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Updates to Lightweight OCSP Profile for High Volume Environments
draft-ietf-lamps-rfc5019bis-12

Document Type Active Internet-Draft (lamps WG)
Authors Tadahiko Ito , Clint Wilson , Corey Bonnell , Sean Turner
Last updated 2024-09-13
Replaces draft-bonnell-rfc5019bis
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Stream WG state Submitted to IESG for Publication
Document shepherd Russ Housley
Shepherd write-up Show Last changed 2024-03-02
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Send notices to housley@vigilsec.com
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Details
draft-ietf-lamps-rfc5019bis-12
Network Working Group                                 伊藤 忠彦 (T. Ito)
Internet-Draft                                           SECOM CO., LTD.
Obsoletes: 5019 (if approved)                                  C. Wilson
Intended status: Standards Track                             Apple, Inc.
Expires: 17 March 2025                                        C. Bonnell
                                                          DigiCert, Inc.
                                                               S. Turner
                                                                   sn3rd
                                                       13 September 2024

    Updates to Lightweight OCSP Profile for High Volume Environments
                     draft-ietf-lamps-rfc5019bis-12

Abstract

   This specification defines a profile of the Online Certificate Status
   Protocol (OCSP) that addresses the scalability issues inherent when
   using OCSP in large scale (high volume) Public Key Infrastructure
   (PKI) environments and/or in PKI environments that require a
   lightweight solution to minimize communication bandwidth and client-
   side processing.

   This specification obsoletes RFC 5019.  The profile specified in RFC
   5019 has been updated to allow and recommend the use of SHA-256 over
   SHA-1.

Discussion Venues

   This note is to be removed before publishing as an RFC.

   Source for this draft and an issue tracker can be found at
   https://github.com/tadahik/RFC5019bis.

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
   working documents as Internet-Drafts.  The list of current Internet-
   Drafts is at https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

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   This Internet-Draft will expire on 17 March 2025.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2024 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (https://trustee.ietf.org/
   license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document.
   Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights
   and restrictions with respect to this document.  Code Components
   extracted from this document must include Revised BSD License text as
   described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are
   provided without warranty as described in the Revised BSD License.

Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
   2.  Conventions and Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
   3.  OCSP Message Profile  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
     3.1.  OCSP Request Profile  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
       3.1.1.  OCSPRequest Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
       3.1.2.  Signed OCSPRequests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
     3.2.  OCSP Response Profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
       3.2.1.  OCSPResponse Structure  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
       3.2.2.  Signed OCSPResponses  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
       3.2.3.  OCSPResponseStatus Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
       3.2.4.  thisUpdate, nextUpdate, and producedAt  . . . . . . .  10
   4.  Client Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
     4.1.  OCSP Responder Discovery  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
     4.2.  Sending an OCSP Request . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
   5.  Ensuring an OCSPResponse Is Fresh . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
   6.  Transport Profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
   7.  Caching Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
     7.1.  Caching at the Client . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
     7.2.  HTTP Proxies  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
     7.3.  Caching at Servers  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15
   8.  Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16
     8.1.  Replay Attacks  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16
     8.2.  Man-in-the-Middle Attacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
     8.3.  Impersonation Attacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
     8.4.  Denial-of-Service Attacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
     8.5.  Modification of HTTP Header Fields  . . . . . . . . . . .  17
     8.6.  Request Authentication and Authorization  . . . . . . . .  18
     8.7.  Use of SHA-1 for the calculation of CertID field
           values  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18
   9.  IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18

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   10. References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18
     10.1.  Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18
     10.2.  Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  19
   Appendix A.  Differences from RFC 5019  . . . . . . . . . . . . .  20
   Appendix B.  Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  20
     B.1.  Root Certification Authority Certificate  . . . . . . . .  20
     B.2.  End-entity Certificate  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  23
     B.3.  OCSP Responder Certificate  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  26
     B.4.  OCSP Request  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  29
     B.5.  OCSP Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  30
   Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  36
   Authors' Addresses  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  36

1.  Introduction

   The Online Certificate Status Protocol [RFC6960] specifies a
   mechanism used to determine the status of digital certificates, in
   lieu of using Certificate Revocation Lists (CRLs).  Since its
   definition in 1999, it has been deployed in a variety of environments
   and has proven to be a useful certificate status checking mechanism.
   (For brevity, the term "OCSP" is used herein to denote the
   verification of certificate status; however, it should be noted that
   this protocol is employed solely to ascertain the revocation status
   of a certificate.)

   To date, numerous OCSP deployments have been implemented to provide
   timely and secure certificate status information, crucial for high-
   value electronic transactions and the handling of highly sensitive
   information, such as within the banking and financial sectors.
   Therefore, the requirement for an OCSP responder to respond in "real
   time" (i.e., generating a new OCSP response for each OCSP request)
   has been important.  In addition, these deployments have operated in
   environments where bandwidth usage is not an issue, and have run on
   client and server systems where processing power is not constrained.

   As the use of PKI continues to grow and move into diverse
   environments, so does the need for a scalable and cost-effective
   certificate status mechanism.  Although OCSP as currently defined and
   deployed meets the need of small to medium-sized PKIs that operate on
   powerful systems on wired networks, there is a limit as to how these
   OCSP deployments scale from both an efficiency and cost perspective.
   Mobile environments, where network bandwidth may be at a premium and
   client-side devices are constrained from a processing point of view,
   require the careful use of OCSP to minimize bandwidth usage and
   client-side processing complexity.  [OCSPMP]

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   PKI continues to be deployed into environments where millions if not
   hundreds of millions of certificates have been issued.  In many of
   these environments, an even larger number of users (also known as
   relying parties) have the need to ensure that the certificate they
   are relying upon has not been revoked.  As such, it is important that
   OCSP is used in such a way that ensures the load on OCSP responders
   and the network infrastructure required to host those responders are
   kept to a minimum.

   This document addresses the scalability issues inherent when using
   OCSP in highly scaled PKI environments by defining a message profile
   and clarifying OCSP client and responder behavior that will permit:

   1.  OCSP response pre-production and distribution.

   2.  Reduced OCSP message size to lower bandwidth usage.

   3.  Response message caching both in the network and on the client.

   It is intended that the normative requirements defined in this
   profile will be adopted by OCSP clients and OCSP responders operating
   in very large-scale (high-volume) PKI environments or PKI
   environments that require a lightweight solution to minimize
   bandwidth and client-side processing power (or both), as described
   above.

   OCSP does not have the means to signal responder capabilities within
   the protocol.  Thus, clients may need to use out-of-band mechanisms
   (e.g., agreed upon arrangements between operators of OCSP responders
   and OCSP clients) to determine whether a responder conforms to the
   profile defined in this document.  Regardless of the availability of
   such out-of-band mechanisms, this profile ensures that
   interoperability will still occur between an OCSP client that fully
   conforms with [RFC6960] and a responder that is operating in a mode
   as described in this specification.

2.  Conventions and Definitions

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
   "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in
   BCP 14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all
   capitals, as shown here.

3.  OCSP Message Profile

   This section defines a subset of OCSPRequest and OCSPResponse
   functionality as defined in [RFC6960].

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3.1.  OCSP Request Profile

3.1.1.  OCSPRequest Structure

   Provided for convenience here, a partial extract of the ASN.1
   structure corresponding to the OCSPRequest with the relevant CertID
   as defined in [RFC6960]:

   OCSPRequest     ::=     SEQUENCE {
      tbsRequest                  TBSRequest,
      optionalSignature   [0]     EXPLICIT Signature OPTIONAL }

   TBSRequest      ::=     SEQUENCE {
      version             [0]     EXPLICIT Version DEFAULT v1,
      requestorName       [1]     EXPLICIT GeneralName OPTIONAL,
      requestList                 SEQUENCE OF Request,
      requestExtensions   [2]     EXPLICIT Extensions OPTIONAL }

   Request         ::=     SEQUENCE {
      reqCert                     CertID,
      singleRequestExtensions     [0] EXPLICIT Extensions OPTIONAL }

   CertID          ::=     SEQUENCE {
      hashAlgorithm       AlgorithmIdentifier,
      issuerNameHash      OCTET STRING, -- Hash of issuer's DN
      issuerKeyHash       OCTET STRING, -- Hash of issuer's public key
      serialNumber        CertificateSerialNumber }

   OCSPRequests that conform to the profile in this document MUST
   include only one Request in the OCSPRequest.RequestList structure.

   The CertID.issuerNameHash and CertID.issuerKeyHash fields contain
   hashes of the issuer's distinguished name (DN) and public key,
   respectively.  OCSP clients that conform with this profile MUST use
   SHA-256 as defined in Section 2.2 of [RFC5754] as the hashing
   algorithm for the CertID.issuerNameHash and the CertID.issuerKeyHash
   values.

   Older OCSP clients which provide backward compatibility with
   [RFC5019] use SHA-1 as defined in [RFC3174] as the hashing algorithm
   for the CertID.issuerNameHash and the CertID.issuerKeyHash values.
   However, these OCSP clients MUST transition from SHA-1 to SHA-256 as
   soon as practical.

   Clients MUST NOT include the singleRequestExtensions structure.

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   Clients SHOULD NOT include the requestExtensions structure.  If a
   requestExtensions structure is included, this profile RECOMMENDS that
   it contain only the nonce extension (id-pkix-ocsp-nonce).  See
   Section 5 for issues concerning the use of a nonce in high-volume
   OCSP environments.

3.1.2.  Signed OCSPRequests

   Clients SHOULD NOT send signed OCSPRequests.  Responders MAY ignore
   the signature on OCSPRequests.

   If the OCSPRequest is signed, the client SHALL specify its name in
   the OCSPRequest.requestorName field; otherwise, clients SHOULD NOT
   include the requestorName field in the OCSPRequest.  OCSP responders
   MUST handle unsigned OCSP requests that contain the requestorName
   field, as if the requestorName field were absent.

3.2.  OCSP Response Profile

3.2.1.  OCSPResponse Structure

   Provided for convenience here, a partial extract of the ASN.1
   structure corresponding to the OCSPResponse with the relevant CertID
   as defined in [RFC6960]:

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  OCSPResponse ::= SEQUENCE {
     responseStatus         OCSPResponseStatus,
     responseBytes          [0] EXPLICIT ResponseBytes OPTIONAL }

  ResponseBytes ::=       SEQUENCE {
     responseType   OBJECT IDENTIFIER,
     response       OCTET STRING }

  The value for response SHALL be the DER encoding of BasicOCSPResponse.

  BasicOCSPResponse       ::= SEQUENCE {
     tbsResponseData      ResponseData,
     signatureAlgorithm   AlgorithmIdentifier,
     signature            BIT STRING,
     certs            [0] EXPLICIT SEQUENCE OF Certificate OPTIONAL }

  ResponseData ::= SEQUENCE {
     version              [0] EXPLICIT Version DEFAULT v1,
     responderID              ResponderID,
     producedAt               GeneralizedTime,
     responses                SEQUENCE OF SingleResponse,
     responseExtensions   [1] EXPLICIT Extensions OPTIONAL }

  SingleResponse ::= SEQUENCE {
     certID                       CertID,
     certStatus                   CertStatus,
     thisUpdate                   GeneralizedTime,
     nextUpdate         [0]       EXPLICIT GeneralizedTime OPTIONAL,
     singleExtensions   [1]       EXPLICIT Extensions OPTIONAL }

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   Responders MUST generate a BasicOCSPResponse as identified by the id-
   pkix-ocsp-basic OID.  Clients MUST be able to parse and accept a
   BasicOCSPResponse.  OCSPResponses that conform to this profile SHOULD
   include only one SingleResponse in the ResponseData.responses
   structure, but MAY include additional SingleResponse elements if
   necessary to improve response pre-generation performance or cache
   efficiency, and to ensure backward compatibility.  For instance, to
   provide support to OCSP clients which do not yet support the use of
   SHA-256 for CertID hash calculation, the OCSP responder MAY include
   two SingleResponses in a BasicOCSPResponse.  In that
   BasicOCSPResponse, the CertID of one of the SingleResponses uses
   SHA-1 for the hash calculation, and the CertID in the other
   SingleResponse uses SHA-256.  OCSP responders SHOULD NOT distribute
   OCSP responses that contain CertIDs that use SHA-1 if the OCSP
   responder has no clients that require the use of SHA-1.  Operators of
   OCSP responders may consider logging the hash algorithm used by OCSP
   clients to inform their determination of when it is appropriate to
   obsolete the distribution of OCSP responses that employ SHA-1 for
   CertID field hashes.  See Section 8.7 for more information on the
   security considerations for the continued use of SHA-1.

   The responder SHOULD NOT include responseExtensions.  As specified in
   [RFC6960], clients MUST ignore unrecognized non-critical
   responseExtensions in the response.

   In the case where a responder does not have the ability to respond to
   an OCSP request containing an option not supported by the responder,
   it SHOULD return the most complete response it can.  For example, in
   the case where a responder only supports pre-produced responses and
   does not have the ability to respond to an OCSP request containing a
   nonce, it SHOULD return a response that does not include a nonce.

   Clients SHOULD attempt to process a response even if the response
   does not include a nonce.  See Section 5 for details on validating
   responses that do not contain a nonce.  See also Section 8 for
   relevant security considerations.

   Responders that do not have the ability to respond to OCSP requests
   that contain an unsupported option such as a nonce MAY forward the
   request to an OCSP responder capable of doing so.

   The responder MAY include the singleResponse.singleResponse
   extensions structure.

3.2.2.  Signed OCSPResponses

   Clients MUST validate the signature on the OCSPResponse.

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   If the response is signed by a delegate of the issuing certification
   authority (CA), a valid responder certificate MUST be referenced in
   the BasicOCSPResponse.certs structure.

   It is RECOMMENDED that the OCSP responder's certificate contain the
   id-pkix-ocsp-nocheck extension, as defined in [RFC6960], to indicate
   to the client that it need not check the certificate's status.  In
   addition, it is RECOMMENDED that neither an OCSP authorityInfoAccess
   (AIA) extension nor cRLDistributionPoints (CRLDP) extension be
   included in the OCSP responder's certificate.  Accordingly, the
   responder's signing certificate SHOULD be relatively short-lived and
   renewed regularly.

   Clients MUST be able to identify OCSP responder certificates using
   the byKey field and SHOULD be able to identify OCSP responder
   certificates using the byName field of the ResponseData.ResponderID
   [RFC6960] choices.

   Older responders which provide backward compatibility with [RFC5019]
   MAY use the byName field to represent the ResponderID, but should
   transition to using the byKey field as soon as practical.

   Newer responders that conform to this profile MUST use the byKey
   field to represent the ResponderID to reduce the size of the
   response.

3.2.3.  OCSPResponseStatus Values

   As long as the OCSP infrastructure has authoritative records for a
   particular certificate, an OCSPResponseStatus of "successful" will be
   returned.  When access to authoritative records for a particular
   certificate is not available, the responder MUST return an
   OCSPResponseStatus of "unauthorized".  As such, this profile extends
   the [RFC6960] definition of "unauthorized" as follows:

   The response "unauthorized" is returned in cases where the client is
   not authorized to make this query to this responder or the responder
   is not capable of responding authoritatively.

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   For example, OCSP responders that do not have access to authoritative
   records for a requested certificate, such as those that generate and
   distribute OCSP responses in advance and thus do not have the ability
   to properly respond with a signed "successful" yet "unknown"
   response, will respond with an OCSPResponseStatus of "unauthorized".
   Also, in order to ensure the database of revocation information does
   not grow unbounded over time, the responder MAY remove the status
   records of expired certificates.  Requests from clients for
   certificates whose record has been removed will result in an
   OCSPResponseStatus of "unauthorized".

   Security considerations regarding the use of unsigned responses are
   discussed in [RFC6960].

3.2.4.  thisUpdate, nextUpdate, and producedAt

   When pre-producing OCSPResponse messages, the responder MUST set the
   thisUpdate, nextUpdate, and producedAt times as follows:

   thisUpdate:  The time at which the status being indicated is known to
      be correct.

   nextUpdate:  The time at or before which newer information will be
      available about the status of the certificate.  As described in
      Section 2.4 of [RFC6960], this field is optional.  However, this
      field MUST be included in the profile specified in this document
      to help clients cache responses.  See Section 7 for additional
      information on caching.

   producedAt:  The time at which the OCSP response was signed.

      |  Note: The values of thisUpdate, nextUpdate, and producedAt are
      |  set as described in Section 2.5 of [RFC6960], and in many cases
      |  the value of thisUpdate and producedAt are the same.

   For the purposes of this profile, ASN.1-encoded GeneralizedTime
   values such as thisUpdate, nextUpdate, and producedAt MUST be
   expressed Greenwich Mean Time (Zulu) and MUST include seconds (i.e.,
   times are YYYYMMDDHHMMSSZ), even where the number of seconds is zero.
   GeneralizedTime values MUST NOT include fractional seconds.

4.  Client Behavior

4.1.  OCSP Responder Discovery

   Clients MUST support the authorityInfoAccess extension as defined in
   [RFC5280] and MUST recognize the id-ad-ocsp access method.  This
   enables CAs to inform clients how they can contact the OCSP service.

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   In the case where a client is checking the status of a certificate
   that contains both an authorityInformationAccess (AIA) extension
   pointing to an OCSP responder and a cRLDistributionPoints extension
   pointing to a CRL, the client SHOULD attempt to contact the OCSP
   responder first.  Clients MAY attempt to retrieve the CRL if no
   OCSPResponse is received from the responder after a locally
   configured timeout and number of retries.

4.2.  Sending an OCSP Request

   To avoid needless network traffic, applications MUST verify the
   signature of signed data before asking an OCSP client to check the
   status of certificates used to verify the data.  If the signature is
   invalid or the application is not able to verify it, an OCSP check
   MUST NOT be requested.

   Similarly, an application MUST validate the signature on certificates
   in a chain, before asking an OCSP client to check the status of the
   certificate.  If the certificate signature is invalid or the
   application is not able to verify it, an OCSP check MUST NOT be
   requested.  Clients SHOULD NOT make a request to check the status of
   expired certificates.

5.  Ensuring an OCSPResponse Is Fresh

   In order to ensure that a client does not accept an out-of-date
   response that indicates a 'good' status when in fact there is a more
   up-to-date response that specifies the status of 'revoked', a client
   must ensure the responses they receive are fresh.

   In general, two mechanisms are available to clients to ensure a
   response is fresh.  The first uses nonces, and the second is based on
   time.  In order for time-based mechanisms to work, both clients and
   responders MUST have access to an accurate source of time.

   Because this profile specifies that clients SHOULD NOT include a
   requestExtensions structure in OCSPRequests (see Section 3.1),
   clients MUST be able to determine OCSPResponse freshness based on an
   accurate source of time.  Clients that opt to include a nonce in the
   request SHOULD NOT reject a corresponding OCSPResponse solely on the
   basis of the nonexistent expected nonce, but MUST fall back to
   validating the OCSPResponse based on time.

   Clients that do not include a nonce in the request MUST ignore any
   nonce that may be present in the response.

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   Clients MUST check for the existence of the nextUpdate field and MUST
   ensure the current time, expressed in GMT time as described in
   Section 3.2.4, falls between the thisUpdate and nextUpdate times.  If
   the nextUpdate field is absent, the client MUST reject the response.

   If the nextUpdate field is present, the client MUST ensure that it is
   not earlier than the current time.  If the current time on the client
   is later than the time specified in the nextUpdate field, the client
   MUST reject the response as stale.  Clients MAY allow configuration
   of a small tolerance period for acceptance of responses after
   nextUpdate to handle minor clock differences relative to responders
   and caches.  This tolerance period should be chosen based on the
   accuracy and precision of time synchronization technology available
   to the calling application environment.  For example, Internet peers
   with low latency connections typically expect NTP time
   synchronization to keep them accurate within parts of a second;
   higher latency environments or where an NTP analogue is not available
   may have to be more liberal in their tolerance (e.g. allow one day
   difference).

   See the security considerations in Section 8 for additional details
   on replay and man-in-the-middle attacks.

6.  Transport Profile

   OCSP clients can send HTTP-based OCSP requests using either the GET
   or POST method.  The OCSP responder MUST support requests and
   responses over HTTP.  When sending requests that are less than or
   equal to 255 bytes in total (after encoding) including the scheme and
   delimiters (http://), server name and base64-encoded OCSPRequest
   structure, clients MUST use the GET method (to enable OCSP response
   caching).  OCSP requests larger than 255 bytes SHOULD be submitted
   using the POST method.  In all cases, clients MUST follow the
   descriptions in A.1 of [RFC6960] when constructing these messages.

   When constructing a GET message, OCSP clients MUST base64-encode the
   OCSPRequest structure according to Section 4 of [RFC4648].  Clients
   MUST NOT include whitespace or any other characters that are not part
   of the base64 character repertoire in the base64-encoded string.
   Clients MUST properly URL-encode the base64-encoded OCSPRequest
   according to [RFC3986].  OCSP clients MUST append the base64-encoded
   OCSPRequest to the URI specified in the AIA extension [RFC5280].  For
   example:

    http://ocsp.example.com/MEowSDBGMEQwQjAKBggqhkiG9w0CBQQQ7sp6GTKpL2dA
    deGaW267owQQqInESWQD0mGeBArSgv%2FBWQIQLJx%2Fg9xF8oySYzol80Mbpg%3D%3D

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   In response to properly formatted OCSPRequests that are cachable
   (i.e., responses that contain a nextUpdate value), the responder will
   include the binary value of the DER encoding of the OCSPResponse
   preceded by the following HTTP [RFC9110] and [RFC9111] header fields.

     Content-type: application/ocsp-response
     Content-length: < OCSP response length >
     Last-modified: < producedAt HTTP-date >
     ETag: "< strong validator >"
     Expires: < nextUpdate HTTP-date >
     Cache-control: max-age=< n >, public, no-transform, must-revalidate
     Date: < current HTTP-date >

   See Section 7.2 for details on the use of these HTTP header fields.

7.  Caching Recommendations

   The ability to cache OCSP responses throughout the network is an
   important factor in high volume OCSP deployments.  This section
   discusses the recommended caching behavior of OCSP clients and HTTP
   proxies and the steps that should be taken to minimize the number of
   times that OCSP clients "hit the wire".  In addition, the concept of
   including OCSP responses in protocol exchanges (aka stapling or
   piggybacking), such as has been defined in TLS, is also discussed.

7.1.  Caching at the Client

   To minimize bandwidth usage, clients MUST locally cache authoritative
   OCSP responses (i.e., a response with a signature that has been
   successfully validated and that indicate an OCSPResponseStatus of
   'successful').

   Most OCSP clients will send OCSPRequests at or near the nextUpdate
   time (when a cached response expires).  To avoid large spikes in
   responder load that might occur when many clients refresh cached
   responses for a popular certificate, responders MAY indicate when the
   client should fetch an updated OCSP response by using the cache-
   control:max-age directive.  Clients SHOULD fetch the updated OCSP
   Response on or after the max-age time.  To ensure that clients
   receive an updated OCSP response, OCSP responders MUST refresh the
   OCSP response before the max-age time.

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7.2.  HTTP Proxies

   The responder SHOULD set the HTTP header fields of the OCSP response
   in such a way as to allow for the intelligent use of intermediate
   HTTP proxy servers.  See [RFC9110] and [RFC9111] for the full
   definition of these HTTP header fields and the proper format of any
   date and time values.

   +===============+==================================================+
   | HTTP Header   | Description                                      |
   | Field         |                                                  |
   +===============+==================================================+
   | Date          | The date and time at which the OCSP responder    |
   |               | generated the HTTP response.                     |
   +---------------+--------------------------------------------------+
   | Last-Modified | This value specifies the date and time at which  |
   |               | the OCSP responder last modified the response.   |
   |               | This date and time will be the same as the       |
   |               | thisUpdate timestamp in the request itself.      |
   +---------------+--------------------------------------------------+
   | Expires       | Specifies how long the response is considered    |
   |               | fresh.  This date and time will be the same as   |
   |               | the nextUpdate timestamp in the OCSP response    |
   |               | itself.                                          |
   +---------------+--------------------------------------------------+
   | ETag          | A string that identifies a particular version of |
   |               | the associated data.  This profile RECOMMENDS    |
   |               | that the ETag value be the ASCII HEX             |
   |               | representation of the SHA-256 hash of the        |
   |               | OCSPResponse structure.                          |
   +---------------+--------------------------------------------------+
   | Cache-Control | Contains a number of caching directives.         |
   |               | * max-age = < n > -where n is a time value later |
   |               | than thisUpdate but earlier than nextUpdate.     |
   |               | * public -makes normally uncachable response     |
   |               | cachable by both shared and nonshared caches.    |
   |               | * no-transform -specifies that a proxy cache     |
   |               | cannot change the type, length, or encoding of   |
   |               | the object content.                              |
   |               | * must-revalidate -prevents caches from          |
   |               | intentionally returning stale responses.         |
   +---------------+--------------------------------------------------+

                       Table 1: HTTP Header Fields

   OCSP responders MUST NOT include a "Pragma: no-cache", "Cache-
   Control: no-cache", or "Cache-Control: no-store" HTTP header fields
   in authoritative OCSP responses.

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   OCSP responders SHOULD include one or more of these HTTP header
   fields in non- authoritative OCSP responses.

   For example, assume that an OCSP response has the following timestamp
   values:

      thisUpdate = March 19, 2023 01:00:00 GMT
      nextUpdate = March 21, 2023 01:00:00 GMT
      productedAt = March 19, 2023 01:00:00 GMT

   and that an OCSP client requests the response on March 20, 2023
   01:00:00 GMT.  In this scenario, the HTTP response may look like
   this:

      Content-Type: application/ocsp-response
      Content-Length: 1000
      Date: Mon, 20 Mar 2023 01:00:00 GMT
      Last-Modified: Sun, 19 Mar 2023 01:00:00 GMT
      ETag: "97df3588b5a3f24babc3851b372f0ba7
            1a9dcdded43b14b9d06961bfc1707d9d"
      Expires: Tue, 21 Mar 2023 01:00:00 GMT
      Cache-Control: max-age=86000,public,no-transform,must-revalidate
      <...>

   OCSP clients MUST NOT include a no-cache HTTP header field in OCSP
   request messages, unless the client encounters an expired response
   which may be a result of an intermediate proxy caching stale data.
   In this situation, clients SHOULD resend the request specifying that
   proxies should be bypassed by including an appropriate HTTP header
   field in the request (i.e., Pragma: no-cache or Cache-Control: no-
   cache).

7.3.  Caching at Servers

   In some scenarios, it is advantageous to include OCSP response
   information within the protocol being utilized between the client and
   OCSP responder.  Including OCSP responses in this manner has a few
   attractive effects.

   First, it allows for the caching of OCSP responses on the OCSP
   responder, thus lowering the number of hits.

   Second, it enables certificate validation in the event the client is
   not connected to a network and thus eliminates the need for clients
   to establish a new HTTP session with the OCSP responder.

   Third, it reduces the number of round trips the client needs to make
   in order to complete a handshake.

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   Fourth, it simplifies the client-side OCSP implementation by enabling
   a situation where the client need only the ability to parse and
   recognize OCSP responses.

   This functionality has been specified as an extension to the TLS
   [I-D.ietf-tls-rfc8446bis] protocol in Section 4.4.2 of
   [I-D.ietf-tls-rfc8446bis], but can be applied to any client-server
   protocol.

   This profile RECOMMENDS that both TLS clients and servers implement
   the certificate status request extension mechanism for TLS.

   Further information regarding caching issues can be obtained from
   [RFC3143].

8.  Security Considerations

   The following considerations apply in addition to the security
   considerations addressed in Section 5 of [RFC6960].

8.1.  Replay Attacks

   Because the use of nonces in this profile is optional, there is a
   possibility that an out of date OCSP response could be replayed, thus
   causing a client to accept a good response when in fact there is a
   more up-to-date response that specifies the status of revoked.  In
   order to mitigate this attack, clients MUST have access to an
   accurate source of time and ensure that the OCSP responses they
   receive are sufficiently fresh.

   Clients that do not have an accurate source of date and time are
   vulnerable to service disruption.  For example, a client with a
   sufficiently fast clock may reject a fresh OCSP response.  Similarly
   a client with a sufficiently slow clock may incorrectly accept
   expired valid responses for certificates that may in fact be revoked.

   Future versions of the OCSP protocol may provide a way for the client
   to know whether the responder supports nonces or does not support
   nonces.  If a client can determine that the responder supports
   nonces, it MUST reject a reply that does not contain an expected
   nonce.  Otherwise, clients that opt to include a nonce in the request
   SHOULD NOT reject a corresponding OCSPResponse solely on the basis of
   the nonexistent expected nonce, but MUST fall back to validating the
   OCSPResponse based on time.

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8.2.  Man-in-the-Middle Attacks

   To mitigate risk associated with this class of attack, the client
   MUST properly validate the signature on the response.

   The use of signed responses in OCSP serves to authenticate the
   identity of the OCSP responder and to verify that it is authorized to
   sign responses on the CA's behalf.

   Clients MUST ensure that they are communicating with an authorized
   responder by the rules described in Section 4.2.2.2 of [RFC6960].

8.3.  Impersonation Attacks

   The use of signed responses in OCSP serves to authenticate the
   identity of OCSP responder.

   As detailed in [RFC6960], clients must properly validate the
   signature of the OCSP response and the signature on the OCSP response
   signer certificate to ensure an authorized responder created it.

8.4.  Denial-of-Service Attacks

   OCSP responders SHOULD take measures to prevent or mitigate denial-
   of-service attacks.  As this profile specifies the use of unsigned
   OCSPRequests, access to the responder may be implicitly given to
   everyone who can send a request to a responder, and thus the ability
   to mount a denial-of-service attack via a flood of requests may be
   greater.  For example, a responder could limit the rate of incoming
   requests from a particular IP address if questionable behavior is
   detected.

8.5.  Modification of HTTP Header Fields

   Values included in HTTP header fields, as described in Section 6 and
   Section 7, are not cryptographically protected; they may be
   manipulated by an attacker.  Clients SHOULD use these values for
   caching guidance only and ultimately SHOULD rely only on the values
   present in the signed OCSPResponse Section 4.2.2.1 of [RFC6960].
   Clients SHOULD NOT rely on cached responses beyond the nextUpdate
   time.

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8.6.  Request Authentication and Authorization

   The suggested use of unsigned requests in this environment removes an
   option that allows the responder to determine the authenticity of
   incoming request.  Thus, access to the responder may be implicitly
   given to everyone who can send a request to a responder.
   Environments where explicit authorization to access the OCSP
   responder is necessary can utilize other mechanisms to authenticate
   requestors or restrict or meter service.

8.7.  Use of SHA-1 for the calculation of CertID field values

   Although the use of SHA-1 for the calculation of CertID field values
   is not of concern from a cryptographic security standpoint, the
   continued use of SHA-1 in an ecosystem requires that software that
   interoperates with the ecosystem maintain support for SHA-1.  This
   increases implementation complexity and potential attack surface for
   the software in question.  Thus, the continued use of SHA-1 in an
   ecosystem to maintain interoperability with legacy software must be
   weighed against the increased implementation complexity and potential
   attack surface.

9.  IANA Considerations

   This document has no IANA actions.

10.  References

10.1.  Normative References

   [I-D.ietf-tls-rfc8446bis]
              Rescorla, E., "The Transport Layer Security (TLS) Protocol
              Version 1.3", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-
              ietf-tls-rfc8446bis-10, 3 March 2024,
              <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-ietf-tls-
              rfc8446bis-10>.

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2119>.

   [RFC3986]  Berners-Lee, T., Fielding, R., and L. Masinter, "Uniform
              Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax", STD 66,
              RFC 3986, DOI 10.17487/RFC3986, January 2005,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc3986>.

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   [RFC4648]  Josefsson, S., "The Base16, Base32, and Base64 Data
              Encodings", RFC 4648, DOI 10.17487/RFC4648, October 2006,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4648>.

   [RFC5019]  Deacon, A. and R. Hurst, "The Lightweight Online
              Certificate Status Protocol (OCSP) Profile for High-Volume
              Environments", RFC 5019, DOI 10.17487/RFC5019, September
              2007, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc5019>.

   [RFC5280]  Cooper, D., Santesson, S., Farrell, S., Boeyen, S.,
              Housley, R., and W. Polk, "Internet X.509 Public Key
              Infrastructure Certificate and Certificate Revocation List
              (CRL) Profile", RFC 5280, DOI 10.17487/RFC5280, May 2008,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc5280>.

   [RFC5754]  Turner, S., "Using SHA2 Algorithms with Cryptographic
              Message Syntax", RFC 5754, DOI 10.17487/RFC5754, January
              2010, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc5754>.

   [RFC6960]  Santesson, S., Myers, M., Ankney, R., Malpani, A.,
              Galperin, S., and C. Adams, "X.509 Internet Public Key
              Infrastructure Online Certificate Status Protocol - OCSP",
              RFC 6960, DOI 10.17487/RFC6960, June 2013,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc6960>.

   [RFC8174]  Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC
              2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174,
              May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8174>.

   [RFC9110]  Fielding, R., Ed., Nottingham, M., Ed., and J. Reschke,
              Ed., "HTTP Semantics", STD 97, RFC 9110,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC9110, June 2022,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc9110>.

   [RFC9111]  Fielding, R., Ed., Nottingham, M., Ed., and J. Reschke,
              Ed., "HTTP Caching", STD 98, RFC 9111,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC9111, June 2022,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc9111>.

10.2.  Informative References

   [OCSPMP]   Open Mobile Alliance, "OCSP Mobile Profile V1.0",
              www.openmobilealliance.org .

   [RFC3143]  Cooper, I. and J. Dilley, "Known HTTP Proxy/Caching
              Problems", RFC 3143, DOI 10.17487/RFC3143, June 2001,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc3143>.

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   [RFC3174]  Eastlake 3rd, D. and P. Jones, "US Secure Hash Algorithm 1
              (SHA1)", RFC 3174, DOI 10.17487/RFC3174, September 2001,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc3174>.

   [RFC9500]  Gutmann, P. and C. Bonnell, "Standard Public Key
              Cryptography (PKC) Test Keys", RFC 9500,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC9500, December 2023,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc9500>.

Appendix A.  Differences from RFC 5019

   This document obsoletes [RFC5019].  [RFC5019] defines a lightweight
   profile for OCSP that makes the protocol more suitable for use in
   high-volume environments.  The lightweight profile specifies the
   mandatory use of SHA-1 when calculating the values of several fields
   in OCSP requests and responses.  In recent years, weaknesses have
   been demonstrated with the SHA-1 algorithm.  As a result, SHA-1 is
   increasingly falling out of use even for non-security relevant use
   cases.  This document obsoletes the lightweight profile as specified
   in RFC 5019 to instead recommend the use of SHA-256 where SHA-1 was
   previously required.  An [RFC5019]-compliant OCSP client is still
   able to use SHA-1, but the use of SHA-1 may become obsolete in the
   future.

   Substantive changes to RFC 5019:

   *  Section 3.1.1 requires new OCSP clients to use SHA-256 to support
      migration for OCSP clients.

   *  Section 3.2.2 requires new OCSP responders to use the byKey field,
      and support migration from byName fields.

   *  Section 6 clarifies that OCSP clients MUST NOT include whitespace
      or any other characters that are not part of the base64 character
      repertoire in the base64-encoded string.

Appendix B.  Examples

B.1.  Root Certification Authority Certificate

   This is a self-signed certificate for the certification authority
   that issued the end-entity certificate and OCSP delegated responder
   example certificates below.

   The key pair for the certification authority is the "testECCP521" key
   from Section 2.3 of [RFC9500].

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   -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
   MIICKDCCAYqgAwIBAgIBATAKBggqhkjOPQQDBDA4MQswCQYDVQQGEwJYWDEUMBIG
   A1UECgwLQ2VydHMgJ3IgVXMxEzARBgNVBAMMCklzc3VpbmcgQ0EwHhcNMjQwNDAy
   MTIzNzQ3WhcNMjUwNDAyMTIzNzQ3WjA4MQswCQYDVQQGEwJYWDEUMBIGA1UECgwL
   Q2VydHMgJ3IgVXMxEzARBgNVBAMMCklzc3VpbmcgQ0EwgZswEAYHKoZIzj0CAQYF
   K4EEACMDgYYABAHQ/XJXqEx0f1YldcBzhdvr8vUr6lgIPbgv3RUx2KrjzIdf8C/3
   +i2iYNjrYtbS9dZJJ44yFzagYoy7swMItuYY2wD2KtIExkYDWbyBiriWG/Dw/A7F
   quikKBc85W8A3psVfB5cgsZPVi/K3vxKTCj200LPPvYW/ILTO3KFySHyvzb92KNC
   MEAwHQYDVR0OBBYEFI7CFAlgduqQOOk5rhttUsQXfZ++MA8GA1UdEwEB/wQFMAMB
   Af8wDgYDVR0PAQH/BAQDAgIEMAoGCCqGSM49BAMEA4GLADCBhwJBbr/1SJiHCgXG
   EJ7R+3er1LdWqrdZHgtCwyT7+wFBIJmVswEiom2LGh/oMuu5mD+u/+o1m07vmmZj
   /+ipGp8TIwkCQgCoZ4bHte6XkFm7hUXascLN7vkv7qKwXyTsCvIDpEDTRCX8dUFe
   73jGebitkumRHjVhlBJLo7n3FMJrFHNoeblMbw==
   -----END CERTIFICATE-----

  0 552: SEQUENCE {
    4 394:   SEQUENCE {
    8   3:     [0] {
   10   1:       INTEGER 2
         :       }
   13   1:     INTEGER 1
   16  10:     SEQUENCE {
   18   8:       OBJECT IDENTIFIER ecdsaWithSHA512 (1 2 840 10045 4 3 4)
         :       }
   28  56:     SEQUENCE {
   30  11:       SET {
   32   9:         SEQUENCE {
   34   3:           OBJECT IDENTIFIER countryName (2 5 4 6)
   39   2:           PrintableString 'XX'
         :           }
         :         }
   43  20:       SET {
   45  18:         SEQUENCE {
   47   3:           OBJECT IDENTIFIER organizationName (2 5 4 10)
   52  11:           UTF8String 'Certs 'r Us'
         :           }
         :         }
   65  19:       SET {
   67  17:         SEQUENCE {
   69   3:           OBJECT IDENTIFIER commonName (2 5 4 3)
   74  10:           UTF8String 'Issuing CA'
         :           }
         :         }
         :       }
   86  30:     SEQUENCE {
   88  13:       UTCTime 02/04/2024 12:37:47 GMT
  103  13:       UTCTime 02/04/2025 12:37:47 GMT
         :       }

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  118  56:     SEQUENCE {
  120  11:       SET {
  122   9:         SEQUENCE {
  124   3:           OBJECT IDENTIFIER countryName (2 5 4 6)
  129   2:           PrintableString 'XX'
         :           }
         :         }
  133  20:       SET {
  135  18:         SEQUENCE {
  137   3:           OBJECT IDENTIFIER organizationName (2 5 4 10)
  142  11:           UTF8String 'Certs 'r Us'
         :           }
         :         }
  155  19:       SET {
  157  17:         SEQUENCE {
  159   3:           OBJECT IDENTIFIER commonName (2 5 4 3)
  164  10:           UTF8String 'Issuing CA'
         :           }
         :         }
         :       }
  176 155:     SEQUENCE {
  179  16:       SEQUENCE {
  181   7:         OBJECT IDENTIFIER ecPublicKey (1 2 840 10045 2 1)
  190   5:         OBJECT IDENTIFIER secp521r1 (1 3 132 0 35)
         :         }
  197 134:       BIT STRING
         :         04 01 D0 FD 72 57 A8 4C 74 7F 56 25 75 C0 73 85
         :         DB EB F2 F5 2B EA 58 08 3D B8 2F DD 15 31 D8 AA
         :         E3 CC 87 5F F0 2F F7 FA 2D A2 60 D8 EB 62 D6 D2
         :         F5 D6 49 27 8E 32 17 36 A0 62 8C BB B3 03 08 B6
         :         E6 18 DB 00 F6 2A D2 04 C6 46 03 59 BC 81 8A B8
         :         96 1B F0 F0 FC 0E C5 AA E8 A4 28 17 3C E5 6F 00
         :         DE 9B 15 7C 1E 5C 82 C6 4F 56 2F CA DE FC 4A 4C
         :         28 F6 D3 42 CF 3E F6 16 FC 82 D3 3B 72 85 C9 21
         :         F2 BF 36 FD D8
         :       }
  334  66:     [3] {
  336  64:       SEQUENCE {
  338  29:         SEQUENCE {
  340   3:           OBJECT IDENTIFIER subjectKeyIdentifier (2 5 29 14)
  345  22:           OCTET STRING, encapsulates {
  347  20:             OCTET STRING
         :               8E C2 14 09 60 76 EA 90 38 E9 39 AE 1B 6D 52 C4
         :               17 7D 9F BE
         :             }
         :           }
  369  15:         SEQUENCE {
  371   3:           OBJECT IDENTIFIER basicConstraints (2 5 29 19)

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  376   1:           BOOLEAN TRUE
  379   5:           OCTET STRING, encapsulates {
  381   3:             SEQUENCE {
  383   1:               BOOLEAN TRUE
         :               }
         :             }
         :           }
  386  14:         SEQUENCE {
  388   3:           OBJECT IDENTIFIER keyUsage (2 5 29 15)
  393   1:           BOOLEAN TRUE
  396   4:           OCTET STRING, encapsulates {
  398   2:             BIT STRING 2 unused bits
         :               '100000'B (bit 5)
         :             }
         :           }
         :         }
         :       }
         :     }
  402  10:   SEQUENCE {
  404   8:     OBJECT IDENTIFIER ecdsaWithSHA512 (1 2 840 10045 4 3 4)
         :     }
  414 139:   BIT STRING, encapsulates {
  418 135:     SEQUENCE {
  421  65:       INTEGER
         :         6E BF F5 48 98 87 0A 05 C6 10 9E D1 FB 77 AB D4
         :         B7 56 AA B7 59 1E 0B 42 C3 24 FB FB 01 41 20 99
         :         95 B3 01 22 A2 6D 8B 1A 1F E8 32 EB B9 98 3F AE
         :         FF EA 35 9B 4E EF 9A 66 63 FF E8 A9 1A 9F 13 23
         :         09
  488  66:       INTEGER
         :         00 A8 67 86 C7 B5 EE 97 90 59 BB 85 45 DA B1 C2
         :         CD EE F9 2F EE A2 B0 5F 24 EC 0A F2 03 A4 40 D3
         :         44 25 FC 75 41 5E EF 78 C6 79 B8 AD 92 E9 91 1E
         :         35 61 94 12 4B A3 B9 F7 14 C2 6B 14 73 68 79 B9
         :         4C 6F
         :       }
         :     }
         :   }

B.2.  End-entity Certificate

   This is an end-entity certificate whose status is requested and
   returned in the OCSP request and response examples below.

   The key pair for the end-entity certificate is the "testECCP256" key
   from Section 2.3 of [RFC9500].

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   -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
   MIIB2zCCATygAwIBAgIEAarwDTAKBggqhkjOPQQDBDA4MQswCQYDVQQGEwJYWDEU
   MBIGA1UECgwLQ2VydHMgJ3IgVXMxEzARBgNVBAMMCklzc3VpbmcgQ0EwHhcNMjQw
   NDAyMTIzNzQ3WhcNMjUwNDAyMTIzNzQ3WjAcMRowGAYDVQQDDBF4bi0tMThqNGQu
   ZXhhbXBsZTBZMBMGByqGSM49AgEGCCqGSM49AwEHA0IABEIlSPiPt4L/teyjdERS
   xyoeVY+9b3O+XkjpMjLMRcWxbEzRDEy41bihcTnpSILImSVymTQl9BQZq36QpCpJ
   QnKjUDBOMB0GA1UdDgQWBBRbcKeYF/ef9jfS9+PcRGwhCde71DAfBgNVHSMEGDAW
   gBSOwhQJYHbqkDjpOa4bbVLEF32fvjAMBgNVHRMBAf8EAjAAMAoGCCqGSM49BAME
   A4GMADCBiAJCAIot8SYNFkScrcsY5T81HSmNzhP/0GC87N3WI849CN0qmNa0nMXW
   8HnDKGR5nv/D9x+T8uLMBlpFUWmHQmXAJPN8AkIBW8A0XsiyPJyZfaZieODmtnoI
   obZP+eTLNWkGUFL6uCtLtQmYtrXpLAJfvkE6WYVqCUl495Kx9l6M9TBLK5X6V3w=
   -----END CERTIFICATE-----

 0 475: SEQUENCE {
   4 316:   SEQUENCE {
   8   3:     [0] {
  10   1:       INTEGER 2
        :       }
  13   4:     INTEGER 27979789
  19  10:     SEQUENCE {
  21   8:       OBJECT IDENTIFIER ecdsaWithSHA512 (1 2 840 10045 4 3 4)
        :       }
  31  56:     SEQUENCE {
  33  11:       SET {
  35   9:         SEQUENCE {
  37   3:           OBJECT IDENTIFIER countryName (2 5 4 6)
  42   2:           PrintableString 'XX'
        :           }
        :         }
  46  20:       SET {
  48  18:         SEQUENCE {
  50   3:           OBJECT IDENTIFIER organizationName (2 5 4 10)
  55  11:           UTF8String 'Certs 'r Us'
        :           }
        :         }
  68  19:       SET {
  70  17:         SEQUENCE {
  72   3:           OBJECT IDENTIFIER commonName (2 5 4 3)
  77  10:           UTF8String 'Issuing CA'
        :           }
        :         }
        :       }
  89  30:     SEQUENCE {
  91  13:       UTCTime 02/04/2024 12:37:47 GMT
 106  13:       UTCTime 02/04/2025 12:37:47 GMT
        :       }
 121  28:     SEQUENCE {
 123  26:       SET {

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 125  24:         SEQUENCE {
 127   3:           OBJECT IDENTIFIER commonName (2 5 4 3)
 132  17:           UTF8String 'xn--18j4d.example'
        :           }
        :         }
        :       }
 151  89:     SEQUENCE {
 153  19:       SEQUENCE {
 155   7:         OBJECT IDENTIFIER ecPublicKey (1 2 840 10045 2 1)
 164   8:         OBJECT IDENTIFIER prime256v1 (1 2 840 10045 3 1 7)
        :         }
 174  66:       BIT STRING
        :         04 42 25 48 F8 8F B7 82 FF B5 EC A3 74 44 52 C7
        :         2A 1E 55 8F BD 6F 73 BE 5E 48 E9 32 32 CC 45 C5
        :         B1 6C 4C D1 0C 4C B8 D5 B8 A1 71 39 E9 48 82 C8
        :         99 25 72 99 34 25 F4 14 19 AB 7E 90 A4 2A 49 42
        :         72
        :       }
 242  80:     [3] {
 244  78:       SEQUENCE {
 246  29:         SEQUENCE {
 248   3:           OBJECT IDENTIFIER subjectKeyIdentifier (2 5 29 14)
 253  22:           OCTET STRING, encapsulates {
 255  20:             OCTET STRING
        :               5B 70 A7 98 17 F7 9F F6 37 D2 F7 E3 DC 44 6C 21
        :               09 D7 BB D4
        :             }
        :           }
 277  31:         SEQUENCE {
 279   3:           OBJECT IDENTIFIER authorityKeyIdentifier (2 5 29 35)
 284  24:           OCTET STRING, encapsulates {
 286  22:             SEQUENCE {
 288  20:               [0]
        :               8E C2 14 09 60 76 EA 90 38 E9 39 AE 1B 6D 52 C4
        :               17 7D 9F BE
        :               }
        :             }
        :           }
 310  12:         SEQUENCE {
 312   3:           OBJECT IDENTIFIER basicConstraints (2 5 29 19)
 317   1:           BOOLEAN TRUE
 320   2:           OCTET STRING, encapsulates {
 322   0:             SEQUENCE {}
        :             }
        :           }
        :         }
        :       }
        :     }

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 324  10:   SEQUENCE {
 326   8:     OBJECT IDENTIFIER ecdsaWithSHA512 (1 2 840 10045 4 3 4)
        :     }
 336 140:   BIT STRING, encapsulates {
 340 136:     SEQUENCE {
 343  66:       INTEGER
        :         00 8A 2D F1 26 0D 16 44 9C AD CB 18 E5 3F 35 1D
        :         29 8D CE 13 FF D0 60 BC EC DD D6 23 CE 3D 08 DD
        :         2A 98 D6 B4 9C C5 D6 F0 79 C3 28 64 79 9E FF C3
        :         F7 1F 93 F2 E2 CC 06 5A 45 51 69 87 42 65 C0 24
        :         F3 7C
 411  66:       INTEGER
        :         01 5B C0 34 5E C8 B2 3C 9C 99 7D A6 62 78 E0 E6
        :         B6 7A 08 A1 B6 4F F9 E4 CB 35 69 06 50 52 FA B8
        :         2B 4B B5 09 98 B6 B5 E9 2C 02 5F BE 41 3A 59 85
        :         6A 09 49 78 F7 92 B1 F6 5E 8C F5 30 4B 2B 95 FA
        :         57 7C
        :       }
        :     }
        :   }

B.3.  OCSP Responder Certificate

   This is a certificate for the OCSP delegated response that signed the
   OCSP response example below.

   The key pair for the OCSP Responder certificate is the "testECCP384"
   key from Section 2.3 of [RFC9500].

   -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
   MIICSzCCAa6gAwIBAgIBATAKBggqhkjOPQQDBDA4MQswCQYDVQQGEwJYWDEUMBIG
   A1UECgwLQ2VydHMgJ3IgVXMxEzARBgNVBAMMCklzc3VpbmcgQ0EwHhcNMjQwNDAy
   MTIzNzQ3WhcNMjUwNDAyMTIzNzQ3WjA8MQswCQYDVQQGEwJYWDEUMBIGA1UECgwL
   Q2VydHMgJ3IgVXMxFzAVBgNVBAMMDk9DU1AgUmVzcG9uZGVyMHYwEAYHKoZIzj0C
   AQYFK4EEACIDYgAEWwkBuIUjKW65GdUP+hqcs3S8TUCVhigr/soRsdla27VHNK9X
   C/grcijPImvPTCXdvP47GjrTlDDv92Ph1o0uFR2Rcgt3lbWNprNGOWE6j7m1qNpI
   xnRxF/mRnoQk837Io4GHMIGEMB0GA1UdDgQWBBQK46D+ndQldpi163Lrygznvz31
   8TAfBgNVHSMEGDAWgBSOwhQJYHbqkDjpOa4bbVLEF32fvjAMBgNVHRMBAf8EAjAA
   MA4GA1UdDwEB/wQEAwIHgDATBgNVHSUEDDAKBggrBgEFBQcDCTAPBgkrBgEFBQcw
   AQUEAgUAMAoGCCqGSM49BAMEA4GKADCBhgJBFCqM1gpsZcd0Zd8RW8H/+L4OIbTa
   GtpT2QY0pd6JBw91lFqNCxj+F1k9XJrKSQAVVAa/b3JaZOsRrH6vihlO3MYCQUkL
   C0mmLubTRDH2v+6A1aycIVKIpR3G6+PuaD2Um3PSF7FElkoU4NYkbl1SH/8FzbDy
   /LCBhih25e7hAtyg/XsI
   -----END CERTIFICATE-----

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0 587: SEQUENCE {
  4 430:   SEQUENCE {
  8   3:     [0] {
 10   1:       INTEGER 2
       :       }
 13   1:     INTEGER 1
 16  10:     SEQUENCE {
 18   8:       OBJECT IDENTIFIER ecdsaWithSHA512 (1 2 840 10045 4 3 4)
       :       }
 28  56:     SEQUENCE {
 30  11:       SET {
 32   9:         SEQUENCE {
 34   3:           OBJECT IDENTIFIER countryName (2 5 4 6)
 39   2:           PrintableString 'XX'
       :           }
       :         }
 43  20:       SET {
 45  18:         SEQUENCE {
 47   3:           OBJECT IDENTIFIER organizationName (2 5 4 10)
 52  11:           UTF8String 'Certs 'r Us'
       :           }
       :         }
 65  19:       SET {
 67  17:         SEQUENCE {
 69   3:           OBJECT IDENTIFIER commonName (2 5 4 3)
 74  10:           UTF8String 'Issuing CA'
       :           }
       :         }
       :       }
 86  30:     SEQUENCE {
 88  13:       UTCTime 02/04/2024 12:37:47 GMT
103  13:       UTCTime 02/04/2025 12:37:47 GMT
       :       }
118  60:     SEQUENCE {
120  11:       SET {
122   9:         SEQUENCE {
124   3:           OBJECT IDENTIFIER countryName (2 5 4 6)
129   2:           PrintableString 'XX'
       :           }
       :         }
133  20:       SET {
135  18:         SEQUENCE {
137   3:           OBJECT IDENTIFIER organizationName (2 5 4 10)
142  11:           UTF8String 'Certs 'r Us'
       :           }
       :         }
155  23:       SET {
157  21:         SEQUENCE {

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159   3:           OBJECT IDENTIFIER commonName (2 5 4 3)
164  14:           UTF8String 'OCSP Responder'
       :           }
       :         }
       :       }
180 118:     SEQUENCE {
182  16:       SEQUENCE {
184   7:         OBJECT IDENTIFIER ecPublicKey (1 2 840 10045 2 1)
193   5:         OBJECT IDENTIFIER secp384r1 (1 3 132 0 34)
       :         }
200  98:       BIT STRING
       :         04 5B 09 01 B8 85 23 29 6E B9 19 D5 0F FA 1A 9C
       :         B3 74 BC 4D 40 95 86 28 2B FE CA 11 B1 D9 5A DB
       :         B5 47 34 AF 57 0B F8 2B 72 28 CF 22 6B CF 4C 25
       :         DD BC FE 3B 1A 3A D3 94 30 EF F7 63 E1 D6 8D 2E
       :         15 1D 91 72 0B 77 95 B5 8D A6 B3 46 39 61 3A 8F
       :         B9 B5 A8 DA 48 C6 74 71 17 F9 91 9E 84 24 F3 7E
       :         C8
       :       }
300 135:     [3] {
303 132:       SEQUENCE {
306  29:         SEQUENCE {
308   3:           OBJECT IDENTIFIER subjectKeyIdentifier (2 5 29 14)
313  22:           OCTET STRING, encapsulates {
315  20:             OCTET STRING
       :               0A E3 A0 FE 9D D4 25 76 98 B5 EB 72 EB CA 0C E7
       :               BF 3D F5 F1
       :             }
       :           }
337  31:         SEQUENCE {
339   3:           OBJECT IDENTIFIER authorityKeyIdentifier (2 5 29 35)
344  24:           OCTET STRING, encapsulates {
346  22:             SEQUENCE {
348  20:               [0]
       :               8E C2 14 09 60 76 EA 90 38 E9 39 AE 1B 6D 52 C4
       :               17 7D 9F BE
       :               }
       :             }
       :           }
370  12:         SEQUENCE {
372   3:           OBJECT IDENTIFIER basicConstraints (2 5 29 19)
377   1:           BOOLEAN TRUE
380   2:           OCTET STRING, encapsulates {
382   0:             SEQUENCE {}
       :             }
       :           }
384  14:         SEQUENCE {
386   3:           OBJECT IDENTIFIER keyUsage (2 5 29 15)

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391   1:           BOOLEAN TRUE
394   4:           OCTET STRING, encapsulates {
396   2:             BIT STRING 7 unused bits
       :               '1'B (bit 0)
       :             }
       :           }
400  19:         SEQUENCE {
402   3:           OBJECT IDENTIFIER extKeyUsage (2 5 29 37)
407  12:           OCTET STRING, encapsulates {
409  10:             SEQUENCE {
411   8:               OBJECT IDENTIFIER ocspSigning (1 3 6 1 5 5 7 3 9)
       :               }
       :             }
       :           }
421  15:         SEQUENCE {
423   9:           OBJECT IDENTIFIER ocspNoCheck (1 3 6 1 5 5 7 48 1 5)
434   2:           OCTET STRING, encapsulates {
436   0:             NULL
       :             }
       :           }
       :         }
       :       }
       :     }
438  10:   SEQUENCE {
440   8:     OBJECT IDENTIFIER ecdsaWithSHA512 (1 2 840 10045 4 3 4)
       :     }
450 138:   BIT STRING, encapsulates {
454 134:     SEQUENCE {
457  65:       INTEGER
       :         14 2A 8C D6 0A 6C 65 C7 74 65 DF 11 5B C1 FF F8
       :         BE 0E 21 B4 DA 1A DA 53 D9 06 34 A5 DE 89 07 0F
       :         75 94 5A 8D 0B 18 FE 17 59 3D 5C 9A CA 49 00 15
       :         54 06 BF 6F 72 5A 64 EB 11 AC 7E AF 8A 19 4E DC
       :         C6
524  65:       INTEGER
       :         49 0B 0B 49 A6 2E E6 D3 44 31 F6 BF EE 80 D5 AC
       :         9C 21 52 88 A5 1D C6 EB E3 EE 68 3D 94 9B 73 D2
       :         17 B1 44 96 4A 14 E0 D6 24 6E 5D 52 1F FF 05 CD
       :         B0 F2 FC B0 81 86 28 76 E5 EE E1 02 DC A0 FD 7B
       :         08
       :       }
       :     }
       :   }

B.4.  OCSP Request

   This is a base64-encoded OCSP request for the end-entity certificate
   above.

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   MGEwXzBdMFswWTANBglghkgBZQMEAgEFAAQgOplGd1aAc6cHv95QGGNF5M1hNNsI
   Xrqh0QQl8DtvCOoEIEdKbKMB8j3J9/cHhwThx/X8lucWdfbtiC56tlw/WEVDAgQB
   qvAN

 0  97: SEQUENCE {
   2  95:   SEQUENCE {
   4  93:     SEQUENCE {
   6  91:       SEQUENCE {
   8  89:         SEQUENCE {
  10  13:           SEQUENCE {
  12   9:             OBJECT IDENTIFIER sha-256 (2 16 840 1 101 3 4 2 1)
  23   0:             NULL
        :             }
  25  32:           OCTET STRING
        :             3A 99 46 77 56 80 73 A7 07 BF DE 50 18 63 45 E4
        :             CD 61 34 DB 08 5E BA A1 D1 04 25 F0 3B 6F 08 EA
  59  32:           OCTET STRING
        :             47 4A 6C A3 01 F2 3D C9 F7 F7 07 87 04 E1 C7 F5
        :             FC 96 E7 16 75 F6 ED 88 2E 7A B6 5C 3F 58 45 43
  93   4:           INTEGER 27979789
        :           }
        :         }
        :       }
        :     }
        :   }

B.5.  OCSP Response

   This is a base64-encoded OCSP response for the end-entity certificate
   above.

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   MIIDnwoBAKCCA5gwggOUBgkrBgEFBQcwAQEEggOFMIIDgTCBsKIWBBQK46D+ndQl
   dpi163Lrygznvz318RgPMjAyNDA0MDIxMjM3NDdaMIGEMIGBMFkwDQYJYIZIAWUD
   BAIBBQAEIDqZRndWgHOnB7/eUBhjReTNYTTbCF66odEEJfA7bwjqBCBHSmyjAfI9
   yff3B4cE4cf1/JbnFnX27YguerZcP1hFQwIEAarwDYAAGA8yMDI0MDQwMzEyMzc0
   N1qgERgPMjAyNDA0MTAxMjM3NDdaMAoGCCqGSM49BAMDA2kAMGYCMQDRmVmiIb4D
   m9yEXiv2XtoeQi6ftpjLmlBqqRIi+3htfF/OyjdHnFuh38cQKYqqrWYCMQDKiPct
   Vu7SQs587d2ZBEHQH20j5AFiGGsbI1b3+C9ZK6NIzgD6DnWlDwpSfilEarOgggJT
   MIICTzCCAkswggGuoAMCAQICAQEwCgYIKoZIzj0EAwQwODELMAkGA1UEBhMCWFgx
   FDASBgNVBAoMC0NlcnRzICdyIFVzMRMwEQYDVQQDDApJc3N1aW5nIENBMB4XDTI0
   MDQwMjEyMzc0N1oXDTI1MDQwMjEyMzc0N1owPDELMAkGA1UEBhMCWFgxFDASBgNV
   BAoMC0NlcnRzICdyIFVzMRcwFQYDVQQDDA5PQ1NQIFJlc3BvbmRlcjB2MBAGByqG
   SM49AgEGBSuBBAAiA2IABFsJAbiFIyluuRnVD/oanLN0vE1AlYYoK/7KEbHZWtu1
   RzSvVwv4K3IozyJrz0wl3bz+Oxo605Qw7/dj4daNLhUdkXILd5W1jaazRjlhOo+5
   tajaSMZ0cRf5kZ6EJPN+yKOBhzCBhDAdBgNVHQ4EFgQUCuOg/p3UJXaYtety68oM
   57899fEwHwYDVR0jBBgwFoAUjsIUCWB26pA46TmuG21SxBd9n74wDAYDVR0TAQH/
   BAIwADAOBgNVHQ8BAf8EBAMCB4AwEwYDVR0lBAwwCgYIKwYBBQUHAwkwDwYJKwYB
   BQUHMAEFBAIFADAKBggqhkjOPQQDBAOBigAwgYYCQRQqjNYKbGXHdGXfEVvB//i+
   DiG02hraU9kGNKXeiQcPdZRajQsY/hdZPVyaykkAFVQGv29yWmTrEax+r4oZTtzG
   AkFJCwtJpi7m00Qx9r/ugNWsnCFSiKUdxuvj7mg9lJtz0hexRJZKFODWJG5dUh//
   Bc2w8vywgYYoduXu4QLcoP17CA==

0 927: SEQUENCE {
  4   1:   ENUMERATED 0
  7 920:   [0] {
 11 916:     SEQUENCE {
 15   9:       OBJECT IDENTIFIER ocspBasic (1 3 6 1 5 5 7 48 1 1)
 26 901:       OCTET STRING, encapsulates {
 30 897:         SEQUENCE {
 34 176:           SEQUENCE {
 37  22:             [2] {
 39  20:               OCTET STRING
       :               0A E3 A0 FE 9D D4 25 76 98 B5 EB 72 EB CA 0C E7
       :               BF 3D F5 F1
       :               }
 61  15:             GeneralizedTime 02/04/2024 12:37:47 GMT
 78 132:             SEQUENCE {
 81 129:               SEQUENCE {
 84  89:                 SEQUENCE {
 86  13:                   SEQUENCE {
 88   9:                     OBJECT IDENTIFIER
       :                       sha-256 (2 16 840 1 101 3 4 2 1)
 99   0:                     NULL
       :                     }
101  32:                   OCTET STRING
       :               3A 99 46 77 56 80 73 A7 07 BF DE 50 18 63 45 E4
       :               CD 61 34 DB 08 5E BA A1 D1 04 25 F0 3B 6F 08 EA
135  32:                   OCTET STRING
       :               47 4A 6C A3 01 F2 3D C9 F7 F7 07 87 04 E1 C7 F5

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       :               FC 96 E7 16 75 F6 ED 88 2E 7A B6 5C 3F 58 45 43
169   4:                   INTEGER 27979789
       :                   }
175   0:                 [0]
177  15:                 GeneralizedTime 03/04/2024 12:37:47 GMT
194  17:                 [0] {
196  15:                   GeneralizedTime 10/04/2024 12:37:47 GMT
       :                   }
       :                 }
       :               }
       :             }
213  10:           SEQUENCE {
215   8:             OBJECT IDENTIFIER
       :               ecdsaWithSHA384 (1 2 840 10045 4 3 3)
       :             }
225 105:           BIT STRING, encapsulates {
228 102:             SEQUENCE {
230  49:               INTEGER
       :               00 D1 99 59 A2 21 BE 03 9B DC 84 5E 2B F6 5E DA
       :               1E 42 2E 9F B6 98 CB 9A 50 6A A9 12 22 FB 78 6D
       :               7C 5F CE CA 37 47 9C 5B A1 DF C7 10 29 8A AA AD
       :               66
281  49:               INTEGER
       :               00 CA 88 F7 2D 56 EE D2 42 CE 7C ED DD 99 04 41
       :               D0 1F 6D 23 E4 01 62 18 6B 1B 23 56 F7 F8 2F 59
       :               2B A3 48 CE 00 FA 0E 75 A5 0F 0A 52 7E 29 44 6A
       :               B3
       :               }
       :             }
332 595:           [0] {
336 591:             SEQUENCE {
340 587:               SEQUENCE {
344 430:                 SEQUENCE {
348   3:                   [0] {
350   1:                     INTEGER 2
       :                     }
353   1:                   INTEGER 1
356  10:                   SEQUENCE {
358   8:                     OBJECT IDENTIFIER
       :                       ecdsaWithSHA512 (1 2 840 10045 4 3 4)
       :                     }
368  56:                   SEQUENCE {
370  11:                     SET {
372   9:                       SEQUENCE {
374   3:                         OBJECT IDENTIFIER countryName (2 5 4 6)
379   2:                         PrintableString 'XX'
       :                         }
       :                       }

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383  20:                     SET {
385  18:                       SEQUENCE {
387   3:                         OBJECT IDENTIFIER
       :                           organizationName (2 5 4 10)
392  11:                         UTF8String 'Certs 'r Us'
       :                         }
       :                       }
405  19:                     SET {
407  17:                       SEQUENCE {
409   3:                         OBJECT IDENTIFIER commonName (2 5 4 3)
414  10:                         UTF8String 'Issuing CA'
       :                         }
       :                       }
       :                     }
426  30:                   SEQUENCE {
428  13:                     UTCTime 02/04/2024 12:37:47 GMT
443  13:                     UTCTime 02/04/2025 12:37:47 GMT
       :                     }
458  60:                   SEQUENCE {
460  11:                     SET {
462   9:                       SEQUENCE {
464   3:                         OBJECT IDENTIFIER countryName (2 5 4 6)
469   2:                         PrintableString 'XX'
       :                         }
       :                       }
473  20:                     SET {
475  18:                       SEQUENCE {
477   3:                         OBJECT IDENTIFIER
       :                           organizationName (2 5 4 10)
482  11:                         UTF8String 'Certs 'r Us'
       :                         }
       :                       }
495  23:                     SET {
497  21:                       SEQUENCE {
499   3:                         OBJECT IDENTIFIER commonName (2 5 4 3)
504  14:                         UTF8String 'OCSP Responder'
       :                         }
       :                       }
       :                     }
520 118:                   SEQUENCE {
522  16:                     SEQUENCE {
524   7:                       OBJECT IDENTIFIER
       :                         ecPublicKey (1 2 840 10045 2 1)
533   5:                       OBJECT IDENTIFIER
       :                         secp384r1 (1 3 132 0 34)
       :                       }
540  98:                     BIT STRING
       :               04 5B 09 01 B8 85 23 29 6E B9 19 D5 0F FA 1A 9C

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       :               B3 74 BC 4D 40 95 86 28 2B FE CA 11 B1 D9 5A DB
       :               B5 47 34 AF 57 0B F8 2B 72 28 CF 22 6B CF 4C 25
       :               DD BC FE 3B 1A 3A D3 94 30 EF F7 63 E1 D6 8D 2E
       :               15 1D 91 72 0B 77 95 B5 8D A6 B3 46 39 61 3A 8F
       :               B9 B5 A8 DA 48 C6 74 71 17 F9 91 9E 84 24 F3 7E
       :               C8
       :                     }
640 135:                   [3] {
643 132:                     SEQUENCE {
646  29:                       SEQUENCE {
648   3:                         OBJECT IDENTIFIER
       :                           subjectKeyIdentifier (2 5 29 14)
653  22:                         OCTET STRING, encapsulates {
655  20:                           OCTET STRING
       :               0A E3 A0 FE 9D D4 25 76 98 B5 EB 72 EB CA 0C E7
       :               BF 3D F5 F1
       :                           }
       :                         }
677  31:                       SEQUENCE {
679   3:                         OBJECT IDENTIFIER
       :                           authorityKeyIdentifier (2 5 29 35)
684  24:                         OCTET STRING, encapsulates {
686  22:                           SEQUENCE {
688  20:                             [0]
       :               8E C2 14 09 60 76 EA 90 38 E9 39 AE 1B 6D 52 C4
       :               17 7D 9F BE
       :                             }
       :                           }
       :                         }
710  12:                       SEQUENCE {
712   3:                         OBJECT IDENTIFIER
       :                           basicConstraints (2 5 29 19)
717   1:                         BOOLEAN TRUE
720   2:                         OCTET STRING, encapsulates {
722   0:                           SEQUENCE {}
       :                           }
       :                         }
724  14:                       SEQUENCE {
726   3:                         OBJECT IDENTIFIER keyUsage (2 5 29 15)
731   1:                         BOOLEAN TRUE
734   4:                         OCTET STRING, encapsulates {
736   2:                           BIT STRING 7 unused bits
       :                             '1'B (bit 0)
       :                           }
       :                         }
740  19:                       SEQUENCE {
742   3:                         OBJECT IDENTIFIER
       :                           extKeyUsage (2 5 29 37)

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747  12:                         OCTET STRING, encapsulates {
749  10:                           SEQUENCE {
751   8:                             OBJECT IDENTIFIER
       :                               ocspSigning (1 3 6 1 5 5 7 3 9)
       :                             }
       :                           }
       :                         }
761  15:                       SEQUENCE {
763   9:                         OBJECT IDENTIFIER
       :                           ocspNoCheck (1 3 6 1 5 5 7 48 1 5)
774   2:                         OCTET STRING, encapsulates {
776   0:                           NULL
       :                           }
       :                         }
       :                       }
       :                     }
       :                   }
778  10:                 SEQUENCE {
780   8:                   OBJECT IDENTIFIER
       :                     ecdsaWithSHA512 (1 2 840 10045 4 3 4)
       :                   }
790 138:                 BIT STRING, encapsulates {
794 134:                   SEQUENCE {
797  65:                     INTEGER
       :               14 2A 8C D6 0A 6C 65 C7 74 65 DF 11 5B C1 FF F8
       :               BE 0E 21 B4 DA 1A DA 53 D9 06 34 A5 DE 89 07 0F
       :               75 94 5A 8D 0B 18 FE 17 59 3D 5C 9A CA 49 00 15
       :               54 06 BF 6F 72 5A 64 EB 11 AC 7E AF 8A 19 4E DC
       :               C6
864  65:                     INTEGER
       :               49 0B 0B 49 A6 2E E6 D3 44 31 F6 BF EE 80 D5 AC
       :               9C 21 52 88 A5 1D C6 EB E3 EE 68 3D 94 9B 73 D2
       :               17 B1 44 96 4A 14 E0 D6 24 6E 5D 52 1F FF 05 CD
       :               B0 F2 FC B0 81 86 28 76 E5 EE E1 02 DC A0 FD 7B
       :               08
       :                     }
       :                   }
       :                 }
       :               }
       :             }
       :           }
       :         }
       :       }
       :     }
       :   }

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Internet-Draft       Lightweight OCSP Profile Update      September 2024

Acknowledgments

   The authors of this version of the document wish to thank Alex Deacon
   and Ryan Hurst for their work to produce the original version of the
   lightweight profile for the OCSP protocol.

   The authors of this version of the document wish to thank Paul
   Kyzivat, Russ Housley, Rob Stradling, Roman Danyliw, and Wendy Brown
   for their reviews, feedback, and suggestions.

   The authors wish to thank Magnus Nystrom of RSA Security, Inc.,
   Jagjeet Sondh of Vodafone Group R&D, and David Engberg of CoreStreet,
   Ltd. for their contributions to the original [RFC5019] specification.
   Listed organizational affiliations reflect the author’s affiliation
   at the time of RFC5019 was published.

Authors' Addresses

   Tadahiko Ito
   SECOM CO., LTD.
   Email: tadahiko.ito.public@gmail.com

   Additional contact information:

      伊藤 忠彦
      SECOM CO., LTD.

   Clint Wilson
   Apple, Inc.
   Email: clintw@apple.com

   Corey Bonnell
   DigiCert, Inc.
   Email: corey.bonnell@digicert.com

   Sean Turner
   sn3rd
   Email: sean@sn3rd.com

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