BGP BFD Strict-Mode
draft-ietf-idr-bgp-bfd-strict-mode-19
| Document | Type | Active Internet-Draft (idr WG) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Authors | Mercia Zheng , Acee Lindem , Jeff Haas , Albert Fu | ||
| Last updated | 2026-08-26 | ||
| Replaces | draft-merciaz-idr-bgp-bfd-strict-mode | ||
| RFC stream | Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) | ||
| Intended RFC status | (None) | ||
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OPSDIR Early review
by Yingzhen Qu
Clarification Needed
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draft-ietf-idr-bgp-bfd-strict-mode-19
IDR Workgroup M. Zheng
Internet-Draft Ciena
Updates: 4271 (if approved) A. Lindem
Intended status: Standards Track Arrcus, Inc
Expires: 27 February 2027 J. Haas
HPE
A. Fu
Bloomberg L.P.
26 August 2026
BGP BFD Strict-Mode
draft-ietf-idr-bgp-bfd-strict-mode-19
Abstract
This document specifies extensions to RFC4271 BGP-4 that enable a BGP
speaker to negotiate additional Bidirectional Forwarding Detection
(BFD) extensions using a BGP capability. This BFD Strict-Mode
Capability enables a BGP speaker to prevent a BGP session from being
established until a BFD session is established. This is referred to
as BFD "strict-mode".
Status of This Memo
This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.
Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute
working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet-
Drafts is at https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.
Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."
This Internet-Draft will expire on 27 February 2027.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2026 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (https://trustee.ietf.org/
license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document.
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Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights
and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components
extracted from this document must include Revised BSD License text as
described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are
provided without warranty as described in the Revised BSD License.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2. Requirements Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3. BGP Session Attributes for BFD Strict-Mode . . . . . . . . . 4
4. BGP FSM Events for BFD Strict-Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
5. BFD Strict-Mode Capability Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
6. BFD Strict-Mode Capability Negotiation . . . . . . . . . . . 6
7. Starting and Stopping BFD Sessions Associated BGP BFD
Strict-Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
8. BGP FSM State Changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
8.1. Overview of BFD Strict FSM Changes . . . . . . . . . . . 7
8.2. Changes to the Idle State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
8.3. Changes to the Connect State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
8.3.1. Connect - Handling BfdAdminDown / BfdDisabled /
BfdUp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
8.3.2. Connect - Handling BfdDown . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
8.3.3. Connect - Handling BfdHoldTimerExpires . . . . . . . 9
8.3.4. Connect - Handling BfdStrictConfigChanged . . . . . . 9
8.3.5. Connect - Handling Event 20, BGPOpen with
DelayOpenTimer running. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
8.4. Changes to the Active State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
8.4.1. Active - Handling BfdAdminDown / BfdDisabled /
BfdUp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
8.4.2. Active - Handling BfdDown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
8.4.3. Active - Handling BfdHoldTimerExpires . . . . . . . . 13
8.4.4. Active - Handling BfdStrictConfigChanged . . . . . . 13
8.4.5. Active - Handling Event 20, BGPOpen with DelayOpenTimer
running. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
8.5. Changes to the OpenSent State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
8.5.1. OpenSent - Handling BfdAdminDown / BfdDisabled /
BfdUp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
8.5.2. OpenSent - Handling BfdDown . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
8.5.3. OpenSent - Handling BfdHoldTimerExpires . . . . . . . 17
8.5.4. OpenSent - Handling BfdStrictConfigChanged . . . . . 17
8.5.5. OpenSent - Handling Event 19, BGPOpen . . . . . . . . 18
8.5.6. OpenSent - Handling Event 26, KeepAliveMsg . . . . . 20
8.6. Changes to the OpenConfirm State . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
8.6.1. OpenConfirm - Handling BfdAdminDown / BfdDisabled /
BfdUp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
8.6.2. OpenConfirm - Handling BfdDown . . . . . . . . . . . 21
8.6.3. OpenConfirm - Handling BfdStrictConfigChanged . . . . 22
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8.7. Changes to the Established State . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
8.7.1. Established - Handling BfdAdminDown / BfdDisabled /
BfdUp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
8.7.2. Established - Handling BfdDown . . . . . . . . . . . 22
8.7.3. Established - Handling BfdStrictConfigChanged /
BfdHoldTimerExpires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
9. Closing BGP Sessions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
10. Stability Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
11. Manageability Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
12. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
13. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
13.1. BGP BFD Strict-Mode Capability . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
13.2. BGP-4 FSM Optional Session Attributes Registry . . . . . 25
13.3. BGP-4 FSM Events Registry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
14. Acknowledgement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
15. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
16. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Appendix A. Implementation Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
A.1. HPE / Juniper Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
A.2. Cisco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
A.3. Nokia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
1. Introduction
Bidirectional Forwarding Detection BFD [RFC5880] enables routers to
monitor data plane connectivity and to detect faults in the
bidirectional forwarding path between them. This functionality is
leveraged by routing protocols such as BGP [RFC4271] to rapidly react
to topology changes in the face of path failures.
The BFD interaction with BGP is specified in Section 10.2 of
[RFC5882]. When BFD is enabled for a BGP neighbor, faults in the
bidirectional forwarding detected by BFD result in BGP session
termination. It is possible in some failure scenarios for the
network to be in a state such that a BGP session may be established
but a BFD session cannot be established. In some other scenarios, it
may be possible to establish a BGP session, but a degraded or poor-
quality link may result in the corresponding BFD session going up and
down frequently.
To avoid situations that result in routing churn and to minimize the
impact of network interruptions, it will be beneficial to disallow
BGP to establish a session until BFD session is successfully
established and has stabilized. We refer to this mode of operation
as BFD "strict-mode". However, always using "strict-mode" would
preclude BGP operation in an environment where not all routers
support BFD strict-mode or have BFD enabled.
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This document defines BFD "strict-mode" operation as preventing BGP
session establishment until both the local and remote speakers have
an established BFD session. The document also specifies a BGP
capability [RFC5492] for announcing a BGP speaker's support for
"strict-mode"; i.e., requiring a BFD session for BGP session
establishment.
2. Requirements Language
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
"OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP
14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all
capitals, as shown here.
3. BGP Session Attributes for BFD Strict-Mode
Defined in this document:
16) BfdEnabled:
A boolean value that is TRUE when BFD is configured and enabled
for this BGP session.
17) BfdStrictEnabled:
A boolean value that is TRUE when BGP BFD Strict-Mode procedures
are to be used when BFD is enabled for this BGP session. If
BfdEnabled is not TRUE for this BGP session, this attribute has no
impact.
18) BfdHoldTime:
Hold time value used for the BfdHoldTimer. The default value for
this attribute is 30 seconds and is user configurable.
19) BfdHoldTimer:
Hold timer used when the BGP HoldTime has been negotiated to zero
to ensure the BGP session terminates if the associated BFD session
does not enter the Up state.
20) BfdStrictNegotiated:
A boolean value that is TRUE when the BFD strict-mode feature
capability has been successfully negotiated for this BGP session.
(See Section 6.)
Defined in RFC 5880:
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bfd.SessionState:
The BFD session state associated with this BGP session when BFD is
configured and enabled for the session. (See Section 6.8.1 of
[RFC5880].)
4. BGP FSM Events for BFD Strict-Mode
Event 30: BfdAdminDown
Definition:
The BFD session associated with this BGP session has
transitioned to the AdminDown state.
Status:
Optional
Optional Attribute Status:
The BfdEnabled attribute for this BGP session SHOULD be set to
TRUE.
Event 31: BfdDown
Definition:
The BFD session associated with this BGP session has
transitioned to the Down state.
Status:
Optional
Optional Attribute Status:
Event 32: BfdUp
Definition:
The BFD session associated with this BGP session has
transitioned to the Up state.
Status:
Optional
Optional Attribute Status:
The BfdEnabled attribute for this BGP session SHOULD be set to
TRUE.
Event 33: BfdDisabled
Definition:
The BfdEnabled session attribute has been changed to FALSE.
Status:
Optional
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Optional Attribute Status:
Event 34: BfdHoldTimerExpires
Definition:
The BFD holdtimer, which is set when the negotiated BGP hold
time is zero, has expired.
Status:
Optional
Optional Attribute Status:
* The HoldTimer SHOULD NOT be running.
* The negotiated HoldTime SHOULD be zero.
* The BGP session state SHOULD be in Connect, Active, or
OpenSent.
Event 35: BfdStrictConfigChanged
Definition:
The configuration for the BFD strict configuration for the BGP
session has been changed.
Status:
Optional
Optional Attribute Status:
If BfdEnabled is FALSE, this event MUST NOT occur. When BFD
has been disabled, the local system will trigger a BfdAdminDown
event instead.
5. BFD Strict-Mode Capability Definition
The BFD Strict-Mode Capability is a BGP Capability [RFC5492] defined
as follows:
Capability code: 74
Capability length: 0 octets
6. BFD Strict-Mode Capability Negotiation
A BGP speaker which supports capabilities advertisement and has BFD
strict-mode enabled MUST include the BFD Strict-Mode Capability in
its OPEN message.
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A BGP speaker which supports the BFD Strict-Mode Capability examines
the list of capabilities received from its peer. If both the local
and remote BGP speakers include the BFD Strict-Mode Capability, the
BfdStrictNegotiated session attribute (Section 3 below) is set to
TRUE.
7. Starting and Stopping BFD Sessions Associated BGP BFD Strict-Mode
Implementations SHOULD start the BFD session associated with the BGP
BFD strict-mode session prior to the BGP FSM starting. The
motivation is to avoid delaying BGP FSM transitions while waiting for
the BFD session reach the Up state.
Similarly, to support BFD hold-down requirements for detecting BFD
session stability (see Section 10), implementations SHOULD NOT
immediately destroy BFD sessions when associated BGP connections
transition to Idle.
8. BGP FSM State Changes
8.1. Overview of BFD Strict FSM Changes
When BFD is enabled, and BFD strict-mode is enabled and negotiated,
the BGP finite state machine is prevented from sending a KEEPALIVE to
the remote BGP speaker and advancing to the OpenConfirm state until
the associated BFD session has reached the Up state.
In the FSM defined in [RFC4271], sending of a KEEPALIVE to the remote
BGP speaker and advancement to the OpenConfirm state happens:
* In the Connect state upon receiving an OPEN message and the
DelayOpenTimer is running.
* In the Active state upon receiving an OPEN message and the
DelayOpenTimer is running.
* In the OpenSent state upon receiving an OPEN message.
For each of these scenarios, when BFD is enabled, and BFD strict-mode
is negotiated, a sub-state is introduced to track the pending BFD Up
event:
* ConnectDelayOpenBfdUpPending
* ActiveDelayOpenBfdUpPending
* OpenSentBfdUpPending
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* OpenSentConfirmedBfdUpPending
If BFD strict-mode configuration is changed once the BGP FSM has
started executing, but has not reached the Established state, the
session is reset to the Idle state to ensure consistent behavior.
I.e., no unexpected timers are running, and the BGP session's
transition to Established is not lingering on a pending event. Once
the BGP session has reached the Established state, changes to BFD
strict-mode are irrelevant since the work of this feature has been
completed.
The following changes are made to the BGP FSM defined in
Section 8.2.2 of [RFC4271]:
8.2. Changes to the Idle State
In the "Idle State", the BfdAdminDown, BfdDown, BfdUp, BfdDisabled,
BfdStrictConfigChanged events are ignored.
In the "Idle State", the BfdHoldTimerExpires event is ignored, but
only would occur as an error in the FSM implementation.
8.3. Changes to the Connect State
The BfdHoldTimer is reset to zero and stopped on any transition to
the Idle state.
8.3.1. Connect - Handling BfdAdminDown / BfdDisabled / BfdUp
In response to the BfdAdminDown event (Event 30), the BfdDisabled
event (Event 33), or the BfdUp event (Event 32) the local system
checks to see if it is in the ConnectDelayOpenBfdUpPending sub-state.
If the FSM is in the ConnectDelayOpenBfdUpPending sub-state, the
local system:
* sends a KEEPALIVE message,
* if the HoldTimer initial value is non-zero,
- starts the KeepaliveTimer with the initial value and
- resets the BfdHoldTimer value to zero,
* and changes its state to OpenConfirm (leaves
ConnectDelayOpenBfdUpPending).
If the FSM is not in the ConnectDelayOpenBfdUpPending sub-state, the
local system:
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* stays in the Connect state.
8.3.2. Connect - Handling BfdDown
The BfdDown event (Event 31) is ignored while in the Connect state.
A BFD session can transition to Down from the Init state, indicating
the session has failed to come Up, or transition to Down from the
AdminDown as part of starting the BFD state machine.
8.3.3. Connect - Handling BfdHoldTimerExpires
In response to the BfdHoldTimerExpires event (Event 34), the local
system:
* sends a NOTIFICATION message with the error code Cease (6) and
error subcode BFD Down (10),
* drops the TCP connection,
* releases all BGP resources,
* increments the ConnectRetryCounter,
* (optionally) performs peer oscillation damping if the
DampPeerOscillations attribute is set to TRUE, and
* changes its state to Idle.
8.3.4. Connect - Handling BfdStrictConfigChanged
In response to the BfdStrictConfigChanged event (Event 35) the local
system:
* drops the TCP connection,
* releases all BGP resources,
* sets ConnectRetryCounter to zero,
* stops the ConnectRetryTimer and sets ConnectRetryTimer to zero,
and
* changes its state to Idle.
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8.3.5. Connect - Handling Event 20, BGPOpen with DelayOpenTimer
running.
In the "Connect State", the handling of Event 20, an OPEN message is
received while the DelayOpenTimer is running, is revised as follows:
Old Text:
* stops the ConnectRetryTimer (if running) and sets the
ConnectRetryTimer to zero,
* completes the BGP initialization,
* stops and clears the DelayOpenTimer (sets the value to zero),
* sends an OPEN message,
* sends a KEEPALIVE message,
* if the HoldTimer initial value is non-zero,
- starts the KeepaliveTimer with the initial value and
- resets the HoldTimer to the negotiated value,
* else, if the HoldTimer initial value is zero,
- resets the KeepaliveTimer and
- resets the HoldTimer value to zero,
* and changes its state to OpenConfirm.
If the value of the autonomous system field is the same as the local
Autonomous System number, set the connection status to an internal
connection; otherwise it will be "external".
New Text:
If the FSM is in the ConnectDelayOpenBfdUpPending sub-state, the
reception of a second OPEN message is a FSM error. The local system:
* sends the NOTIFICATION with the Error Code Finite State Machine
Error,
* sets the ConnectRetryTimer to zero,
* releases all BGP resources,
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* drops the TCP connection,
* increments the ConnectRetryCounter by 1,
* (optionally) performs peer oscillation damping if the
DampPeerOscillations attribute is set to TRUE, and
* changes its state to Idle.
If the FSM is NOT in the ConnectDelayOpenBfdUpPending, the local
system:
* stops the ConnectRetryTimer (if running) and sets the
ConnectRetryTimer to zero,
* completes the BGP initialization,
* stops and clears the DelayOpenTimer (sets the value to zero),
* sends an OPEN message,
* If BfdEnabled is TRUE, and BfdStrictNegotiated is TRUE, and
bfd.SessionState is neither Up nor AdminDown,
- DOES NOT send a KEEPALIVE message,
- if the HoldTimer initial value is non-zero,
o DOES NOT start the KeepaliveTimer
o resets the HoldTimer to the negotiated value,
- else, if the HoldTimer initial value is zero,
o resets the KeepaliveTimer and
o resets the HoldTimer value to zero,
o starts the BfdHoldTimer with the value BfdHoldTime,
- stays in the Connect state (enters
ConnectDelayOpenBfdUpPending).
* else,
- sends a KEEPALIVE message,
- if the HoldTimer initial value is non-zero,
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o starts the KeepaliveTimer with the initial value and
o resets the HoldTimer to the negotiated value,
- else, if the HoldTimer initial value is zero,
o resets the KeepaliveTimer and
o resets the HoldTimer value to zero,
- and changes its state to OpenConfirm.
If the value of the autonomous system field is the same as the local
Autonomous System number, set the connection status to an internal
connection; otherwise it will be "external".
8.4. Changes to the Active State
The BfdHoldTimer is reset to zero and stopped for any transition to
the Idle state.
8.4.1. Active - Handling BfdAdminDown / BfdDisabled / BfdUp
In response to the BfdAdminDown event (Event 30), the BfdDisabled
event (Event 33), or the BfdUp event (Event 32), the local system
checks to see if it is in the ActiveDelayOpenBfdUpPending sub-state.
If the FSM is in the ActiveDelayOpenBfdUpPending sub-state, the local
system:
* sends a KEEPALIVE message,
* if the HoldTimer initial value is non-zero,
- starts the KeepaliveTimer with the initial value and
- resets the BfdHoldTimer value to zero,
* and changes its state to OpenConfirm (leaves
ActiveDelayOpenBfdUpPending).
If the FSM is not in the ActiveDelayOpenBfdUpPending sub-state, the
local system:
* stays in the Active state.
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8.4.2. Active - Handling BfdDown
The BfdDown event (Event 31) is ignored while in the Active state.
A BFD session can transition to Down from the Init state, indicating
the session has failed to come Up, or transition to Down from the
AdminDown as part of starting the BFD state machine.
8.4.3. Active - Handling BfdHoldTimerExpires
In response to the BfdHoldTimerExpires event (Event 34), the local
system:
* sends a NOTIFICATION message with the error code Cease (6) and
error subcode BFD Down (10),
* drops the TCP connection,
* releases all BGP resources,
* increments the ConnectRetryCounter,
* (optionally) performs peer oscillation damping if the
DampPeerOscillations attribute is set to TRUE, and
* changes its state to Idle.
8.4.4. Active - Handling BfdStrictConfigChanged
In response to the BfdStrictConfigChanged event (Event 35), the local
system:
* drops the TCP connection,
* releases all BGP resources,
* sets ConnectRetryCounter to zero,
* stops the ConnectRetryTimer and sets ConnectRetryTimer to zero,
and
* changes its state to Idle.
8.4.5. Active - Handling Event 20, BGPOpen with DelayOpenTimer running.
In the "Active State", the handling of Event 20, an OPEN message is
received while the DelayOpenTimer is running, is revised as follows:
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Old Text:
* stops the ConnectRetryTimer (if running) and sets the
ConnectRetryTimer to zero,
* completes the BGP initialization,
* stops and clears the DelayOpenTimer (sets the value to zero),
* sends an OPEN message,
* sends a KEEPALIVE message,
* if the HoldTimer initial value is non-zero,
- starts the KeepaliveTimer with the initial value and
- resets the HoldTimer to the negotiated value,
* else, if the HoldTimer initial value is zero,
- resets the KeepaliveTimer and
- resets the HoldTimer value to zero,
* and changes its state to OpenConfirm.
If the value of the autonomous system field is the same as the local
Autonomous System number, set the connection status to an internal
connection; otherwise it will be "external".
New Text:
If the FSM is in the ActiveDelayOpenBfdUpPending sub-state, the
reception of a second OPEN message is a FSM error. The local system:
* sends the NOTIFICATION with the Error Code Finite State Machine
Error,
* sets the ConnectRetryTimer to zero,
* releases all BGP resources,
* drops the TCP connection,
* increments the ConnectRetryCounter by 1,
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* (optionally) performs peer oscillation damping if the
DampPeerOscillations attribute is set to TRUE, and
* changes its state to Idle.
If the FSM is NOT in the ActiveDelayOpenBfdUpPending, the local
system:
* stops the ConnectRetryTimer (if running) and sets the
ConnectRetryTimer to zero,
* completes the BGP initialization,
* stops and clears the DelayOpenTimer (sets the value to zero),
* sends an OPEN message,
* If BfdEnabled is TRUE, and BfdStrictNegotiated is TRUE, and
bfd.SessionState is neither Up nor AdminDown,
- DOES NOT send a KEEPALIVE message,
- if the HoldTimer initial value is non-zero,
o DOES NOT start the KeepaliveTimer
o resets the HoldTimer to the negotiated value,
- else, if the HoldTimer initial value is zero,
o resets the KeepaliveTimer and
o resets the HoldTimer value to zero,
o starts the BfdHoldTimer with the value BfdHoldTime,
- stays in the Active state (enters ActiveDelayOpenBfdUpPending).
* else,
- sends a KEEPALIVE message,
- if the HoldTimer initial value is non-zero,
o starts the KeepaliveTimer with the initial value and
o resets the HoldTimer to the negotiated value,
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- else, if the HoldTimer initial value is zero,
o resets the KeepaliveTimer and
o resets the HoldTimer value to zero,
- and changes its state to OpenConfirm.
If the value of the autonomous system field is the same as the local
Autonomous System number, set the connection status to an internal
connection; otherwise it will be "external".
8.5. Changes to the OpenSent State
The BfdHoldTimer is reset to zero and stopped for any transition to
the Idle state.
8.5.1. OpenSent - Handling BfdAdminDown / BfdDisabled / BfdUp
In response to the BfdAdminDown event (Event 30), the BfdDisabled
event (Event 33), or the BfdUp event (Event 32), and the FSM is in
the OpenSentBfdUpPending or the OpenSentConfirmedBfdUpPending sub-
states, the local system:
* sends a KEEPALIVE message, and
* sets a KeepaliveTimer (via the text below)
* resets the BfdHoldTimer value to zero,
* If the FSM is in the OpenSentBfdUpPending sub-state, the local
system:
- changes its state to OpenConfirm (leaves OpenSentBfdUpPending).
* Otherwise, if the FSM is in the OpenSentConfirmedBfdUpPending sub-
state, the local system:
- resets the HoldTimer to the negotiated value, and,
- changes its state to Established (leaves
OpenSentConfirmedBfdUpPending).
If the FSM is not in the OpenSentBfdUpPending or
OpenSentConfirmedBfdUpPending sub-states, the local system:
* stays in the OpenSent state.
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8.5.2. OpenSent - Handling BfdDown
In response to the BfdDown event (Event 31):
* if BfdEnabled is TRUE, and BfdStrictNegotiated is TRUE, the local
system:
- sends a NOTIFICATION message with the error code Cease (6) and
error subcode BFD Down (10),
- drops the TCP connection,
- releases all BGP resources,
- sets ConnectRetryCounter to zero,
- stops the ConnectRetryTimer and sets ConnectRetryTimer to zero,
and
- changes its state to Idle.
* else,
- stays in the OpenSent State
8.5.3. OpenSent - Handling BfdHoldTimerExpires
In response to the BfdHoldTimerExpires event (Event 34), the local
system:
* sends a NOTIFICATION message with the error code Cease (6) and
error subcode BFD Down (10),
* drops the TCP connection,
* releases all BGP resources,
* increments the ConnectRetryCounter,
* (optionally) performs peer oscillation damping if the
DampPeerOscillations attribute is set to TRUE, and
* changes its state to Idle.
8.5.4. OpenSent - Handling BfdStrictConfigChanged
In response to the BfdStrictConfigChanged event (Event 35), the local
system:
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* sends the NOTIFICATION with an error code Cease (6), error subcode
Other Configuration Change (6),
* drops the TCP connection,
* releases all BGP resources,
* sets ConnectRetryCounter to zero,
* stops the ConnectRetryTimer and sets ConnectRetryTimer to zero,
and
* changes its state to Idle.
8.5.5. OpenSent - Handling Event 19, BGPOpen
Old Text:
When an OPEN message is received, all fields are checked for
correctness. If there are no errors in the OPEN message (Event 19),
the local system:
* resets the DelayOpenTimer to zero,
* sets the BGP ConnectRetryTimer to zero,
* sends a KEEPALIVE message, and
* sets a KeepaliveTimer (via the text below)
* sets the HoldTimer according to the negotiated value (see
Section 4.2), - changes its state to OpenConfirm.
If the negotiated hold time value is zero, then the HoldTimer and
KeepaliveTimer are not started. If the value of the Autonomous
System field is the same as the local Autonomous System number, then
the connection is an "internal" connection; otherwise, it is an
"external" connection.
New Text:
If the FSM is in the OpenSentBfdUpPending sub-state or the
OpenSentConfirmedBfdUpPending sub-state, the reception of a second
OPEN message is a FSM error. The local system:
* sends the NOTIFICATION with the Error Code Finite State Machine
Error,
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* sets the ConnectRetryTimer to zero,
* releases all BGP resources,
* drops the TCP connection,
* increments the ConnectRetryCounter by 1,
* (optionally) performs peer oscillation damping if the
DampPeerOscillations attribute is set to TRUE, and
* changes its state to Idle.
If the FSM is NOT in the OpenSentBfdUpPending sub-state or the
OpenSentConfirmedBfdUpPending sub-state, the local system:
When an OPEN message is received, all fields are checked for
correctness. If there are no errors in the OPEN message (Event 19),
the local system:
* resets the DelayOpenTimer to zero,
* sets the BGP ConnectRetryTimer to zero,
* sets the HoldTimer according to the negotiated value (see
Section 4.2),
* If BfdEnabled is TRUE, and BfdStrictNegotiated is TRUE, and
bfd.SessionState is neither Up nor AdminDown,
- DOES NOT send a KEEPALIVE message, and
- DOES NOT start the KeepaliveTimer
- if the HoldTimer negotiated value is zero,
o starts the BfdHoldTimer with the value BfdHoldTime,
- stays in OpenSent state (OpenSentBfdUpPending)
* else,
- sends a KEEPALIVE message, and
- sets a KeepaliveTimer (via the text below)
- changes its state to OpenConfirm.
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If the negotiated hold time value is zero, then the HoldTimer and
KeepaliveTimer are not started. If the value of the Autonomous
System field is the same as the local Autonomous System number, then
the connection is an "internal" connection; otherwise, it is an
"external" connection.
8.5.6. OpenSent - Handling Event 26, KeepAliveMsg
When BFD strict-mode is not in use, receiving a KEEPALIVE message
while in the OpenSent state is a finite state machine error.
When BFD strict-mode is enabled and negotiated, and the local BGP
speaker has received an OPEN message, it transitions to the
OpenSentBfdUpPending sub-state waiting for BFD to move to the Up
state. While in this sub-state, the remote BFD speaker's BFD session
can transition to the Up state prior to the local BFD session making
a similar transition. When that occurs, the remote BGP speaker will
send its KEEPALIVE message and transition to the OpenConfirm state.
When in the OpenSentBfdUpPending sub-state and a KEEPALIVE message is
received, but the BFD session is not yet in the Up state, it is
necessary to track that the next BGP finite state machine transition
is to the Established state. This is tracked using the
OpenSentConfirmedBfdUpPending sub-state.
Old Text:
In response to any other event (Events 9, 11-13, 20, 25-28), the
local system:
* sends the NOTIFICATION with the Error Code Finite State Machine
Error,
* sets the ConnectRetryTimer to zero,
* releases all BGP resources,
* drops the TCP connection,
* increments the ConnectRetryCounter by 1,
* (optionally) performs peer oscillation damping if the
DampPeerOscillations attribute is set to TRUE, and
* changes its state to Idle.
New Text:
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When a KEEPALIVE message is received, BfdEnabled is TRUE, and
BfdStrictNegotiated is TRUE and the local system is in either the
OpenSentBfdUpPending or OpenSentConfirmedBfdUpPending sub-states, the
local system:
* resets the HoldTimer to the negotiated value,
* transitions to the OpenSentConfirmedBfdUpPending sub-state.
When a KEEPALIVE message is received, and either BfdEnabled is FALSE
or BfdStrictNegotiated is FALSE, or in response to any other event
(Events 9, 11-13, 20, 25, 27-28), the local system:
* sends the NOTIFICATION with the Error Code Finite State Machine
Error,
* sets the ConnectRetryTimer to zero,
* releases all BGP resources,
* drops the TCP connection,
* increments the ConnectRetryCounter by 1,
* (optionally) performs peer oscillation damping if the
DampPeerOscillations attribute is set to TRUE, and
* changes its state to Idle.
8.6. Changes to the OpenConfirm State
8.6.1. OpenConfirm - Handling BfdAdminDown / BfdDisabled / BfdUp
The BfdAdminDown, BfdDisabled, and BfdUp events are ignored in the
OpenConfirm state.
8.6.2. OpenConfirm - Handling BfdDown
In response to the BfdDown event (Event 31):
* if BfdEnabled is TRUE, and BfdStrictNegotiated is TRUE, the local
system:
- sends a NOTIFICATION message with the error code Cease (6) and
error subcode BFD Down (10),
- drops the TCP connection,
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- releases all BGP resources,
- sets ConnectRetryCounter to zero,
- stops the ConnectRetryTimer and sets ConnectRetryTimer to zero,
and
- changes its state to Idle.
* else,
- stays in the OpenConfirm State
8.6.3. OpenConfirm - Handling BfdStrictConfigChanged
In response to the BfdStrictConfigChanged event (Event 35), the local
system:
* sends a NOTIFICATION message with the error code Cease (6) and
error subcode Other Configuration Change (6),
* drops the TCP connection,
* releases all BGP resources,
* sets ConnectRetryCounter to zero,
* stops the ConnectRetryTimer and sets ConnectRetryTimer to zero,
and
* changes its state to Idle.
8.7. Changes to the Established State
8.7.1. Established - Handling BfdAdminDown / BfdDisabled / BfdUp
The BfdAdminDown, BfdDisabled, and BfdUp events are ignored in the
Established state.
8.7.2. Established - Handling BfdDown
In response to the BfdDown event (Event 31), the local system:
* sends a NOTIFICATION message with the error code Cease (6) and
error subcode BFD Down (10),
* drops the TCP connection,
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* deletes all routes associated with this connection,
* releases all BGP resources,
* increments the ConnectRetryCounter by 1,
* (optionally) performs peer oscillation damping if the
DampPeerOscillations attribute is set to TRUE, and
* changes its state to Idle.
8.7.3. Established - Handling BfdStrictConfigChanged /
BfdHoldTimerExpires
The BfdStrictConfigChange event is ignored in the Established state.
The BfdHoldTimerExpires event in the Established state is a FSM
error, and is ignored.
9. Closing BGP Sessions
When BGP sessions are closed according to the procedures in this
document, the session SHOULD be terminated with a NOTIFICATION
message with the Cease Code (6) and the "BFD Down" Subcode (10); see
[RFC9384]. This informs the operator that interaction with BFD is
the root cause of the BGP session being unable to move to the
Established state.
10. Stability Considerations
The use of BFD strict-mode along with mechanisms such as hold-down (a
delay in the initial BGP Establishment state following BFD session
establishment) and/or dampening (a delay in the BGP Establishment
state following failure detected by BFD) may help reduce the
frequency of BGP session flaps and therefore reduce the associated
routing churn.
To avoid deadlock when utilizing both BFD hold-down and BFD strict-
mode, when strict-mode is enabled for a peer, the BGP FSM MUST be
enabled. That is, BFD hold-down procedures MUST NOT prevent BGP from
establishing a connection with the remote BGP speaker.
If both the local and remote BGP speakers include the BFD Strict-Mode
Capability, the BGP state machine is permitted to transition to the
Established state from the OpenConfirm state after the locally
configured BFD hold-down interval is observed. That is, the BFD
session has been Up for the desired amount of time.
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It is RECOMMENDED that the BFD hold-down intervals used with BFD
strict-mode, when configured, use similar values. Similarly, the
negotiated BGP holdtime SHOULD be long enough to account for the time
between the BGP FSM reaching the OpenConfirm state, the BFD hold-down
interval, and any delay for the BFD session being initiated. Failure
to do so can result in the BGP speaker that has transitioned to the
Established state expiring its BGP holdtime and closing the
connection. This is because the remote BGP speaker hasn't
transitioned to Established and begun sending KEEPALIVE messages.
A BGP speaker SHOULD log a message if it closes its session due to
hold timer expiration while waiting for the BFD hold-down interval.
The behavior of BGP speakers implementing BFD hold-down without
negotiating the BFD strict-mode feature is out of scope of this
document. However, the authors are aware that inconsistent behaviors
in BGP implementations for BFD hold-down without BFD strict-mode may
result in BGP session deadlock.
11. Manageability Considerations
Auto-configuration is possible for enabling BFD strict-mode.
However, the configuration automation is out of the scope of this
document.
To simplify troubleshooting and avoid inconsistencies, it is
RECOMMENDED that BFD strict-mode configuration be consistent for both
BGP peers.
This draft introduces sub-states in the existing BGP finite state
machine for tracking BFD session status inputs for strict mode
operation. Implementations SHOULD provide visibility for these sub-
states in its display of the BGP finite state machine.
12. Security Considerations
The mechanism defined in this document interacts with the BGP finite
state machine when so configured. The security considerations for
BFD thus, become BGP-4 considerations [RFC4271] when so used. Given
that a BFD session is required for a BGP session, a Denial-of-Service
(DoS) attack on BGP can now be mounted by preventing a BFD session
between the BGP peers from reaching the Up state, or interrupting an
existing BFD session. The use of a BFD Authentication mechanism,
some of which are defined in [RFC5880], is thus RECOMMENDED when used
to protect BGP-4 [RFC4271].
13. IANA Considerations
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13.1. BGP BFD Strict-Mode Capability
This document defines the BFD Strict-Mode Capability. The Capability
Code 74 has been assigned from the First-Come-First-Served range
(64-238) of the Capability Codes registry.
13.2. BGP-4 FSM Optional Session Attributes Registry
This document defines new BGP finite state machine session
attributes. [BGP-IANA-FSM] manages these new registrations.
+=======+=====================+===============+
| Value | Name | Reference |
+=======+=====================+===============+
| 16 | BfdEnabled | This Document |
+-------+---------------------+---------------+
| 17 | BfdStrictEnabled | This Document |
+-------+---------------------+---------------+
| 18 | BfdHoldTime | This Document |
+-------+---------------------+---------------+
| 19 | BfdHoldTimer | This Document |
+-------+---------------------+---------------+
| 20 | BfdStrictNegotiated | This Document |
+-------+---------------------+---------------+
Table 1: BGP-4 FSM Optional Session Attributes
13.3. BGP-4 FSM Events Registry
This document defines new BGP finite state machine events.
[BGP-IANA-FSM] manages these new registrations.
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+=======+========================+====================+===========+
| Value | Name | Event Type | Reference |
+=======+========================+====================+===========+
| 30 | BfdAdminDown | BFD Protocol Event | This |
| | | | Document |
+-------+------------------------+--------------------+-----------+
| 31 | BfdDown | BFD Protocol Event | This |
| | | | Document |
+-------+------------------------+--------------------+-----------+
| 32 | BfdUp | BFD Protocol Event | This |
| | | | Document |
+-------+------------------------+--------------------+-----------+
| 33 | BfdDisabled | Configuration | This |
| | | | Document |
+-------+------------------------+--------------------+-----------+
| 34 | BfdHoldTimerExpires | Timer | This |
| | | | Document |
+-------+------------------------+--------------------+-----------+
| 35 | BfdStrictConfigChanged | Configuration | This |
| | | | Document |
+-------+------------------------+--------------------+-----------+
Table 2: BGP-4 FSM Events
14. Acknowledgement
The authors would like to acknowledge the review and inputs from
Shyam Sethuram, Mohammed Mirza, Bruno Decraene, Carlos Pignataro,
Enke Chen, Anup Kumar, and Ketan Talalukar.
15. Normative References
[BGP-IANA-FSM]
Haas, J., Hares, S., and K. Patel, "IANA Registrations for
the BGP Finite State Machine (FSM)", Work in Progress,
Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-idr-bgp-fsm-iana-02, 26 June
2026, <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-ietf-
idr-bgp-fsm-iana-02>.
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.
[RFC4271] Rekhter, Y., Ed., Li, T., Ed., and S. Hares, Ed., "A
Border Gateway Protocol 4 (BGP-4)", RFC 4271,
DOI 10.17487/RFC4271, January 2006,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4271>.
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[RFC5492] Scudder, J. and R. Chandra, "Capabilities Advertisement
with BGP-4", RFC 5492, DOI 10.17487/RFC5492, February
2009, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5492>.
[RFC5880] Katz, D. and D. Ward, "Bidirectional Forwarding Detection
(BFD)", RFC 5880, DOI 10.17487/RFC5880, June 2010,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5880>.
[RFC5882] Katz, D. and D. Ward, "Generic Application of
Bidirectional Forwarding Detection (BFD)", RFC 5882,
DOI 10.17487/RFC5882, June 2010,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5882>.
[RFC8174] Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC
2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174,
May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8174>.
[RFC9384] Haas, J., "A BGP Cease NOTIFICATION Subcode for
Bidirectional Forwarding Detection (BFD)", RFC 9384,
DOI 10.17487/RFC9384, March 2023,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9384>.
16. Informative References
[RFC7942] Sheffer, Y. and A. Farrel, "Improving Awareness of Running
Code: The Implementation Status Section", BCP 205,
RFC 7942, DOI 10.17487/RFC7942, July 2016,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7942>.
Appendix A. Implementation Status
Note to the RFC Editor: This section may be removed upon publication
as an RFC.
This section documents the [RFC7942] implementation status of this
document.
A.1. HPE / Juniper Networks
Organization:
HPE / Juniper Networks
Implementation Name:
Junos 23.2R1 and later
Description:
Juniper BFD strict mode for BGP peer sessions
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Maturity:
Used.
Coverage:
* BFD Strict-Mode Capability Negotiation - Implemented.
* Changes to the Idle State - Implemented.
* Changes to the Connect State - Implemented.
* Connect - Handling BfdAdminDown / BfdDisabled / BfdUp -
Implemented.
* Connect - Handling BfdDown - Implemented.
* Connect - Handling BfdHoldTimerExpires - Implemented.
* Connect - Handling BfdStrictConfigChanged - Implemented.
* Connect - Handling Event 20, BGPOpen with DelayOpenTimer
running. - Implemented.
* Changes to the Active State - Implemented.
* Active - Handling BfdAdminDown / BfdDisabled / BfdUp -
Implemented.
* Active - Handling BfdDown - Implemented.
* Active - Handling BfdHoldTimerExpires - Implemented.
* Active - Handling BfdStrictConfigChanged - Implemented.
* Active - Handling Event 20, BGPOpen with DelayOpenTimer
running. - Implemented.
* Changes to the OpenSent State - Implemented.
* OpenSent - Handling BfdAdminDown / BfdDisabled / BfdUp -
Implemented
* OpenSent - Handling BfdDown - Implemented
* OpenSent - Handling BfdHoldTimerExpires - Implemented
* OpenSent - Handling BfdStrictConfigChanged - Implemented
* OpenSent - Handling Event 19, BGPOpen - Implemented
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* OpenSent - Handling Event 26, KeepAliveMsg - Implemented
* OpenConfirm - Handling BfdAdminDown / BfdDisabled / BfdUp -
Implemented.
* OpenConfirm - Handling BfdDown - Implemented.
* OpenConfirm - Handling BfdStrictConfigChanged - Implemented.
* Established - Handling BfdAdminDown / BfdDisabled / BfdUp -
Implemented.
* Established - Handling BfdDown - Implemented.
* Established - Handling BfdStrictConfigChanged /
BfdHoldTimerExpires - Implemented.
Version Compatibility:
draft-ietf-idr-bgp-bfd-strict-mode-17
Licensing:
Proprietary
Implementation Experience:
Contact Information:
Jeffrey Haas - jeffrey.haas@hpe.com
Last Updated:
June 2026
A.2. Cisco
Organization:
Cisco
Implementation Name:
IOS-XR 24.3.1 and later
Description:
Cisco BFD strict mode for BGP peer sessions
Maturity:
Used.
Coverage:
* BFD Strict-Mode Capability Negotiation - Implemented.
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Version Compatibility:
draft-ietf-idr-bgp-bfd-strict-mode-12
Licensing:
Proprietary
Implementation Experience:
Contact Information:
Ketan Talaulikar
Last Updated:
June 2026
A.3. Nokia
Organization:
Nokia
Implementation Name:
Release 23.7R1
Description:
Strict-Mode BFD procedures for BGP
Maturity:
Used.
Coverage:
Nokia's implementation currently does not support the
BfdHoldTimer. Coverage for this feature is planned for an
upcoming release.
* BFD Strict-Mode Capability Negotiation - Implemented.
* Changes to the Idle State - Implemented.
* Changes to the Connect State - Implemented.
* Connect - Handling BfdAdminDown / BfdDisabled / BfdUp -
Implemented.
* Connect - Handling BfdDown - Implemented.
* Connect - Handling BfdHoldTimerExpires - Not implemented.
* Connect - Handling BfdStrictConfigChanged - Implemented.
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* Connect - Handling Event 20, BGPOpen with DelayOpenTimer
running. - Implemented.
* Changes to the Active State - Implemented.
* Active - Handling BfdAdminDown / BfdDisabled / BfdUp -
Implemented.
* Active - Handling BfdDown - Implemented.
* Active - Handling BfdHoldTimerExpires - Not implemented.
* Active - Handling BfdStrictConfigChanged - Implemented.
* Active - Handling Event 20, BGPOpen with DelayOpenTimer
running. - Implemented.
* Changes to the OpenSent State - Implemented.
* OpenSent - Handling BfdAdminDown / BfdDisabled / BfdUp -
Implemented
* OpenSent - Handling BfdDown - Implemented
* OpenSent - Handling BfdHoldTimerExpires - Not implemented
* OpenSent - Handling BfdStrictConfigChanged - Implemented
* OpenSent - Handling Event 19, BGPOpen - Implemented
* OpenSent - Handling Event 26, KeepAliveMsg - Implemented
* OpenConfirm - Handling BfdAdminDown / BfdDisabled / BfdUp -
Implemented.
* OpenConfirm - Handling BfdDown - Implemented.
* OpenConfirm - Handling BfdStrictConfigChanged - Implemented.
* Established - Handling BfdAdminDown / BfdDisabled / BfdUp -
Implemented.
* Established - Handling BfdDown - Implemented.
* Established - Handling BfdStrictConfigChanged /
BfdHoldTimerExpires - Implemented.
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Version Compatibility:
draft-ietf-idr-bgp-bfd-strict-mode-07
Licensing:
Proprietary
Implementation Experience:
Contact Information:
Scott Ralph - scott.ralph@nokia.com
Last Updated:
June 2026
Authors' Addresses
Mercia Zheng
Ciena
3939 N. 1st Street
San Jose, CA 95134
United States
Email: merciaz.ietf@gmail.com
Acee Lindem
Arrcus, Inc
301 Midenhall Way
Cary, NC 27513
United States
Email: acee.ietf@gmail.com
Jeffrey Haas
HPE
Email: jeffrey.haas@hpe.com
Albert Fu
Bloomberg L.P.
731 Lexington Avenue
New York, NY 10022
United States of America
Email: afu14@bloomberg.net
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