IP Parcels
draft-templin-intarea-parcels-47
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| Author | Fred Templin | ||
| Last updated | 2023-02-10 (Latest revision 2023-02-09) | ||
| Replaced by | draft-templin-intarea-parcels2 | ||
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draft-templin-intarea-parcels-47
Network Working Group F. L. Templin, Ed.
Internet-Draft Boeing Research & Technology
Updates: RFC2675 (if approved) 10 February 2023
Intended status: Standards Track
Expires: 14 August 2023
IP Parcels
draft-templin-intarea-parcels-47
Abstract
IP packets (both IPv4 and IPv6) contain a single unit of transport
layer protocol data which becomes the retransmission unit in case of
loss. Transport layer protocols including the Transmission Control
Protocol (TCP) and reliable delivery protocol users of the User
Datagram Protocol (UDP) prepare data units known as "segments", with
individual IP packets including only a single segment. This document
presents a new construct known as the "IP Parcel" which permits a
single packet to carry multiple transport layer protocol segments in
a "packet-of-packets". IP parcels provide an essential building
block for improved performance, efficiency and integrity while
encouraging larger Maximum Transmission Units (MTUs) in the Internet.
Status of This Memo
This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.
Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute
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Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."
This Internet-Draft will expire on 14 August 2023.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2023 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
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This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (https://trustee.ietf.org/
license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document.
Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights
and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components
extracted from this document must include Revised BSD License text as
described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are
provided without warranty as described in the Revised BSD License.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2. Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3. Background and Motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4. IP Parcel Formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.1. TCP Parcels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
4.2. UDP Parcels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
5. Transmission of IP Parcels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
5.1. Packetization over Non-Parcel Links . . . . . . . . . . . 17
5.2. Parcellation over Parcel-capable Links . . . . . . . . . 19
5.3. OMNI Interface Parcellation and Reconstitution . . . . . 20
5.4. Final Destination Reconstruction/Reconstitution . . . . . 21
6. Parcel Path Probing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
7. Integrity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
8. IP Jumbograms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
9. Implementation Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
10. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
11. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
12. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
13. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
13.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
13.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Appendix A. TCP Extensions for High Performance . . . . . . . . 38
Appendix B. Extreme L Value Implications . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Appendix C. IP Parcel Futures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Appendix D. Change Log . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Author's Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
1. Introduction
IP packets (both IPv4 [RFC0791] and IPv6 [RFC8200]) contain a single
unit of transport layer protocol data which becomes the
retransmission unit in case of loss. Transport layer protocols such
as the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) [RFC9293] and reliable
delivery protocol users of the User Datagram Protocol (UDP) [RFC0768]
(including QUIC [RFC9000], LTP [RFC5326] and others) prepare data
units known as "segments", with individual IP packets including only
a single segment. This document presents a new construct known as
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the "IP Parcel" which permits a single packet to carry multiple
transport layer protocol segments. This essentially creates a
"packet-of-packets" with the full {TCP,UDP}/IP headers appearing only
once but with possibly more than one segment.
Transport layer protocol entities form parcels by preparing a data
buffer (or buffer chain) beginning with an Integrity Block of at most
256 2-octet Checksums followed by their corresponding transport layer
protocol segments that can be broken out into individual packets and/
or smaller sub-parcels if necessary. All segments except the final
one must be equal in length and no larger than 65535 octets (minus
headers), while the final segment must not be larger than the others
but may be smaller. The transport layer protocol entity then
delivers the buffer(s), number of segments and non-final segment size
to the network layer which copies the buffer(s) into the body of a
parcel then includes a {TCP,UDP} header and an IP header plus
extensions that identify this as a parcel and not an ordinary packet.
The network layer then forwards each parcel over consecutive parcel-
capable links in a path until they arrive at a next hop link that
does not support parcels, a parcel-capable link with a size
restriction, or an ingress middlebox Overlay Multilink Network (OMNI)
Interface [I-D.templin-intarea-omni] that spans intermediate
Internetworks using adaptation layer encapsulation and fragmentation.
In the first case, the original source or next hop router applies
packetization to break the parcel into individual IP packets. In the
second case, the source/router applies network layer parcellation to
form smaller sub-parcels. In the final case, the OMNI interface
applies adaptation layer parcellation to form smaller sub-parcels if
necessary then applies adaptation layer encapsulation and
fragmentation if necessary before forwarding.
These adaptation layer sub-parcels may then be reconstituted into one
or more larger sub-parcels by an egress middlebox OMNI interface
which either delivers them locally or forwards them over additional
parcel-capable links in the network path to the final destination.
The final destination can then apply network layer reconstitution (or
reconstruction) to concatenate elements of the same original parcel
into a single unit so as to present the largest possible number of
segments to the transport layer in a single system call. Reordering
and even loss or damage of individual segments within the network is
therefore possible, but what matters is that the parcels delivered to
the final destination's transport layer should be the largest
practical size for best performance and that loss or receipt of
individual segments (and not parcel size) determines the
retransmission unit.
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The following sections discuss rationale for creating and shipping IP
parcels as well as the actual protocol constructs and procedures
involved. IP parcels provide an essential building block for
improved performance, efficiency and integrity while encouraging
larger Maximum Transmission Units (MTUs) in the Internet. It is
further expected that the parcel concept will inspire future
innovation in applications, transport protocols, operating systems,
network equipment and data links while advancing the worldwide
Internetworking architecture.
2. Terminology
The Oxford Languages dictionary defines a "parcel" as "a thing or
collection of things wrapped in paper in order to be carried or sent
by mail". Indeed, there are many examples of parcel delivery
services worldwide that provide an essential transit backbone for
efficient business and consumer transactions.
In this same spirit, an "IP parcel" is simply a collection of at most
256 transport layer protocol segments wrapped in an efficient package
for transmission and delivery (i.e., a "packet-of-packets") while a
"singleton IP parcel" is simply a parcel that contains a single
segment. IP parcels are distinguished from ordinary packets through
the constructs specified in this document.
The IP parcel construct is defined for both IPv4 and IPv6. Where the
document refers to "IPv4 header length", it means the total length of
the base IPv4 header plus all included options, i.e., as determined
by consulting the Internet Header Length (IHL) field. Where the
document refers to "IPv6 header length", however, it means only the
length of the base IPv6 header (i.e., 40 octets), while the length of
any extension headers is referred to separately as the "IPv6
extension header length". Finally, the term "IP header plus
extensions" refers generically to an IPv4 header plus all included
options or an IPv6 header plus all included extension headers.
Where the document refers to "{TCP,UDP} header length", it means the
length of either the TCP header plus options (20 or more octets) or
the UDP header (8 octets). It is important to note that only a
single IP header and a single full {TCP,UDP} header appears in each
parcel regardless of the number of segments included. This
distinction often provides a significant savings in overhead made
possible only by IP parcels.
Where the document refers to checksum calculations, it means the
standard Internet checksum unless otherwise specified. The same as
for TCP [RFC9293], UDP [RFC0768] and IPv4 [RFC0791], the standard
Internet checksum is defined as (sic) "the 16-bit one's complement of
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the one's complement sum of all (pseudo-)headers plus data, padded
with zero octets at the end (if necessary) to make a multiple of two
octets". A notional Internet checksum algorithm can be found in
[RFC1071], while practical implementations require special attention
to byte ordering "endianness" to ensure interoperability between
diverse architectures.
The terms "application layer (L5 and higher)", "transport layer
(L4)", "network layer (L3)", "(data) link layer (L2)" and "physical
layer (L1)" are used consistently with common Internetworking
terminology, with the understanding that reliable delivery protocol
users of UDP are considered as transport layer elements. The OMNI
specification further defines an "adaptation layer" logically
positioned below the network layer but above the link layer (which
may include physical links and Internet- or higher-layer tunnels).
The adaptation layer is simply known as "the layer below L3 but above
L2" and does not assign a layer number itself. A network interface
is a node's attachment to a link (via L2), and an OMNI interface is
therefore a node's attachment to an OMNI link (via the adaptation
layer).
The term "parcel-capable link/path" refers to paths that traverse
interfaces to adaptation and/or link layer media (either physical or
virtual) capable of transiting {TCP,UDP}/IP packets that employ the
parcel constructs specified in this document. The source and each
router in the path has a "next hop link" that forwards parcels toward
the final destination, while each router and the final destination
has a "previous hop link" that accepts en route parcels. Each next
hop link must be capable of forwarding parcels (after first applying
parcellation if necessary) with segment lengths no larger than can
transit the link. Currently only the OMNI link satisfies these
properties, but new and existing link types are also encouraged to
support parcels.
The term "5-tuple" refers to a transport layer protocol entity
identifier that includes the network layer (source address,
destination address, source port, destination port, protocol number).
The term "3-tuple" refers to a network layer parcel entity identifier
that includes the adaptation layer (source address, destination
address, Parcel ID).
The term "Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU)" is widely understood in
Internetworking terminology to mean the largest packet size that can
traverse a single link ("link MTU") or an entire path ("path MTU")
without requiring network layer IP fragmentation. If the MTU value
returned during parcel path qualification is larger than 65535 (plus
the length of the parcel headers), it determines the maximum parcel
size that can traverse the link/path without requiring a router to
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perform packetization/parcellation. Otherwise, the MTU determines
the "Maximum Segment Size (MSS)" for the leading portion of the path
up to a router that cannot forward the parcel further. (Note that
this size may still be larger than the MSS that can traverse the
remainder of the path to the final destination, which can only be
determined through additional probing.)
The terms "packetization" and "reconstruction" refer to a network
layer process in which the original source or a router on the path
breaks a parcel out into individual IP packets that can transit the
remainder of the path without loss due to a size restriction. These
packets are then reconstructed by the final destination into a parcel
before delivery to the transport layer. In current practice,
packetization/reconstruction can be considered to be one and the same
as Generic Segmentation/Receive Offload (GSO/GRO).
The terms "parcellation" and "reconstitution" refer to either network
layer or adaptation layer processes in which the original source or a
router on the path breaks a parcel into smaller sub-parcels that can
transit the path without loss due to a size restriction. These sub-
parcels are then reconstituted into larger (sub-)parcels before
delivery to the transport layer. As a network layer process, the
sub-parcels resulting from parcellation may only be reconstituted at
the final destination. As an adaptation layer process, the resulting
sub-parcels may be first reconstituted at an adaptation layer egress
node then further reconstituted by the network layer of the final
destination.
The parcel sizing variables "J", "K", "L" and "M" are cited
extensively throughout the document. "J" denotes the number of
segments included in the parcel (also termed "Nsegs"), "L" is the
length of each non-final segment, "K" is the length of the final
segment and "M" is the overall parcel length (also termed "Parcel
Payload Length").
Automatic Extended Route Optimization (AERO)
[I-D.templin-intarea-aero] and the Overlay Multilink Network
Interface (OMNI) [I-D.templin-intarea-omni] provide an architectural
framework for transmission of IP parcels over existing Internetworks.
AERO/OMNI will provide an operational environment for IP parcels
beginning from the earliest deployment phases and extending
indefinitely to accommodate continuous future growth. As more and
more parcel-capable links are deployed (e.g., in data centers, edge
networks, space-domain, and other high data rate services) AERO/OMNI
will continue to provide an essential service for true IP parcel
Internetworking.
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The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
"OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP
14 [RFC2119][RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all
capitals, as shown here.
3. Background and Motivation
Studies have shown that applications can improve their performance by
sending and receiving larger packets due to reduced numbers of system
calls and interrupts as well as larger atomic data copies between
kernel and user space. Larger packets also result in reduced numbers
of network device interrupts and better network utilization (e.g.,
due to header overhead reduction) in comparison with smaller packets.
A first study [QUIC] involved performance enhancement of the QUIC
protocol [RFC9000] using the linux Generic Segment/Receive Offload
(GSO/GRO) facility. GSO/GRO provides a robust service that has shown
significant performance increases based on a multi-segment transfer
capability between the operating system kernel and QUIC applications.
GSO/GRO performs fragmentation and reassembly at the transport layer
with the transport protocol segment size limited by the path MTU
(typically 1500 octets or smaller in today's Internet).
A second study [I-D.templin-dtn-ltpfrag] showed that GSO/GRO also
improves performance for the Licklider Transmission Protocol (LTP)
[RFC5326] used for the Delay Tolerant Networking (DTN) Bundle
Protocol [RFC9171] for segments larger than the actual path MTU
through the use of OMNI interface encapsulation and fragmentation.
Historically, the NFS protocol also saw significant performance
increases using larger (single-segment) UDP datagrams even when IP
fragmentation is invoked, and LTP still follows this profile today.
Moreover, LTP shows this (single-segment) performance increase
profile extending to the largest possible segment size which suggests
that additional performance gains are possible using (multi-segment)
IP parcels that approach or even exceed 65535 octets.
TCP also benefits from larger packet sizes and efforts have
investigated TCP performance using jumbograms internally with changes
to the linux GSO/GRO facilities [BIG-TCP]. The approach proposed to
use the Jumbo Payload option internally and to allow GSO/GRO to use
buffer sizes larger than 65535 octets, but with the understanding
that links that support jumbograms natively are not yet widely
available. Hence, IP parcels provide a packaging that can be
considered in the near term under current deployment limitations.
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A limiting consideration for sending large packets is that they are
often lost at links with MTU restrictions, and the resulting Packet
Too Big (PTB) message [RFC1191][RFC8201] may be lost somewhere in the
return path to the original source. This "Path MTU black hole"
condition can degrade performance unless robust path probing
techniques are used, however the best case performance always occurs
when loss of packets due to size restrictions is minimized.
These considerations therefore motivate a design where transport
protocols can employ segment sizes as large as 65535 octets (minus
headers), while parcels that carry multiple segments may themselves
be significantly larger. This would allow the receiving transport
layer protocol entity to process multiple segments in parallel
instead of one at a time per existing practices. Parcels therefore
support improvements in performance, integrity and efficiency for the
original source, final destination and networked path as a whole.
This is true even if the network and lower layers need to apply
packetization/reconstruction, parcellation/reconstitution and/or
fragmentation/reassembly.
An analogy: when a consumer orders 50 small items from a major online
retailer, the retailer does not ship the order in 50 separate small
boxes. Instead, the retailer packs as many of the small items as
possible into one or a few larger boxes (i.e., parcels) then places
the parcels on a semi-truck or airplane. The parcels may then pass
through one or more regional distribution centers where they may be
repackaged into different parcel configurations and forwarded further
until they are finally delivered to the consumer. But most often,
the consumer will only find one or a few parcels at their doorstep
and not 50 separate small boxes. This flexible parcel delivery
service greatly reduces shipping and handling cost for all including
the retailer, regional distribution centers and finally the consumer.
4. IP Parcel Formation
A transport protocol entity identified by its 5-tuple forms a parcel
body when it prepares a data buffer (or buffer chain) containing an
Integrity Block of at most 256 2-octet Checksums followed by their
corresponding transport layer protocol segments, with each TCP non-
first segment preceded by a 4-octet Sequence Number header. All non-
final segments MUST be equal in length while the final segment MUST
NOT be larger and MAY be smaller.
The non-final segment size L should be no larger than the minimum of
65535 octets and the path MTU, minus the length of the {TCP,UDP}
header (plus options), minus the length of the IP header (plus
options/extensions), minus 2 octets for the per-segment Checksum.
The transport layer protocol entity then presents the buffer(s) and
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size L to the network layer, noting that the combined buffer
length(s) may exceed 65535 octets if there are sufficient segments of
a large enough size. (See: Appendix B for further discussion.)
If the next hop link is not parcel capable, the network layer
performs packetization to configure each segment as an individual IP
packet as discussed in Section 5.1. Otherwise, the network layer
forms a parcel by appending a single full {TCP,UDP} header (plus
options) and a single full IP header (plus options/extensions). The
network layer finally includes a specially-formatted "Parcel Payload"
option as an extension to the IP header of each parcel prior to
transmission over a network interface.
For IPv4, the Parcel Payload option is included as an IPv4 header
option with format derived from [RFC2675] except that the network
layer sets Option Type to '00001011' and Option Data Len to
'00010000' (noting that the length also distinguishes this type from
its obsoleted use as the "IPv4 Probe MTU" option [RFC1063]). The
option is formed as shown in Figure 1:
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Option Type | Opt Data Len | Code | Check |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Nsegs | Parcel Payload Length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Identification |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|P|S| Reserved | Path MTU (PMTU) |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 1: IPv4 Parcel Payload Option Format
The network layer sets Code to 255 and sets Check to the same value
that will appear in the TTL of the outgoing IPv4 header. The network
layer next sets Nsegs to a value J between 0 and 255 and sets Parcel
Payload Length to a 3-octet value M that encodes the length of the
IPv4 header plus the length of the {TCP,UDP} header plus the combined
length of the Integrity Block plus all concatenated segments. Next,
the network layer sets Identification as discussed in Section 5, sets
the "(P)robe Path MTU" flag to '1' for probes or '0' for non-probes
and sets the "More (S)ub-parcels" flag to '1' for non-final sub-
parcels or '0' for the final (sub-)parcel. The network layer finally
sets the IPv4 header DF bit to 1 and Total Length field to the non-
final segment size L.
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For IPv6, the Parcel Payload option is included as an IPv6 Hop-by-Hop
option formatted the same as for IPv4 above, but with Option Type set
to '11001110', Option Data Len set to '00001100' and with the Code/
Check fields omitted. The option is formed as shown in Figure 2:
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Option Type | Opt Data Len |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Nsegs | Parcel Payload Length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Identification |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|P|S| Reserved | Path MTU (PMTU) |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 2: IPv6 Parcel Payload Option Format
The network layer sets Nsegs to a 1-octet value J between 0 and 255
and sets Parcel Payload Length to a 3-octet value M that encodes the
lengths of all IPv6 extension headers present plus the length of the
{TCP,UDP} header plus the combined length of the Integrity Block plus
all concatenated segments. Next, the network layer sets
Identification as discussed in Section 5, sets the P flag to '1' for
probes or '0' for non-probes and sets the S flag to '1' for non-final
sub-parcels or '0' for the final (sub-)parcel. The network layer
finally sets the IPv6 header Payload Length field to L.
Following transport and network layer processing, {TCP,UDP}/IP
parcels therefore have the structures shown in Figure 3:
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TCP/IP Parcel Structure UDP/IP Parcel Structure
+------------------------------+ +------------------------------+
|IP Hdr plus options/extensions| |IP Hdr plus options/extensions|
~ {Total, Payload} Length = L ~ ~ {Total, Payload} Length = L ~
| Nsegs = J; Parcel Length = M | | Nsegs = J; Parcel Length = M |
+------------------------------+ +------------------------------+
| | | |
~ TCP header (plus options) ~ ~ UDP header ~
| (Includes Sequence Number 0) | | |
+------------------------------+ +------------------------------+
| | | |
~ Integrity Block ~ ~ Integrity Block ~
| | | |
+------------------------------+ +------------------------------+
~ ~ ~ ~
~ Segment 0 (L-4 octets) ~ ~ Segment 0 (L octets) ~
+------------------------------+ +------------------------------+
~ Sequence Number 1 followed ~ ~ ~
~ by Segment 1 (L octets) ~ ~ Segment 1 (L octets) ~
+------------------------------+ +------------------------------+
~ Sequence Number 2 followed ~ ~ ~
~ by Segment 2 (L octets) ~ ~ Segment 2 (L octets) ~
+------------------------------+ +------------------------------+
~ ... ~ ~ ... ~
~ ... ~ ~ ... ~
+------------------------------+ +------------------------------+
~ Sequence Number J followed ~ ~ ~
~ by Segment J (K octets) ~ ~ Segment J (K octets) ~
+------------------------------+ +------------------------------+
Figure 3: {TCP,UDP}/IP Parcel Structure
where the total number of segments is (J + 1), L is the length of
each non-final segment which MUST be larger than 1 and no larger than
65535 octets, and K is the length of the final segment which MUST be
no larger than L.
The {TCP,UDP} header is then immediately followed by an Integrity
Block containing (J + 1) 2-octet Checksums concatenated in numerical
order as shown in Figure 4:
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+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Checksum (0) | Checksum (1) |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Checksum (2) | ... ~
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ ... ~
~ ... ... ~
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Checksum (J-1) | Checksum (J) |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 4: Integrity Block Format
The Integrity Block is then followed by (J + 1) transport layer
segments. For TCP, the TCP header Sequence Number field encodes a
4-octet starting sequence number for the first segment only, while
each additional segment is preceded by its own 4-octet Sequence
Number field. For this reason, the length of the first segment is
only (L-4) octets since the 4-octet TCP header Sequence Number field
applies to that segment. (All non-first TCP segments instead begin
with their own Sequence Number headers, with the 4-octet length
included in L and K.)
The Parcel Payload option Nsegs value unambiguously determines the
number of 2-octet Checksums present in the Integrity Block and
(together with the IP {Total, Payload} Length and Parcel Payload
Length) also determines the number of parcel data segments present.
Nodes that process and forward IP parcels therefore observe the
following requirements:
* if the Parcel Payload Length indicates insufficient space for the
full Integrity Block the receiver discards the parcel.
* if the length of the payload following the Integrity Block is (J *
L) or less, the receiver processes all initial Checksums along
with their corresponding segments up to the end of the payload and
ignores any remaining Checksums (note that this also addresses the
case of K = 0).
* if the length of the payload following the Integrity Block is
greater than ((J + 1) * L) the receiver processes all Checksums
with their corresponding segments and ignores any remaining
payload beyond the end of the final segment.
Note: Per-segment Checksums appear in a contiguous Integrity Block
immediately following the {TCP,UDP}/IP headers instead of inline with
the parcel segments to greatly increase the probability that they
will appear in the contiguous head of a kernel receive buffer even if
the parcel was subject to OMNI interface IPv6 fragmentation. This
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condition may not always hold if the IPv6 fragments also incur IPv4
encapsulation and fragmentation over paths that traverse fast IPv4
links with small MTUs. Even then, only the fragmented Integrity
Block (i.e., and not the entire parcel) may need to be pulled/copied
into the contiguous head of a kernel receive buffer.
Note: For IPv4 parcels, the first 2 octets of the Parcel Payload
option include Code and Check fields in case a router on the path
overwrites the values in a wayward attempt to implement [RFC1063].
IPv4 parcel recipients should therefore regard an incorrect Code or
Check value as evidence that the field was either accidentally or
intentionally corrupted by a previous hop node.
4.1. TCP Parcels
A TCP Parcel is an IP Parcel that includes an IP header plus
extensions with a Parcel Payload option formed as shown in Section 4
with Nsegs/J encoding one less than the number of segments and Parcel
Payload Length encoding a value up to 16,777,215 (2**24 - 1). The IP
header plus extensions is then followed by a TCP header plus options
(20 or more octets), which is then followed by an Integrity Block
with (J + 1) consecutive 2-octet Checksums. The Integrity Block is
then followed by (J + 1) consecutive segments, where the first
segment is (L-4) octets in length and uses the 4-octet sequence
number found in the TCP header, each intermediate segment is L octets
in length (including its own 4-octet Sequence Number header) and the
final segment is K octets in length (including its own 4-octet
Sequence Number header). The minimum L value for TCP is therefore 5
octets (4 control plus 1 data octet). The value L is encoded in the
IP header {Total, Payload} Length field while J is encoded in the
Nsegs octet. The overall length of the parcel as well as final
segment length K are determined by Nsegs and the Parcel Payload
length M as discussed above. (See: Appendix B for further
discussion.)
The source prepares TCP Parcels in an alternative adaptation of TCP
jumbograms [RFC2675]. The source calculates a checksum of the TCP
header plus IP pseudo-header only (see: Section 7), but with the TCP
header Sequence Number field temporarily set to 0 during the
calculation since the true sequence number will be included as an
integrity pseudo header for the first segment. The source then
writes the calculated value in the TCP header Checksum field as-is
(i.e., without converting calculated '0' values to 'ffff') and
finally re-writes the actual sequence number back into the Sequence
Number field. (Nodes that verify the header checksum first perform
the same operation of temporarily setting the Sequence Number field
to 0 and then resetting to the actual value following checksum
verification.)
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The source then calculates the checksum of the first segment
beginning with the sequence number found in the full TCP header as a
4-octet pseudo-header then extending over the remaining (L-4) octet
length of the segment. The source next calculates the checksum for
each L octet intermediate segment independently over the length of
the segment (beginning with its sequence number), then finally
calculates the checksum of the K octet final segment (beginning with
its sequence number). As the source calculates each segment(i)
checksum (for i = 0 thru J), it writes the value into the
corresponding Integrity Block Checksum(i) field as-is.
Note: The parcel TCP header Source Port, Destination Port and (per-
segment) Sequence Number fields apply to all parcel segments, while
the TCP control bits and all other fields apply only to the first
segment (i.e., "segment(0)"). Therefore, only parcel segment(0) may
be associated with control bit settings while all other segment(i)'s
must be simple data segments.
See Appendix A for additional TCP considerations. See Section 7 for
additional integrity considerations.
4.2. UDP Parcels
A UDP Parcel is an IP Parcel that includes an IP header plus
extensions with a Parcel Payload option formed as shown in Section 4
with Nsegs/J encoding one less than the number of segments and Parcel
Payload Length encoding a value up to 16,777,215 (2**24 - 1). The IP
header plus extensions is then followed by an 8-octet UDP header
followed by an Integrity Block with (J + 1) consecutive 2-octet
Checksums followed by (J + 1) transport layer segments. Each segment
must begin with a transport-specific start delimiter (e.g., a segment
identifier) included by the transport layer user of UDP. The minimum
L value for UDP is therefore 2 octets (1 control plus 1 data octet).
The length of the first segment L is encoded in the IP {Total,
Payload} Length field while J is encoded in the Nsegs octet. The
overall length of the parcel as well as the final segment length are
determined by the Parcel Payload Length M as discussed above. (See:
Appendix B for further discussion.)
The source prepares UDP Parcels in an alternative adaptation of UDP
jumbograms [RFC2675]. The source first MUST set the UDP header
length field to 0, then calculates the checksum of the UDP header
plus IP pseudo-header (see: Section 7) and writes the calculated
value in the UDP header Checksum field as-is (i.e., without
converting calculated '0' values to 'ffff').
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The source then calculates a separate checksum for each segment for
which checksums are enabled independently over the length of the
segment. As the source calculates each segment(i) checksum (for i =
0 thru J), it writes the value into the corresponding Integrity Block
Checksum(i) field with calculated '0' values converted to 'ffff'; for
segments with checksums disabled, the source instead writes the value
'0'.
See: Section 7 for additional integrity considerations.
5. Transmission of IP Parcels
During {TCP,UDP} parcel assembly, the network layer of the source
fully populates all IP header fields including the source address,
destination address and Parcel Payload option as discussed above.
The source also sets IP {Total, Payload} Length to a value between 2
and 65535 to distinguish the parcel from an ordinary jumbogram or
"Jumbo Probe" (see: Section 8).
The network layer of the source also maintains a randomly-initialized
32-bit cached Identification value for each destination. For each
parcel transmission, the source sets the Parcel Payload option
Identification field to the current cached value for this destination
then increments the cached value by 1 (modulo 2**32). The source can
subsequently reset the cached Identification for a destination to a
new random value at any time, e.g., to maintain an unpredictable
profile.
The network layer of the source next presents each parcel to an
interface for transmission to the next hop. For ordinary interface
attachments to parcel-capable links, the source simply admits each
parcel into the interface the same as for any IP packet where it may
be forwarded by one or more routers over additional consecutive
parcel-capable links possibly even traversing the entire forward path
to the final destination. If any node in the path does not recognize
the parcel construct, it may drop the parcel and return an ICMP
"Parameter Problem" message.
When the next hop link does not support parcels at all, or when the
next hop link is parcel-capable but configures an MTU that is too
small to pass the entire parcel, the source breaks the parcel up into
individual IP packets (in the first case) or into smaller sub-parcels
(in the second case). In the first case, the source can apply
"packetization" using Generic Segment Offload (GSO), and the final
destination can apply "reconstruction" using Generic Receive Offload
(GRO) to deliver the largest possible parcel buffer(s) to the
transport layer. In the second case, the source can apply
"parcellation" to break the parcel into sub-parcels which each
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contain the same Identification value and with the S flag set
appropriately. The final destination can then apply "reconstitution"
to deliver the largest possible parcel buffer(s) to the transport
layer. In all other ways, the source processes of breaking a parcel
up into individual IP packets or smaller sub-parcels entails the same
considerations as for a router on the path that invokes these
processes as discussed in the following subsections.
Each parcel serves as an implicit probe that tests the forward path's
ability to pass parcels. Each parcel header also includes a 24-bit
"Path MTU (PMTU)" field into which the source writes the minimum of
the next hop link MTU and (2**24 - 1) and each router in the path
rewrites PMTU in a similar fashion as for
[RFC1063][I-D.ietf-6man-mtu-option]. In particular, each router
compares the parcel PMTU value with the next hop link MTU in the
parcel path and MUST (re)set PMTU to the minimum value. Note that
the fact that the parcel traversed a previous hop link should provide
acceptable evidence of forward progress since parcel path MTU
determination is unidirectional in the forward path only. However,
nodes can also include the previous hop link MTU in their minimum
PMTU calculations in case the link may have an ingress size
restriction (such as a receive buffer limitation). Each parcel also
includes one or more transport layer segments corresponding to the
5-tuple for the flow, which may also include {TCP,UDP} segment size
probes used for packetization layer path MTU discovery
[RFC4821][RFC8899]. (See: Section 6 for further details on parcel
path probing.)
When a router receives an IPv4 parcel it first compares Code with 255
and Check with the IPv4 header TTL; if either value differs, the
router drops the parcel and returns a negative Parcel Reply (see
Section 6). For all other IP parcels, the router next compares the
value L with the next hop link MTU. If the next hop link MTU is too
small to pass either a singleton parcel or an individual IP packet
with a single segment of length L the router discards the parcel and
returns a positive Parcel Reply with MTU set to the next hop link
MTU. Otherwise, for IPv4 parcels if the next hop link is parcel
capable the router MUST reset Check to the same value that would
appear in the TTL of the outgoing IPv4 header for forwarding the
parcel to the next hop.
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If the router recognizes parcels but the next hop link in the path
does not, or if the entire parcel would exceed the next hop link MTU,
the router instead opens the parcel. The router then forwards each
enclosed segment in individual IP packets or in a set of smaller sub-
parcels that each contain a subset of the original parcel's segments.
If the next hop link is via an OMNI interface, the router instead
proceeds according to OMNI Adaptation Layer procedures. These
considerations are discussed in detail in the following sections.
5.1. Packetization over Non-Parcel Links
For transmission of individual IP packets over links that do not
support parcels, the source or router (i.e., the node) engages GSO to
perform packetization. The node first determines whether an
individual packet with segment of length L can fit within the next
hop link MTU. If not, the node drops the parcel and returns a
positive Parcel Reply message with MTU set to the next hop link MTU
and with the leading portion of the parcel beginning with the IP
header as the "packet in error". Otherwise, the node removes the
Parcel Payload option, sets aside and remembers the Integrity Block
(and for TCP also sets aside and remembers the Sequence Number header
values of each non-first segment) then copies the {TCP,UDP}/IP
headers (but with the Parcel Payload option removed) followed by
segment(i) (for i= 0 thru J) into 'i' individual IP packets
("packet(i)").
For each IP packet(i), the node then clears the TCP control bits in
all but packet(0), and includes only those TCP options that are
permitted to appear in data segments in all but packet(0) which may
also include control segment options (see: Appendix A for further
discussion). The node then sets IP {Total, Payload} Length for each
packet(i) based on the length of segment(i) according to the IP
protocol standards [RFC0791] [RFC8200].
For each IPv6 packet(i), the node includes an IPv6 Fragment Header
and sets the Identification field to the value found in the parcel
header. For each IPv4 packet(i), the node sets the Identification
field to the least significant 16 bits of the value found in the
parcel header and sets the (D)ont Fragment flag to '1'. For each IP
packet(i), the node then sets both the Fragment Offset field and
(M)ore fragments flag to '0' to produce an unfragmented IP packet
(IPv6 destinations will process these "atomic fragments" as whole
packets instead of admitting them into the reassembly cache, i.e.,
the same as for IPv4). The node then processes further according to
transport layer protocol conventions as follows.
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For TCP, the node calculates the checksum up to the end of
packet(0)'s TCP/IP headers only according to [RFC9293] but with the
sequence number value saved and the field set to 0. The node then
adds Integrity Block Checksum(0) to the calculated value and writes
the sum into packet(0)'s TCP Checksum field. The node then resets
the Sequence Number field to packet(0)'s saved sequence number and
forwards packet(0) to the next hop. The node next calculates the
checksum of packet(1)'s TCP/IP headers with the Sequence Number field
set to 0 and saves the calculated value. In each non-first packet(i)
(for i = 1 thru J), the node then adds the saved value to Integrity
Block Checksum(i), writes the sum into packet(i)'s TCP Checksum
field, sets the TCP Sequence Number field to packet(i)'s sequence
number then forwards packet(i) to the next hop.
For UDP, the node sets the UDP length field according to [RFC0768] in
each packet(i) (for i= 0 thru J). If Integrity Block Checksum(i) is
0, the node then sets the UDP Checksum field to 0, forwards packet(i)
to the next hop and continues to the next. The node next calculates
the checksum over packet(i)'s UDP/IP headers only according to
[RFC0768]. If Integrity Block Checksum(i) is not 'ffff', the node
then adds the value to the header checksum; otherwise, the node re-
calculates the checksum for segment(i). If the re-calculated
segment(i) checksum value is 'ffff' or '0' the node adds the value to
the header checksum; otherwise, it continues to the next packet(i).
The node finally writes the total checksum value into the packet(i)
UDP Checksum field (or writes 'ffff' if the total was '0') and
forwards packet(i) to the next hop.
Note: For each UDP packet(i), the node must recalculate the segment
checksum if Checksum(i) is 'ffff', since that value is shared by both
'0' and 'ffff' calculated checksums. If recalculating the checksum
produces an incorrect value, the node can optionally drop or forward
(noting that the forwarded packet would simply be discarded as an
error by the final destination). For each {TCP,UDP} packet(i), the
node can optionally re-calculate and verify the segment checksum
unconditionally before forwarding, but this may introduce
unacceptable delay and processing overhead.
Note: Packets resulting from packetization may be too large to
transit the remaining path to the final destination, such that a
router may drop the packet(s) and return an ordinary ICMP PTB
message. Since these messages cannot be authenticated or may be lost
on the return path, the original source should take care in setting a
segment size larger than the known path MTU.
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5.2. Parcellation over Parcel-capable Links
For transmission of smaller sub-parcels over parcel-capable links,
the source or router (i.e., the node) first determines whether a
single segment of length L can fit within the next hop link MTU if
packaged as a (singleton) sub-parcel. If not, the node returns a
positive Parcel Reply message with MTU set to the next hop link MTU
and containing the leading portion of the parcel beginning with the
IP header, then drops the parcel. Otherwise, the node employs
network layer parcellation to break the original parcel into smaller
groups of segments that would fit within the path MTU by determining
the number of segments of length L that can fit into each sub-parcel
under the size constraints. For example, if the node determines that
a sub-parcel can contain 3 segments of length L, it creates sub-
parcels with the first containing Integrity Block Checksums/Segments
0-2, the second containing Checksums/Segments 3-5, etc., and with the
final containing any remaining Checksums/Segments.
The node then appends identical {TCP,UDP}/IP headers (including the
Parcel Payload option and any other extensions) to each sub-parcel
while resetting ({Total, Payload} Length/L) and (Parcel Payload
Length/M) in each according to the above equations with Nsegs/J set
to 2 for each intermediate sub-parcel and with Nsegs/J set to one
less than the remaining number of segments for the final sub-parcel.
For TCP, the node then clears the TCP control bits in all but the
first sub-parcel and includes only those TCP options that are
permitted to appear in data segments in all but the first sub-parcel
(which may also include control segment options). For both TCP and
UDP, the node then resets the {TCP,UDP} Checksum according to
ordinary parcel formation procedures (see above). The node then sets
the TCP Sequence Number field to the value that appears in the first
sub-parcel segment while removing the first segment's Sequence Number
header (if present).
When the node breaks an original parcel into sub-parcels, it also
checks the "(S)ub-parcel" flag in the Parcel Payload option. If the
S flag is '0', the node sets S to '1' in all resulting sub-parcels
except the last (i.e., the one containing the final segment of length
K, which may be shorter than L) for which it sets S to '0'. If the S
flag is '1', the node instead sets S to '1' in all resulting sub-
parcels including the last. The node finally sets PMTU to the next
hop link MTU then forwards each (sub-)parcel over the parcel-capable
next hop link.
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5.3. OMNI Interface Parcellation and Reconstitution
For transmission of original parcels or sub-parcels over OMNI
interfaces, the node admits all parcels into the interface
unconditionally since the OMNI interface MTU is unrestricted. The
OMNI Adaptation Layer (OAL) of this First Hop Segment (FHS) OAL
source node then forwards the parcel to the next OAL hop which may be
either an OAL intermediate node or a Last Hop Segment (LHS) OAL
destination. OMNI interface parcellation and reconstitution
procedures are specified in detail in the remainder of this section,
while parcel encapsulation and fragmentation procedures are specified
in [I-D.templin-intarea-omni].
When the OAL source forwards a parcel (whether generated by a local
application or forwarded over a network path that traversed one or
more parcel-capable links), it first assigns a monotonically-
incrementing (modulo 255) adaptation layer "Parcel ID". If the
parcel is larger than the OAL maximum segment size of 65535 octets,
the OAL source then employs adaptation layer parcellation to break
the parcel into sub-parcels the same as for the network layer
procedures discussed above. The OAL source next assigns a different
monotonically-incrementing adaptation layer Identification value for
each sub-parcel of the same Parcel ID then performs adaptation layer
encapsulation and fragmentation and finally forwards each fragment to
the next OAL hop toward the OAL destination as necessary. (During
encapsulation, the OAL source examines the Parcel Payload option S
flag to determine the setting for the adaptation layer fragment
header S flag according to the same rules specified in Section 5.2.)
When the sub-parcels arrive at the OAL destination, it can optionally
retain them along with their Parcel ID and Identifications for a
brief time to support reconstitution with peer sub-parcels of the
same original (sub-)parcel identified by the 3-tuple information
supplied by the OAL source. This reconstitution entails the
concatenation of Checksums/Segments included in sub-parcels with the
same Parcel ID and with Identification values within 255 of one
another to create a larger sub-parcel possibly even as large as the
entire original parcel. The OAL destination concatenates each sub-
parcel in ascending Identification value order, except that any sub-
parcel with TCP control bits set must appear as the first
concatenated element in a reconstituted larger parcel and any sub-
parcel with S flag set to '0' must occur as the final concatenation.
The OAL destination then sets S to '0' in the reconstituted
(sub-)parcel if and only if one of its constituent elements also had
S set to '0'; otherwise, it sets S to '1'.
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The OAL destination then appends a common {TCP,UDP}/IP header plus
extensions to each reconstituted sub-parcel while resetting J, K, L
and M in the corresponding header fields of each. For TCP, if any
sub-parcel has TCP control bits set the OAL destination regards it as
sub-parcel(0) and uses its TCP header as the header of the
reconstituted (sub-)parcel. The OAL destination then resets the
{TCP,UDP}/IP header checksum. If the OAL destination is also the
final destination, it then delivers the sub-parcels to the network
layer which processes them according to the 5-tuple information
supplied by the original source. Otherwise, the OAL destination
forwards each sub-parcel toward the final destination the same as for
an ordinary IP packet as discussed above.
Note: Adaptation layer parcellation over OMNI links occurs only at
the OAL source while the adaptation layer reconstitution occurs only
at the OAL destination. The OAL destination can instead avoid this
process if it would negatively impact performance, noting that
forwarding individual sub-parcels without delay and without
reconstitution is always acceptable (but not always optimal).
Intermediate OAL nodes do not participate in the parcellation or
reconstitution processes.
Note: OMNI interface parcellation and reconstitution is an OAL
process based on the adaptation layer 3-tuple and not the network
layer 5-tuple. This is true even if the OAL has visibility into
network layer information since some sub-parcels of the same original
parcel may be forwarded over different network paths.
5.4. Final Destination Reconstruction/Reconstitution
When the original source or a router on the path opens a parcel and
forwards its contents as individual IP packets, these packets will
arrive at the final destination which can hold them in a
reconstruction buffer for a short time then reconstruct the original
parcel using GRO. The 5-tuple information plus the Identification
value provides sufficient context for GRO reconstruction which
practical implementations have proven can provide a robust service at
high data rates even for IPv4 with its 16-bit Identification
limitation.
When the original source or a router on the path opens a parcel and
forwards its contents as smaller sub-parcels, these sub-parcels will
arrive at the final destination which can hold them in a
reconstitution buffer for a short time or until a sub-parcel with the
S flag set to '0' arrives. The 5-tuple information plus the
Identification value provides sufficient context for reconstitution,
and both IPv4 and IPv6 will see a full 32-bit Identification.
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In both the reconstruction and reconstitution cases, the final
destination concatenates segments in the order they were received
even if some small degree of reordering and/or loss may have occurred
in the networked path. When the final destination performs
reconstruction/reconstitution on TCP segments, however, it must
include the one with any TCP flag bits set as the first concatenation
and with the TCP options including the union of the TCP options of
all concatenated packets or sub-parcels. For both TCP and UDP, any
packet or sub-parcel containing the final segment (i.e., as told by
either the segment length or S flag) must appear as a final
concatenation.
The final destination can then present the concatenated parcel
contents to the transport layer with segments arranged in (nearly)
the same order in which they were originally transmitted. Strict
ordering is not required since each segment will include a transport
layer protocol specific start delimiter with positional coordinates.
These procedures eliminate the need for a Fragment Offset value since
each sub-parcel or individual IP packet contains an integral number
of whole transport layer protocol segments which are not themselves
fragmented.
Note: Since loss and/or reordering may occur in the network, the
final destination may receive a "short" packet or sub-parcel with S
set to '0' before all other elements of the same original parcel have
arrived. This condition does not represent an error, but in some
cases may cause the network layer to deliver sub-parcels that are
smaller than the original parcel to the transport layer. The
transport layer simply accepts any segments received from all such
deliveries and will request retransmission of any segments that were
lost and/or damaged.
Note: Reconstruction and/or reconstitution buffer congestion may
indicate that the service(s) cannot be sustained at current arrival
rates. The network layer should then begin delivering partial
concatenations or even individual segments to a transport layer
receive queue (e.g., a socket buffer) instead of waiting for all
segments to arrive. The network layer can manage reconstruction/
reconstitution buffers, e.g., by maintaining buffer occupancy high/
low watermarks.
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6. Parcel Path Probing
All parcels also serve as implicit probes and may cause either a
router in the path or the final destination to return an ordinary
ICMP error [RFC0792][RFC4443] and/or Packet Too Big (PTB) message
[RFC1191] [RFC8201] concerning the parcel. A router in the path or
the final destination may also return a "Parcel Reply" (subject to
rate limiting per [RFC4443]) as discussed below.
To determine whether parcels can transit at least an initial portion
of the forward path toward the final destination, the original source
can also send IP parcels with the Parcel Payload option P flag set to
'1' as an explicit "Parcel Probe". The probe will cause the final
destination or a router on the path to return a Parcel Reply, while
the parcel itself can continue to make forward progress. (The
original source should be conservative in sending explicit Parcel
Probes to avoid Parcel Reply loss due to rate limiting.)
A Parcel Probe can be included either in an ordinary data parcel or a
{TCP,UDP}/IP parcel with destination port set to '9' (discard)
[RFC0863]. The probe will still contain a valid {TCP,UDP} parcel
header Checksum that any intermediate hops as well as the final
destination can use to detect mis-delivery, while the final
destination will process any parcel data in probes with correct
Checksums.
If the original source receives a positive Parcel Reply, it marks the
path as "parcels supported" and ignores any ordinary ICMP and/or PTB
messages concerning the probe. If the original source instead
receives a negative Parcel Reply or no reply, it marks the path as
"parcels not supported" and may regard any ordinary ICMP and/or PTB
messages concerning the probe (or its contents) as indications of a
possible path limitation.
The original source can therefore send Parcel Probes in the same IP
parcels used to carry real data. The probes will traverse parcel-
capable links joined by routers on the forward path possibly
extending all the way to the destination. If the original source
receives a positive Parcel Reply, it can continue using IP parcels
(while also adjusting its current segment size if necessary).
The original source sends Parcel Probes unidirectionally in the
forward path toward the final destination to elicit a Parcel Reply,
since it will often be the case that IP parcels are supported only in
the forward path and not in the return path. Parcel Probes may be
dropped in the forward path by any node that does not recognize IP
parcels, but Parcel Replys must be packaged to avoid return path
filtering. For this reason, the Parcel Payload options included in
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Parcel Probes are always packaged as IPv4 header options or IPv6 Hop-
by-Hop options while Parcel Replys are returned as UDP/IP
encapsulated ICMPv6 PTB messages with a "Parcel Reply" Code value
(see: [I-D.templin-intarea-omni]).
Original sources send ordinary parcels or discard parcels as explicit
Parcel Probes by setting the Parcel Payload option P flag to '1' and
PMTU to the minimum of the next hop link MTU and (2**24 - 1). The
source then sets Nsegs, Parcel Payload Length, and {Total, Payload}
Length, then calculates the header and per-segment checksums the same
as for an ordinary parcel. The source finally sends the Parcel Probe
via the outbound IP interface.
Original sources can send Parcel Probes that include a large segment
size, but these may be dropped by a router on the path even if the
next hop link is parcel-capable. The original source would then
receive a Parcel Reply that reports only the MTU of the leading
portion of the path up to the router with the restrictive link. The
original source can instead send Parcel Probes with smaller segments
that would be likely to transit the entire forward path to the final
destination if all links are parcel-capable. For parcel-capable
paths, this allows the original source to discover both the path MTU
and the MSS in a single message exchange instead of multiple.
According to [RFC7126], IPv4 middleboxes (i.e., routers, security
gateways, firewalls, etc.) that do not observe this specification
should drop IPv4 packets that contain option type '00001011' ("IPv4
Probe MTU") but some might instead either attempt to implement
[RFC1063] or ignore the option altogether. IPv4 middleboxes that
observe this specification instead MUST process the option as an
implicit or explicit Parcel Probe as specified below.
According to [RFC2675], IPv6 middleboxes (i.e., routers, security
gateways, firewalls, etc.) that recognize the IPv6 Jumbo Payload
option but do not observe this specification should return an ICMPv6
Parameter Problem message (and presumably also drop the packet) due
to validation rules for ordinary jumbograms since the parcel includes
a non-zero IP {Total, Payload} Length. IPv6 middleboxes that observe
this specification instead MUST process the option as an implicit or
explicit Parcel Probe as specified below.
When a router that observes this specification receives an IPv4
Parcel Probe it first compares Code with 255 and Check with the IP
header TTL; if either value differs, the router drops the probe and
returns a negative Parcel Reply (see below). For all other IP Parcel
Probes, if the next hop link is non-parcel-capable the router
compares PMTU with the next hop link MTU and returns a positive
Parcel Reply (see below) with MTU set to the minimum value. If the
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next hop link configures a sufficiently large MTU, the router then
applies packetization to convert the probe into individual IP
packet(s) and forwards each packet to the next hop; otherwise, it
drops the probe.
If the next hop link both supports parcels and configures an MTU that
is large enough to pass the probe, the router instead compares the
probe PMTU with the next hop link MTU and MUST (re)set PMTU to the
minimum value then forward the probe to the next hop (and for IPv4
first reset Check to the same value that will appear in the outgoing
IPv4 TTL). If the next hop link supports parcels but configures an
MTU that is too small to pass the probe, the router resets PMTU (and
Check if necessary) then applies parcellation to break the probe into
multiple smaller sub-parcels that can traverse the link while setting
the P flag to '1' only for the first sub-parcel. If the next hop
link supports parcels but configures an MTU that is too small to pass
a singleton sub-parcel of the probe, the router instead drops the
probe and returns a positive Parcel Reply with MTU set to the next
hop link MTU.
The final destination may therefore receive one or more individual IP
packets or sub-parcels including an intact Parcel Probe. If the
final destination receives individual IP packets, it performs any
necessary integrity checks, applies reconstruction/GRO if possible
then delivers the (reconstructed) parcel contents to the transport
layer. If the final destination receives an IPv4 Parcel Probe, it
first compares Code with 255 and Check with the IPv4 header TTL; if
either value differs, the final destination drops the probe and
returns a negative Parcel Reply. For all other Parcel Probes, the
final destination instead returns a positive Parcel Reply, applies
reconstitution then delivers the (reconstituted) parcel contents to
the transport layer.
When a router or final destination returns a Parcel Reply, it
prepares an ICMPv6 PTB message [RFC4443] with Code set to "Parcel
Reply" (see: [I-D.templin-intarea-omni]) and with MTU set to either
the minimum MTU value for a positive reply or to '0' for a negative
reply. The node then writes its own IP address as the Parcel Reply
source and writes the source of the Parcel Probe as the Parcel Reply
destination (for IPv4 Parcel Probes, the node writes the Parcel Reply
address as an IPv4-Compatible IPv6 address [RFC4291]). The node next
copies as much of the leading portion of the probe/parcel (beginning
with the IP header) as possible into the "packet in error" field
without causing the entire Parcel Reply (beginning with the IPv6
header) to exceed 512 octets in length, then calculates the ICMPv6
Checksum. Since IPv6 packets cannot traverse IPv4 paths, and since
middleboxes often filter ICMPv6 messages as they traverse IPv6 paths,
the node next wraps the Parcel Reply in UDP/IP headers of the correct
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IP version with the IP source and destination addresses copied from
the Parcel Reply and with UDP port numbers set to the OMNI UDP port
number [I-D.templin-intarea-omni]. In the process, the node either
calculates or omits the UDP Checksum as appropriate and (for IPv4)
clears the DF bit. The node finally sends the prepared Parcel Reply
to the original source of the probe.
After sending a Parcel Probe (or an ordinary parcel) the original
source may therefore receive a UDP/IP encapsulated Parcel Reply (see
above) and/or one or more transport layer protocol probe replies. If
the source receives a Parcel Reply, it verifies the checksum and
matches the enclosed PTB message with an original probe/parcel by
examining the Identification echoed in the ICMPv6 "packet in error"
containing the leading portion of the probe. If the Identification
does not match, the source discards the Parcel Reply; otherwise, it
continues to process. If the Parcel Reply MTU is '0', the source
marks the path as "parcels not supported"; otherwise, it marks the
path as "parcels supported" and also records the MTU value as the
parcel path MTU (i.e., the portion of the path up to and including
the node that returned the Parcel Reply). If the MTU value is 65535
(plus headers) or larger, the MTU determines the largest whole parcel
size that can traverse the path without packetization/parcellation
while using any segment size up to and including the maximum. If the
MTU value is smaller, the value represents both the largest whole
parcel size and a maximum segment size limitation. In both cases,
the maximum parcel size that can traverse the initial portion of the
path may be larger than the maximum segment size that can continue to
traverse the remaining path to the final destination.
Note: If a router or final destination receives a Parcel Probe but
does not recognize the parcel construct, it drops the probe without
further processing (and may return an ICMP error). The original
source will then consider the probe as lost, but may attempt to probe
again later, e.g., in case the path may have changed.
7. Integrity
The {TCP,UDP}/IP header plus each segment of a (multi-segment) IP
parcel includes its own integrity check. This means that IP parcels
can support stronger and more discrete integrity checks for the same
amount of transport layer protocol data compared to an individual IP
packet or jumbogram. The {TCP/UDP} Checksum header integrity check
can be verified at each hop to ensure that parcels with errored
headers are detected. The per-segment Integrity Block Checksums are
set by the source and verified by the final destination, noting that
TCP parcels must honor the sequence number discipline discussed in
Section 4.1.
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IP parcels can range in length from as small as only the {TCP,UDP}/IP
headers plus a single Integrity Block Checksum with a single segment
to as large as the headers plus (256 * 65535) octets. Although link
layer integrity checks such as CRC-32 provide sufficient protection
for contiguous data blocks up to approximately 9KB, reliance on link-
layer integrity checks may be inadvisable for links with
significantly larger MTUs and may not be possible at all for links
such as tunnels over IPv4 that invoke fragmentation. Moreover, the
segment contents of a received parcel may arrive in an incomplete
and/or rearranged order with respect to their original packaging.
Each network layer forwarding hop as well as the final destination
should verify the {TCP,UDP}/IP Checksum at its layer, since an
errored header could result in mis-delivery. If a network layer
protocol entity on the path detects an incorrect {TCP,UDP}/IP
Checksum it should discard the entire IP parcel unless the header(s)
can somehow first be repaired by lower layers.
To support the parcel header checksum calculation, the network layer
uses modified versions of the {TCP,UDP}/IPv4 "pseudo-header" found in
[RFC0768][RFC9293], or the {TCP,UDP}/IPv6 "pseudo-header" found in
Section 8.1 of [RFC8200]. Note that while the contents of the two IP
protocol version-specific pseudo-headers beyond the address fields
are the same, the order in which the contents are arranged differs
and must be honored according to the specific IP protocol version as
shown in Figure 5. This allows for maximum reuse of widely deployed
code while ensuring interoperability.
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IPv4 Parcel Pseudo-Header
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| IPv4 Source Address |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| IPv4 Destination Address |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| zero | Next Header | Segment Length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Nsegs | Parcel Payload Length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
IPv6 Parcel Pseudo-Header
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
~ IPv6 Source Address ~
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
~ IPv6 Destination Address ~
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Nsegs | Parcel Payload Length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Segment Length | zero | Next Header |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 5: {TCP,UDP}/IP Parcel Pseudo-Header Formats
where the following fields appear in both pseudo-headers:
* Source Address is the 4-octet IPv4 or 16-octet IPv6 source address
of the prepared parcel.
* Destination Address is the 4-octet IPv4 or 16-octet IPv6
destination address of the prepared parcel.
* zero encodes the constant value '0'.
* Next Header is the IP protocol number corresponding to the
transport layer protocol, i.e., TCP or UDP.
* Segment Length is the value that appears in the IP {Total,
Payload} Length field of the prepared parcel.
* Nsegs is the 1-octet value that appears in the Parcel Payload
Option field of the same name.
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* Parcel Payload Length is the 3-octet value that appears in the
Parcel Payload Option field of the same name.
Transport layer protocol entities coordinate per-segment checksum
processing with the network layer using a control mechanism such as a
socket option. If the transport layer sets a SO_NO_CHECK(TX) socket
option, the transport layer is responsible for supplying per-segment
checksums on transmission and the network layer forwards the IP
parcel to the next hop without further processing; otherwise, the
network layer supplies the per-segment checksums before forwarding.
If the transport layer sets a SO_NO_CHECK(RX) socket option, the
transport layer is responsible for verifying per-segment checksums on
reception and the network layer delivers each received parcel body to
the transport layer without further processing; otherwise, the
network layer verifies the per-segment parcel checksums before
delivering.
When the transport layer protocol entity of the source delivers a
parcel body to the network layer, it prepends an Integrity Block of
(J + 1) 2-octet Checksum fields and includes a 4-octet Sequence
Number field with each TCP non-first segment. If the SO_NO_CHECK(TX)
socket option is set, the transport layer protocol either calculates
each segment checksum and writes the value into the corresponding
Checksum field (and for UDP with '0' values written as 'ffff') or
writes the value '0' to disable specific UDP segment checksums. If
the SO_NO_CHECK(TX) socket options is clear, for UDP the transport
layer instead writes the value '0' to disable or any non-zero value
to enable checksums for specific segments (for TCP, the transport
layer instead writes any value).
When the network layer of the source accepts the parcel body from the
transport layer protocol entity, if the SO_NO_CHECK(TX) socket option
is set the network layer appends the {TCP,UDP}/IP headers and
forwards the parcel to the next hop without further processing. If
the SO_NO_CHECK(TX) socket option is clear, the network layer instead
calculates the checksum for each TCP segment (or each UDP segment
with a non-zero value in the corresponding Integrity Block Checksum
field) and overwrites the calculated value into the Checksum field
(and for UDP with '0' values written as 'ffff').
When the network layer of the destination receives a parcel from the
source, if the SO_NO_CHECK(RX) socket option is set the network layer
delivers the parcel body to the transport layer protocol entity
without further processing, and the transport layer is responsible
for per-segment checksum verification. If the SO_NO_CHECK(RX) socket
option is clear, the network layer instead verifies the checksum for
each TCP segment (or each UDP segment with a non-zero value in the
corresponding Integrity Block Checksum field) and marks a
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corresponding flag for the segment in an ancillary data structure as
either "correct" or "incorrect". (For UDP, if the Checksum is '0'
the network layer unconditionally marks the segment as "correct".)
The network layer then delivers both the parcel body (beginning with
the Integrity block) and ancillary data to the transport layer which
can then determine which segments have correct/incorrect checksums.
Note: The Integrity Block itself is intentionally omitted from the IP
Parcel {TCP,UDP} header checksum calculation. This permits
destinations to accept as many intact segments as possible from
received parcels with checksum block bit errors, whereas the entire
parcel would need to be discarded if the header checksum also covered
the Integrity Block.
8. IP Jumbograms
True IPv6 jumbograms are distinguished from IPv6 parcels by including
a zero IPv6 Payload Length and an IPv6 Hop-by-Hop Option with type
'11001110' and length '00000100'. The Jumbo Payload option format
and all aspects of IPv6 jumbogram processing are exactly as specified
in [RFC2675].
True IPv4 jumbograms are distinguished from IPv4 parcels by including
a zero IPv4 Total Length and an IPv4 option with type '00001011' and
length '00000110'. The Jumbo Payload option format and all aspects
of IPv4 jumbogram processing are exactly the same as for IPv6
jumbograms except that the Jumbo Payload length also includes the
length of the IPv4 header (whereas IPv6 jumbograms only include the
length of the IPv6 extension headers).
This specification augments IP jumbograms by also providing a Jumbo
Path Qualification function based on the mechanisms specified in
Section 6. The function employs a "Jumbo Probe option" with the same
Option Type and Option Data Length values as for the Parcel Payload
option, but with the Nsegs and Parcel Payload Length fields converted
to a single 32-bit Jumbo Probe Length field and with the final 4
octets converted to a single 32-bit PMTU field as shown in Figure 6:
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IPv4 Jumbo Probe Option Format
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Option Type | Opt Data Len | Code | Check |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Jumbo Probe Length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Identification |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Path MTU (PMTU) |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
IPv6 Jumbo Probe Option Format
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Option Type | Opt Data Len |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Jumbo Probe Length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Identification |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Path MTU (PMTU) |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 6: Jumbo Probe Option
The purpose of the Jumbo Probe is to determine whether the entire
path from the source to the destination is jumbo-capable (i.e., one
in which all links recognize jumbograms and configure an MTU larger
than 65535 octets) as well as to determine the jumbo path MTU.
The source prepares a Jumbo Probe by first setting the IP {Total,
Payload} length field to the special value '1' to distinguish this as
a Jumbo Probe and not an ordinary parcel or jumbogram. The source
then sets {Protocol, Next Header} to {TCP,UDP}, sets the {TCP,UDP}
port to '9' (discard) and either includes no octets beyond the
{TCP,UDP} header or a single discard segment of the desired probe
size immediately following the header and with no Integrity Block
included. The source then sets Jumbo Probe Length to the length of
the {TCP,UDP} header plus the length of the discard segment plus the
length of the full IP header for IPv4 or the extension headers for
IPv6.
The source next sets Identification the same as for an IP Parcel
Probe, sets the Jumbo Probe PMTU to the full 32-bit MTU of the
(jumbo-capable) next hop link, and for IPv4 sets Code to 255 and
Check to the next hop TTL. The source then calculates the {TCP,UDP}
Checksum the same as for an ordinary parcel but with the {Nsegs;
Parcel Payload Length} pseudo header fields replaced with a 32-bit
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Jumbo Probe Length field and with the checksum calculated over the
pseudo header and continuing over the entire length of any probe
segment. The source then sends the Jumbo Probe via the next hop link
toward the final destination.
At each IPv4 forwarding hop, the router examines Code and Check and
returns a negative "Jumbo Reply" (i.e., prepared the same as a Parcel
Reply) if either value is incorrect. Otherwise, if the next hop link
is jumbo-capable the router compares PMTU to the next hop link MTU,
resets PMTU to the minimum value (and for IPv4 sets Check to the next
hop TTL) then silently forwards the probe to the next hop. If the
next hop link is not jumbo-capable, the router instead drops the
probe and returns a negative Jumbo Reply.
If the Jumbo Probe encounters an OMNI link, the OAL source can either
drop the probe and return a negative Jumbo Reply or forward the probe
further toward the OAL destination using adaptation layer
encapsulation. If the OAL source already knows the OAL path MTU for
this OAL destination, it can encapsulate and forward the Jumbo Probe
with PMTU set to the minimum of itself and the known value (minus the
adaptation layer header size), and without adding any padding octets.
If the OAL path MTU is unknown, the OAL source can instead
encapsulate the Jumbo Probe in an adaptation layer IPv6 header with a
Jumbo Payload option and with NULL padding octets added beyond the
end of the encapsulated Jumbo Probe to form an adaptation layer
jumbogram no larger than the minimum of PMTU and (2**24 - 1) octets
(minus the adaptation layer header size). The OAL source then writes
this size into the Jumbo Probe PMTU field and forwards the newly-
created adaptation layer jumbogram toward the OAL destination, where
it may be lost due to a link restriction. If the jumbogram somehow
traverses the path, the OAL destination then removes the adaptation
layer encapsulation, discards the padding, then forwards the probe
onward toward the final destination (with each hop reducing PMTU if
necessary).
If the Jumbo Probe reaches the final destination, the final
destination returns a positive Jumbo Reply with the PMTU set to the
maximum-sized jumbogram that can transit the path. (Note that the
jumbo probing process is conducted independently of any parcel
probing, and the two processes may yield very different results.)
Note: after successfully probing the jumbo path, the original source
should suspend probing and begin sending true jumbograms. The Jumbo
Payload option for both IPv4 and IPv6 contains only the 4-octet Jumbo
Payload Length field and does not include any of the Code, Check,
Identification or PMTU fields. The original source should therefore
re-probe occasionally to be certain that the jumbo path is still
viable.
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Note: if the original source can in some way determine that a Jumbo
Probe is likely to transit the path without loss due to a size
restriction, it can optionally include a real {TCP,UDP} data segment
instead of a discard segment. The network layer of the final
destination will then deliver the data to the transport layer and
return a Probe Reply the same as discussed above.
Note: if the OAL source can in some way determine that a very large
packet is likely to transit the OAL path, it can encapsulate a Jumbo
Probe to form an adaptation layer jumbogram larger than (2**24 - 1)
octets with the understanding that the time required to transit the
path determines acceptable jumbogram sizes.
9. Implementation Status
Common widely-deployed implementations include services such as TCP
Segmentation Offload (TSO) and Generic Segmentation/Receive Offload
(GSO/GRO). These services support a robust service that has been
shown to improve performance in many instances.
UDP/IPv4 parcels have been implemented in the linux-5.10.67 kernel
and ION-DTN ion-open-source-4.1.0 source distributions. Patch
distribution found at: "https://github.com/fltemplin/ip-parcels.git".
Performance analysis with a single-threaded receiver has shown that
including increasing numbers of segments in a single parcel produces
measurable performance gains over fewer numbers of segments due to
more efficient packaging and reduced system calls/interrupts. For
example, sending parcels with 30 2000-octet segments shows a 48%
performance increase in comparison with ordinary IP packets with a
single 2000-octet segment.
Since performance is strongly bounded by single-segment receiver
processing time (with larger segments producing dramatic performance
increases), it is expected that parcels with increasing numbers of
segments will provide a performance multiplier on multi-threaded
receivers in parallel processing environments.
10. IANA Considerations
The IANA is instructed to change the "MTUP - MTU Probe" entry in the
'ip option numbers' registry to the "JUMBO - IPv4 Jumbo Payload"
option. The Copy and Class fields must both be set to 0, and the
Number and Value fields must both be set to '11'. The reference must
be changed to this document [RFCXXXX].
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11. Security Considerations
In the control plane, original sources match the Identification
values in received probe replys with their corresponding probes. If
the values match, the reply is likely authentic. In environments
where stronger authentication is necessary, nodes that send Jumbo
Replys and/or Parcel Replys can apply the message authentication
services specified for AERO/OMNI.
In the data plane, multi-layer security solutions may be needed to
ensure confidentiality, integrity and availability. Since parcels
are defined only for TCP and UDP, IP layer securing services such as
IPsec-AH/ESP [RFC4301] cannot be applied directly to parcels,
although they can certainly be used below the network or adaptation
layers such as for transmission of parcels over VPNs and/or OMNI link
secured spanning trees. Since the network layer does not manipulate
transport layer segments, parcels do not interfere with transport- or
higher-layer security services such as (D)TLS/SSL [RFC8446] which may
provide greater flexibility in some environments.
Further security considerations related to IP parcels are found in
the AERO/OMNI specifications.
12. Acknowledgements
This work was inspired by ongoing AERO/OMNI/DTN investigations. The
concepts were further motivated through discussions with colleagues.
A considerable body of work over recent years has produced useful
"segmentation offload" facilities available in widely-deployed
implementations.
With the advent of networked storage, big data, streaming media and
other high data rate uses the early days of Internetworking have
evolved to accommodate the need for improved performance. The need
fostered a concerted effort in the industry to pursue performance
optimizations at all layers that continues in the modern era. All
who supported and continue to support advances in Internetworking
performance are acknowledged.
13. References
13.1. Normative References
[RFC0768] Postel, J., "User Datagram Protocol", STD 6, RFC 768,
DOI 10.17487/RFC0768, August 1980,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc768>.
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[RFC0791] Postel, J., "Internet Protocol", STD 5, RFC 791,
DOI 10.17487/RFC0791, September 1981,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc791>.
[RFC0792] Postel, J., "Internet Control Message Protocol", STD 5,
RFC 792, DOI 10.17487/RFC0792, September 1981,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc792>.
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.
[RFC2675] Borman, D., Deering, S., and R. Hinden, "IPv6 Jumbograms",
RFC 2675, DOI 10.17487/RFC2675, August 1999,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2675>.
[RFC4291] Hinden, R. and S. Deering, "IP Version 6 Addressing
Architecture", RFC 4291, DOI 10.17487/RFC4291, February
2006, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4291>.
[RFC4443] Conta, A., Deering, S., and M. Gupta, Ed., "Internet
Control Message Protocol (ICMPv6) for the Internet
Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) Specification", STD 89,
RFC 4443, DOI 10.17487/RFC4443, March 2006,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4443>.
[RFC7323] Borman, D., Braden, B., Jacobson, V., and R.
Scheffenegger, Ed., "TCP Extensions for High Performance",
RFC 7323, DOI 10.17487/RFC7323, September 2014,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7323>.
[RFC8174] Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC
2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174,
May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8174>.
[RFC8200] Deering, S. and R. Hinden, "Internet Protocol, Version 6
(IPv6) Specification", STD 86, RFC 8200,
DOI 10.17487/RFC8200, July 2017,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8200>.
[RFC9293] Eddy, W., Ed., "Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)",
STD 7, RFC 9293, DOI 10.17487/RFC9293, August 2022,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9293>.
13.2. Informative References
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[BIG-TCP] Dumazet, E., "BIG TCP, Netdev 0x15 Conference (virtual),
https://netdevconf.info/0x15/session.html?BIG-TCP", 31
August 2021.
[I-D.ietf-6man-mtu-option]
Hinden, R. M. and G. Fairhurst, "IPv6 Minimum Path MTU
Hop-by-Hop Option", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft,
draft-ietf-6man-mtu-option-15, 10 May 2022,
<https://www.ietf.org/archive/id/draft-ietf-6man-mtu-
option-15.txt>.
[I-D.templin-dtn-ltpfrag]
Templin, F., "LTP Fragmentation", Work in Progress,
Internet-Draft, draft-templin-dtn-ltpfrag-09, 25 July
2022, <https://www.ietf.org/archive/id/draft-templin-dtn-
ltpfrag-09.txt>.
[I-D.templin-intarea-aero]
Templin, F., "Automatic Extended Route Optimization
(AERO)", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-templin-
intarea-aero-20, 2 February 2023,
<https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-templin-
intarea-aero-20>.
[I-D.templin-intarea-omni]
Templin, F., "Transmission of IP Packets over Overlay
Multilink Network (OMNI) Interfaces", Work in Progress,
Internet-Draft, draft-templin-intarea-omni-20, 2 February
2023, <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-
templin-intarea-omni-20>.
[QUIC] Ghedini, A., "Accelerating UDP packet transmission for
QUIC, https://blog.cloudflare.com/accelerating-udp-packet-
transmission-for-quic/", 8 January 2020.
[RFC0863] Postel, J., "Discard Protocol", STD 21, RFC 863,
DOI 10.17487/RFC0863, May 1983,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc863>.
[RFC1063] Mogul, J., Kent, C., Partridge, C., and K. McCloghrie, "IP
MTU discovery options", RFC 1063, DOI 10.17487/RFC1063,
July 1988, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1063>.
[RFC1071] Braden, R., Borman, D., and C. Partridge, "Computing the
Internet checksum", RFC 1071, DOI 10.17487/RFC1071,
September 1988, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1071>.
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[RFC1191] Mogul, J. and S. Deering, "Path MTU discovery", RFC 1191,
DOI 10.17487/RFC1191, November 1990,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1191>.
[RFC4301] Kent, S. and K. Seo, "Security Architecture for the
Internet Protocol", RFC 4301, DOI 10.17487/RFC4301,
December 2005, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4301>.
[RFC4821] Mathis, M. and J. Heffner, "Packetization Layer Path MTU
Discovery", RFC 4821, DOI 10.17487/RFC4821, March 2007,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4821>.
[RFC5326] Ramadas, M., Burleigh, S., and S. Farrell, "Licklider
Transmission Protocol - Specification", RFC 5326,
DOI 10.17487/RFC5326, September 2008,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5326>.
[RFC7126] Gont, F., Atkinson, R., and C. Pignataro, "Recommendations
on Filtering of IPv4 Packets Containing IPv4 Options",
BCP 186, RFC 7126, DOI 10.17487/RFC7126, February 2014,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7126>.
[RFC8201] McCann, J., Deering, S., Mogul, J., and R. Hinden, Ed.,
"Path MTU Discovery for IP version 6", STD 87, RFC 8201,
DOI 10.17487/RFC8201, July 2017,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8201>.
[RFC8446] Rescorla, E., "The Transport Layer Security (TLS) Protocol
Version 1.3", RFC 8446, DOI 10.17487/RFC8446, August 2018,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8446>.
[RFC8899] Fairhurst, G., Jones, T., Tüxen, M., Rüngeler, I., and T.
Völker, "Packetization Layer Path MTU Discovery for
Datagram Transports", RFC 8899, DOI 10.17487/RFC8899,
September 2020, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8899>.
[RFC9000] Iyengar, J., Ed. and M. Thomson, Ed., "QUIC: A UDP-Based
Multiplexed and Secure Transport", RFC 9000,
DOI 10.17487/RFC9000, May 2021,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9000>.
[RFC9171] Burleigh, S., Fall, K., and E. Birrane, III, "Bundle
Protocol Version 7", RFC 9171, DOI 10.17487/RFC9171,
January 2022, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9171>.
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Appendix A. TCP Extensions for High Performance
TCP Extensions for High Performance are specified in [RFC7323], which
updates earlier work that began in the late 1980's and early 1990's.
These efforts determined that the TCP 16-bit Window was too small to
accommodate sustained transmission at high data rates and devised a
TCP Window Scale option to allow window sizes up to 2^30. The work
also defined a Timestamp option used for round-trip time measurements
and as a Protection Against Wrapped Sequences (PAWS) at high data
rates. TCP users of IP parcels are strongly encouraged to adopt
these measures.
Since TCP/IP parcels only include control bits for the first segment
("segment(0)"), nodes must regard all other segments of the same
parcel as data segments. When a node breaks a TCP/IP parcel out into
individual packets or sub-parcels, only the first packet/sub-parcel
contains the original segment(0) and therefore only its TCP header
retains the control bit settings from the original parcel TCP header.
If the original TCP header included TCP options such as Maximum
Segment Size (MSS), Window Scale (WS) and/or Timestamp, the node
copies those same options into the options section of the new TCP
header.
For all other packets/sub-parcels, the note sets all TCP header
control bits to '0' as data segment(s). Then, if the original parcel
contained a Timestamp option, the node copies the Timestamp option
into the options section of the new TCP header. Appendix A of
[RFC7323] provides implementation guidelines for the Timestamp option
layout.
Appendix A of [RFC7323] also discusses Interactions with the TCP
Urgent Pointer as follows: "if the Urgent Pointer points beyond the
end of the TCP data in the current segment, then the user will remain
in urgent mode until the next TCP segment arrives. That segment will
update the Urgent Pointer to a new offset, and the user will never
have left urgent mode". In the case of IP parcels, however, it will
often be the case that the "next TCP segment" is included in the same
(sub-)parcel as the segment that contained the urgent pointer such
that the urgent pointer can be updated immediately.
Finally, if the parcel contains more than 65535 octets of data (i.e.,
spread across multiple segments), then the Urgent Pointer can be
regarded in the same manner as for jumbograms as described in
Section 5.2 of [RFC2675].
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Appendix B. Extreme L Value Implications
The transport layer can specify any L value up to 65535 octets, with
a minimum of 2 octets for UDP and 5 octets for TCP, while the special
L value '1' indicates the presence of a Jumbo Probe (see: Section 8).
While acceptable within standard parcel parameters, smaller "extreme"
L values close to the above minima should appear only in control
segments since transport protocols normally exchange data segments
that are considerably larger. Transport protocols that send small
isolated control and/or data segments may instead elect to package
them as ordinary packets while packaging larger data segments as
parcels. Transport protocol streams therefore often include a mix of
parcels and ordinary packets.
The transport layer should also specify an L value no larger than can
accommodate the maximum-sized transport and network layer headers
that the source will include without causing a single segment plus
headers to exceed 65535 octets. For example, if the source will
include a 28 octet TCP header plus a 40 octet IPv6 header with 24
extension header octets (plus a 2 octet per-segment checksum) the
transport should specify an L value no larger than (65535 - 28 - 40 -
24 - 2) = 65441 octets.
The transport can specify still larger "extreme" L values up to 65535
octets, but the resulting parcels might be lost along some paths with
unpredictable results. For example, a parcel with an extreme L value
set as large as 65535 might be able to transit paths that can pass
jumbograms natively but might not be able to transit a path that
includes non-jumbo links. The transport layer should therefore
carefully consider the benefits of constructing parcels with extreme
L values larger than the recommended maximum due to high risk of loss
compared with only minor incremental performance benefits.
Parcels that include extreme L values larger than the recommended
maximum and with a maximum number of included segments could also
cause a parcel to exceed 16,777,215 (2**24 - 1) octets in total
length. Since the Parcel Payload Length field is limited to 24 bits,
however, the largest possible parcel is also limited by this size.
See also the above risk/benefit analysis for parcels that include
extreme L values larger than the recommended maximum.
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Appendix C. IP Parcel Futures
Both historic and modern-day data links configure Maximum
Transmission Units (MTUs) that are far smaller than the desired state
for Internetworking futures. When the first Ethernet data links were
deployed many decades ago, their 1500 octet MTU set a strong
precedent that was widely adopted. This same size now appears as the
predominant MTU limit for most paths in the Internet today, although
modern link deployments with MTUs as large as 9KB have begun to
emerge.
In the late 1980's, the Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI)
standard defined a new link type with MTU slightly larger than 4500
octets. The goal of the larger MTU was to increase performance by a
factor of 10 over the ubiquitous 10Mbps and 1500-octet MTU Ethernet
technologies of the time. Many factors including a failure to
harmonize MTU diversity and an Ethernet performance increase to
100Mbps led to poor FDDI market reception. In the next decade, the
1990's saw new initiatives including ATM/AAL5 (9KB MTU) and HiPPI
(64KB MTU) which offered high-speed data link alternatives with
larger MTUs but again the inability to harmonize diversity derailed
their momentum. By the end of the 1990s and leading into the 2000's,
emergence of the 1Gbps, 10Gbps and even faster Ethernet performance
levels seen today has obscured the fact that the modern Internet of
the 21st century is still operating with 20th century MTUs!
To bridge this gap, increased OMNI interface deployment in the near
future will provide a virtual link type that can pass IP parcels over
paths that traverse legacy data links with small MTUs. Performance
analysis has proven that (single-threaded) receive-side performance
is bounded by transport layer protocol segment size, with performance
increasing in direct proportion with segment size. Experiments have
also shown measurable (single-threaded) performance increases by
including larger numbers of segments per parcel, with steady
increases for including increasing number of segments. However,
parallel receive-side processing will provide performance multiplier
benefits since the multiple segments that arrive in a single parcel
can be processed simultaneously instead of serially.
In addition to the clear near-term benefits, IP parcels will increase
performance to new levels as future parcel-capable links with very
large MTUs begin to emerge. These links will provide MTUs far in
excess of 64KB to as large as 16MB. With such large MTUs, the
traditional CRC-32 (or even CRC-64) error checking with errored
packet discard discipline will no longer apply for large parcels.
Instead, parcels larger than a link-specific threshold will include
Forward Error Correction (FEC) codes so that errored parcels can be
repaired at the receiver's data link layer then delivered to higher
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layers rather than being discarded and triggering retransmission of
large amounts of data. Even if the FEC repairs are incomplete or
imperfect, all parcels can still be delivered to higher layers where
the individual segment checksums will detect and discard any damaged
data not repaired by the link and/or adaptation layers.
These new "super-links" will begin to appear mostly in the network
edges (e.g., high-performance data centers), however some space-
domain links that extend over enormous distances may also benefit.
For this reason, a common use case will include parcel-capable super-
links in the edge networks of both parties of an end-to-end session
with an OMNI link connecting the two over wide area Internetworks.
Medium- to moderately large-sized IP parcels over OMNI links will
already provide considerable performance benefits for wide-area end-
to-end communications while truly large IP parcels over super-links
can provide boundless increases for localized bulk transfers in edge
networks or for deep space long haul transmissions. The ability to
grow and adapt without practical bound enabled by IP parcels will
inevitably encourage new data link development leading to future
innovations in new markets that will revolutionize the Internet.
Until these new links begin to emerge, however, parcels will already
provide a tremendous benefit to end systems by allowing applications
to send and receive segment buffers larger than 65535 octets in a
single system call. By expanding the current operating system call
data copy limit from its current 16-bit length to a 32-bit length,
applications will be able to send and receive maximum-length parcel
buffers even if parcellation is needed to fit within the interface
MTU. For applications such as the Delay Tolerant Networking (DTN)
Bundle Protocol [RFC9171], this will allow transfer of entire large
protocol objects (such as DTN bundles) in a single system call.
Continuing into the future, a natural progression beginning with IP
packets then moving to IP parcels should also lead to wide scale
adoption of true IP jumbograms. Since IP jumbograms carry only a
single very large transport layer data segment, loss of even a single
jumbogram could invoke a major retransmission event. But, with the
advent of error correcting codes, future link types could offer truly
large MTUs. Jumbograms sent over such links would then be equipped
with an error correction "repair kit" that the link far end can use
to "patch" the jumbogram allowing it to be processed further by upper
layers. Delay Tolerant Networking (DTN) over high-speed and long-
delay optical links provides an example environment suitable for such
large packets.
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Appendix D. Change Log
<< RFC Editor - remove prior to publication >>
Changes from earlier versions:
* Submit for Intarea Standards Track RFC Publication.
Author's Address
Fred L. Templin (editor)
Boeing Research & Technology
P.O. Box 3707
Seattle, WA 98124
United States of America
Email: fltemplin@acm.org
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