
// RFC Ed.: replace XXXX with actual RFC number and
// remove this note.
description
"This module describes a mechanism associating
tags with YANG node within YANG modules. Tags may be IANA
assigned or privately defined.
Copyright (c) 2022 IETF Trust and the persons identified as
authors of the code. All rights reserved.
Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or
without modification, is permitted pursuant to, and subject
to the license terms contained in, the Revised BSD License
set forth in Section 4.c of the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions
Relating to IETF Documents
(https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info).
This version of this YANG module is part of RFC XXXX
(https://datatracker.ietf.org/html/rfcXXXX); see the RFC
itself for full legal notices.";
// RFC Ed.: Update the date below with the date of RFC
// publication and RFC number and remove this note.
revision 2022-02-04 {
description
"Initial revision.";
reference
"RFC XXXX: Node Tags in YANG Modules";
}
extension node-tag {
argument tag;
description
"The argument 'tag' is of type 'tag'. This extension statement
is used by module authors to indicate node tags that should
be added automatically by the system. As such, the origin of
the value for the pre-defined tags should be set to 'system'.";
}
augment "/tags:module-tags/tags:module" {
description
"Augment the Module Tags module with node tag
attributes.";
container node-tags {
Wu, et al. Expires 23 April 2024 [Page 10]
Internet-Draft YANG Node Tags October 2023
description
"Contains the list of nodes or node instances and their
associated node tags.";
list node {
key "id";
description
"Includes a list of nodes and their associated
node tags.";
leaf id {
type uint64;
description
"Identification of each data node within YANG module. It is
unique 64-bit unsigned integers.";
}
leaf node-selector {
type nacm:node-instance-identifier;
description
"Selects the data nodes for which tags are specified.";
}
leaf-list tags {
type tags:tag;
description
"Lists the tags associated with the node within
the YANG module.
See the IANA 'YANG Node Tag Prefixes' registry
for reserved prefixes and the IANA 'IETF YANG Data
Node Tags' registry for IETF tags.
The 'operational' state view of this list is
constructed using the following steps:
1) System tags (i.e., tags of 'system' origin) are
added.
2) User configured tags (i.e., tags of 'intended'
origin) are added.
3) Any tag that is equal to a masked-tag is removed.";
reference
"RFC XXXX: node Tags in YANG Data
Modules, Section 9";
}
leaf-list masked-tag {
type tags:tag;
description
"The list of tags that should not be associated with the
node within the YANG module. The user can remove (mask)
tags from the operational state datastore by adding them
to this list. It is not an error to add tags to this list
Wu, et al. Expires 23 April 2024 [Page 11]
Internet-Draft YANG Node Tags October 2023
that are not associated with the data node within YANG
module, but they have no operational effect.";
}
}
}
}
}
<CODE ENDS>
8. Guidelines to Model Writers
This section updates [RFC8407] by providing text that may be regarded
as a new subsection to Section 4 of that document. It does not
change anything already present in [RFC8407].
8.1. Define Standard Tags
A module MAY indicate, using node tag extension statements, a set of
node tags that are to be automatically associated with nodes within
the module (i.e., not added through configuration).
module example-module-A {
//...
import ietf-node-tags { prefix ntags; }
container top {
list X {
leaf foo {
ntags:node-tag "ietf:metric";
}
leaf bar {
ntags:node-tag "ietf:info";
}
}
}
// ...
}
The module writer can use existing standard node tags, or use new
node tags defined in the data node definition, as appropriate.
For IETF standardized modules, new node tags MUST be assigned in the
IANA registry defined in section 9.2 of RFC xxxx.
Wu, et al. Expires 23 April 2024 [Page 12]
Internet-Draft YANG Node Tags October 2023
A data node can contain one or multiple node tags. Not all data
nodes need to be tagged. A data node to be tagged with an initial
value from Table 2 can be one of 'container', 'leaf-list', 'list', or
'leaf'. The 'container','leaf-list','list', or 'leaf' node not
representing a snapshot of the current state for a set of data MUST
not be tagged. The notification and action nodes MUST not be tagged.
All tag values described in Table 2 can be inherited down the
containment hierarchy if the data nodes tagged with those tag values
is one of 'container', 'leaf-list', or 'list'.
9. IANA Considerations
9.1. YANG Data Node Tag Prefixes Registry
This document requests IANA to create "YANG Node Tag Prefixes"
subregistry in "YANG Node Tag" registry.
Prefix entries in this registry should be short strings consisting of
lowercase ASCII alpha-numeric characters and a final ":" character.
The allocation policy for this registry is Specification Required
[RFC8126].
The Reference and Assignee values should be sufficient to identify
and contact the organization that has been allocated the prefix.
There is no specific guidance for the Designated Expert and there is
a presumption that a code point should be granted unless there is a
compelling reason to the contrary. The initial values for this
registry are as follows:
+----------+----------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| Prefix | Description | Reference | Assignee |
+----------+----------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| ietf: | IETF Tags allocated in the IANA | [This | IETF |
| | IETF YANG Node Tags | document] | |
| | registry | | |
| | | | |
| vendor: | Non-registered tags allocated by | [This | IETF |
| | the module's implementer. | document] | |
| | | | |
| user: | Non-registered tags allocated by | [This | IETF |
| | and for the user. | document] | |
+----------+----------------------------------+-----------+----------+
Figure 2: Table 1
Wu, et al. Expires 23 April 2024 [Page 13]
Internet-Draft YANG Node Tags October 2023
Other standards organizations (SDOs) wishing to allocate their own
set of tags should request the allocation of a prefix from this
registry.
9.2. IETF YANG Data Node Tags Registry
This document requests IANA to create "IETF Node Tags" subregistry in
"YANG Node Tag" registry. This subregistry appears below "YANG Node
Tag Prefixes" registry.
This subregistry allocates tags that have the registered prefix
"ietf:". New values should be well considered and not achievable
through a combination of already existing IETF tags.
The allocation policy for this subregistry is IETF Review with Expert
Review[RFC8126]. The Designated Expert is expected to verify that
IANA assigned tags conform to Net-Unicode as defined in [RFC5198],
and shall not need normalization.
The initial values for this subregistry are as follows:
+----------------------------+--------------------------+-----------+
| Node Tag | Description | Reference |
+----------------------------+--------------------------+-----------+
| ietf:metrics |Represent dynamic change | |
| |metric data | [This |
| |(e.g., ifstatistics) | document] |
| |associated with specific |[Open |
| |node (e.g.,interfaces) | Telemetry]|
| | | |
| ietf:logs |Represent detailed info | |
| |about discrete event | [This |
| |(e.g., errors, warnings) | document] |
| |associated with specific |[Open |
| |node (e.g.,system) | Telemetry]|
| | | |
| ietf:traces |Represent a single user | |
| |journey (e.g.,which | [This |
| |function, duration) | document] |
| |through entire application|[Open |
| |stack | Telemetry]|
| | | |
| ietf:info |Represent static texture | [This |
| |info (e.g., software | document] |
| |revision)associated with |[Open |
| |specific node (e.g., | Metric] |
| |hardware component) | |
+----------------------------+--------------------------+-----------+
Wu, et al. Expires 23 April 2024 [Page 14]
Internet-Draft YANG Node Tags October 2023
Figure 3: Table 2
9.3. Updates to the IETF XML Registry
This document registers the following namespace URIs in the "ns"
subregistry within the "IETF XML Registry" [RFC3688]:
URI: urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-node-tags
Registrant Contact: The IESG.
XML: N/A; the requested URI is an XML namespace.
URI: urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-node-tags-state
Registrant Contact: The IESG.
XML: N/A; the requested URI is an XML namespace.
9.4. Updates to the YANG Module Names Registry
This document registers the following two YANG modules in the YANG
Module Names registry [RFC6020] within the "YANG Parameters"
registry:
name: ietf-node-tags
namespace: urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-node-tags
prefix: ntags
reference: RFC XXXX
name: ietf-node-tags-state
namespace: urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-node-tags-state
prefix: ntags-s
reference: RFC XXXX
10. Security Considerations
The YANG module specified in this document defines schema for data
that is designed to be accessed via network management protocols such
as NETCONF [RFC6241] or RESTCONF [RFC8040]. The lowest NETCONF layer
is the secure transport layer, and the mandatory-to-implement secure
transport is Secure Shell (SSH) [RFC6242]. The lowest RESTCONF layer
is HTTPS, and the mandatory-to-implement secure transport is TLS
[RFC8446].
The Network Configuration Access Control Model (NACM) [RFC8341]
provides the means to restrict access for particular NETCONF or
RESTCONF users to a preconfigured subset of all available NETCONF or
RESTCONF protocol operations and content, e.g., the presence of tags
may reveal information about the way in which data nodes or node
instances are used and therefore providing access to private
information or revealing an attack vector should be restricted. Note
Wu, et al. Expires 23 April 2024 [Page 15]
Internet-Draft YANG Node Tags October 2023
that appropriate privilege and security levels need to be applied to
the addition and removal of user tags to ensure that a user receives
the correct data.
This document adds the ability to associate node tag with data nodes
or instances of data nodes within the YANG modules. This document
does not define any actions based on these associations, and none are
yet defined, and therefore it does not by itself introduce any new
security considerations.
Users of the node tag meta-data may define various actions to be
taken based on the node tag meta-data. These actions and their
definitions are outside the scope of this document. Users will need
to consider the security implications of any actions they choose to
define, including the potential for a tag to get 'masked' by another
user.
11. Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Ran Tao for his major contributions
to the initial modeling and use cases.
The authors would also like to acknowledge the comments and
suggestions received from Juergen Schoenwaelder, Andy Bierman, Lou
Berger, Jaehoon Paul Jeong, Wei Wang, Yuan Zhang, Ander Liu, YingZhen
Qu, Boyuan Yan, Adrian Farrel, and Mahesh Jethanandani.
12. Contributors
Liang Geng
Individual
32 Xuanwumen West St, Xicheng District
Beijing 10053
13. References
13.1. Normative References
[OpenMetric]
OpenMetric, "OpenMetrics, a cloud-native, highly scalable
metrics protocol", ,
<https://github.com/OpenObservability/OpenMetrics/blob/
main/specification/OpenMetrics.md>.
[OpenTelemetry]
OpenTelemetry, "High-quality, ubiquitous, and portable
telemetry to enable effective observability", ,
<https://github.com/open-telemetry>.
Wu, et al. Expires 23 April 2024 [Page 16]
Internet-Draft YANG Node Tags October 2023
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.
[RFC3688] Mealling, M., "The IETF XML Registry", BCP 81, RFC 3688,
DOI 10.17487/RFC3688, January 2004,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3688>.
[RFC5198] Klensin, J. and M. Padlipsky, "Unicode Format for Network
Interchange", RFC 5198, DOI 10.17487/RFC5198, March 2008,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5198>.
[RFC6020] Bjorklund, M., Ed., "YANG - A Data Modeling Language for
the Network Configuration Protocol (NETCONF)", RFC 6020,
DOI 10.17487/RFC6020, October 2010,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6020>.
[RFC7950] Bjorklund, M., Ed., "The YANG 1.1 Data Modeling Language",
RFC 7950, DOI 10.17487/RFC7950, August 2016,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7950>.
[RFC8040] Bierman, A., Bjorklund, M., and K. Watsen, "RESTCONF
Protocol", RFC 8040, DOI 10.17487/RFC8040, January 2017,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8040>.
[RFC8126] Cotton, M., Leiba, B., and T. Narten, "Guidelines for
Writing an IANA Considerations Section in RFCs", BCP 26,
RFC 8126, DOI 10.17487/RFC8126, June 2017,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8126>.
[RFC8174] Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC
2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174,
May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8174>.
[RFC8341] Bierman, A. and M. Bjorklund, "Network Configuration
Access Control Model", STD 91, RFC 8341,
DOI 10.17487/RFC8341, March 2018,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8341>.
[RFC8407] Bierman, A., "Guidelines for Authors and Reviewers of
Documents Containing YANG Data Models", BCP 216, RFC 8407,
DOI 10.17487/RFC8407, October 2018,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8407>.
[RFC8446] Rescorla, E., "The Transport Layer Security (TLS) Protocol
Version 1.3", RFC 8446, DOI 10.17487/RFC8446, August 2018,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8446>.
Wu, et al. Expires 23 April 2024 [Page 17]
Internet-Draft YANG Node Tags October 2023
[RFC8819] Hopps, C., Berger, L., and D. Bogdanovic, "YANG Module
Tags", RFC 8819, DOI 10.17487/RFC8819, January 2021,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8819>.
13.2. Informative References
[FCAPS] International Telecommunication Union, "X.700 : Management
framework for Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) for CCITT
applications", , September 1992,
<http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-X.700-199209-I/en>.
[RFC6022] Scott, M. and M. Bjorklund, "YANG Module for NETCONF
Monitoring", RFC 6022, DOI 10.17487/RFC6022, October 2010,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6022>.
[RFC6241] Enns, R., Ed., Bjorklund, M., Ed., Schoenwaelder, J., Ed.,
and A. Bierman, Ed., "Network Configuration Protocol
(NETCONF)", RFC 6241, DOI 10.17487/RFC6241, June 2011,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6241>.
[RFC6242] Wasserman, M., "Using the NETCONF Protocol over Secure
Shell (SSH)", RFC 6242, DOI 10.17487/RFC6242, June 2011,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6242>.
[RFC7952] Lhotka, L., "Defining and Using Metadata with YANG",
RFC 7952, DOI 10.17487/RFC7952, August 2016,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7952>.
[RFC8340] Bjorklund, M. and L. Berger, Ed., "YANG Tree Diagrams",
BCP 215, RFC 8340, DOI 10.17487/RFC8340, March 2018,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8340>.
[RFC8342] Bjorklund, M., Schoenwaelder, J., Shafer, P., Watsen, K.,
and R. Wilton, "Network Management Datastore Architecture
(NMDA)", RFC 8342, DOI 10.17487/RFC8342, March 2018,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8342>.
[RFC8526] Bjorklund, M., Schoenwaelder, J., Shafer, P., Watsen, K.,
and R. Wilton, "NETCONF Extensions to Support the Network
Management Datastore Architecture", RFC 8526,
DOI 10.17487/RFC8526, March 2019,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8526>.
[RFC8639] Voit, E., Clemm, A., Gonzalez Prieto, A., Nilsen-Nygaard,
E., and A. Tripathy, "Subscription to YANG Notifications",
RFC 8639, DOI 10.17487/RFC8639, September 2019,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8639>.
Wu, et al. Expires 23 April 2024 [Page 18]
Internet-Draft YANG Node Tags October 2023
[RFC8641] Clemm, A. and E. Voit, "Subscription to YANG Notifications
for Datastore Updates", RFC 8641, DOI 10.17487/RFC8641,
September 2019, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8641>.
[RFC8792] Watsen, K., Auerswald, E., Farrel, A., and Q. Wu,
"Handling Long Lines in Content of Internet-Drafts and
RFCs", RFC 8792, DOI 10.17487/RFC8792, June 2020,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8792>.
[RFC9195] Lengyel, B. and B. Claise, "A File Format for YANG
Instance Data", RFC 9195, DOI 10.17487/RFC9195, February
2022, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9195>.
[RFC9196] Lengyel, B., Clemm, A., and B. Claise, "YANG Modules
Describing Capabilities for Systems and Datastore Update
Notifications", RFC 9196, DOI 10.17487/RFC9196, February
2022, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9196>.
[RFC9371] Baber, A. and P. Hoffman, "Registration Procedures for
Private Enterprise Numbers (PENs)", RFC 9371,
DOI 10.17487/RFC9371, March 2023,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9371>.
Appendix A. Instance Level Tunnel Tagging Example
In the example shown in the following figure,the 'tunnel-svc' data
node is a list node defined in a 'example-tunnel-pm' module and has 7
child nodes: 'name','create-time','modified-time','average-
latency','packet-loss','min-latency','max-latency' leaf node. In
these child nodes, the 'name' leaf node is the key leaf for the
'tunnel-svc' list. Following is the tree diagram [RFC8340] for the
"example-tunnel-pm" module:
module: example-tunnel-pm
+--rw tunnel-svc* [name]
| +--rw name string
| +--ro create-time yang:date-and-time
| +--ro modified-time yang:date-and-time
| +--ro average-latency yang:gauge64
| +--ro packet-loss yang:counter64
| +--ro min-latency yang:gauge64
| +--ro max-latency yang:gauge64
To help identify specific data for a customer, users tags on specific
instances of the data nodes [RFC9195][RFC9196] are created as
follows:
Wu, et al. Expires 23 April 2024 [Page 19]
Internet-Draft YANG Node Tags October 2023
<rpc message-id="103"
xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:netconf:base:1.0">
<edit-data xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-netconf-nmda"
xmlns:ds="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-datastores">
<datastore>ds:running</datastore>
<config>
<module-tag>
<module>
<name>example-tunnel-pm</name>
<node-tags
xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-node-tags">
<node>
<id>1743</id>
<node-selector>/tp:tunnel-svc[name='foo']/tp:packet-loss
/</node-selector>
<tag>user:customer1_example_com</tag>
<tag>user:critical</tag>
</node>
<node>
<id>1744</id>
<node-selector>/tp:tunnel-svc[name='bar']/tp:modified-time
/</node-selctor>
<tag>user:customer2_example_com</tag>
</node>
</node-tags>
</module>
</module-tag>
</config>
</edit-data>
</rpc>
Note that the 'user:critical' tag is one addtional new tag value.
Appendix B. NETCONF Example
The following is a NETCONF example result from a query of node tags
list. For the sake of brevity only a few module and associated data
node results are provided. The example uses the folding defined in
[RFC8792].
Wu, et al. Expires 23 April 2024 [Page 20]
Internet-Draft YANG Node Tags October 2023
=============== NOTE: '\' line wrapping per RFC 8792 ================
<ns0:data xmlns:ns0="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:netconf:base:1.0">
<t:module-tags xmlns:t="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-module-tags">
<t:module>
<t:name>ietf-interfaces</t:name>
<s:node-tags
xmlns:s="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-node-tags">
<s:node>
<s:id>1723</s:id>
<s:node-selector>
/if:interfaces/if:interface/if:statistics/if:in-errors
</s:node-selector>
<s:tag>ietf:metric</s:tag>
<s:tag>user:critical</s:tag>
</s:node>
</s:node-tags>
</t:module>
<t:module>
<t:name>ietf-ip</t:name>
<s:node-tags
xmlns:s="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-node-tags">
<s:node>
<s:id>1733</s:id>
<s:node-selector>/if:interfaces/if:interface/ip:ipv4/ip:mtu
</s:node-selector>
<s:tag>ietf:metric</s:tag>
</s:node>
</s:node-tags>
</t:module>
</t:module-tags>
</ns0:data>
Figure 4: Example NETCONF Query Output
Appendix C. Non-NMDA State Module
As per [RFC8407], the following is a non-NMDA module to support
viewing the operational state for non-NMDA compliant servers.
<CODE BEGINS> file "ietf-node-tags-state@2022-02-03.yang"
module ietf-node-tags-state {
yang-version 1.1;
namespace
"urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-node-tags-state";
prefix ntags-s;
import ietf-netconf-acm {
prefix nacm;
Wu, et al. Expires 23 April 2024 [Page 21]
Internet-Draft YANG Node Tags October 2023
reference
"RFC 8341: Network Configuration Access Control
Model";
}
import ietf-module-tags {
prefix tags;
}
import ietf-module-tags-state {
prefix tags-s;
reference
"RFC 8819: YANG Module Tags ";
}
organization
"IETF NetMod Working Group (NetMod)";
contact
"WG Web: <https://datatracker.ietf.org/wg/netmod/>
WG List:<mailto:netmod@ietf.org>
Editor: Qin Wu
<mailto:bill.wu@huawei.com>
Editor: Benoit Claise
<mailto:benoit.claise@huawei.com>
Editor: Mohamed Boucadair
<mailto:mohamed.boucadair@orange.com>
Editor: Peng Liu
<mailto:liupengyjy@chinamobile.com>
Editor: Zongpeng Du
<mailto:duzongpeng@chinamobile.com>";
// RFC Ed.: replace XXXX with actual RFC number and
// remove this note.
description
"This module describes a mechanism associating data node
tags with YANG data node within YANG modules. Tags may be
IANA assigned or privately defined.
Copyright (c) 2022 IETF Trust and the persons identified as
authors of the code. All rights reserved.
Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or
without modification, is permitted pursuant to, and subject
to the license terms contained in, the Revised BSD License
set forth in Section 4.c of the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions
Relating to IETF Documents
Wu, et al. Expires 23 April 2024 [Page 22]
Internet-Draft YANG Node Tags October 2023
(https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info).
This version of this YANG module is part of RFC XXXX
(https://datatracker.ietf.org/html/rfcXXXX); see the RFC
itself for full legal notices.";
// RFC Ed.: update the date below with the date of RFC publication
// and RFC number and remove this note.
revision 2022-02-04 {
description
"Initial revision.";
reference
"RFC XXXX: Node Tags in YANG Data
Modules";
}
augment "/tags-s:module-tags-state/tags-s:module" {
description
"Augments the Module Tags module with node tag
attributes.";
container node-tags {
config false;
status deprecated;
description
"Contains the list of data nodes and their
associated self describing tags.";
list node {
key "id";
status deprecated;
description
"Lists the data nodes and their associated self
describing tags.";
leaf id {
type uint64;
status deprecated;
description
"Identification of each data node within YANG module. It is
unique 64-bit unsigned integers.";
}
leaf node-selctor {
type nacm:node-instance-identifier;
mandatory true;
status deprecated;
description
"Selects the data nodes for which tags are
specified.";
}
leaf-list tags {
type tags:tag;
Wu, et al. Expires 23 April 2024 [Page 23]
Internet-Draft YANG Node Tags October 2023
status deprecated;
description
"Lists the tags associated with the data node within
the YANG module.
See the IANA 'YANG Node Tag Prefixes' registry
for reserved prefixes and the IANA 'IETF YANG Data
Node Tags' registry for IETF tags.
The 'operational' state view of this list is
constructed using the following steps:
1) System tags (i.e., tags of 'system' origin) are
added.
2) User configured tags (i.e., tags of 'intended'
origin) are added.
3) Any tag that is equal to a masked-tag is removed.";
reference
"RFC XXXX: Node Tags in YANG Data
Modules, Section 9";
}
leaf-list masked-tag {
type tags:tag;
status deprecated;
description
"The list of tags that should not be associated with the
data node within the YANG module. The user can remove
(mask) tags from the operational state datastore by
adding them to this list. It is not an error to add
tags to this list that are not associated with the
data node within YANG module, but they have no
operational effect.";
}
}
}
}
}
<CODE ENDS>
Appendix D. Targeted Data Fetching Example
The following provides tagged data node Fetching example. The
subscription "id" values of 22 used below is just an example. In
production, the actual values of "id" might not be small integers.
Wu, et al. Expires 23 April 2024 [Page 24]
Internet-Draft YANG Node Tags October 2023
+-----------+ +-----------+
| Subscriber| | Publisher |
+-----+-----+ +-----+-----+
| |
| Node Tagging Fetching |
| (id, node-tag = metric) |
|<-----------------------------------+
| |
| establish-subscription |
+----------------------------------->|
| |
| RPC Reply: OK, id = 22 |
|<-----------------------------------+
| |
| Notification Message (for 22) |
|<-----------------------------------+
| |
The subscriber can query node tag list from operational datastore in
the network device using "ietf-node-tags" module defined in this
document and fetch tagged data node instances and associated data
path to the datastore node. The node tag information instruct the
receiver to subscribe tagged data node (e.g., performance metric data
nodes) using standard subscribed notification mechanism [RFC8639]
[RFC8641].
=============== NOTE: '\' line wrapping per RFC 8792 ================
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<t:module-tags
xmlns:t="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-module-tags">
<t:module>
<t:name>ietf-interfaces</t:name>
<s:node-tags
xmlns:s="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-node-tags">
<s:node>
<s:id>1723</s:id>
<s:node-selector>/if:interfaces/if:interface/if:in-errors
/</s:node-selector>
<s:tag>ietf:metric</s:tag>
<s:tag>vendor:critical</s:tag>
</s:node>
</s:node-tags>
</t:module>
</module-tags>
Figure 5: List of Available Target Objects
Wu, et al. Expires 23 April 2024 [Page 25]
Internet-Draft YANG Node Tags October 2023
With node tag information returned,e.g., in the 'get-data' operation,
the subscriber identifies tagged data node and associated data path
to the datastore node and sends a standard establish-subscription RPC
[RFC8639]and [RFC8641] to subscribe tagged data nodes that are
interests to the client application from the publisher. The
publisher returns specific data node types of operational state
(e.g., in-errors statistics data) subscribed by the client as
follows:
=============== NOTE: '\' line wrapping per RFC 8792 ================
<netconf:rpc message-id="101"
xmlns:netconf="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:netconf:base:1.0">
<establish-subscription
xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-subscribed-notifica\
tions"
xmlns:yp="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-yang-push">
<yp:datastore
xmlns:ds="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-datastores">
ds:operational
</yp:datastore>
<yp:datastore-xpath-filter
xmlns:ex="https://example.com/sample-data/1.0">
/if:interfaces/if:interface/if:statistics/if:in-errors
</yp:datastore-xpath-filter>
<yp:periodic>
<yp:period>500</yp:period>
</yp:periodic>
</establish-subscription>
</netconf:rpc>
Appendix E. Changes between Revisions
Editorial Note (To be removed by RFC Editor)
v10 - v11
* Remove all specific metrics from both terminology section and
section 9.2 on IETF YANG Data Node Tags Registry based on WGLC
discussion.
* Align with OpenTelemetry and Open Metrics open source
implementation specification, introduce traces, log for data nodes
classification.
* Fix normative reference issues in section 9.2.
v09 - v10
Wu, et al. Expires 23 April 2024 [Page 26]
Internet-Draft YANG Node Tags October 2023
* Remove identityref type from YANG module to avoid duplciation with
IETF node tag and align with Module tag design in RFC 8819.
* Add one key leaf using unsigned integer type to identify each data
node and modify the id leaf into path leaf.
* Clarify the colon's meaning and how it is used in the node tags.
* Remove Appendix A and Update Appendix B to explain how additonal
tags can be added at the implementation time.
* Module structure changes and YANG module code changes to align
with Module tag design in RFC 8819.
* Add relevant RFCs referencing to IETF node tags defined in section
9.2 and provide additional term definition to support IETF node
tags defined in section 9.2.
* Specify which data nodes can be tagged, which data nodes can not
in section 8.1.
v08 - v09
* Clarification on the relation with metadata annotation in section
1.
* Clarification on how masked-tag is used in section 5.3.
* Other editorial changes.
v07 - v08
* Make objective clearly, cover tags for both nodes in the schema
tree and nodes in the data tree.
* Document clearly which tags can be cached and how applications are
supposed to resynchronize and pull in any update in section 3.
* Clarify Instance level tag is not used to guide retrieval
operations in section 3.
* Distinguish Instance level tag from Metadata annotation in the
introduction section.
* Distinguish Schema Level tag from Instance level tag in the
introduction section and section 3.
Wu, et al. Expires 23 April 2024 [Page 27]
Internet-Draft YANG Node Tags October 2023
* Schema Level tag used in xpath query has be clarified in section
3.
* Other editorial changes.
v06 - v07
* Update use case in section 3 to remove object and subobject
concept and massive related words.
* Change the title into Node Tags in YANG Modules.
* Update Model Tag design in section 5.1 based on Balazs's comments.
* Add Instance level tunnel tagging example in the Appendix.
* Add 'type' parameter in the base model and add one more model
extension example in the Appendix.
* Consolidate opm-tag extension, metric-type extension and multi-
source-tag extension into one generic yang extension.
* Remove object tag and property tag.
* Other Appendix Updates.
v05 - v06
* Additional Editorial changes;
* Use the folding defined in [RFC8792].
v04 - v05
* Add user tag formating clarification;
* Provide guidance to the Designated Expert for evaluation of YANG
Node Tag registry and YANG Node Tag prefix registry.
* Update the figure 1 and figure 2 with additional tags.
* Security section enhancement for user tag managment.
* Change data node name into name in the module.
* Other Editorial changes to address Adrian's comments and comments
during YANG docotor review.
Wu, et al. Expires 23 April 2024 [Page 28]
Internet-Draft YANG Node Tags October 2023
* Open issue: Are there any risks associated with an attacker adding
or removing tags so that a requester gets the wrong data?
v03 - v04
* Remove histogram metric type tag from metric type tags.
* Clarify the object tag and property tag,metric tag are mutual
exlusive.
* Clarify to have two optional node tags (i.e.,object tag and
property tag) to indicate relationship between data nodes.
* Update targeted data node collection example.
v02 - v03
* Additional Editorial changes.
* Security section enhancement.
* Nits fixed.
v01 - v02
* Clarify the relation between data node, object tag, property tag
and metric tag in figure 1 and figure 2 and related description;
* Change Metric Group into Metric Type in the YANG model;
* Add 5 metric types in section 7.2;
v00 - v01
* Merge node tag use case section into introduction section as a
subsection;
* Add one glossary section;
* Clarify the relation between data node, object tag, property tag
and metric tag in node Tags Use Case section;
* Add update to RFC8407 in the front page.
Authors' Addresses
Wu, et al. Expires 23 April 2024 [Page 29]
Internet-Draft YANG Node Tags October 2023
Qin Wu
Huawei
101 Software Avenue, Yuhua District
Nanjing
Jiangsu, 210012
China
Email: bill.wu@huawei.com
Benoit Claise
Huawei
De Kleetlaan 6a b1
1831 Diegem
Belgium
Email: benoit.claise@huawei.com
Mohamed Boucadair
Orange
35000 Rennes
France
Email: mohamed.boucadair@orange.com
Peng Liu
China Mobile
32 Xuanwumen West St, Xicheng District
Beijing
Email: liupengyjy@chinamobile.com
Zongpeng Du
China Mobile
32 Xuanwumen West St, Xicheng District
Beijing
Email: duzongpeng@chinamobile.com
Wu, et al. Expires 23 April 2024 [Page 30]