Establishing Local DNS Authority in Split-Horizon Environments
draft-ietf-add-split-horizon-authority-02

ADD                                                             T. Reddy
Internet-Draft                                                     Nokia
Intended status: Standards Track                                 D. Wing
Expires: 24 March 2023                                            Citrix
                                                                K. Smith
                                                                Vodafone
                                                             B. Schwartz
                                                                  Google
                                                       20 September 2022

     Establishing Local DNS Authority in Split-Horizon Environments
               draft-ietf-add-split-horizon-authority-02

Abstract

   When split-horizon DNS is deployed by a network, certain domains can
   be resolved authoritatively by the network-provided DNS resolver.
   DNS clients that don't always use this resolver might wish to do so
   for these domains.  This specification describes how clients can
   confirm the local resolver's authority over these domains.

Discussion Venues

   This note is to be removed before publishing as an RFC.

   Discussion of this document takes place on the Adaptive DNS Discovery
   Working Group mailing list (add@ietf.org), which is archived at
   https://mailarchive.ietf.org/arch/browse/add/.

   Source for this draft and an issue tracker can be found at
   https://github.com/ietf-wg-add/draft-ietf-add-split-horizon-
   authority.

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
   working documents as Internet-Drafts.  The list of current Internet-
   Drafts is at https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

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   This Internet-Draft will expire on 24 March 2023.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2022 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (https://trustee.ietf.org/
   license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document.
   Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights
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   provided without warranty as described in the Revised BSD License.

Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
   2.  Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
   3.  Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
   4.  Local Domain Hint Mechanisms  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
     4.1.  DHCP Options  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
     4.2.  Host Configuration  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
     4.3.  Provisioning Domains dnsZones . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
     4.4.  Split DNS Configuration for IKEv2 . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
   5.  Establishing Local DNS Authority  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
   6.  Validating Authority over Local Domain Hints  . . . . . . . .   7
     6.1.  Using a Pre-configured External Resolver  . . . . . . . .   8
     6.2.  Using DNSSEC  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
   7.  Examples of Split-Horizon DNS Configuration . . . . . . . . .   8
     7.1.  Split-Horizon Entire Zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
       7.1.1.  Verification using an external resolver . . . . . . .  10
       7.1.2.  Verification using DNSSEC . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
     7.2.  Internal-only Subdomains  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
   8.  Validation with IKEv2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
   9.  Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
   10. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
   11. Acknowledgements  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
   12. References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
     12.1.  Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
     12.2.  Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
   Authors' Addresses  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16

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1.  Introduction

   To resolve a DNS query, there are three essential behaviors that an
   implementation can apply: (1) answer from a local database, (2) query
   the relevant authorities and their parents, or (3) ask a server to
   query those authorities and return the final answer.  Implementations
   that use these behaviors are called "authoritative nameservers",
   "full resolvers", and "forwarders" (or "stub resolvers").  However,
   an implementation can also implement a mixture of these behaviors,
   depending on a local policy, for each query.  We term such an
   implementation a "hybrid resolver".

   Most DNS resolvers are hybrids of some kind.  For example, stub
   resolvers frequently support a local "hosts file" that preempts query
   forwarding, and most DNS forwarders and full resolvers can also serve
   responses from a local zone file.  Other standardized hybrid
   resolution behaviors include Local Root [RFC8806], mDNS [RFC6762],
   and NXDOMAIN synthesis for .onion [RFC7686].

   In many network environments, the network offers clients a DNS server
   (e.g.  DHCP OFFER, IPv6 Router Advertisement).  Although this server
   is formally specified as a recursive resolver (e.g.  Section 5.1 of
   [RFC6106]), some networks provide a hybrid resolver instead.  If this
   resolver acts as an authoritative server for some names, we say that
   the network has "split-horizon DNS", because those names resolve in
   this way only from inside the network.

   Network clients that use pure stub resolution, sending all queries to
   the network-provided resolver, will always receive the split-horizon
   results.  Conversely, clients that send all queries to a different
   resolver or implement pure full resolution locally will never receive
   them.  Clients that strictly implement either of these resolution
   behaviors are out of scope for this specification.  Instead, this
   specification enables hybrid clients to access split-horizon results
   from a network-provided hybrid resolver, while using a different
   resolution method for some or all other names.

   There are several existing mechanisms for a network to provide
   clients with "local domain hints", listing domain names that have
   special treatment in this network (Section 4).  However, none of the
   local domain hint mechanisms enable clients to determine whether this
   special treatment is authorized by the domain owner.  Instead, these
   specifications require clients to make their own determinations about
   whether to trust and rely on these hints.

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   This specification describes a protocol between domains, networks,
   and clients that allows the network to establish its authority over a
   domain to a client (Section 5).  Clients can use this protocol to
   confirm that a local domain hint was authorized by the domain
   (Section 6), which might influence its processing of that hint.

   This specification relies on securely identified local DNS servers
   and globally valid NS records.  Use of this specification is
   therefore limited to servers that support authenticated encryption
   and split-horizon DNS names that are properly rooted in the global
   DNS.

2.  Terminology

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
   "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP
   14 [RFC2119][RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all
   capitals, as shown here.

   This document makes use of the terms defined in [RFC8499], e.g.
   "Global DNS".  The following additional terms are used throughout the
   document:

   Encrypted DNS  A DNS protocol that provides an encrypted channel
      between a DNS client and server (e.g., DoT, DoH, or DoQ).

   Split-Horizon DNS  The DNS service provided by a resolver that also
      acts as an authoritative server for some names, providing
      resolution results that are meaningfully different from those in
      the Global DNS.  (See "Split DNS" in Section 6 of [RFC8499].)

   Validated Split-Horizon  A split horizon configuration for some name
      is considered "validated" if the client has confirmed that a
      parent of that name has authorized this resolver to serve its own
      responses for that name.  Such authorization generally extends to
      the entire subtree of names below the authorization point.

3.  Scope

   The protocol in this document is designed to support the ability of a
   domain owner to create or authorize a split-horizon view of their
   domain.  The protocol does not support split-horizon views created by
   any other entity.  Thus, DNS filtering is not enabled by this
   protocol.

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   The protocol is applicable to any type of network offering split-
   horizon DNS configuration.  The endpoint does not need any prior
   configuration to confirm that a local domain hint was indeed
   authorized by the domain.

   All of the special-use domain names registered with IANA [IANA-SUDN],
   most notably ".home.arpa", "resolver.arpa.", "ipv4only.arpa." and
   ".local", are never unique to a specific DNS server's authority.  All
   special-use domain names are outside the scope of this document and
   MUST NOT be validated using the mechanism described in this document.

4.  Local Domain Hint Mechanisms

   There are various mechanisms by which a network client might learn
   "local domain hints", which indicate a special treatment for
   particular domain names upon joining a network.  This section
   provides a review of some common and standardized mechanisms for
   receiving domain hints.

4.1.  DHCP Options

   There are several DHCP options that convey local domain hints of
   different kinds.  The most directly relevant is RDNSS Selection
   [RFC6731], which provides "a list of domains ... about which the
   RDNSS has special knowledge", along with a "High", "Medium", or "Low"
   preference for each name.  The specification notes the difficulty of
   relying on these hints without validation:

   |  Trustworthiness of an interface and configuration information
   |  received over the interface is implementation and/or node
   |  deployment dependent, and the details of determining that trust
   |  are beyond the scope of this specification.

   Other local domain hints in DHCP include the "Domain Name" [RFC2132],
   "Access Network Domain Name" [RFC5986], "Client FQDN"
   [RFC4702][RFC4704], and "Name Service Search" [RFC2937] options.
   This specification may help clients to interpret these hints.  For
   example, a rogue DHCP server could use the "Client FQDN" option to
   assign a client the name "www.example.com" in order to prevent the
   client from reaching the true "www.example.com".  A client could use
   this specification to check the network's authority over this name,
   and adjust its behavior to avoid this attack if authority is not
   established.

   The Domain Search option [RFC3397][RFC3646], which offers clients a
   way to expand short names into Fully Qualified Domain Names, is not a
   "local domain hint" by this definition, because it does not modify
   the processing of any specific domain.  (The specification notes that

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   this option can be a "fruitful avenue of attack for a rogue DHCP
   server", and provides a number of cautions against accepting it
   unconditionally.)

4.2.  Host Configuration

   A host can be configured with DNS information when it joins a
   network, including when it brings up VPN (which is also considered
   joining a(n additional) network, detailed in Section 8).  Existing
   implementations determine the host has joined a certain network via
   SSID, IP subnet assigned, DNS server IP address or name, and other
   similar mechanisms.  For example, one existing implementation
   determines the host has joined an internal network because the DHCP-
   assigned IP address belongs to the company's IP range (as assigned by
   the regional IP addressing authority) and the DHCP-advertised DNS IP
   address is one used by IT at that network.  Other mechanisms exist in
   other products but are not interesting to this specification; rather
   what is interesting is this step to determine "we have joined the
   internal corporate network" occurred and the DNS server is configured
   as authoritative for certain DNS zones (e.g., *.example.com).

   Because a rogue network can simulate all or most of the above
   characteristics, this specification details how to validate these
   claims in Section 6.

4.3.  Provisioning Domains dnsZones

   Provisioning Domains (PvDs) are defined in [RFC7556] as sets of
   network configuration information that clients can use to access
   networks, including rules for DNS resolution and proxy configuration.
   The PvD Key "dnsZones" is defined in [RFC8801] as a list of "DNS
   zones searchable and accessible" in this provisioning domain.
   Attempting to resolve these names via another resolver might fail or
   return results that are not correct for this network.

4.4.  Split DNS Configuration for IKEv2

   In IKEv2 VPNs, the INTERNAL_DNS_DOMAIN configuration attribute can be
   used to indicate that a domain is "internal" to the VPN [RFC8598].
   To prevent abuse, the specification notes various possible
   restrictions on the use of this attribute:

   |  If a client is configured by local policy to only accept a limited
   |  set of INTERNAL_DNS_DOMAIN values, the client MUST ignore any
   |  other INTERNAL_DNS_DOMAIN values.  ([RFC8598], Section 5)
   |  

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   |  IKE clients MAY want to require whitelisted domains for Top-Level
   |  Domains (TLDs) and Second-Level Domains (SLDs) to further prevent
   |  malicious DNS redirections for well-known domains.  ([RFC8598],
   |  Section 9)

   Within these guidelines, a client could adopt a local policy of
   accepting INTERNAL_DNS_DOMAIN values only when it can validate the
   local DNS server's authority over those names as described in this
   specification.

5.  Establishing Local DNS Authority

   To establish its authority over some DNS zone, a participating
   network MUST offer one or more encrypted resolvers via DNR
   [I-D.ietf-add-dnr], DDR [I-D.ietf-add-dnr], or an equivalent
   mechanism (see Section 8).  If the encrypted resolver is identified
   by name (e.g., DNR), at least one of these resolvers' Authentication
   Domain Names (ADNs) MUST appear in an NS record for that zone.  If
   the encrypted resolver is identified by IP address (e.g., DDR), then
   Verified Discovery is performed (Section 4.2 of [I-D.ietf-add-ddr])
   and at least one of the subjectAltName entries in the resolver
   certificate MUST appear in an NS record for that zone.  This
   arrangement establishes this resolver's authority over the zone.

6.  Validating Authority over Local Domain Hints

   To validate the network's authority over a domain name, participating
   clients MUST resolve the NS record for that name.  If the resolution
   result is NODATA, the client MUST remove the last label and repeat
   the query until a response other than NODATA is received.

   Once the NS record has been resolved, the client MUST check if each
   local encrypted resolver's Authentication Domain Name appears in the
   NS record.  The client SHALL regard each such resolver as
   authoritative for the zone of this NS record.

   Each validation of authority applies only to the specific resolvers
   whose names appear in the NS RRSet.  If a network offers multiple
   encrypted resolvers, each DNS entry may be authorized for a distinct
   subset of the network-provided resolvers.

   A zone is termed a "Validated Split-Horizon zone" after successful
   validation using a "tamperproof" NS resolution method, i.e. a method
   that is not subject to interference by the local network operator.
   Two possible tamperproof resolution methods are presented below.

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6.1.  Using a Pre-configured External Resolver

   This method applies only if the client is already configured with a
   default resolution strategy that sends queries to a resolver outside
   of the network over a secure transport.  That resolution strategy is
   considered "tamperproof" because any actor who could modify the NS
   response could already modify all of the user's other DNS responses.

   To ensure that this assumption holds, clients MUST NOT relax the
   acceptance rules they would otherwise apply when using this resolver.
   For example, if the client would check the AD bit or validate RRSIGs
   locally when using this resolver, it must also do so when resolving
   NS records for this purpose.  Alternatively, a client might perform
   DNSSEC validation for the NS query used for this purpose even if it
   has disabled DNSSEC validation for other DNS queries.

6.2.  Using DNSSEC

   The client resolves the NS record using any resolution method of its
   choice (e.g. querying one of the network-provided resolvers,
   performing iterative resolution locally), and performs full DNSSEC
   validation locally [RFC6698].  The result is processed based on its
   DNSSEC validation state ([RFC4035], Section 4.3):

      *Secure*: The response is used for validation.

      *Bogus* or *Indeterminate*: The response is rejected and
      validation is considered to have failed.

      *Insecure*: The client SHOULD retry the validation process using a
      different method, such as the one in Section 6.1, to ensure
      compatibility with unsigned names.

7.  Examples of Split-Horizon DNS Configuration

   Two examples are shown below.  The first example shows a company with
   an internal-only DNS server that claims the entire zone for that
   company (e.g., *.example.com).  In the second example, the internal
   servers resolves only a subdomain of the company's zone (e.g.,
   *.internal.example.com).

7.1.  Split-Horizon Entire Zone

   Consider an organization that operates "example.com", and runs a
   different version of its global domain on its internal network.
   Today, on the Internet it publishes two NS records, "ns1.example.com"
   and "ns2.example.com".

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   First, the host and network both need to support one of the discovery
   mechanisms described in Section 4.  Figure 1 shows discovery using
   DNR and PvD.

   Validation is then perfomed using either an external resolver
   (Section 7.1.1) or DNSSEC (Section 7.1.2).

      *Steps 1-2*: The client determines the network's DNS server
      (ns1.example.com) and Provisioning Domain (pvd.example.com) using
      DNR [I-D.ietf-add-dnr] and PvD [RFC8801], using one of DNR Router
      Solicitation, DHCPv4, or DHCPv6.

      *Step 3-5*: The client connects to ns1.example.com using an
      encrypted transport as indicated in DNR [I-D.ietf-add-dnr],
      authenticating the server to its name using TLS ([RFC8310],
      Section 8), and sends it a query for the address of
      pvd.example.com.

      *Steps 6-7*: The client connects to the PvD server, validates its
      certificate, and retrieves the provisioning domain JSON
      information indicated by the associated PvD.  The PvD contains:

        {
          "identifier": "pvd.example.com",
          "expires": "2020-05-23T06:00:00Z",
          "prefixes": ["2001:db8:1::/48", "2001:db8:4::/48"],
          "dnsZones": ["example.com"]
        }

      The JSON keys "identifier", "expires", and "prefixes" are defined
      in [RFC8801].

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   +---------+         +--------------------+  +------------+ +--------+
   | Client  |         | Network's          |  | Network    | | Router |
   |         |         | Encrypted Resolver |  | PvD Server | |        |
   +---------+         +--------------------+  +------------+ +--------+
      |                                     |         |            |
      | Router Solicitation or              |         |            |
      | DHCPv4/DHCPv6 (1)                   |         |            |
      |----------------------------------------------------------->|
      |                                     |         |            |
      |  Response with DNR hostnames &      |         |            |
      |  PvD FQDN (2)                       |         |            |
      |<-----------------------------------------------------------|
      | ----------------------------\       |         |            |
      |-| now knows DNR hostnames & |       |         |            |
      | | PvD FQDN                  |       |         |            |
      | |---------------------------/       |         |            |
      |                                     |         |            |
      | TLS connection to ns1.example.com (3)         |            |
      |------------------------------------>|         |            |
      | ---------------------------\        |         |            |
      |-| validate TLS certificate |        |         |            |
      | |--------------------------|        |         |            |
      |                                     |         |            |
      | resolve pvd.example.com  (4)        |         |            |
      |------------------------------------>|         |            |
      |                                     |         |            |
      |            A or AAAA records (5)    |         |            |
      |<------------------------------------|         |            |
      |                                     |         |            |
      | https://pvd.example.com/.well-known/pvd (6)   |            |
      |---------------------------------------------->|            |
      |                                     |         |            |
      |  200 OK (JSON Additional Information) (7)     |            |
      |<----------------------------------------------|            |
      | -----------------------\            |         |            |
      |-| dnsZones=example.com |            |         |            |
      | |----------------------|            |         |            |

              Figure 1: Learning Local Claims of DNS Authority

7.1.1.  Verification using an external resolver

   The figure below shows the steps performed to verify the local claims
   of DNS authority using an external resolver.

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      *Steps 1-2*: The client uses an encrypted DNS connection to an
      external resolver (e.g., 1.1.1.1) to issue NS queries for the
      domains in dnsZones.  The NS lookup for "example.com" will return
      "ns1.example.com" and "ns2.example.com".

      *Step 3*: The network-provided DNS servers are listed in the NS
      record for example.com, which was retrieved from an external
      resolver over a secure transport, so these ADNs are authorized.
      When the client connects using an encrypted transport as indicated
      in DNR [I-D.ietf-add-dnr], it will authenticate the server to its
      name using TLS ([RFC8310], Section 8), and send queries to resolve
      any names that fall within the dnsZones from PvD.

   +---------+                  +--------------------+  +----------+
   | Client  |                  | Network's          |  | External |
   |         |                  | Encrypted Resolver |  | Resolver |
   +---------+                  +--------------------+  +----------+
        |                                          |         |
        | TLS connection                           |         |
        |--------------------------------------------------->|
        | ---------------------------\             |         |
        |-| validate TLS certificate |             |         |
        | |--------------------------|             |         |
        |                                          |         |
        | NS? example.com  (1)                     |         |
        |--------------------------------------------------->|
        |                                          |         |
        |  NS=ns1.example.com, ns2.example.com (2) |         |
        |<---------------------------------------------------|
        | -------------------------------\         |         |
        |-| both DNR ADNs are authorized |         |         |
        | ----------------------\--------|         |         |
        |-| finished validation |                  |         |
        | |---------------------|                  |         |
        |                                          |         |
        |  use network-designated resolver         |         |
        |  for example.com (3)                     |         |
        |----------------------------------------->|         |
        |                                          |         |

           Figure 2: Verifying claims using an external resolver

7.1.2.  Verification using DNSSEC

   The figure below shows the steps performed to verify the local claims
   of DNS authority using DNSSEC.

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      *Steps 1-2*: The DNSSEC-validating client queries the network
      encrypted resolver to issue NS queries for the domains in
      dnsZones.  The NS lookup for "example.com" will return a signed
      response containing "ns1.example.com" and "ns2.example.com".  The
      client then performs full DNSSEC validation locally.

      *Step 3*: The DNSSEC validation is successful and the network-
      provided DNS servers are listed in the signed NS record for
      example.com, so these ADNs are authorized.  When the client
      connects using an encrypted transport as indicated in DNR
      [I-D.ietf-add-dnr], it will authenticate the server to its name
      using TLS ([RFC8310], Section 8), and send queries to resolve any
      names that fall within the dnsZones from PvD.

   +---------+                                    +--------------------+
   | Client  |                                    | Network's          |
   |         |                                    | Encrypted Resolver |
   +---------+                                    +--------------------+
     |                                                               |
     | DNSSEC OK (DO), NS? example.com  (1)                          |
     |-------------------------------------------------------------->|
     |                                                               |
     | NS=ns1.example.com,ns2.example.com, Signed Answer (RRSIG) (2) |
     |<--------------------------------------------------------------|
     | -----------------------------------\                          |
     |-| DNSKEY+NS matches RRSIG, use NS  |                          |
     | |----------------------------------|                          |
     | -------------------------------\                              |
     |-| both DNR ADNs are authorized |                              |
     | |------------------------------|                              |
     | ----------------------\                                       |
     |-| finished validation |                                       |
     | |---------------------|                                       |
     |                                                               |
     | use encrypted network-designated resolver for example.com (3) |
     |-------------------------------------------------------------->|
     |                                                               |

                  Figure 3: Verifying claims using DNSSEC

7.2.  Internal-only Subdomains

   In many split-horizon deployments, all non-public domain names are
   placed in a separate child zone (e.g., internal.example.com).  In
   this configuration, the message flow is similar to Section 7.1,
   except that queries for hosts not within the subdomain (e.g.,
   www.example.com) are sent to the external resolver rather than
   resolver for internal.example.com.

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   As in Section 7.1, the internal DNS server will need a certificate
   signed by a CA trusted by the client.

8.  Validation with IKEv2

   When the VPN tunnel is IPsec, the encrypted DNS resolver hosted by
   the VPN service provider can be securely discovered by the endpoint
   using the ENCDNS_IP*_* IKEv2 Configuration Payload Attribute Types
   defined in [I-D.ietf-ipsecme-add-ike].

   Other VPN tunnel types have similar configuration capabilities, not
   detailed here.

9.  Security Considerations

   This specification does not alter DNSSEC validation behaviour.  To
   ensure compatibility with validating clients, network operators MUST
   ensure that names under the split-horizon are correctly signed or
   place them in an unsigned zone.

   If an internal zone name (e.g., internal.example.com) is used with
   this specification and a public certificate is obtained for
   validation, that internal zone name will exist in Certificate
   Transparency logs [RFC9162].  In order to not leak the internal
   domains to an external resolver, the internal domains can be kept in
   a child zone of the local domain hints advertised by the network.
   For example, if the PvD "dnsZones" entry is "internal.example.com"
   and the network-provided DNS resolver is "ns1.internal.example.com",
   the network operator can structure the internal domain names as
   "private1.internal.example.com", "private2.internal.example.com",
   etc.  The network-designated resolver will be used to resolve the
   subdomains of the local domain hint "*.internal.example.com".
   Further, adversaries that monitor a network such as through passive
   monitoring or active probing of protocols, such as DHCP will only
   learn the local domain hints but not learn the labels below
   internal.example.com.  However, security by obscurity may not
   maintain or increase the security of the internal domain names, as
   they may be leaked in various other ways (e.g., browser reload).

10.  IANA Considerations

   This document has no IANA actions.

11.  Acknowledgements

   Thanks to Mohamed Boucadair, Jim Reid, Tommy Pauly, Paul Vixie, Paul
   Wouters, Michael Richardson and Vinny Parla for the discussion and
   comments.

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12.  References

12.1.  Normative References

   [I-D.ietf-add-ddr]
              Pauly, T., Kinnear, E., Wood, C. A., McManus, P., and T.
              Jensen, "Discovery of Designated Resolvers", Work in
              Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-add-ddr-10, 5 August
              2022, <https://www.ietf.org/archive/id/draft-ietf-add-ddr-
              10.txt>.

   [IANA-SUDN]
              IANA, "Special-Use Domain Names",
              <https://www.iana.org/assignments/special-use-domain-
              names/special-use-domain-names.xhtml>.

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.

   [RFC4035]  Arends, R., Austein, R., Larson, M., Massey, D., and S.
              Rose, "Protocol Modifications for the DNS Security
              Extensions", RFC 4035, DOI 10.17487/RFC4035, March 2005,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4035>.

   [RFC6698]  Hoffman, P. and J. Schlyter, "The DNS-Based Authentication
              of Named Entities (DANE) Transport Layer Security (TLS)
              Protocol: TLSA", RFC 6698, DOI 10.17487/RFC6698, August
              2012, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6698>.

   [RFC6762]  Cheshire, S. and M. Krochmal, "Multicast DNS", RFC 6762,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC6762, February 2013,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6762>.

   [RFC8174]  Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC
              2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174,
              May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8174>.

   [RFC8801]  Pfister, P., Vyncke, É., Pauly, T., Schinazi, D., and W.
              Shao, "Discovering Provisioning Domain Names and Data",
              RFC 8801, DOI 10.17487/RFC8801, July 2020,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8801>.

12.2.  Informative References

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   [I-D.ietf-add-dnr]
              Boucadair, M., Reddy, T., Wing, D., Cook, N., and T.
              Jensen, "DHCP and Router Advertisement Options for the
              Discovery of Network-designated Resolvers (DNR)", Work in
              Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-add-dnr-13, 13 August
              2022, <https://www.ietf.org/archive/id/draft-ietf-add-dnr-
              13.txt>.

   [I-D.ietf-ipsecme-add-ike]
              Boucadair, M., Reddy, T., Wing, D., and V. Smyslov,
              "Internet Key Exchange Protocol Version 2 (IKEv2)
              Configuration for Encrypted DNS", Work in Progress,
              Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-ipsecme-add-ike-06, 12
              September 2022, <https://www.ietf.org/archive/id/draft-
              ietf-ipsecme-add-ike-06.txt>.

   [RFC2132]  Alexander, S. and R. Droms, "DHCP Options and BOOTP Vendor
              Extensions", RFC 2132, DOI 10.17487/RFC2132, March 1997,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2132>.

   [RFC2937]  Smith, C., "The Name Service Search Option for DHCP",
              RFC 2937, DOI 10.17487/RFC2937, September 2000,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2937>.

   [RFC3397]  Aboba, B. and S. Cheshire, "Dynamic Host Configuration
              Protocol (DHCP) Domain Search Option", RFC 3397,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC3397, November 2002,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3397>.

   [RFC3646]  Droms, R., Ed., "DNS Configuration options for Dynamic
              Host Configuration Protocol for IPv6 (DHCPv6)", RFC 3646,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC3646, December 2003,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3646>.

   [RFC4702]  Stapp, M., Volz, B., and Y. Rekhter, "The Dynamic Host
              Configuration Protocol (DHCP) Client Fully Qualified
              Domain Name (FQDN) Option", RFC 4702,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC4702, October 2006,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4702>.

   [RFC4704]  Volz, B., "The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol for
              IPv6 (DHCPv6) Client Fully Qualified Domain Name (FQDN)
              Option", RFC 4704, DOI 10.17487/RFC4704, October 2006,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4704>.

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   [RFC5986]  Thomson, M. and J. Winterbottom, "Discovering the Local
              Location Information Server (LIS)", RFC 5986,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC5986, September 2010,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5986>.

   [RFC6106]  Jeong, J., Park, S., Beloeil, L., and S. Madanapalli,
              "IPv6 Router Advertisement Options for DNS Configuration",
              RFC 6106, DOI 10.17487/RFC6106, November 2010,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6106>.

   [RFC6731]  Savolainen, T., Kato, J., and T. Lemon, "Improved
              Recursive DNS Server Selection for Multi-Interfaced
              Nodes", RFC 6731, DOI 10.17487/RFC6731, December 2012,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6731>.

   [RFC7556]  Anipko, D., Ed., "Multiple Provisioning Domain
              Architecture", RFC 7556, DOI 10.17487/RFC7556, June 2015,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7556>.

   [RFC7686]  Appelbaum, J. and A. Muffett, "The ".onion" Special-Use
              Domain Name", RFC 7686, DOI 10.17487/RFC7686, October
              2015, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7686>.

   [RFC8310]  Dickinson, S., Gillmor, D., and T. Reddy, "Usage Profiles
              for DNS over TLS and DNS over DTLS", RFC 8310,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC8310, March 2018,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8310>.

   [RFC8499]  Hoffman, P., Sullivan, A., and K. Fujiwara, "DNS
              Terminology", BCP 219, RFC 8499, DOI 10.17487/RFC8499,
              January 2019, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8499>.

   [RFC8598]  Pauly, T. and P. Wouters, "Split DNS Configuration for the
              Internet Key Exchange Protocol Version 2 (IKEv2)",
              RFC 8598, DOI 10.17487/RFC8598, May 2019,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8598>.

   [RFC8806]  Kumari, W. and P. Hoffman, "Running a Root Server Local to
              a Resolver", RFC 8806, DOI 10.17487/RFC8806, June 2020,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8806>.

   [RFC9162]  Laurie, B., Messeri, E., and R. Stradling, "Certificate
              Transparency Version 2.0", RFC 9162, DOI 10.17487/RFC9162,
              December 2021, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9162>.

Authors' Addresses

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   Tirumaleswar Reddy
   Nokia
   India
   Email: kondtir@gmail.com

   Dan Wing
   Citrix Systems, Inc.
   4988 Great America Pkwy
   Santa Clara, CA 95054
   United States of America
   Email: danwing@gmail.com

   Kevin Smith
   Vodafone Group
   One Kingdom Street
   London
   United Kingdom
   Email: kevin.smith@vodafone.com

   Benjamin Schwartz
   Google LLC
   Email: bemasc@google.com

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