MIMI Discovery Requirements and Considerations
draft-rosenberg-mimi-discovery-reqs-01
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| Authors | Jonathan Rosenberg , Jon Peterson | ||
| Last updated | 2024-03-04 | ||
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draft-rosenberg-mimi-discovery-reqs-01
Network Working Group J. Rosenberg
Internet-Draft Five9
Intended status: Informational J. Peterson
Expires: 5 September 2024 TrasnUnion
4 March 2024
MIMI Discovery Requirements and Considerations
draft-rosenberg-mimi-discovery-reqs-01
Abstract
This document defines requirements and use cases for the discovery
problem in the More Instant Messaging Interoperability (MIMI) working
group. The discovery problem refers to the process by which a
message sender can identify the provider(s) associated with a desired
messaging recipient, who is normally identified by an email address
or phone number.
Status of This Memo
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provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.
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This Internet-Draft will expire on 5 September 2024.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2024 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
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Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2. Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3. Prior Efforts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
4. Reference Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
5. App Provider Variations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
5.1. Consumer OTT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
5.2. Consumer Operator Aligned . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
5.3. Enterprise Cloud . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
5.4. Enterprise On-Prem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
5.5. Consumer On-Prem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
6. Core Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
7. Identifier Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
8. Provider Cardinalities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
9. Caching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
10. Number Portability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
11. SII Release . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
12. SII Claim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
13. Organizational Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
14. Blackhole Prevention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
15. Spam Prevention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
16. DP Social Graph Privacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
17. Encryption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
18. AuthN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
19. Hard Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
20. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
1. Introduction
The More Instant Messaging Interoperability (MIMI) working group is
chartered to enable federated messaging, voice, and video service
between application providers, such as WhatsApp, Facebook Messenger,
and other vendors. The MIMI protocols cover the exchange of
encrypted content [I-D.ietf-mimi-content] through transfer protocols
[I-D.ralston-mimi-linearized-matrix]. These protocols allow a user
in one provider to initiate 1-1 and group messaging with a user in a
second provider. The protocol requires that the originator of the
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communication know two things about the target user - their messaging
provider, and a unique identifier for that user within that provider.
The specifications recognize that the originator will not always know
the provider for the target user, or the service-specific identifier
for that user on that provider. The problem is further complicated
by the fact that a users often make use of multiple messaging
applications, in which case the preferences of the target user need
to be taken into account as well. These preferences are even less
likely to be known by the originator of communications.
Rather, in many cases one user will have an email address or phone
number for the target user, obtained from their address book on their
mobile device. Neither the phone number or email address identify
the messaging provider that the target user is using. Unlike email
service, the domain portion of a user's email address has no bearing
on what messaging provider they use. A user joe@gmail.com might be
using WhatsApp or iMessage, neither of which are Gmail. Thus - the
core problem is - how to take one of these service independent
identifiers and learn the messaging service that user is using, and
how to send messages to them on that messaging service.
The MIMI framework hypothesizes the existence of a discovery or
directory service to solve this problem. The discovery service would
allow the originator to take a servide independent identifier for a
target - such as a mobile phone number or email address - and perform
a lookup to determine the preferred service(s) of the target user,
along with enough information to reach them on that service.
This document describes requirements and use cases for solutions to
the discovery problem.
2. Definitions
* Service Independent Identifier (SII): A type of identifier for a
user that is unique (such that an SII is associated to only a
single user), and independent of any specific communications
service. There are two specific identifiers in this case - a
phone number (landline or mobile), or an email address.
* Service Specific Identifier (SSI): A type of identifier for a user
that is unique (such that an SSI is associated to only a single
user), and achieves its uniqueness by being composed of two parts
- a user part, scoped to a provider of communication services, and
a unique identifier for the communication service provider. In
some services, the user part is not globally unique across
services. Examples of this case are Wire, Twitter and Skype,
where user handles are flat - @jdrosen2 on Twitter, for example.
In other services, the user part is globally unique, and
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corresponds to the email address or mobile phone number (SII) for
the recipient. Examples of this case are WhatsApp, iMessage, and
Facetime.
* Personally Identifying Information (PII): Information about a
target user that is not unique, but can be used to facilitate a
search for the target user. Typically this would be the first
name and/or last name of the recipient. The search would provide
a list of possible matches, along with additional information,
such as display names and avatars, which help the initiator find
the specific person to which communications is desired.
* Application Provider (AP): A provider of messaging, voice, video
and communications services to end users. An application provider
is the entity that would implement the MIMI protocols. Examples
of application providers are WhatsApp, Facebook Messenger,
iMessage, Wire, Matrix, and so on.
* Discovery Provider (DP): A provider of discovery services, capable
of mapping an SII to an SSI. This entity does not yet exist, and
this document defines requirements for the protocols and processes
behind it.
* Telephone Number Service Provider (TNSP): An entity which has
authoritative ownership of the phone number used by a user. In
the case of a mobile phone number, this would be their mobile
operator (e.g., Verizon or AT&T in the United States). For a
landline number, in would be their landline voice provider, which
can include incumbent landline providers, but may also include
non-traditional providers of voice and SMS services, like CPaaS
(Communications Platform as a Service), such as Twilio or Nexmo,
CCaaS (Contact Center as a Service), such as Five9 and NICE/
InContact, and UCaaS (Unified Communications as a Service)
providers, such as RingCentral, Webex and Zoom. We use Number
Provider (TNSP) and not "operator" to keep this general purpose
and to emphasize the fact that the key consideration for the
discovery service is the assignment of the number to the user, not
the provision of communications services against that number.
* Email Provider (EP): An entity which has authoritative ownership
of the domain name portion of the email address used by a user.
This would be Google for gmail.com, or Verion/AOL for aol.com as
two examples. The EP for an email address can also be an
enterprise, such as Cisco for cisco.com email addresses. As with
telephone numbers, the EP is simply the provider of the address,
and may not also be the provider of all communications services
against that address.
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* Cloud Provider (CP): An entity providing services to enterprises
for voice, video and messaging services, acting as the Application
Provider for employees of its enterprise customers. The CP is the
TNSP for some numbers used by the enterprise, but not always.
3. Prior Efforts
Discovery services are far from new on the Internet.
The whois protocol, originally specified in [RFC0954] and later
revised by [RFC3912], was largely focused on the mapping of domain
names, to services associated with those domain names, and was one of
the first discovery services deployed on the Internet. The DNS SRV
record was specified in [RFC2782] and allows a similar discovery
process - given a domain name, allows a querier to learn the set of
services, such as VOIP based on the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)
[RFC3261] [RFC3263]. The SRV record was adapted to messaging in
particular [RFC3861]. Whois and DNS SRV records both assumed that
the lookup was keyed by a domain name, and thus they were not that
useful for looking up an identifier that is not domain scoped, such
as a mobile phone number.
This was first addressed through the specification of ENUM [RFC3761]
in 2004. ENUM defined the usage of DNS to lookup phone numbers, by
convering a phone number to a DNS name by reversing the digits and
adding the suffix "e164.arpa". This allowed portions of the
namespace to be delegated to telco providers that owned the number
prefix in question. Though technically simple to define, its public
deployment was hampered by the challenges of establishing authority
for the prefixes. Private ENUM [RFC6116] services however have
become relatively common, facilitating routing for many functions,
including MMS routing in the messaging space.
Another attempt was made with ViPR (Verification Involving PSTN
Reahability) [I-D.rosenberg-dispatch-vipr-overview]
[I-D.petithuguenin-vipr-pvp]. VIPR made used of a peer-to-peer
network based on RELOAD (Resource Location and Discovery) [RFC6940],
running between enterprises. It solved the problem of authority
problem by authorizing records based on proof of forward routability.
However, it had the same network effects problem as ENUM. It also
addressed the incentive problem, by focusing on enterprises for which
bypassing the phone network would provide cost savings. However, the
network effects problem proved insurmountable (amongst other
challenges unrelated to the protocol), and it was never widely
deployed.
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Discovery and lookup services are now common place on the Internet
but are scoped entirely within large providers, such as Facebook,
Twitter, WhatsApp and other providers.
The MIMI discovery service requires a solution that spans across
providers.
4. Reference Architecture
The reference architecture is shown below.
+------+ +------+
| Disc | | Disc |
| Prov |--------| Prov |
| 1 | | 2 |
+------+ +------+
| |
| |
+-----+----+ |
| | |
+--------+ +--------+ +--------+
| App | | App | | App |
|Provider| |Provider| |Provider|
| 1 | | 2 | | 3 |
+--------+ +--------+ +--------+
| | | | |
| | | | |
+----+ +----+ +----+ +----+ +----+
|User| |User| |User| |User| |User|
| 1 | | 2 | | 3 | | 4 | | 5 |
+----+ +----+ +----+ +----+ +----+
Figure 1: Discovery Architecture
There are many users in the system, with each user making use of zero
or more communication applications, each provided by an Application
Protocol (AP). Those application providers, in turn, connect to a
Discovery Provider (DP) which is capable of mapping the SII to an
SSI. In some cases, APs may themselves act as DPs. As shown in the
diagram, one of the requirements is that there can be more than one
DP, in which case there will be a need for some kind of inter-DP
communication or federation.
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5. App Provider Variations
There are many variations on who the app provider is, and what their
relationship is with the user of the messaging service and the number
and email providers for the identities. We can invision the
following variants, all of which should be supported by both MIMI and
the discovery service.
The variations are discussed below in order of decreasing
commonality. For each one, we also discuss their cardinality (how
many of them there are), how large of a population of users they
serve, and how likely they are to participate in MIMI and the
discovery service.
5.1. Consumer OTT
In this case, the App Provider offers services to consumers. The
consumer has an email address and/or phone number, but the EP and
TNSP for those identifiers have no relationship whatsoever with the
AP. Examples include Apple's iMessage, Facebook Messenger, Wire and
so on. However it does not include Google Messaging (RCS) which is
the next category.
A very small number of these providers dominate messaging today.
Many, but not all, are gatekeepers. Most are extremely large,
supporting millions or more consumers. It is reasonable to expect
the smaller, non-gatekeeper ones, to directly request interop with
the gatekeepers as it is core to their business.
The smaller consumer OTT providers will be highly incented to
participate in MIMI. They may, or may not, be incented to
participate in the discovery service. Some of them do not make use
of SII's in their services. For those providers, they would require
that their users be reached because users in other APs know the SSI
instead. Similarly, for their own users to communicate with other
consumer OTT providers, they may require their users to know their
SSIs.
If we were to only consider the consumer OTTs, we might conclude that
SII to SSI mapping (discovery) is not needed - users can just use a
drop-down menu of providers when reaching out to another user (this
is sometimes called a nascar menu). However, it becomes untenable
when you consider the additional use cases below.
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5.2. Consumer Operator Aligned
In this case, the app provider offering services to its consumers is
affiliated to the Telephone Number Service Provider (TNSP) for its
users, and therefore has authoritative knowledge of the ownership of
phone numbers for its users. The primary use case here is Google
Messaging, provided through the Rich Communications Service (RCS)
providers, which are the mobile operators, or Google who can operate
it on their behalf. It may also include residential triple-play
providers (MSOs and so on) that enable messaging for landline
numbers.
There are many operators globally, numbering in the hundreds. Today,
the only ones offering consumer messaging are the mobile operators.
5.3. Enterprise Cloud
In this case, another entity - the Cloud Provider (CP) is involved -
which is a CCaaS, UCaaS or CPaaS provider offering communications
services. The enterprise contracts with the Cloud Provider, which
acts as the Application Provider (AP). The Cloud Provider is often
also the Number Provider for the enterprise numbers used by
enterprise employees. However, the Cloud Provider will often instead
themselves contract with TNSPs to obtain numbers for its enterprise
customers, which can then route to it over private SIP trunks for
voice, and usually some non-SIP APIs for messaging. Examples of
enterprise cloud APs are Five9, Cisco Webex, RingCentral, Microsoft
Teams, Zoom, and so on.
The enterprise use case brings an additional consideration as well -
in that many numbers (and email addresses) represent a service rather
than a user. THink of the 1-800 number for a business, or an email
address for customer support, or a phone number for an enterprise
helpdesk. These are all services, behind which one or more users may
reside.
There are a relatively small number of larger enterprise cloud
players, perhaps numbering the few dozen. They tend to each have a
smaller number of users than the consumer OTT providers (typically in
the hundreds of thousands to millions of users). They also have
economic incentive to request interop with the gatekeepers, since it
reduces their direct costs for routing messages, voice and video
calls. It would also likely increase the appeal of their products,
which could offer consumer interconnection as part of their
offerings, along with b2b federation between cloud providers.
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For enterprise clouds to participate in MIMI, the discovery solution
is much more important. This is because these companies are often
not brands that are not consumer recognizable, there are too many of
them to fit in a selector UI, and it is often impossible for a sender
of a message to figure out what provider the recipient is on. This
is especially problematic for the case where the SII represents a
service and not a user.
5.4. Enterprise On-Prem
In this case, the app provider offering messaging services is an
enterprise, who is doing so through on-premise messaging software
they deploy and operate. The enterprise will always be the Email
Provider (EP), but they are not the Telephone Number Service Provider
(TNSP). That said, the enterprise connects to the TNSP via SIP
trunks to enable calls to/from those numbers to reach it. One can
think of this as the case where the enterprise is its own cloud
provider. These cases are less common these days, but still exist.
Examples are any enterprises running Cisco Jabber on-prem or
Microsoft OCS or LCS on prem.
There are of course a large number of enterprises in the world which
have historically had some kind of on-prem software, numbering in
perhaps the hundreds of thousands. The ones which still do so is
much smaller, but still a much larger number than the number of
enterprise cloud providers. These enterprises are less likely to
request interop with gatekeepers, just because they each serve a much
smaller number of users and their incentives for doing so are less.
For enterprise on-prem use cases, the discovery service is absolutely
required for their users to be reached for inbound communications.
There is simply no way that other users will be able to select from a
dropdown list of company names.
5.5. Consumer On-Prem
In this last case, the app provider offering messaging services is
the consumer themselves, who is running some software in their home
network or in a public cloud compute environment, which they deploy
and operate. The consumer is neither a TNSP or an EP. This is a
relatively uncommon case these days. It was not uncommon for people
to run their own mail services for their home, but since messaging
has predominantly been cloud based it is not as common there. That
said, it is certainly possible for a consumer to run (for example)
their own Matrix server in their home for their family.
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It is extremely unlikely a consumer on-prem user would ever request
interop with a gatekeeper. And, discovery is absolutely needed for
the user to be reached for inbound communications.
6. Core Requirements
There are four key requirements:
1. Mapping: The service must provide a way to map from a SII to one
or more application providers, and where necessary, to SSIs valid
for those applications.
2. Validity: The mappings provided by the service must represent the
wishes of the user associated with the SII, mapping to an
application they are a user of, and the mapped SSI must be the
one associated with this user. The core issue is one of trust,
and how to determine that the mappings provided by the service
are accurate.
3. Critical Mass: The network effects problem is perhaps the hardest
to solve. But, to be viable, any solution must be able to reach
a critical mass of mappings so that it becomes useful to consume,
and thus useful to further populate.
4. Incentive Alignment: There must be an incentive structure which
motivates the population of mappings into the service, and for
the consumption of those mappings.
7. Identifier Types
1. Mobile SIIs: SIIs must include mobile phone numbers.
2. Landline SIIs: SIIs must include landline phone numbers.
3. Email addresses: SIIs must include email addresses
8. Provider Cardinalities
1. Zero APs: The system should work when a user - and their SIIs -
are not associated with any discoverable APs. In this case, the
discovery operation should indicate a no-match. This would
enable an originating user to learn that they cannot reach that
SII (short of sending an email or SMS, say).
2. One AP: The system should work in the simple case when a user as
a single AP.
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3. Multiple APs with Default: The system should enable a user to
have multiple APs. The discovery service should enable user
preference to be considered, so that a user can choose a default
AP to use.
4. Business vs. Consumer AP: It should also be possible for a user
to indicate that different APs are used for business purposes vs.
consumer purposes. As an example of this case, user Alice might
use WhatsApp for friends and family, but use Microsoft Teams at
work. Her mobile number is used as an SII in both providers.
When a user Bob on Webex Teams searches for that number, Bob
would only get the Microsoft Teams SSI because their Webex Teams
administrator has specified that messaging is between business
APs by default. In another use case, Bob would get both of these
back and would have the ability to choose whether to use the
business or personal AP.
5. Circle Based APs: It should be possible for a user to specify
that different APs are to be used for different contacts. For
example, user Alice might use WhatsApp when talking to friends,
but use iMessage when talking to family. When Bob, Alice's
friend enters her number into his messaging app, the result
depends on whether Alice has specified that he is a friend vs.
family member [NOTE: I think this is probably more than we need
and it adds a lot of complexity. I include it here for
completeness to explore how deep this rabbit hole goes].
9. Caching
Given the significant volume of inquiries which might be sent,
caching is a useful feature of the discovery service.
1. Cacheability of Results: The discovery service should allow for
mappings to be cached by the AP. The DP must be able to tell the
AP the duration over which the mapping can be cached.
2. Cache Invalidation: To handle changes in preferences or SII
releases, it must be possible for the DP to inform the AP when a
mapping is no longer valid ahead of its cache expiration.
10. Number Portability
When the SII is a phone number, porting comes into consideration.
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The requirements depend on whether the user's operator - basically
their number provider (TNSP) - is also the Application Provider (AP).
When these are intertwined, porting a number also changes providers.
Consequently, we can break this down into four distinct use cases and
requirements.
1. Donating Operator is not the AP, and neither is the recipient.
The number port should change nothing, the discovery service
should continue to resolve to the AP.
2. Donating Operator is not the AP, but the recipient operator is an
AP. The user now effectively has two APs - the OTT one before
the port, and now a second one because their new operator is an
AP, in essence enrolling them in the service by virtue of being
an AP. In this case, it should be possible for a user to express
a preference about where to receive incoming messages.
3. Donating Operator is the AP, but the recipient operator is not an
AP. In this case, by porting away from their prior operator who
was also an AP, the user has terminating their relationship with
the messaging provider, and now has no provider at all, since
their new operator is not also an AP. As it relates to the
discovery service, once the port is complete, the user should be
shown as no longer discoverable, and their prior mapping is
deleted.
4. Both Operators are APs: In this case, the user has basically
moved providers from one to another. As it relates to the
discovery service, once the port is complete, the discovery
service should indicate that their SSI is now on the new
operator/AP.
11. SII Release
If a user is associated with a phone number by virtue of being a
customer of a TNSP that is providing them that number, their
association with that number will end once the user terminates their
relationship with their TNSP. It is typical in telephony systems for
that number to go into a waiting pool for several months before it
can be reassigned to a different user.
For email addresses, it is also possible for a user to lose their
association with an email address when they end service with that
provider. Although reclamation of email addresses is possible, it is
less common. Nontheless, it is technically possible.
This release process adds requirements for the discovery service.
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1. SII Release Timeliness: If a user terminates service with a TNSP
or EP, and thus loses their association with a number or email
address from that provider, any mappings in the discovery service
keyed by that SII should be removed within a month. Note that,
this is an extremely difficult requirement to meet. It is
certainly not met today by most messaging systems internally that
use numbers as identifiers. For any OTT AP, the only way this
requirement can be met is periodically reverifying ownership of
the number through an SMS or phone call. This is burdensome to
the user, and consequently, generally not done. Meeting this
requirement without disruptive re-verifications requires the
discovery providers (DPs) to have feeds into global number
databases. For email addresses, this is even more untenable.
12. SII Claim
When a user starts their association to a number or email address, we
can think of this as a "claim". Their claim is rooted in the start
of services from the Number Provider (TNSP), Cloud Provider (CP) or
Email Provider (EP) towards the user. This introduces a timeliness
requirement.
1. SII Claim Timelines: Once a user is associated with an SII by
virtue of obtaining service from a TNSP, EP, or CP that owns the
given SII, it must be possible for the user to utilize that
number with an AP and become discoverable immediately upon
provision of service. This reflects a real, common use case. A
user gets a new mobile phone with a new mobile phone number, and
before even leaving the store, installs WhasApp or uses Google
Messaging on their Android (which is RCS based) and expects it to
work. Furthermore, they will contact their friends and family
right away, giving them the new number, and expect to be
reachable. The same applies to email addresses, though those
change less frequently in the consumer space. In the enterprise
space however, email addresses are frequently assigned and
similarly, we want the user to be immediately discoverable.
2. When a user associates their SII with an Application Provider,
there must be some way for the app to validate that the user
controls the SII. Moreover, the app must have some way to prove
that this validation was performed to third parties, such as
other app providers, in order to prevent blackholes and similar
attacks.
13. Organizational Requirements
A key consideration is - who runs, or can run, the discovery service?
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1. Multiple Providers are Possible: One can imagine a design for the
discovery service in which there is a single, worldwide global
provider of the discovery service. This would certainly simplify
the protocol and its security properties. There are some
precedents for a singleton provider of service in the Internet -
see ICANN and IANA. However, neither of these run operational
services. Even the Internet's primary global service - the DNS -
is in practice distributed amongst many different entities that
run and operate the top level domain name servers. As a result,
the discovery service should follow a similar pattern and allow
for multiple providers of the discovery service.
2. Organizational Principles deliver trust: Once we accept that
there can be many such providers of discovery services, how would
an application provider (AP) know whether to trust the mappings
that it provides? One answer is - this is just left to the
market to decide, and the IETF has nothing to say on the matter.
The alternative is that - the IETF defines the solution in such a
way that there are ways for trust to be established. As one such
example, the solution could be specified such that the solution
for phone numbers makes use of existing number ownership
structures that support STIR/SHAKEN [RFC8224] [RFC8225]. Or, it
could define the solution in such a way that entities which
already hold this routing information for messaging apps (i.e.
using the Pathfinder service from Neustar which provides this
mapping today for the GSMA) expose APIs for it.
3. PII Residency within Geopolitical Boundaries: There are
increasingly regulations being passed, like GDPR, which require
that personal data remain within certain geopolitical boundaries.
Since the discovery service may contain such information, it must
be possible for the DPs to sit within a geopolitical boundary and
hold data for users within those geopolitical boundaries.
4. Invisible to Consumers: There are a class of solutions wherein a
DP is directly visible to consumers, who would sign up, verify
their number with it, and configure their preferences with it.
However, this is unlikely to work in practice. It suffers from a
significant network effects problem, such that signing up for the
service would provide no value to its users until critical mass
is reached. This would disincent users from signing up in the
first place. As a result, the only solutions which can really
work are those which are invisible to users, where the App
Provides themselves send request to - or act as - DPs. That does
however raise the question of how user preferences are expressed
in the system.
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5. Numerous App Providers: This is as much a requirement in MIMI, as
it is for the discovery protocol. But, the goal is that we want
a system wherein there can be a lot of app providers, many of
which are smaller in size. This becomes even more obvious when
we consider enterprise use cases, where a business might be its
own provider for its own employees, and want them to be able to
message consumers as well as other businesses using business
numbers or business email addresses. In such a scenario, the
number of APs can be in the thousands or more.
6. DP Federation: Because there are multiple DPs, run by different
entities, it must be possible for some kind of federation so that
an AP can request a mapping from one DP, and the mapping can be
provided even if it resides within a different DP. Note that -
this requirement could be contested. There is an alternative
world view, wherein each AP needs to connect to every DP, with
each DP holding a subset of the mapings. The drawback of such a
system is, if we think DPs are aligned against geopolitical or
organizational boundaries, it may be impossible or impractical
for such a full-mesh configuration.
7. DP Federation Policy: Due to geopolitical considerations, it must
be possible for a DP to decide to federate, or not federate, with
other DPs. Such policies are outside the scope of this work, but
this fact may result in some SIIs not being discoverable in
certain geographical or political regions.
14. Blackhole Prevention
If we accept the requirement above that there can be a large number
of app providers, including enterprises themselves, there is a large
risk that one of them is malicious. The main attack we wish to
prevent, is for an AP to claim it has a user associated with a given
SII, when it in fact does not. Though MLS would (to the degree e2e
identity works against that SII) prevent the recipient from reading
messages sent to that SII, it is certainly possible that they can
"blackhole" them. This is an attack wherein the malicious AP causes
the SII to map to its own SSI, rather than the legitimate SSI for the
user. This would deny receipt of messages at the legimiate SSI, and
thus is a form of denial of service.
The concern over blackhole attacks introduces several key
requirements.
1. Malicious AP cannot blackhole against a legitimate AP: A critical
security requirement for the discovery service, is that is not
possible for a malicious AP to create a blackhole.
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2. Malciious AP cannot make a user appear discoverable even though
they are not: In this case, a user Bob is not a user of any AP.
In a functioning system, they would show as not-discoverable to
users searching for them based on their SII. In this attack, a
malicious AP tries to convince the discovery service that they
are in fact a user of the malicious AP. Even though the
malicious AP cannot decrypt the incoming messages, they will
cause other users to now view user Bob as discoverable. This is
a less severe version of the above attack, but is still an
attack. It would potentially fool senders into thinking they
have reached a target that is ignoring them, which can cause
unintended consequences.
3. Ultimately, the DP must have a direct assurance that a particular
SII has been authentically associated with an Application Service
before allowing that app to be discovered as a mapping for the
SII.
15. Spam Prevention
Spam is a significant concern in the system, and its risk grows
exponentially with the number of APs connected to the system. As
noted above, many use cases have a large number of APs, which can
pose a serious risk. Spam prevention needs to be considered at both
the MIMI layer (using techniques like connection requests and
reputation safeguards), but can also be addressed at the discovery
service.
Note that SIIs act as "front doors" for end users today, and there is
an inherent risk in having one - especially telephone numbers, as the
numbering space can be relatively easily enumerated. Making an SII
discoverable necessarily opens the door to receiving unwanted or
unsolicited communications, much of the mitigation of which will be
the responsibility of apps and of user applications.
1. No Enumeration: The system must protect against an enumeration
attack. An enumeration attack is one wherein a malicious AP
attempts to look up a large number of SIIs - especially phone
numbers which can easily be enumerated as they are finite - in
order to learn the SSI assocaited with each. Once an SSI is
known, the malicious AP has an address it can add to its spam
list. Today, many people avoid listing their email addresses or
phone numbers on public websites to prevent spam sites from
scraping those identifiers to add them to target lists. We don't
want the discovery service to be a nice, convenient and easily
farmable source of identifiers for sending spam.
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2. Rate Limits: The system must provide rate limit capabilities to
restrict an AP from sending too many discovery requests. There
must be a way for the Discovery Provider (DP) to assess what a
reasonable rate limit might be for that AP.
16. DP Social Graph Privacy
The Discovery Provider (DP) will receive requests from APs to map a
given SII to a provider and/or SSI. These requests themselves create
a form of social graph, indicating what SIIs are often requested, and
which are not. This leaks information to the DP. The following
requirement tries to limit exposure of the DP to this information.
1. DP Unaware of Requested Number: A DP must protect at least one
end of the social graph during a request: the DP must be kept
ignorant of either the querier's identity (including IP address)
or the SII of interest in requests. For exampple, IP blinding
could conceal the querier's identity, or techniques such as
Private Information Retrieval (PIR) could conceal the SII from
the DP.
2. DP Minimal Federation: The federation techniques should avoid
propagating mappings from one DP to another DP unless there is a
legitimate need for that DP to know of a mapping - for example in
order to satisfy a query. While the business relationships that
may underlie DP federation are outside the scope of these
requirements, federations may institute their own policies to
protect consumers and private business data.
3. DP User hiding: A DP should not share the querying user identity
with other DPs when it requires their help for discovery.
17. Encryption
At the risk of stating the obvious, but:
1. Encrypted Transport: Exchange of information between DPs, or
between DPs and APs, should always be encrypted in transit.
18. AuthN
Also obvious, but:
1. Authentication: It must be possible for two DPs federating to
identify each other, and it must be possible for a DP and AP
communicating with each other, to identify the other party.
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19. Hard Problems
From these requirements, a few areas have emerged that warrant
particular attention in potential solutions:
1. Multiple mapppings. If there are multiple candidate app
mapppings discovered for a given SII, what do we expect the
behavior will be at a protocol level? Will a message be sent to
each app? Will a nascar menu be presented to the user? Or will
just one be selected through some sort of preferences mechanism?
In the last case, especially when apps themselves act as DPs, is
it legitimate for apps to prefer to route an SII to its own
service rather than to competitors?
2. Preferences and capability negotiation. If there are multiple
potential mappings for an SII, how much should the preferences of
the sender and recipient of communications be weighed, and how
should those preferences be expressed? Because users may tacitly
or explicitly establish contexts for their messaging contacts
(business on one app, personal on another, say), how rich would
the expression of such preferences need to be?
3. Authentication and expiration of mappings. How rigorous does the
process need to be for validating mappings in order to prevent
blackholes and similar threats? How do the mappings created for
discovery relate to the identities asserted at the protocol
level, e.g. [I-D.mahy-mimi-identity]? Once an SII has been
claimed by a user and enrolled at one or more messaging apps, how
long should that mapping persist before expiring, as some SIIs
change ownership over time?
4. Protecting user privacy. How much information can we shield from
the DP, or indeed the appp itself, while still enabling a
messaging system? How do we prevent enumeration attacks if we
want these mappings to be basically publicly available? How do
we balance user privacy with spam protection? What is the threat
landscape for pervasive monitoring of social graphs associated
with messaging?
20. Informative References
[I-D.ietf-mimi-content]
Mahy, R., "More Instant Messaging Interoperability (MIMI)
message content", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-
ietf-mimi-content-01, 23 October 2023,
<https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-ietf-mimi-
content-01>.
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[I-D.mahy-mimi-identity]
Mahy, R., "More Instant Messaging Interoperability (MIMI)
Identity Concepts", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft,
draft-mahy-mimi-identity-02, 10 July 2023,
<https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-mahy-mimi-
identity-02>.
[I-D.petithuguenin-vipr-pvp]
Petit-Huguenin, M., Rosenberg, J., and C. F. Jennings,
"The Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) Validation
Protocol (PVP)", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-
petithuguenin-vipr-pvp-04, 12 March 2012,
<https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-
petithuguenin-vipr-pvp-04>.
[I-D.ralston-mimi-linearized-matrix]
Ralston, T. and M. Hodgson, "Linearized Matrix", Work in
Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-ralston-mimi-linearized-
matrix-04, 10 January 2024,
<https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-ralston-mimi-
linearized-matrix-04>.
[I-D.rosenberg-dispatch-vipr-overview]
Rosenberg, J., Jennings, C. F., and M. Petit-Huguenin,
"Verification Involving PSTN Reachability: Requirements
and Architecture Overview", Work in Progress, Internet-
Draft, draft-rosenberg-dispatch-vipr-overview-04, 25
October 2010, <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/
draft-rosenberg-dispatch-vipr-overview-04>.
[RFC0954] Harrenstien, K., Stahl, M., and E. Feinler, "NICNAME/
WHOIS", RFC 954, DOI 10.17487/RFC0954, October 1985,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc954>.
[RFC2782] Gulbrandsen, A., Vixie, P., and L. Esibov, "A DNS RR for
specifying the location of services (DNS SRV)", RFC 2782,
DOI 10.17487/RFC2782, February 2000,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2782>.
[RFC3261] Rosenberg, J., Schulzrinne, H., Camarillo, G., Johnston,
A., Peterson, J., Sparks, R., Handley, M., and E.
Schooler, "SIP: Session Initiation Protocol", RFC 3261,
DOI 10.17487/RFC3261, June 2002,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3261>.
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[RFC3263] Rosenberg, J. and H. Schulzrinne, "Session Initiation
Protocol (SIP): Locating SIP Servers", RFC 3263,
DOI 10.17487/RFC3263, June 2002,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3263>.
[RFC3761] Faltstrom, P. and M. Mealling, "The E.164 to Uniform
Resource Identifiers (URI) Dynamic Delegation Discovery
System (DDDS) Application (ENUM)", RFC 3761,
DOI 10.17487/RFC3761, April 2004,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3761>.
[RFC3861] Peterson, J., "Address Resolution for Instant Messaging
and Presence", RFC 3861, DOI 10.17487/RFC3861, August
2004, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3861>.
[RFC3912] Daigle, L., "WHOIS Protocol Specification", RFC 3912,
DOI 10.17487/RFC3912, September 2004,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3912>.
[RFC6116] Bradner, S., Conroy, L., and K. Fujiwara, "The E.164 to
Uniform Resource Identifiers (URI) Dynamic Delegation
Discovery System (DDDS) Application (ENUM)", RFC 6116,
DOI 10.17487/RFC6116, March 2011,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6116>.
[RFC6940] Jennings, C., Lowekamp, B., Ed., Rescorla, E., Baset, S.,
and H. Schulzrinne, "REsource LOcation And Discovery
(RELOAD) Base Protocol", RFC 6940, DOI 10.17487/RFC6940,
January 2014, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6940>.
[RFC8224] Peterson, J., Jennings, C., Rescorla, E., and C. Wendt,
"Authenticated Identity Management in the Session
Initiation Protocol (SIP)", RFC 8224,
DOI 10.17487/RFC8224, February 2018,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8224>.
[RFC8225] Wendt, C. and J. Peterson, "PASSporT: Personal Assertion
Token", RFC 8225, DOI 10.17487/RFC8225, February 2018,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8225>.
Authors' Addresses
Jonathan Rosenberg
Five9
Email: jdrosen@jdrosen.net
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Jon Peterson
TrasnUnion
Email: jon.peterson@transunion.com
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