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ICN Adaptation to LowPAN Networks (ICN LoWPAN)
draft-irtf-icnrg-icnlowpan-00

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Document Type
This is an older version of an Internet-Draft that was ultimately published as RFC 9139.
Authors Cenk Gündoğan , Thomas C. Schmidt , Matthias Wählisch , Christopher Scherb , Claudio Marxer , Christian Tschudin
Last updated 2018-10-22
Replaces draft-gundogan-icnrg-ccnlowpan
RFC stream Internet Research Task Force (IRTF)
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draft-irtf-icnrg-icnlowpan-00
ICN Research Group                                           C. Gundogan
Internet-Draft                                               TC. Schmidt
Intended status: Experimental                                HAW Hamburg
Expires: April 25, 2019                                     M. Waehlisch
                                                    link-lab & FU Berlin
                                                               C. Scherb
                                                               C. Marxer
                                                             C. Tschudin
                                                     University of Basel
                                                        October 22, 2018

             ICN Adaptation to LowPAN Networks (ICN LoWPAN)
                     draft-irtf-icnrg-icnlowpan-00

Abstract

   In this document, a convergence layer for CCNx and NDN over IEEE
   802.15.4 LoWPAN networks is defined.  A new frame format is specified
   to adapt CCNx and NDN packets to the small MTU size of IEEE 802.15.4.
   For that, syntactic and semantic changes to the TLV-based header
   formats are described.  To support compatibility with other LoWPAN
   technologies that may coexist on a wireless medium, the dispatching
   scheme provided by 6LoWPAN is extended to include new dispatch types
   for CCNx and NDN.  Additionally, the link fragmentation component of
   the 6LoWPAN dispatching framework is applied to ICN chunks.  Basic
   improvements in efficiency are advised by stateless and stateful
   compression schemes.

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
   working documents as Internet-Drafts.  The list of current Internet-
   Drafts is at https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   This Internet-Draft will expire on April 25, 2019.

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Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2018 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
   (https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
   to this document.

Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
   2.  Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
   3.  Overview of ICN LoWPAN  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
     3.1.  Link-Layer Convergence  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
     3.2.  Stateless Header Compression  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
     3.3.  Stateful Header Compression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
   4.  IEEE 802.15.4 Adaptation  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
     4.1.  LoWPAN Encapsulation  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
     4.2.  Link Fragmentation  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
     4.3.  Integrating Stateful Header Compression . . . . . . . . .  10
   5.  ICN LoWPAN for NDN  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
     5.1.  TLV Encoding  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
     5.2.  Name TLV Compression  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
     5.3.  Interest Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
     5.4.  Data Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16
   6.  ICN LoWPAN for CCNx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18
     6.1.  TLV Encoding  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18
     6.2.  Name TLV Compression  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18
     6.3.  Interest Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18
     6.4.  Content Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  24
   7.  Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  27
   8.  IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  27
     8.1.  Page Switch Dispatch Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  27
   9.  References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  28
     9.1.  Normative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  28
     9.2.  Informative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  28
   Appendix A.  Estimated Size Reduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  31
     A.1.  NDN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  31
       A.1.1.  Interest  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  31
       A.1.2.  Data  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  32
     A.2.  CCNx  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  34
       A.2.1.  Interest  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  34
       A.2.2.  Data  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  35
   Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  36

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   Authors' Addresses  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  36

1.  Introduction

   The Internet of Things (IoT) has been identified as a promising
   deployment area for Information Centric Networks (ICN), as
   infrastructureless access to content, resilient forwarding, and in-
   network data replication have shown noteable advantages over the
   traditional host-to-host approach on the Internet [NDN-EXP1],
   [NDN-EXP2].  Recent studies [NDN-MAC] have shown that an appropriate
   mapping to link layer technologies has a large impact on the
   practical performance of an ICN.  This will be even more relevant in
   the context of IoT communication where nodes often exchange messages
   via low-power wireless links under lossy conditions.  In this memo,
   we address the base adaptation of data chunks to such link layers for
   the ICN flavors NDN [NDN] and CCNx.

   The IEEE 802.15.4 [ieee802.15.4] link layer is used in low-power and
   lossy networks (see "LLN" in [RFC7228]), in which devices are
   typically battery-operated and constrained in resources.
   Characteristics of LLNs include an unreliable environment, low
   bandwidth transmissions, and increased latencies.  IEEE 802.15.4
   admits a maximum physical layer packet size of 127 octets.  The
   maximum frame header size is 25 octets, which leaves 102 octets for
   the payload.  IEEE 802.15.4 security features further reduce this
   payload length by up to 21 octets, yielding a net of 81 octets for
   CCNx or NDN packet headers, signatures and content.

   6LoWPAN [RFC4944][RFC6282] is a convergence layer that provides frame
   formats, header compression and link fragmentation for IPv6 packets
   in IEEE 802.15.4 networks.  The 6LoWPAN adaptation introduces a
   dispatching framework that prepends further information to 6LoWPAN
   packets, including a protocol identifier for IEEE 802.15.4 payload
   and meta information about link fragmentation.

   Prevalent Type-Length-Value (TLV) based packet formats such as in
   CCNx and NDN are designed to be generic and extensible.  This leads
   to header verbosity which is inappropriate in constrained
   environments of IEEE 802.15.4 links.  This document presents ICN
   LoWPAN, a convergence layer for IEEE 802.15.4 motivated by 6LoWPAN
   that compresses packet headers of CCNx as well as NDN and allows for
   an increased payload size per packet.  Additionally by reusing the
   dispatching framwork defined by 6LoWPAN, compatibility between
   coexisting wireless networks of competing technologies is enabled.
   This also allows to reuse the link fragmentation scheme specified by
   6LoWPAN for ICN LoWPAN.

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   ICN LoWPAN utilizes a more space efficient representation of CCNx and
   NDN packet formats.  This syntactic change is described for CCNx and
   NDN separately, as the header formats and TLV encodings differ
   largely.  For further reductions, default header values suitable for
   constrained IoT networks are selected in order to elide corresponding
   TLVs.

   In a typical IoT scenario (see Figure 1), embedded devices are
   interconnected via quasi-stationary infrastructure whith a border
   router (BR) interconnecting the constrained LoWPAN networks via some
   Gateway with the public Internet.  In ICN based IoT networks,
   Interest and Data messages transparently travel through the BR up and
   down between a Gateway and the embedded devices within the
   constrained LoWPANs.

                               |Gateway Services|
                               -------------------------
                                     |
                                 ,--------,
                                 |        |
                                 |   BR   |
                                 |        |
                                 '--------'
                                              LoWPAN
                               O            O
                                      O
                             O                O   embedded
                               O      O     O     devices
                                O         O

                        Figure 1: IoT Stub Network

2.  Terminology

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
   document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [RFC2119].
   The use of the term, "silently ignore" is not defined in RFC 2119.
   However, the term is used in this document and can be similarly
   construed.

   This document uses the terminology of [RFC7476], [RFC7927], and
   [RFC7945] for ICN entities.

   The following terms are used in the document and defined as follows:

   ICN LoWPAN:   Information-Centric Networking over Low-power Wireless
                 Personal Area Network

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   LLN           Low-Power and Lossy Network

   CCNx:         Content-Centric Networking Architecture

   NDN:          Named Data Networking

3.  Overview of ICN LoWPAN

3.1.  Link-Layer Convergence

   ICN LoWPAN provides a convergence layer that maps ICN packets onto
   constrained link-layer technologies.  This includes features such as
   link-layer fragmentation, protocol separation on the link-layer
   level, and link-layer address mappings.  The stack traversal is
   visualized in Figure 2.

         Device 1                                         Device 2
   ,------------------,           Router            ,------------------,
   |  Application   . |     __________________      | ,-> Application  |
   |----------------|-|    |    NDN / CCNx    |     |-|----------------|
   |  NDN / CCNx    | |    | ,--------------, |     | |    NDN / CCNx  |
   |----------------|-|    |-|--------------|-|     |-|----------------|
   |  ICN LoWPAN    | |    | |  ICN LoWPAN  | |     | |    ICN LoWPAN  |
   |----------------|-|    |-|--------------|-|     |-|----------------|
   |  Link-Layer    | |    | |  Link-Layer  | |     | |    Link-Layer  |
   '----------------|-'    '-|--------------|-'     '-|----------------'
                    '--------'              '---------'

         Figure 2: ICN LoWPAN convergence layer for IEEE 802.15.4

   Section 4 of this document defines the convergence layer for IEEE
   802.15.4.

3.2.  Stateless Header Compression

   ICN LoWPAN also defines a stateless header compression scheme with
   the main purpose of reducing header overhead of ICN packets.  This is
   of particular importance for link-layers with small MTUs.  The
   stateless compression does not require pre-configuration of global
   state.

   The CCNx and NDN header formats are composed of Type-Length-Value
   (TLV) fields to encode header data.  The advantage of TLVs is its
   native support of variable-sized data.  The main disadvantage of TLVs
   is the verbosity that results from storing the type and length of the
   encoded data.

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   The stateless header compression scheme makes use of compact bit
   fields to indicate the presence of mandatory and optional TLVs in the
   uncompressed packet.  The order of set bits in the bit fields
   corresponds to the order of each TLV in the packet.  Further
   compression is achieved by specifying default values and reducing the
   codomain of certain header fields.

   Figure 3 demonstrates the stateless header compression idea.  In this
   example, the first type of the first TLV is removed and the
   corresponding bit in the bit field is set.  The second TLV represents
   a fixed-length TLV (e.g. the Nonce TLV in NDN), so that the type and
   the length fields are removed.  The third TLV represents a boolean
   TLV (e.g. the MustBeFresh selector in NDN) and is missing the type,
   length and the value field.

                +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
                | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |  Bit field
                +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
                  |       |                   |
               ,--'       '-----------,       '- boolean
               |                      |
              +-------+--------------+-------------+
              |  LEN  |     VALUE    |    VALUE    |
              +-------+--------------+-------------+

     Figure 3: Compression using a compact bit field to encode context
                               information.

3.3.  Stateful Header Compression

   ICN LoWPAN further employs 2 stateful compression schemes to enhance
   size reductions.  These mechanisms rely on shared contexts that are
   either distributed and maintained in the whole LoWPAN, or are
   generated on-demand for a particular Interest-data path.

3.3.1.  LoWPAN-local State

   A context identifier (CID) is a 1-octet wide number that refers to a
   particular conceptual context between network devices and MAY be used
   to replace frequently appearing information, like name prefixes,
   suffixes, or meta information, such as Interest lifetime.

   The initial distribution and maintenance of shared context is out of
   scope.  Frames containing unknown or invalid CIDs are silently
   discarded.

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3.3.2.  En-route State

   In CCNx and NDN, Name TLVs are included in Interest messages, and
   they return in data messages.  Returning Name TLVs either equal to
   the original Name TLV, or they contain the original Name TLV as a
   prefix.  ICN LoWPAN reduces this duplication in responses by
   replacing Name TLVs with 1-octet wide HopIDs.  While an Interest is
   forwarded, each hop generates an ephemeral HopID that is tied to a
   PIT entry.  Each HopID MUST be unique within the local PIT and only
   exist during the lifetime of a PIT entry.  To maintain HopIDs, the
   local PIT is extended by two new columns: HIDi (inbound HopIDs) and
   HIDo (outbound HopIDs).

   HopIDs are included in Interests and stored on the next hop with the
   resulting PIT entry in the HIDi column.  The HopID is replaced with a
   newly generated local HopID before the Interest is forwarded.  This
   new HopID is stored in the HIDo column of the local PIT (see
   Figure 4).

       PIT of B      PIT Extension          PIT of C      PIT Extension
   +--------+------++------+------+     +--------+------++------+------+
   | Prefix | Face || HIDi | HIDo |     | Prefix | Face || HIDi | HIDo |
   +========+======++======+======+     +========+======++======+======+
   |  /p0   | F_A  || h_A  | h_B  |     |  /p0   | F_A  || h_A  |      |
   +--------+------++------+------+     +--------+------++------+------+
                       ^       |                            ^
                 store |       '----------------------, ,---' store
                       |                 send         v |
   ,---,         /p0, h_A          ,---,         /p0, h_B          ,---,
   | A | ------------------------> | B | ------------------------> | C |
   '---'                           '---'                           '---'

         Figure 4: Setting compression state en-route (Interest).

   Responses include HopIDs that were obtained from Interests.  If the
   returning Name TLV equals the original Name TLV, then the name is
   elided fully.  Otherwise, the distinct suffix is included along with
   the HopID.  When a response is forwarded, the contained HopID is
   extracted and used to match against the correct PIT entry by
   performing a lookup on the HIDo column.  The HopID is then replaced
   with the corresponding HopID from the HIDi column before forwarding
   the reponse (Figure 5).

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       PIT of B      PIT Extension          PIT of C      PIT Extension
   +--------+------++------+------+     +--------+------++------+------+
   | Prefix | Face || HIDi | HIDo |     | Prefix | Face || HIDi | HIDo |
   +========+======++======+======+     +========+======++======+======+
   |  /p0   | F_A  || h_A  | h_B  |     |  /p0   | F_A  || h_A  |      |
   +--------+------++------+------+     +--------+------++------+------+
                       |       ^                            |
                  send |       '----------------------, ,---' send
                       v                 match        | v
   ,---,              h_A          ,---,              h_B          ,---,
   | A | <------------------------ | B | <------------------------ | C |
   '---'                           '---'                           '---'

         Figure 5: Eliding Name TLVs using en-route state (data).

4.  IEEE 802.15.4 Adaptation

4.1.  LoWPAN Encapsulation

   The IEEE 802.15.4 frame header does not provide a protocol identifier
   for its payload.  This causes problems of misinterpreting frames when
   several networks coexist on the same link layer.  To mitigate errors,
   6LoWPAN defines dispatches as encapsulation headers for IEEE 802.15.4
   frames (see Section 5 of [RFC4944]).  Multiple LoWPAN encapsulation
   headers can prepend the actual payload and each encapsulation header
   is identified by a dispatch type.

   [RFC8025] further specifies dispatch pages to switch between
   different contexts.  When a LoWPAN parser encounters a "Page switch"
   LoWPAN encapsulation header, then all following encapsulation headers
   are interpreted by using a dispatch table as specified by the "Page
   switch" header.  Page 0 and page 1 are reserved for 6LoWPAN.  This
   document uses page 2 ("1111 0010 (0xF2)") for NDN and page 3 ("1111
   0011 (0xF3)") for CCNx.

   The base dispatch format (Figure 6) is used and extended by CCNx and
   NDN in Section 5 and Section 6.

                       0   1   2        ...        7
                     +---+---+-----------------------+
                     | C | M |                       |
                     +---+---+-----------------------+

                  Figure 6: Base dispatch format for NDN

   C: Compression

       0:          The message is uncompressed.

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       1:          The message is compressed.

   M: Message Type

       0:          The payload contains a Interest message.

       1:          The payload contains a Data message.

   The encapsulation format for ICN LoWPAN identifying an NDN Interest
   message is exemplarily displayed in Figure 7.

     +---------------+------------+--------+----------------+-------+
     | IEEE 802.15.4 | Dispatches | Page 2 | NDN Dispatches | Payl. /
     +---------------+------------+--------+----------------+-------+

      Figure 7: LoWPAN Encapsulation of NDN Interest with ICN LoWPAN

   IEEE 802.15.4:  The IEEE 802.15.4 header.

   Dispatches:     Optional additional dispatch types.

   Page 2:         Page Switch 2 (0xF2) for NDN.

   NDN Dispatches: NDN dispatches as defined in Section 5.

   Payload:        The actual (un-)compressed NDN Interest.

4.2.  Link Fragmentation

   Section 5.3 of [RFC4944] defines a protocol independent fragmentation
   dispatch type, a fragmentation header for the first fragment and a
   separate fragmentation header for subsequent fragments.  ICN LoWPAN
   adopts the fragmentation handling of [RFC4944].

   The Fragmentation LoWPAN header can encapsulate other dispatch
   headers.  The order of dispatch types is adopted from [RFC4944].
   Figure 8 shows the fragmentation scheme.  The reassembled ICN LoWPAN
   frame does not contain any fragmentation headers and is depicted in
   Figure 9.

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   +---------------+-----------+--------+----------------+-------------+
   | IEEE 802.15.4 | Frag. 1st | Page 2 |   ICN LoWPAN   | Payload ... /
   +---------------+-----------+--------+----------------+-------------+

   +---------------+-----------+-------------+
   | IEEE 802.15.4 | Frag. 2nd | ... Payload /
   +---------------+-----------+-------------+

                   .
                   .
                   .

   +---------------+-----------+-------------+
   | IEEE 802.15.4 | Frag. Nth | ... Payload /
   +---------------+-----------+-------------+

                      Figure 8: Fragmentation scheme

           +---------------+--------+----------------+---------+
           | IEEE 802.15.4 | Page 2 |   ICN LoWPAN   | Payload /
           +---------------+--------+----------------+---------+

                  Figure 9: Reassembled ICN LoWPAN frame

4.3.  Integrating Stateful Header Compression

4.3.1.  LoWPAN-Local State

   A CID is appended to the last ICN LoWPAN dispatch octet.  Multiple
   CIDs are chained together, whereas the most significant bit indicates
   the presence of a subsequent CID (Figure 10).

       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |1|     CID     | --> |1|     CID     | --> |0|     CID     |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

           Figure 10: Multiple 1-octet wide context identifiers.

4.3.2.  En-Route State

   The HopID is included as the very first CID.  To distinguish the
   HopID from a typical LoWPAN-local CID, the 1st bit MUST be set
   (Figure 11).  This yields 64 distinct HopIDs.  If this range (0..63)
   is exhausted, the messages MUST be sent without en-route state
   compression until new HopIDs are available.

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                       0   1   2   3   4   5   6   7
                     +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
                     | X | 1 |         HopID         |
                     +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+

                  Figure 11: Context Identifier as HopID.

5.  ICN LoWPAN for NDN

5.1.  TLV Encoding

   The NDN packet format consists of TLV fields using the TLV encoding
   that is described in [NDN-PACKET-SPEC].  Type and length fields are
   of variable size, where numbers greater than 252 are encoded using
   multiple octets.  Figure 12 shows the NDN TLV encoding scheme.

   If the type or length number is less than "253", then that number is
   encoded into the actual type or length field (Figure 12 a).  If the
   number is greater or equals "253" and fits into 2 octets, then the
   type or lengh field is set to "253" and the number is encoded in the
   next following 2 octets in network byte order, i.e., from the most
   significant byte (MSB) to the least significant byte (LSB) (Figure 12
   b).  If the number is greater than 2 octets and fits into 4 octets,
   then the type or length field is set to "254" and the number is
   encoded in the subsequent 4 octets in network byte order (Figure 12
   c).  For greater numbers, the type or length field is set to "255"
   and the number is encoded in the subsequent 8 octets in network byte
   order (Figure 12 d).

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       0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   a) |     < 253     |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

       0                   1                   2
       0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   b) |      253      |      MSB             LSB      |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

       0                   1                   2                   3
       0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |      254      |      MSB                                      /
   c) +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |      LSB      |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

       0                   1                   2                   3
       0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |      255      |      MSB                                      /
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+                                               +
   d) |                                                               /
      +               +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |      LSB      |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

                    Figure 12: NDN TLV encoding scheme

   In this document, compressed NDN TLVs make use of a different TLV
   scheme that puts more emphasis on size reduction.  Instead of using
   the first octet as a marker for the number of following octets, the
   compressed NDN TLV scheme uses a method to chain a variable number of
   octets together.  If an octet equals "255 (0xFF)", then the following
   octet will also be interpreted.  The actual value of a chain equals
   the sum of all links.

   If the type or length number is less than "255", then that number is
   encoded into the actual type or length field (Figure 13 a).  If the
   type or length number (X) fits into 2 octets, then the first octet is
   set to "255" and the subsequent octet equals "X mod 255" (Figure 13
   b).  Following this scheme, a variable-sized number (X) is encoded
   using multiple octets of "255" with a trailing octet containing "X
   mod 255" (Figure 13 c).

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       0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   a) |   < 255 (X)   | = X
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

       0                   1
       0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   b) |      255      |   < 255 (X)   | = 255 + X
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

       0
       0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-.....-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   c) |      255      |      255      |   < 255 (X)   | = (N * 255) + X
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-.....-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
                           (N - 1)

               Figure 13: Compressed NDN TLV encoding scheme

5.2.  Name TLV Compression

   This Name TLV compression encodes length fields of two consecutive
   NameComponent TLVs into one octet, using 4 bits each.  This process
   limits the length of a NameComponent TLV to 15 octets.  A length of 0
   marks the end of the compressed Name TLV.

                     Name: /HAW/Room/481/Humid/99

      0                   1                   2                   3
      0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |0 0 1 1|0 1 0 0|       H       |       A       |       W       |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |       R       |       o       |       o       |       m       |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |0 0 1 1|0 1 0 1|       4       |       8       |       1       |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |       H       |       u       |       m       |       i       |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |       d       |0 0 1 0|0 0 0 0|       9       |       9       |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

        Figure 14: Name TLV compression for /HAW/Room/481/Humid/99

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5.3.  Interest Messages

5.3.1.  Uncompressed Interest Messages

   An uncompressed Interest message uses the base dispatch format (see
   Figure 6) and sets the C as well as the M flag to "0" (Figure 15).
   "resv" MUST be set to 0.  The Interest message is handed to the NDN
   network stack without modifications.

                       0   1   2        ...        7
                     +---+---+-----------------------+
                     | 0 | 0 |         resv          |
                     +---+---+-----------------------+

     Figure 15: Dispatch format for uncompressed NDN Interest messages

5.3.2.  Compressed Interest Messages

   The compressed Interest message uses the base dispatch format and
   sets the C flag to "1" and the M flag to "0".  By default, the
   Interest message is compressed with the following base rule set:

   1.  The "Type" field of the outermost MessageType TLV is removed.

   2.  The Name TLV is compressed according to Section 5.2.  For this,
       all NameComponents are expected to be of type
       GenericNameComponent.  Otherwise, the message MUST be sent
       uncompressed.

   3.  The InterestLifetime TLV length is set to 2.  Messages with
       lifetimes that require more than 2 octets MUST be sent
       uncompressed.

   4.  The Nonce TLV, InterestLifetime TLV and HopLimit TLV MUST be
       moved to the end of the compressed Interest, keeping the order 1)
       Nonce TLV, 2) InterestLifetime TLV and 3) HopLimit TLV.

   5.  The Type and Length fields of Nonce TLV, InterestLifetime TLV and
       HopLimit TLV are elided.  The presence of each TLV is deduced
       from the remaining length to parse.  The Nonce TLV has a fixed
       length of 4, the InterestLifetime TLV has a fixed length of 2 and
       the HopLimit TLV has a fixed length of 1.  Any combination yields
       a distinct value that matches the remaining length to parse.

   Further TLV compression is indicated by the ICN LoWPAN dispatch in
   Figure 16.

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                       0   1   2   3   4   5   6   7
                     +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
                     | 1 | 0 |DIG|PFX|FRE|FWD|PRM|CID|
                     +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+

      Figure 16: Dispatch format for compressed NDN Interest messages

   DIG: ImplicitSha256DigestComponent TLV

       0:          The name does not include an
                   ImplicitSha256DigestComponent as the last TLV.

       1:          The name does include an
                   ImplicitSha256DigestComponent as the last TLV.  The
                   Type and Length fields are omitted.

   PFX: CanBePrefix TLV

       0:          The uncompressed message does not include a
                   CanBePrefix TLV.

       1:          The uncompressed message does include a CanBePrefix
                   TLV and is removed from the compressed message.

   FRE: MustBeFresh TLV

       0:          The uncompressed message does not include a
                   MustBeFresh TLV.

       1:          The uncompressed message does include a MustBeFresh
                   TLV and is removed from the compressed message.

   FWD: ForwardingHint TLV

       0:          The uncompressed message does not include a
                   ForwardingHint TLV.

       1:          The uncompressed message does include a
                   ForwardingHint TLV.  The Type field is removed from
                   the compressed message.

   PRM: Parameters TLV

       0:          The uncompressed message does not include a
                   Parameters TLV.

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       1:          The uncompressed message does include a Parameters
                   TLV.  The Type field is removed from the compressed
                   message.

   CID: Context Identifiers

       0:          CID(s) are not appended to the dispatch octet.

       1:          CID(s) are appended to the dispatch octet.

5.4.  Data Messages

5.4.1.  Uncompressed Data Messages

   An uncompressed Data message uses the base dispatch format and sets
   the C flag to "0" and the M flag to "1" (Figure 17). "resv" MUST be
   set to 0.  The Data message is handed to the NDN network stack
   without modifications.

                       0   1   2        ...        7
                     +---+---+-----------------------+
                     | 0 | 1 |         resv          |
                     +---+---+-----------------------+

       Figure 17: Dispatch format for uncompressed NDN Data messages

5.4.2.  Compressed Data Messages

   The compressed Data message uses the base dispatch format and sets
   the C flag as well as the M flag to "1".  By default, the Data
   message is compressed with the following base rule set:

   1.  The "Type" field of the outermost MessageType TLV is removed.

   2.  The Name TLV is compressed according to Section 5.2.  For this,
       all NameComponents are expected to be of type
       GenericNameComponent.  Otherwise, the message MUST be sent
       uncompressed.

   3.  The MetaInfo Type and Length fields are elided from the
       compressed Data message.

   4.  If present, the FinalBlockId TLV is encoded according to
       Section 5.2.

   5.  The ContentType TLV length is set to 1.  Messages with
       ContentTypes that require more than 1 octet MUST be sent
       uncompressed.

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   6.  The FreshnessPeriod TLV length is set to 2.  Messages with
       FreshnessPeriods that require more than 2 octets MUST be sent
       uncompressed.

   7.  The FreshnessPeriod TLV and ContntType TLV MUST be moved to the
       end of the compressed Data, keeping the order 1) FreshnessPeriod
       TLV and 2) ContentType TLV.

   8.  The Type and Length fields of ContentType TLV and FreshnessPeriod
       TLV are elided.  The presence of each TLV is deduced from the
       remaining length to parse.  The FreshnessPeriod TLV has a fixed
       length of 2 and the ContentType TLV has a fixed length of 1.  Any
       combination yields a distinct value that matches the remaining
       length to parse.

   Further TLV compression is indicated by the ICN LoWPAN dispatch in
   Figure 18.

                       0   1   2   3   4   5   6   7
                     +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
                     | 1 | 1 |DIG|FBI|CON|  SIG  |CID|
                     +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+

        Figure 18: Dispatch format for compressed NDN Data messages

   DIG: ImplicitSha256DigestComponent TLV

       0:          The name does not include an
                   ImplicitSha256DigestComponent as the last TLV.

       1:          The name does include an
                   ImplicitSha256DigestComponent as the last TLV.  The
                   Type and Length fields are omitted.

   FBI: FinalBlockId TLV

       0:          The uncompressed message does not include a
                   FinalBlockId TLV.

       1:          The uncompressed message does include a FinalBlockId.

   CON: Content TLV

       0:          The uncompressed message does not include a Content
                   TLV.

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       1:          The uncompressed message does include a Content TLV.
                   The Type field is removed from the compressed
                   message.

   SIG: Signature TLV

       00:         The Type fields of the SignatureInfo TLV,
                   SignatureType TLV and SignatureValue TLV are removed.

       01:         Reserved.

       10:         Reserved.

       11:         Reserved.

   CID: Context Identifiers

       0:          CID(s) are not appended to the dispatch octet.

       1:          CID(s) are appended to the dispatch octet.

6.  ICN LoWPAN for CCNx

6.1.  TLV Encoding

   The CCNx TLV encoding is described in [I-D.irtf-icnrg-ccnxmessages].
   Type and Length fields attain the common fixed length of 2 octets.

   In this document, the TLV encoding is changed to the more space
   efficient encoding described in Section 5.1.  Type and Length fields
   MUST be encoded as in Figure 13.

6.2.  Name TLV Compression

   Name TLVs are compressed using the same approach outlined in
   Section 5.2.  If a Name TLV contains T_IPID, T_APP, or organizational
   TLVs, then the name remains uncompressed.

6.3.  Interest Messages

6.3.1.  Uncompressed Interest Messages

   An uncompressed Interest message uses the base dispatch format (see
   Figure 6) and sets the C as well as the M flag to "0" (Figure 19).
   "resv" MUST be set to 0.  The Interest message is handed to the CCNx
   network stack without modifications.

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                       0   1   2        ...        7
                     +---+---+-----------------------+
                     | 0 | 0 |         resv          |
                     +---+---+-----------------------+

    Figure 19: Dispatch format for uncompressed CCNx Interest messages

6.3.2.  Compressed Interest Messages

   The compressed Interest message uses the base dispatch format and
   sets the C flag to "1" and the M flag to "0".  By default, the
   Interest message is compressed with the following base rule set:

   1.  The Type and Length fields of the CCNx Message TLV are elided and
       are obtained from the Fixed Header on decompression.

   Further TLV compression is indicated by the ICN LoWPAN dispatch in
   Figure 20.

       0                                       1
       0   1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8   9   0   1   2   3   4   5
     +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
     | 1 | 0 |FLG|  HBH  |PTY|HPL|FRS|MSG|PAY|VAL|EXT|   RESVD   |CID|
     +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+

     Figure 20: Dispatch format for compressed CCNx Interest messages

   FLG: Flags field in the Fixed Header

       0:      The Flags field equals 0 and is removed from the Interest
               message.

       1:      The Flags field is carried in-line.

   HBH: Optional Hop-By-Hop Header TLVs

       00:     No Hop-By-Hop Header TLVs are present in the Interest
               message.  Also, the HeaderLength field in the fixed
               header is elided from the Interest message and assumed to
               be "8".

       01:     Uncompressed Hop-By-Hop Header TLVs are present in the
               Interest message.

       10:     Hop-By-Hop Header TLVs are present in the Interest
               message.  An additional octet follows immediately that
               handles Hop-By-Hop Header TLV compressions and is
               described in Section 6.3.3.

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       10:     Reserved.

   PTY: PacketType field in the fixed header

       0:      The PacketType field is elided and assumed to be
               "PT_INTEREST"

       1:      The PacketType field is elided and assumed to be
               "PT_RETURN"

   HPL: HopLimit field in the fixed header

       0:      The HopLimit field is carried in-line

       1:      The HopLimit field is elided and assumed to be "1"

   FRS: Reserved field in the fixed header

       0:      The Reserved field is carried in-line

       1:      The Reserved field is elided and assumed to be "0"

   MSG: Optional Interest Message TLVs

       0:      No Interest Message TLVs are present in the Interest
               message.

       1:      Interest Message TLVs are present in the Interest
               message.  An additional octet follows immediately that
               handles Interest Message TLV compressions and is
               described in Section 6.3.4.

   PAY: Optional Payload TLV

       0:      The Payload TLV is absent.

       1:      The Payload TLV is present and the type field is elided.

   VAL: Optional ValidationAlgorithm and ValidationPayload TLVs

       0:      No validation related TLVs are present in the Interest
               message.

       1:      Validation related TLVs are present in the Interest
               message.  An additional octet follows immediately that
               handles validation related TLV compressions and is
               described in Section 6.3.5.

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   EXT: Extension

       0:      No extension octet follows.

       1:      An extension octet follows immediately.  Extension octets
               are used to extend the compression scheme, but are out of
               scope of this document.

   CID: Context Identifiers

       0:      CID(s) are not appended to the last dispatch octet.

       1:      CID(s) are appended to the last dispatch octet.

6.3.3.  Hop-By-Hop Header TLVs Compression

   Hop-By-Hop Header TLVs are unordered.  For an Interest message, two
   optional Hop-By-Hop Header TLVs are defined in
   [I-D.irtf-icnrg-ccnxmessages], but several more can be defined in
   higher level specifications.  For better compression, an ordering of
   Hop-By-Hop TLVs is required as follows:

   1.  Interest Lifetime TLV

   2.  Message Hash TLV

   With this ordering in place, Type fields are elided from the Interest
   Lifetime TLV and the Message Hash TLV.

   Note: If the original Interest message includes Hop-By-Hop Header
   TLVs that follow a different ordering, then they remain uncompressed.

         0       1       2       3       4       5       6       7
     +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
     |  IntLifetime  |    MsgHash    |           Reserved            |
     +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+

                  Figure 21: Dispatch for HBH Compression

   IntLifetime: InterstLifetime Hop-By-Hop Header TLV

       00:     The Interest Lifetime TLV is absent.

       01:     The Interest Lifetime TLV is present and the type field
               is removed.

       10:     The Interest Lifetime TLV is absent and a default value
               of 0 seconds is assumed.

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       11:     The Interest Lifetime TLV is absent and a default value
               of 10 minutes is assumed.

   MsgHash: Message Hash Hop-By-Hop Header TLV

       00:     The Message Hash TLV is absent.

       01:     The Message Hash TLV is present and uncompressed.

       10:     A T_SHA-256 TLV is present and the type field as well as
               the length fields are removed.  The length field is
               assumed to represent 32 octets.  The outer Message Hash
               TLV is omitted.

       11:     A T_SHA-512 TLV is present and the type field as well as
               the length fields are removed.  The length field is
               assumed to represent 64 octets.  The outer Message Hash
               TLV is omitted.

6.3.4.  Interest Message TLVs Compression

         0       1       2       3       4       5       6       7
     +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
     |  KeyIDRestr   |   CObHRestr   |           Reserved            |
     +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+

                 Figure 22: Dispatch for Interest Messages

   KeyIDRestr: Optional KeyIdRestriction TLV within a CCNx Message TLV

       00:     The KeyIdRestriction TLV is absent.

       01:     The KeyIdRestriction TLV is present and uncompressed.

       10:     A T_SHA-256 TLV is present and the type field as well as
               the length fields are removed.  The length field is
               assumed to represent 32 octets.  The outer
               KeyIdRestriction TLV is omitted.

       11:     A T_SHA-512 TLV is present and the type field as well as
               the length fields are removed.  The length field is
               assumed to represent 64 octets.  The outer
               KeyIdRestriction TLV is omitted.

   CObHRestr: Optional ContentObjectHashRestriction TLV within a CCNx
   Message TLV

       00:     The ContentObjectHashRestriction TLV is absent.

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       01:     The ContentObjectHashRestriction TLV is present and
               uncompressed.

       10:     A T_SHA-256 TLV is present and the type field as well as
               the length fields are removed.  The length field is
               assumed to represent 32 octets.  The outer
               ContentObjectHashRestriction TLV is omitted.

       11:     A T_SHA-512 TLV is present and the type field as well as
               the length fields are removed.  The length field is
               assumed to represent 64 octets.  The outer
               ContentObjectHashRestriction TLV is omitted.

6.3.5.  Validation

     0       1       2       3       4       5       6       7       8
     +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
     |         ValidationAlg         |     KeyID     |   Reserved    |
     +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+

               Figure 23: Dispatch for Interset Validations

   ValidationALg: Optional ValidationAlgorithm TLV

       0000:   An uncompressed ValidationAlgorithm TLV is included.

       0001:   A T_CRC32C ValidationAlgorithm TLV is assumed, but no
               ValidationAlgorithm TLV is included.

       0010:   A T_CRC32C ValidationAlgorithm TLV is assumed, but no
               ValidationAlgorithm TLV is included.  Additionally, a
               Sigtime TLV is inlined without a type and a length field.

       0011:   A T_HMAC-SHA256 ValidationAlgorithm TLV is assumed, but
               no ValidationAlgorithm TLV is included.

       0100:   A T_HMAC-SHA256 ValidationAlgorithm TLV is assumed, but
               no ValidationAlgorithm TLV is inclued.  Additionally, a
               Sigtime TLV is inlined without a type and a length field.

       0101:   Reserved.

       0110:   Reserved.

       0111:   Reserved.

       1000:   Reserved.

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       1001:   Reserved.

       1010:   Reserved.

       1011:   Reserved.

       1100:   Reserved.

       1101:   Reserved.

       1110:   Reserved.

       1111:   Reserved.

   KeyID: Optional KeyID TLV within the ValidationAlgorithm TLV

       00:     The KeyId TLV is absent.

       01:     The KeyId TLV is present and uncompressed.

       10:     A T_SHA-256 TLV is present and the type field as well as
               the length fields are removed.  The length field is
               assumed to represent 32 octets.  The outer KeyId TLV is
               omitted.

       11:     A T_SHA-512 TLV is present and the type field as well as
               the length fields are removed.  The length field is
               assumed to represent 64 octets.  The outer KeyId TLV is
               omitted.

   The ValidationPayload TLV is present if the ValidationAlgorithm TLV
   is present.  The type field is omitted.

6.4.  Content Objects

6.4.1.  Uncompressed Content Objects

   An uncompressed Content object uses the base dispatch format (see
   Figure 6) and sets the C flag to "0" and the M flag to "1"
   (Figure 24). "resv" MUST be set to 0.  The Content object is handed
   to the CCNx network stack without modifications.

                       0   1   2        ...        7
                     +---+---+-----------------------+
                     | 0 | 1 |         resv          |
                     +---+---+-----------------------+

     Figure 24: Dispatch format for uncompressed CCNx Content objects

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6.4.2.  Compressed Content Objects

   The compressed Content object uses the base dispatch format and sets
   the C flag as well as the M flag to "1".  By default, the Content
   object is compressed with the following base rule set:

   1.  The PacketType field is elided from the Fixed Header.

   2.  The Type and Length fields of the CCNx Message TLV are elided and
       are obtained from the Fixed Header on decompression.

   Further TLV compression is indicated by the ICN LoWPAN dispatch in
   Figure 25.

       0                                       1
       0   1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8   9   0   1   2   3   4   5
     +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
     | 1 | 1 |FLG|  HBH  |FRS|MSG|PAY|VAL|EXT|       RESVD       |CID|
     +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+

      Figure 25: Dispatch format for compressed CCNx Content objects

   FLG: Flags field in the fixed header  See Section 6.3.2.

   HBH: Optional Hop-By-Hop Header TLVs  See HBH handling in
       Section 6.3.2.  An additional octet that handles the Hop-By-Hop
       Header TLV compression is described in Section 6.4.3.

   FRS: Reserved field in the Fixed Header  See Section 6.3.2.

   MSG: Optional Content Object Message TLVs

       0:      No Content Object Message TLVs are present in the Content
               Object message.

       1:      Content Object Message TLVs are present in the Content
               Object message.  An additional octet follows immediately
               that handles Content Object Message TLV compressions and
               is described in Section 6.4.4.

   PAY: Optional Payload TLV  See Section 6.3.2.

   VAL: Optional ValidationAlgorithm and ValidationPayload TLVs  See Sec
       tion 6.3.2.

   EXT: Extension  See Section 6.3.2.

   CID: Context Identifiers

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       0:      CID(s) are not appended to the last dispatch octet.

       1:      CID(s) are appended to the last dispatch octet.

6.4.3.  Hop-By-Hop Header TLVs Compression

   Hop-By-Hop Header TLVs are unordered.  For a Content Object message,
   two optional Hop-By-Hop Header TLVs are defined in
   [I-D.irtf-icnrg-ccnxmessages], but several more can be defined in
   higher level specifications.  For better compression, an ordering of
   Hop-By-Hop TLVs is required as follows:

   1.  Recommended Cache Time TLV

   2.  Message Hash TLV

   With this ordering in place, Type fields are elided from the
   Recommended Cache Time TLV and Message Hash TLV.

   Note: If the original Content Object message includes Hop-By-Hop
   Header TLVs with a different ordering, then they remain uncompressed.

         0       1       2       3       4       5       6       7
     +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
     |  RCT  |    MsgHash    |               Reserved                |
     +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+

                  Figure 26: Dispatch for HBH Compression

   RCT: Recommended Cache Time Hop-By-Hop Header TLV

       0:      The Recommended Cache Time TLV is absent.

       1:      The Recommended Cache Time TLV is present and the type as
               well as the length fields are elided.

   MsgHash: Message Hash Hop-By-Hop Header TLV  See Section 6.3.3.

6.4.4.  Content Object Message TLVs Compression

         0       1       2       3       4       5       6       7
     +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
     |  PayloadType  |ExpTime|               Reserved                |
     +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+

                   Figure 27: Dispatch for Message TLVs

   PayloadType: Optional PayloadType TLV within a CCNx Message TLV

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       00:     The PayloadType TLV is absent and T_PAYLOADTYPE_DATA is
               assumed.

       01:     The PayloadType TLV is absent and T_PAYLOADTYPE_KEY is
               assumed.

       10:     The PayloadType TLV is absent and T_PAYLOADTYPE_LINK is
               assumed.

       11:     The PayloadType TLV is present and uncompressed.

   ExpTime: Optional ExpiryTime TLV within a CCNx Message TLV

       0:      The ExpiryTime TLV is absent.

       1:      The ExpiryTime TLV is present and the type as well as the
               length fields are elided.

7.  Security Considerations

   Main memory is typically a constrained resource of constrained
   networked devices.  Fragmentation as described in this memo preserves
   fragments and purges them only after a packet is reassembled.  This
   scheme is able to handle fragments for distinctive packets
   simultaneously, which can lead to overflowing packet buffers that
   cannot hold all necessary fragments for packet reassembly.  Users are
   thus urged to make use of appropriate buffer replacement strategies
   for fragments.

   The stateful header compression generates ephemeral HopIDs for
   incoming and outgoing Interests and consumes them on returning Data
   packets.  Forged Interests can deplete the number of available
   HopIDs, thus leading to a denial of compression service for
   subsequent content requests.

   To further alleviate the problems caused by forged fragments or
   Interest initiations, proper security mechanisms for accessing the
   link-layer may strengthen robustness in real deployments.

8.  IANA Considerations

8.1.  Page Switch Dispatch Type

   This document makes use of "Page 2" from the existing paging
   dispatches in [RFC8025].

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9.  References

9.1.  Normative References

   [ieee802.15.4]
              IEEE Computer Society, "IEEE Std. 802.15.4-2015", April
              2016, <https://standards.ieee.org/findstds/
              standard/802.15.4-2015.html>.

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.

   [RFC4944]  Montenegro, G., Kushalnagar, N., Hui, J., and D. Culler,
              "Transmission of IPv6 Packets over IEEE 802.15.4
              Networks", RFC 4944, DOI 10.17487/RFC4944, September 2007,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4944>.

   [RFC6282]  Hui, J., Ed. and P. Thubert, "Compression Format for IPv6
              Datagrams over IEEE 802.15.4-Based Networks", RFC 6282,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC6282, September 2011,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6282>.

9.2.  Informative References

   [CCN-LITE]
              "CCN-lite: A lightweight CCNx and NDN implementation",
              <http://ccn-lite.net/>.

   [I-D.irtf-icnrg-ccnxmessages]
              Mosko, M., Solis, I., and C. Wood, "CCNx Messages in TLV
              Format", draft-irtf-icnrg-ccnxmessages-08 (work in
              progress), July 2018.

   [I-D.irtf-icnrg-ccnxsemantics]
              Mosko, M., Solis, I., and C. Wood, "CCNx Semantics",
              draft-irtf-icnrg-ccnxsemantics-09 (work in progress), June
              2018.

   [NDN]      Jacobson, V., Smetters, D., Thornton, J., and M. Plass,
              "Networking Named Content", 5th Int. Conf. on emerging
              Networking Experiments and Technologies (ACM CoNEXT),
              2009, <https://doi.org/10.1145/1658939.1658941>.

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   [NDN-EXP1]
              Baccelli, E., Mehlis, C., Hahm, O., Schmidt, TC., and M.
              Waehlisch, "Information Centric Networking in the IoT:
              Experiments with NDN in the Wild", Proc. of 1st ACM Conf.
              on Information-Centric Networking (ICN-2014) ACM DL, pp.
              77-86, September 2014,
              <http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/10.1145/2660129.2660144>.

   [NDN-EXP2]
              Gundogan, C., Kietzmann, P., Lenders, M., Petersen, H.,
              Schmidt, TC., and M. Waehlisch, "NDN, CoAP, and MQTT: A
              Comparative Measurement Study in the IoT", Proc. of 5th
              ACM Conf. on Information-Centric Networking (ICN-2018) ACM
              DL, pp. , September 2018, <http://dx.doi.org/>.

   [NDN-MAC]  Kietzmann, P., Gundogan, C., Schmidt, TC., Hahm, O., and
              M. Waehlisch, "The Need for a Name to MAC Address Mapping
              in NDN: Towards Quantifying the Resource Gain", Proc. of
              4th ACM Conf. on Information-Centric Networking (ICN-
              2017) ACM DL, pp. 36-42, September 2017,
              <https://doi.org/10.1145/3125719.3125737>.

   [NDN-PACKET-SPEC]
              "NDN Packet Format Specification",
              <http://named-data.net/doc/NDN-packet-spec/0.3/>.

   [RFC7228]  Bormann, C., Ersue, M., and A. Keranen, "Terminology for
              Constrained-Node Networks", RFC 7228,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC7228, May 2014,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7228>.

   [RFC7476]  Pentikousis, K., Ed., Ohlman, B., Corujo, D., Boggia, G.,
              Tyson, G., Davies, E., Molinaro, A., and S. Eum,
              "Information-Centric Networking: Baseline Scenarios",
              RFC 7476, DOI 10.17487/RFC7476, March 2015,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7476>.

   [RFC7927]  Kutscher, D., Ed., Eum, S., Pentikousis, K., Psaras, I.,
              Corujo, D., Saucez, D., Schmidt, T., and M. Waehlisch,
              "Information-Centric Networking (ICN) Research
              Challenges", RFC 7927, DOI 10.17487/RFC7927, July 2016,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7927>.

   [RFC7945]  Pentikousis, K., Ed., Ohlman, B., Davies, E., Spirou, S.,
              and G. Boggia, "Information-Centric Networking: Evaluation
              and Security Considerations", RFC 7945,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC7945, September 2016,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7945>.

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   [RFC8025]  Thubert, P., Ed. and R. Cragie, "IPv6 over Low-Power
              Wireless Personal Area Network (6LoWPAN) Paging Dispatch",
              RFC 8025, DOI 10.17487/RFC8025, November 2016,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8025>.

   [TLV-ENC-802.15.4]
              "CCN and NDN TLV encodings in 802.15.4 packets",
              <https://datatracker.ietf.org/meeting/interim-2015-icnrg-
              01/materials/slides-interim-2015-icnrg-1-2>.

   [WIRE-FORMAT-CONSID]
              "CCN/NDN Protocol Wire Format and Functionality
              Considerations", <https://datatracker.ietf.org/meeting/
              interim-2015-icnrg-01/materials/
              slides-interim-2015-icnrg-1-8>.

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Appendix A.  Estimated Size Reduction

   In the following a theoretical evaluation is given to estimate the
   gains of ICN LoWPAN compared to uncompressed CCNx and NDN messages.

   We assume that "n" is the number of name components, "comps_n"
   denotes the sum of n name component lengths.  We also assume that the
   length of each name component is lower than 16 bytes.  The length of
   the content is given by "clen".  The lengths of TLV components is
   specific to the CCNx or NDN encoding and outlined below.

A.1.  NDN

   The NDN TLV encoding has variable-sized TLV fields.  For simplicity,
   the 1 octet form of each TLV component is assumed.  A typical TLV
   component therefore is of size 2 (type field + length field) + the
   actual value.

A.1.1.  Interest

   Figure 28 depicts the size requirements for a basic, uncompressed NDN
   Interest containing a CanBePrefix TLV, a MustBeFresh TLV, a
   InterestLifetime TLV set to 4 seconds and a HopLimit TLV set to 6.
   Numbers below represent the amount of octets.

         ------------------------------------,
         Interest TLV            = 2         |
           ---------------------,            |
           Name                 |  2 +       |
             NameComponents      = 2n +      |
                                |  comps_n   |
           ---------------------'             = 21 + 2n + comps_n
           CanBePrefix           = 2         |
           MustBeFresh           = 2         |
           Nonce                 = 6         |
           InterestLifetime      = 4         |
           HopLimit              = 3         |
         ------------------------------------'

         Figure 28: Estimated size of an uncompressed NDN Interest

   Figure 29 depicts the size requirements after compression.

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         ------------------------------------,
         Dispatch Page Switch    = 1         |
         NDN Interset Dispatch   = 1         |
         Interest TLV            = 1         |
         -----------------------,            |
         Name                   |             = 9 + n/2 + comps_n
           NameComponents        = n/2 +     |
                                |  comps_n   |
         -----------------------'            |
         Nonce                   = 4         |
         InterestLifetime        = 2         |
         ------------------------------------'

          Figure 29: Estimated size of a compressed NDN Interest

   The size difference is:
   12 + 1.5n octets.

   For the name "/DE/HH/HAW/BT7", the total size gain is 18 octets,
   which is 46% of the uncompressed packet.

A.1.2.  Data

   Figure 30 depicts the size requirements for a basic, uncompressed NDN
   Data containing a FreshnessPeriod as MetaInfo.  A FreshnessPeriod of
   1 minute is assumed.  The value is thereby encoded using 2 octets.
   An HMACWithSha256 is assumed as signature.  The key locator is
   assumed to contain a Name TLV of length klen.

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        ------------------------------------,
        Data TLV                = 2         |
          ---------------------,            |
          Name                 |  2 +       |
            NameComponents      = 2n +      |
                               |  comps_n   |
          ---------------------'            |
          ---------------------,            |
          MetaInfo             |            |
            FreshnessPeriod     = 6          = 53 + 2n + comps_n +
                               |            |  clen + klen
          ---------------------'            |
          Content               = 2 + clen  |
          ---------------------,            |
          SignatureInfo        |            |
            SignatureType      |            |
              KeyLocator        = 41 + klen |
          SignatureValue       |            |
            DigestSha256       |            |
          ---------------------'            |
        ------------------------------------'

           Figure 30: Estimated size of an uncompressed NDN Data

   Figure 31 depicts the size requirements for the compressed version of
   the above Data packet.

        ------------------------------------,
        Dispatch Page Switch    = 1         |
        NDN Data Dispatch       = 1         |
        -----------------------,            |
        Name                   |             = 38 + n/2 + comps_n +
          NameComponents        = n/2 +     |  clen + klen
                               |  comps_n   |
        -----------------------'            |
        Content                 = 1 + clen  |
        KeyLocator              = 1 + klen  |
        DigestSha256            = 32        |
        FreshnessPeriod         = 2         |
        ------------------------------------'

            Figure 31: Estimated size of a compressed NDN Data

   The size difference is:
   15 + 1.5n octets.

   For the name "/DE/HH/HAW/BT7", the total size gain is 21 octets.

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A.2.  CCNx

   The CCNx TLV encoding defines a 2-octet encoding for type and length
   fields, summing up to 4 octets in total without a value.

A.2.1.  Interest

   Figure 32 depicts the size requirements for a basic, uncompressed
   CCNx Interest.  No Hop-By-Hop TLVs are included and the protocol
   version as well as the reserved field are assumed to be 0.  A
   KeyIdRestriction TLV with T_SHA-256 is included to limit the
   responses to Content Objects containing the specific key.

         ------------------------------------,
         Fixed Header            = 8         |
         Message                 = 4         |
           ---------------------,            |
           Name                 |  4 +        = 56 + 4n + comps_n
             NameSegments        = 4n +      |
                                |  comps_n   |
           ---------------------'            |
           KeyIdRestriction      = 40        |
         ------------------------------------'

        Figure 32: Estimated size of an uncompressed CCNx Interest

   Figure 33 depicts the size requirements after compression.

         ------------------------------------,
         Dispatch Page Switch    = 1         |
         CCNx Interest Dispatch  = 3         |
         Fixed Header            = 3         |
         -----------------------,            |
         Name                   |             = 39 + n/2 + comps_n
           NameSegments          = n/2 +     |
                                |  comps_n   |
         -----------------------'            |
         T_SHA-256               = 32        |
         ------------------------------------'

          Figure 33: Estimated size of a compressed CCNx Interest

   The size difference is:
   17 + 3.5n octets.

   For the name "/DE/HH/HAW/BT7", the total size gain is 31 octets,
   which is 38% of the uncompressed packet.

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A.2.2.  Data

   Figure 34 depicts the size requirements for a basic, uncompressed
   CCNx Data containing an ExpiryTime Message TLV, an HMAC_SHA-256
   signature, the signature time and a hash of the shared secret key.

     ------------------------------------,
     Fixed Header            = 8         |
     Message                 = 4         |
       ---------------------,            |
       Name                 |  4 +       |
         NameSegments        = 4n +      |
                            |  comps_n   |
       ---------------------'            |
       ExpiryTime            = 12         = 124 + 4n + comps_n + clen
       Payload               = 4 + clen  |
       ---------------------,            |
       ValidationAlgorithm  |            |
         T_HMAC-256          = 56        |
           KeyId            |            |
         SignatureTime      |            |
       ---------------------'            |
       ValidationPayload     = 36        |
     ------------------------------------'

       Figure 34: Estimated size of an uncompressed CCNx Data Object

   Figure 35 depicts the size requirements for a basic, compressed CCNx
   Data.

     ------------------------------------,
     Dispatch Page Switch    = 1         |
     CCNx Content Dispatch   = 4         |
     Fixed Header            = 2         |
     -----------------------,            |
     Name                   |            |
       NameSegments          = n/2 +     |
                            |  comps_n    = 91 + n/2 + comps_n + clen
     -----------------------'            |
     ExpiryTime              = 8         |
     Payload                 = 1 + clen  |
     T_HMAC-SHA256           = 32        |
     SignatureTime           = 8         |
     ValidationPayload       = 34        |
     ------------------------------------'

        Figure 35: Estimated size of a compressed CCNx Data Object

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   The size difference is:
   33 + 3.5n octets.

   For the name "/DE/HH/HAW/BT7", the total size gain is 47 octets.

Acknowledgments

   This work was stimulated by fruitful discussions in the ICNRG
   research group and the communities of RIOT and CCNlite.  We would
   like to thank all active members for constructive thoughts and
   feedback.  In particular, the authors would like to thank (in
   alphabetical order) Peter Kietzmann, Dirk Kutscher, Martine Lenders,
   +++. The hop-wise stateful name compression was brought up in a
   discussion by Dave Oran, which is gratefully acknowledged.  Larger
   parts of this work are inspired by [RFC4944] and [RFC6282].  Special
   mentioning goes to Mark Mosko as well as G.Q.  Wang and Ravi
   Ravindran as their previous work in [TLV-ENC-802.15.4] and
   [WIRE-FORMAT-CONSID] provided a good base for our discussions on
   stateless header compression mechanisms.  This work was supported in
   part by the German Federal Ministry of Research and Education within
   the projects I3 and RAPstore.

Authors' Addresses

   Cenk Gundogan
   HAW Hamburg
   Berliner Tor 7
   Hamburg  D-20099
   Germany

   Phone: +4940428758067
   EMail: cenk.guendogan@haw-hamburg.de
   URI:   http://inet.haw-hamburg.de/members/cenk-gundogan

   Thomas C. Schmidt
   HAW Hamburg
   Berliner Tor 7
   Hamburg  D-20099
   Germany

   EMail: t.schmidt@haw-hamburg.de
   URI:   http://inet.haw-hamburg.de/members/schmidt

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   Matthias Waehlisch
   link-lab & FU Berlin
   Hoenower Str. 35
   Berlin  D-10318
   Germany

   EMail: mw@link-lab.net
   URI:   http://www.inf.fu-berlin.de/~waehl

   Christopher Scherb
   University of Basel
   Spiegelgasse 1
   Basel  CH-4051
   Switzerland

   EMail: christopher.scherb@unibas.ch

   Claudio Marxer
   University of Basel
   Spiegelgasse 1
   Basel  CH-4051
   Switzerland

   EMail: claudio.marxer@unibas.ch

   Christian Tschudin
   University of Basel
   Spiegelgasse 1
   Basel  CH-4051
   Switzerland

   EMail: christian.tschudin@unibas.ch

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