Skip to main content

YANG Data Models for Bearers and 'Attachment Circuits'-as-a-Service (ACaaS)
draft-ietf-opsawg-teas-attachment-circuit-17

Document Type Active Internet-Draft (opsawg WG)
Authors Mohamed Boucadair , Richard Roberts , Oscar Gonzalez de Dios , Samier Barguil , Bo Wu
Last updated 2024-10-10
Replaces draft-boro-opsawg-teas-attachment-circuit
RFC stream Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
Intended RFC status Proposed Standard
Formats
Yang Validation 0 errors, 0 warnings
Reviews
Additional resources GitHub Repository
Mailing list discussion
Stream WG state Submitted to IESG for Publication
Document shepherd Luis M. Contreras
Shepherd write-up Show Last changed 2024-05-29
IESG IESG state Publication Requested
Action Holder
Consensus boilerplate Yes
Telechat date (None)
Responsible AD Mahesh Jethanandani
Send notices to luismiguel.contrerasmurillo@telefonica.com
draft-ietf-opsawg-teas-attachment-circuit-17
OPSAWG                                                 M. Boucadair, Ed.
Internet-Draft                                                    Orange
Intended status: Standards Track                         R. Roberts, Ed.
Expires: 14 April 2025                                           Juniper
                                                           O. G. D. Dios
                                                              Telefonica
                                                           S. B. Giraldo
                                                                   Nokia
                                                                   B. Wu
                                                     Huawei Technologies
                                                         11 October 2024

  YANG Data Models for Bearers and 'Attachment Circuits'-as-a-Service
                                (ACaaS)
              draft-ietf-opsawg-teas-attachment-circuit-17

Abstract

   This document specifies a YANG service data model for Attachment
   Circuits (ACs).  This model can be used for the provisioning of ACs
   before or during service provisioning (e.g., Network Slice Service).
   The document also specifies a service model for managing bearers over
   which ACs are established.

   Also, the document specifies a set of reusable groupings.  Whether
   other service models reuse structures defined in the AC models or
   simply include an AC reference is a design choice of these service
   models.  Utilizing the AC service model to manage ACs over which a
   service is delivered has the advantage of decoupling service
   management from upgrading AC components to incorporate recent AC
   technologies or features.

Discussion Venues

   This note is to be removed before publishing as an RFC.

   Discussion of this document takes place on the Operations and
   Management Area Working Group Working Group mailing list
   (opsawg@ietf.org), which is archived at
   https://mailarchive.ietf.org/arch/browse/opsawg/.

   Source for this draft and an issue tracker can be found at
   https://github.com/boucadair/attachment-circuit-model.

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025                 [Page 1]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
   working documents as Internet-Drafts.  The list of current Internet-
   Drafts is at https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   This Internet-Draft will expire on 14 April 2025.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2024 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (https://trustee.ietf.org/
   license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document.
   Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights
   and restrictions with respect to this document.  Code Components
   extracted from this document must include Revised BSD License text as
   described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are
   provided without warranty as described in the Revised BSD License.

Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
     1.1.  Scope and Intended Use  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
     1.2.  Positioning ACaaS vs. Other Data Models . . . . . . . . .   7
       1.2.1.  Why Not Use the L2SM as Reference Data Model for
               ACaaS?  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
       1.2.2.  Why Not Use the L3SM as Reference Data Model for
               ACaaS?  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
     1.3.  Editorial Note (To be removed by RFC Editor)  . . . . . .   8
   2.  Conventions and Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
   3.  Relationship to Other AC Data Models  . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
   4.  Sample Uses of the Data Models  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
     4.1.  ACs Terminated by One or Multiple Customer Edges (CEs)  .  11
     4.2.  Separate AC Provisioning vs. Actual Service
           Provisioning  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
     4.3.  Sample Deployment Models  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025                 [Page 2]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

   5.  Description of the Data Models  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16
     5.1.  The Bearer Service ("ietf-bearer-svc") YANG Module  . . .  16
     5.2.  The Attachment Circuit Service ("ietf-ac-svc") YANG
           Module  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  21
       5.2.1.  Overall Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  21
       5.2.2.  Service Profiles  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  23
       5.2.3.  Attachment Circuits Profiles  . . . . . . . . . . . .  25
       5.2.4.  AC Placement Contraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  25
       5.2.5.  Attachment Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  26
   6.  YANG Modules  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  52
     6.1.  The Bearer Service ("ietf-bearer-svc") YANG Module  . . .  52
     6.2.  The AC Service ("ietf-ac-svc") YANG Module  . . . . . . .  62
   7.  Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  88
   8.  IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  90
   9.  References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  90
     9.1.  Normative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  90
     9.2.  Informative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  93
   Appendix A.  Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  97
     A.1.  Create a New Bearer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  97
     A.2.  Create an AC over an Existing Bearer  . . . . . . . . . .  98
     A.3.  Create an AC for a Known Peer SAP . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
     A.4.  One CE, Two ACs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
     A.5.  Control Precedence over Multiple ACs  . . . . . . . . . . 108
     A.6.  Create Multiple ACs Bound to Multiple CEs . . . . . . . . 109
     A.7.  Binding Attachment Circuits to an IETF Network Slice  . . 111
     A.8.  Connecting a Virtualized Environment Running in a Cloud
            Provider . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
     A.9.  Connect Customer Network Through BGP  . . . . . . . . . . 124
     A.10. Interconnection via Internet eXchange Points (IXPs) . . . 127
       A.10.1.  Retrieve Interconnection Locations . . . . . . . . . 128
       A.10.2.  Create Bearers and Retrieve Bearer References  . . . 129
       A.10.3.  Manage ACs and BGP Sessions  . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
     A.11. Connectivity of Cloud Network Functions . . . . . . . . . 138
       A.11.1.  Scope  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
       A.11.2.  Physical Infrastructure  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
       A.11.3.  NFs Deployment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
       A.11.4.  NF Failure and Scale-Out . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
     A.12. BFD and Static Addressing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
   Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
   Contributors  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
   Authors' Addresses  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153

1.  Introduction

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025                 [Page 3]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

1.1.  Scope and Intended Use

   Connectivity services are provided by networks to customers via
   dedicated terminating points, such as Service Functions (SFs)
   [RFC7665], Customer Edges (CEs), peer Autonomous System Border
   Routers (ASBRs), data centers gateways, or Internet Exchange Points.
   A connectivity service is basically about ensuring data transfer
   received from or destined to a given terminating point to or from
   other terminating points within the same customer/service, an
   interconnection node, or an ancillary node.  The objectives for the
   connectivity service can be negotiated and agreed upon between the
   customer and the network provider.  To facilitate data transfer
   within the provider network, it is assumed that the appropriate setup
   is provisioned over the links that connect customer terminating
   points and a provider network (usually via a Provider Edge (PE)),
   allowing successfully data exchanged over these links.  The required
   setup is referred to in this document as Attachment Circuit (AC),
   while the underlying link is referred to as "bearer".

   This document adheres to the definition of an Attachment Circuit as
   provided in "BGP/MPLS IP Virtual Private Networks (VPNs)"
   (Section 1.2 of [RFC4364]), especially:

      Routers can be attached to each other, or to end systems, in a
      variety of different ways: PPP connections, ATM Virtual Circuits
      (VCs), Frame Relay VCs, ethernet interfaces, Virtual Local Area
      Networks (VLANs) on ethernet interfaces, GRE tunnels, Layer 2
      Tunneling Protocol (L2TP) tunnels, IPsec tunnels, etc.  We will
      use the term "attachment circuit" to refer generally to some such
      means of attaching to a router.  An attachment circuit may be the
      sort of connection that is usually thought of as a "data link", or
      it may be a tunnel of some sort; what matters is that it be
      possible for two devices to be network layer peers over the
      attachment circuit.

   When a customer requests a new value-added service, the service can
   be bound to existing attachment circuits or trigger the instantiation
   of new attachment circuits.  The provisioning of a value-added
   service should, thus, accommodate both deployments.

   Also, because the instantiation of an attachment circuit requires
   coordinating the provisioning of endpoints that might not belong to
   the same administrative entity (customer vs. provider or distinct
   operational teams within the same provider, etc.), providing
   programmatic means to expose 'Attachment Circuits'-as-a-Service
   (ACaaS) greatly simplifies the provisioning of value-added services
   delivered over an attachment circuit.  For example, management
   systems of adjacent domains that need to connect via an AC will use

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025                 [Page 4]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

   such means to agree upon the resources that are required for the
   activation of both sides of an AC (e.g., Layer 2 tags, IP address
   family, or IP subnets).

   This document specifies a YANG service data model ("ietf-ac-svc") for
   managing attachment circuits that are exposed by a network to its
   customers, such as an enterprise site, an SF, a hosting
   infrastructure, or a peer network provider.  The model can be used
   for the provisioning of ACs prior or during advanced service
   provisioning (e.g., IETF Network Slice Service defined in "A
   Framework for Network Slices in Networks Built from IETF
   Technologies" [RFC9543]).

   The "ietf-ac-svc" module (Section 6.2) includes a set of reusable
   groupings.  Whether a service model reuses structures defined in the
   "ietf-ac-svc" or simply includes an AC reference (that was
   communicated during AC service instantiation) is a design choice of
   these service models.  Relying upon the AC service model to manage
   ACs over which services are delivered has the merit of decorrelating
   the management of the (core) service vs. upgrade the AC components to
   reflect recent AC technologies or new features (e.g., new encryption
   scheme, additional routing protocol).  This document favors the
   approach of completely relying upon the AC service model instead of
   duplicating data nodes into specific modules of advanced services
   that are delivered over an Attachment Circuit.

   Since the provisioning of an AC requires a bearer to be in place,
   this document introduces a new module called "ietf-bearer-svc" that
   enables customers to manage their bearer requests (Section 6.1).  The
   customers can then retrieve a provider-assigned bearer reference that
   they will include in their AC service requests.  Likewise, a customer
   may retrieve whether their bearers support a synchronization
   mechanism such as Sync Ethernet (SyncE) [ITU-T-G.781].  An example of
   retrieving a bearer reference is provided in Appendix A.1.

   An AC service request can provide a reference to a bearer or a set of
   peer Service Attachment Points (SAPs) specified in "A YANG Network
   Data Model for Service Attachment Points (SAPs)" [RFC9408].  Both
   schemes are supported in the AC service model.  When several bearers
   are available, the AC service request may filter them based on the
   bearer type, synchronization support, etc.

   Each AC is identified with a unique identifier within a provider
   domain.  From a network provider standpoint, an AC can be bound to a
   single or multiple SAPs [RFC9408].  Likewise, the same SAP can be
   bound to one or multiple ACs.  However, the mapping between an AC and
   a PE in the provider network that terminates that AC is hidden to the
   application that makes use of the AC service model.  Such mapping

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025                 [Page 5]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

   information is internal to the network controllers.  As such, the
   details about the (node-specific) attachment interfaces are not
   exposed in the AC service model.  However, these details are exposed
   at the network model per "A Network YANG Data Model for Attachment
   Circuits" specification [I-D.ietf-opsawg-ntw-attachment-circuit].  "A
   YANG Data Model for Augmenting VPN Service and Network Models with
   Attachment Circuits" [I-D.ietf-opsawg-ac-lxsm-lxnm-glue] specifies
   augmentations to the L2VPN Service Model (L2SM) [RFC8466] and the
   L3VPN Service Model (L3SM) [RFC8299] to bind LxVPN services to ACs.

   The AC service model does not make any assumptions about the internal
   structure or even the nature or the services that will be delivered
   over an attachment circuit or a set of attachment circuits.
   Customers do not have access to that network view other than the ACs
   that they ordered.  For example, the AC service model can be used to
   provision a set of ACs to connect multiple sites (Site1, Site2, ...,
   SiteX) for customer who also requested VPN services.  If the
   provisioning of these services requires specific configuration on
   ASBR nodes, such configuration is handled at the network level and is
   not exposed to the customer at the service level.  However, the
   network controller will have access to such a view as the service
   points in these ASBRs will be exposed as SAPs with "role" set to
   "ietf-sap-ntw:nni" [RFC9408].

   The AC service model can be used in a variety of contexts, such as
   (but not limited to) those provided in Appendix A:

   *  Create an AC over an existing bearer Appendix A.2.

   *  Request an attachment circuit for a known peer SAP (Appendix A.3).

   *  Instantiate multiple attachment circuits over the same bearer
      (Appendix A.4).

   *  Control the precedence over multiple attachment circuits
      (Appendix A.5).

   *  Create Multiple ACs bound to Multiple CEs (Appendix A.6).

   *  Bind a slice service to a set of pre-provisioned attachment
      circuits (Appendix A.7).

   *  Connect a Cloud Infrastructure to a service provider network
      (Appendix A.8).

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025                 [Page 6]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

   *  Interconnect provider networks (e.g., [RFC8921] or
      [I-D.ramseyer-grow-peering-api]).  Such ACs are identified with a
      "role" set to "ac-common:nni" or "ac-common:public-nni".  See
      Appendix A.10 to illustrate the use of the AC model for
      interconnection/peering.

   *  Manage connectivity for complex containerized or virtualized
      functions in the cloud (Appendix A.11).

   The document adheres to the principles discussed in "Service Models
   Explained" (Section 3 of [RFC8309]) for the encoding and
   communication protocols used for the interaction between a customer
   and a provider.  Also, consistent with "A Framework for Automating
   Service and Network Management with YANG" [RFC8969], the service
   models defined in the document can be used independently of NETCONF/
   RESTCONF.

   The YANG data models in this document conform to the Network
   Management Datastore Architecture (NMDA) defined in [RFC8342].

1.2.  Positioning ACaaS vs. Other Data Models

   The AC model specified in this document is not a network model
   [RFC8969].  As such, the model does not expose details related to
   specific nodes in the provider's network that terminate an AC (e.g.,
   network node identifiers).  The mapping between an AC as seen by a
   customer and the network implementation of an AC is maintained by the
   network controllers and is not exposed to the customer.  This mapping
   can be maintained using a variety of network models, such as
   augmented SAP AC network model
   [I-D.ietf-opsawg-ntw-attachment-circuit].

   The AC service model is not a device model.  A network provider may
   use a variety of device models (e.g., "A YANG Data Model for Routing
   Management (NMDA Version)" [RFC8349] or "YANG Model for Border
   Gateway Protocol (BGP-4)" [I-D.ietf-idr-bgp-model]) to provision an
   AC service in relevant network nodes.

1.2.1.  Why Not Use the L2SM as Reference Data Model for ACaaS?

   The L2VPN Service Model (L2SM) [RFC8466] covers some AC-related
   considerations.  Nevertheless, the L2SM structure is primarily
   focused on Layer 2 aspects.  For example, the L2SM does not cover
   Layer 3 provisioning, which is required for the typical AC
   instantiation.

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025                 [Page 7]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

1.2.2.  Why Not Use the L3SM as Reference Data Model for ACaaS?

   Like the L2SM, the L3VPN Service Model (L3SM) [RFC8299] addresses
   certain AC-related aspects.  However, the L3SM structure does not
   sufficiently address Layer 2 provisioning requirements.
   Additionally, the L3SM is primarily designed for conventional L3VPN
   deployments and, as such, has some limitations for instantiating ACs
   in other deployment contexts (e.g., cloud environments).  For
   example, the L3SM does not provide the capability to provision
   multiple BGP peer groups over the same AC.

1.3.  Editorial Note (To be removed by RFC Editor)

   Note to the RFC Editor: This section is to be removed prior to
   publication.

   This document contains placeholder values that need to be replaced
   with finalized values at the time of publication.  This note
   summarizes all of the substitutions that are needed.

   Please apply the following replacements:

   *  XXXX --> the assigned RFC number for this I-D

   *  2023-11-13 --> the actual date of the publication of this document

2.  Conventions and Definitions

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
   "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in
   BCP 14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all
   capitals, as shown here.

   The meanings of the symbols in the YANG tree diagrams are defined in
   "YANG Tree Diagrams" [RFC8340].

   LxSM refers to both the L2SM and the L3SM.

   LxNM refers to both the L2NM and the L3NM.

   This document uses the following terms:

   Bearer:  A physical or logical link that connects a customer node (or
      site) to a provider network.  A bearer can be a wireless or wired
      link.  One or multiple technologies can be used to build a bearer
      (e.g., Link Aggregation Group (LAG) [IEEE802.1AX]).  The bearer
      type can be specified by a customer.

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025                 [Page 8]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

      The operator allocates a unique bearer reference to identify a
      bearer within its network (e.g., customer line identifier).  Such
      a reference can be retrieved by a customer and used in subsequent
      service placement requests to unambiguously identify where a
      service is to be bound.

      The concept of bearer can be generalized to refer to the required
      underlying connection for the provisioning of an attachment
      circuit.  One or multiple attachment circuits may be hosted over
      the same bearer (e.g., multiple VLANs on the same bearer that is
      provided by a physical link).

   Customer Edge (CE):  Equipment that is dedicated to a customer and is
      connected to one or more PEs via ACs.

      A CE can be a router, a bridge, a switch, etc.

   Provider Edge (PE):  Equipment owned and managed by the service
      provider that can support multiple services for different
      customers.

      Per "Provider Provisioned Virtual Private Network (VPN)
      Terminology" (Section 5.2 of [RFC4026]), a PE is a device located
      at the edge of the service network with the functionality that is
      needed to interface with the customer.

      A PE is connected to one or more CEs via ACs.

   Network controller:  Denotes a functional entity responsible for the
      management of the service provider network.

   Network Function (NF):  Used to refer to the same concept as Service
      Function (SF) (Section 1.4 of [RFC7665]).

      NF is also used in this document as this term is widely used
      outside the IETF.

      NF and SF are used interchangeably.

   Parent Bearer:  Refers to a bearer (e.g., LAG) that is used to build
      other bearers.  These bearers (called, child bearers) inherit th
      parent bearer properties.

   Parent AC:  Refers to an AC that is used to build other ACs.  These
      ACs (called, child ACs) inherit th parent AC properties.

   Service orchestrator:  Refers to a functional entity that interacts

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025                 [Page 9]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

      with the customer of a network service.  The service orchestrator
      is typically responsible for the attachment circuits, the PE
      selection, and requesting the activation of the requested service
      to a network controller.

   Service provider network:  A network that is able to provide network
      services (e.g., Layer 2 VPN, Layer 3 VPN, or Network Slice
      Services).

   Service provider:  A service provider that offers network services
      (e.g., Layer 2 VPN, Layer 3 VPN, or Network Slice Services).

   The names of data nodes are prefixed using the prefix associated with
   the corresponding imported YANG module as shown in Table 1:

        +============+==================+========================+
        | Prefix     | Module           | Reference              |
        +============+==================+========================+
        | inet       | ietf-inet-types  | Section 4 of [RFC6991] |
        +------------+------------------+------------------------+
        | key-chain  | ietf-key-chain   | [RFC8177]              |
        +------------+------------------+------------------------+
        | nacm       | ietf-netconf-acm | [RFC8341]              |
        +------------+------------------+------------------------+
        | vpn-common | ietf-vpn-common  | [RFC9181]              |
        +------------+------------------+------------------------+

              Table 1: Modules and Their Associated Prefixes

3.  Relationship to Other AC Data Models

   Figure 1 depicts the relationship between the various AC data models:

   *  "ietf-ac-common" ([I-D.ietf-opsawg-teas-common-ac])

   *  "ietf-bearer-svc" (Section 6.2)

   *  "ietf-ac-svc" (Section 6.1)

   *  "ietf-ac-ntw" ([I-D.ietf-opsawg-ntw-attachment-circuit])

   *  "ietf-ac-glue" ([I-D.ietf-opsawg-ac-lxsm-lxnm-glue])

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025                [Page 10]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

                               ietf-ac-common
                                ^     ^     ^
                                |     |     |
                     +----------+     |     +----------+
                     |                |                |
                     |                |                |
               ietf-ac-svc <--> ietf-bearer-svc        |
                  ^    ^                               |
                  |    |                               |
                  |    +------------------------ ietf-ac-ntw
                  |                                    ^
                  |                                    |
                  |                                    |
                  +----------- ietf-ac-glue -----------+

                          Figure 1: AC Data Models

   "ietf-ac-common" is imported by "ietf-bearer-svc", "ietf-ac-svc", and
   "ietf-ac-ntw".  Bearers managed using "ietf-bearer-svc" may be
   referenced in the service ACs managed using "ietf-ac-svc".
   Similarly, a bearer managed using "ietf-bearer-svc" may list the set
   of ACs that use that bearer.  In order to ease correlation between an
   AC service requests and the actual AC provisioned in the network,
   "ietf-ac-ntw" uses the AC references exposed by "ietf-ac-svc".  To
   bind Layer 2 VPN or Layer 3 VPN services with ACs, "ietf-ac-glue"
   augments the LxSM and LxNM with AC service references exposed by
   "ietf-ac-svc" and AC network references exposed bt "ietf-ac-ntw".

4.  Sample Uses of the Data Models

4.1.  ACs Terminated by One or Multiple Customer Edges (CEs)

   Figure 2 depicts two target topology flavors that involve ACs.  These
   topologies have the following characteristics:

   *  A CE can be either a physical device or a logical entity.  Such
      logical entity is typically a software component (e.g., a virtual
      service function that is hosted within the provider's network or a
      third-party infrastructure).  A CE is seen by the network as a
      peer SAP.

   *  An AC service request may include one or multiple ACs, which may
      be associated to a single CE or multiple CEs.

   *  CEs may be either dedicated to one single connectivity service or
      host multiple connectivity services (e.g., CEs with roles of SFs
      [RFC7665]).

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025                [Page 11]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

   *  A network provider may bind a single AC to one or multiple peer
      SAPs (e.g., CE#1 and CE#2 are tagged as peer SAPs for the same
      AC).  For example, and as discussed in [RFC4364], multiple CEs can
      be attached to a PE over the same attachment circuit.  This
      scenario is typically implemented when the Layer 2 infrastructure
      between the CE and the network is a multipoint service.

   *  A single CE may terminate multiple ACs, which can be associated
      with the same bearer or distinct bearers.

   *  Customers may request protection schemes in which the ACs
      associated with their endpoints are terminated by the same PE
      (e.g., CE#3), distinct PEs (e.g., CE#34), etc.  The network
      provider uses this request to decide where to terminate the AC in
      the provider network (i.e., select which PE(s) to use) and also
      whether to enable specific capabilities (e.g., Virtual Router
      Redundancy Protocol (VRRP) [RFC9568]).  Note that placement
      constraints may also be requested during the instantiation of the
      underlying bearers (Section 5.1).

                             .--------------------.
                             |                    |
      .-------.              |                   .--.  (b1)  .------.
      |       +----.         |                   |  +---AC---+      |
      |  CE1  |    |         |                   |PE+---AC---+  CE3 |
      '-------'    |       .--.                  '--'  (b2)  '------'
                   +---AC--+PE|     Network       |
      .-------.    |       '--'                  .--.  (b3)  .------.
      |       |    |         |                   |  +---AC---+      |
      |  CE2  +----'         |                   |PE+---AC---+  CE4 |
      '-------'              |                   '--'  (b3)  '---+--'
                             |          .--.      |              |
                             '----------+PE+------'              |
                                        '--'                     |
                                         |                       |
                                         '-----------AC----------'
      (bx) = bearer Id x

                         Figure 2: Examples of ACs

4.2.  Separate AC Provisioning vs. Actual Service Provisioning

   The procedure to provision a service in a service provider network
   may depend on the practices adopted by a service provider.  This
   includes the workflow put in place for the provisioning of network
   services and how they are bound to an attachment circuit.  For
   example, a single attachment circuit may be used to host multiple
   connectivity services.  In order to avoid service interference and

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025                [Page 12]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

   redundant information in various locations, a service provider may
   expose an interface to manage ACs network-wide.  Customers can then
   request a bearer or an attachment circuit to be put in place, and
   then refer to that bearer or AC when requesting services that are
   bound to the bearer or AC.  [I-D.ietf-opsawg-ac-lxsm-lxnm-glue]
   specifies augmentations to the L2SM and the L3SM to bind LxVPN
   services to ACs.

4.3.  Sample Deployment Models

   Figure 3 shows an example to illustrate how the bearer/AC service
   models can be used between a customer and a provider.  Internals to
   the provider orchestration domain (or customer orchestration domain)
   are hidden to the customer (or provider).

   Resources that are needed to activate an AC (e.g., Layer 2 or Layer 3
   identifiers) are typically imposed by the provider.  However, the
   deployment model assumes that the customer may supply a specific
   identifier (e.g., selected from a pool that was pre-provisioned by
   the provider) in a service request.  The provider may accept or
   reject such request.

    .----------------------.     Bearer/AC       .--------------------.
    |      Customer        |    Service Models   |     Provider       |
    |   Service Ordering   | <-----------------> |   Service Order    |
    |                      |                     |     Handling       |
    '----------^-----------'                     '---------^----------'
               |                                           |
          Provisioning                                Provisioning
               |                                           |
    .----------v-----------.                     .---------v----------.
    |                      |========Bearer=======|                    |
    |    Customer Site     +----------AC---------|  Provider Network  |
    |                      |=====================|                    |
    '----------------------'                     '--------------------'

       Figure 3: Example of Interaction Between Customer and Provider
                               Orchestrations

   Figure 4 shows an example to illustrate how the bearer/AC service
   models that involve a third party.  This deployment model follows a
   recursive approach but other Client/Server alternative modes with a
   third party can be considered.  In a recursive deployment, the
   Service Broker exposes a server to a customer for the ordering of AC
   services, but it also acts as a client when communicating with a
   provider.  How the Service Broker decides to terminate a recursion
   for a given service request or create child service requests is
   deployment specific.

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025                [Page 13]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

.----------.   Bearer/AC    .----------.   Bearer/AC    .--------------.
| Customer | Service Models | Service  | Service Model  |   Provider    |
| Service  |<-------------->|  Broker  |<-------------->| Service Order |
| Ordering |                |  B2B C/S |                |    Handling   |
'----------'                '----------'                '---------------'

B2B C/S: Back-to-back Client/Server

              Figure 4: Example of Recursive Deployment

   Figure 5 shows the positioning of the AC service model in the overall
   service delivery process, with a focus the provider.

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025                [Page 14]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

                               .---------------.
                               |   Customer    |
                               '-------+-------'
               Customer Service Model  |
       ietf-l2vpn-svc, ietf-l3vpn-svc, | ietf-network-slice-service,
            ietf-ac-svc, ietf-ac-glue, | and ietf-bearer-svc
                               .-------+-------.
                               |    Service    |
                               | Orchestration |
                               '-------+-------'
                Network Model          |
       ietf-l2vpn-ntw, ietf-l3vpn-ntw, | ietf-sap-ntw, ietf-ac-glue,
                and ietf-ac-ntw        |
                               .-------+-------.
                               |   Network     |
                               | Orchestration |
                               '-------+-------'
         Network Configuration Model   |
                           .-----------+-----------.
                           |                       |
                  .--------+------.       .--------+------.
                  |    Domain     |       |     Domain    |
                  | Orchestration |       | Orchestration |
                  '---+-----------'       '--------+------'
       Device         |        |                   |
       Configuration  |        |                   |
       Model          |        |                   |
                 .----+----.   |                   |
                 | Config  |   |                   |
                 | Manager |   |                   |
                 '----+----'   |                   |
                      |        |                   |
                      | NETCONF/CLI..................
                      |        |                   |
                    .--------------------------------.
      .----. Bearer |                                | Bearer .----.
      |CE#1+--------+            Network             +--------+CE#2|
      '----'        |                                |        '----'
                    '--------------------------------'
       Site A                                                  Site B

      Figure 5: An Example of AC Model Usage (Focus on the Provider's
                                 Internals)

   In order to ease the mapping between the service model and underlying
   network models (e.g., the L3VPN Network Model (L3NM), SAP), the name
   conventions used in existing network data models are reused as much
   as possible.  For example, "local-address" is used rather than

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025                [Page 15]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

   "provider-address" (or similar) to refer to an IP address used in the
   provider network.  This approach is consistent with the automation
   framework defined in [RFC8969].

5.  Description of the Data Models

5.1.  The Bearer Service ("ietf-bearer-svc") YANG Module

   Figure 6 shows the tree for managing the bearers (that is, the
   properties of an attachment that are below Layer 3).  A bearer can be
   a physical or logical link (e.g., LAG [IEEE802.1AX]).  Also, a bearer
   can be a wireless or wired link.  A reference to a bearer is
   generated by the operator.  Such a reference can be used, e.g., in a
   subsequent service request to create an AC.  The anchoring of the AC
   can also be achieved by indicating (with or without a bearer
   reference), a peer SAP identifier (e.g., an identifier of an SF).

    module: ietf-bearer-svc
      +--rw locations
      |  +--rw customer* [name peer-as]
      |     +--rw name        string
      |     +--rw peer-as     inet:as-number
      |     +--ro location* [name]
      |        +--ro name            string
      |        +--ro address?        string
      |        +--ro postal-code?    string
      |        +--ro state?          string
      |        +--ro city?           string
      |        +--ro country-code?   string
      +--rw bearers
         +--rw customer-name?           string
         +--rw requested-start?         yang:date-and-time
         +--rw requested-stop?          yang:date-and-time
         +--ro actual-start?            yang:date-and-time
         +--ro actual-stop?             yang:date-and-time
         +--rw placement-constraints
         |  +--rw constraint* [constraint-type]
         |          {vpn-common:placement-diversity}?
         |     +--rw constraint-type    identityref
         |     +--rw target
         |        +--rw (target-flavor)?
         |           +--:(id)
         |           |  +--rw group* [group-id]
         |           |     +--rw group-id    string
         |           +--:(all-bearers)
         |           |  +--rw all-other-bearers?   empty
         |           +--:(all-groups)
         |              +--rw all-other-groups?    empty

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025                [Page 16]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

         +--rw bearer* [name]
            +--rw name                           string
            +--rw description?                   string
            +--rw customer-name?                 string
            +--rw groups
            |  +--rw group* [group-id]
            |     +--rw group-id    string
            +--rw op-comment?                    string
            +--rw bearer-parent-ref?             bearer-svc:bearer-ref
            +--ro bearer-lag-member*             bearer-svc:bearer-ref
            +--ro sync-phy-capable?              boolean
            +--rw sync-phy-enabled?              boolean
            +--rw sync-phy-type?                 identityref
            +--rw provider-location-reference?   string
            +--rw customer-point
            |  +--rw identified-by?   identityref
            |  +--rw device
            |  |  +--rw device-id?   string
            |  |  +--rw location
            |  |     +--rw name?           string
            |  |     +--rw address?        string
            |  |     +--rw postal-code?    string
            |  |     +--rw state?          string
            |  |     +--rw city?           string
            |  |     +--rw country-code?   string
            |  +--rw site
            |  |  +--rw site-id?    string
            |  |  +--rw location
            |  |     +--rw name?           string
            |  |     +--rw address?        string
            |  |     +--rw postal-code?    string
            |  |     +--rw state?          string
            |  |     +--rw city?           string
            |  |     +--rw country-code?   string
            |  +--rw custom-id?       string
            +--rw type?                          identityref
            +--rw test-only?                     empty
            +--ro bearer-reference?              string
            |       {ac-common:server-assigned-reference}?
            +--ro ac-svc-ref*
            |       ac-svc:attachment-circuit-reference
            +--rw requested-start?               yang:date-and-time
            +--rw requested-stop?                yang:date-and-time
            +--ro actual-start?                  yang:date-and-time
            +--ro actual-stop?                   yang:date-and-time
            +--rw status
               +--rw admin-status
               |  +--rw status?        identityref

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025                [Page 17]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

               |  +--ro last-change?   yang:date-and-time
               +--ro oper-status
                  +--ro status?        identityref
                  +--ro last-change?   yang:date-and-time

                  Figure 6: Bearer Service Tree Structure

   In some deployments, a customer may first retrieve a list of
   available presence locations before actually placing an order for a
   bearer creation.  The request is filtered based upon a customer name
   and an Autonomous System Number (ASN).  The reserved value "AS 0"
   [RFC7607] is used for customers with no ASN.  The retrieved location
   names may be then referenced in a bearer creation request ("provider-
   location-reference").  See the example provided in Appendix A.10.1.

   The same customer site (CE, SF, etc.) can terminate one or multiple
   bearers; each of them uniquely identified by a reference that is
   assigned by the network provider.  These bearers can terminate on the
   same or distinct network nodes.  CEs that terminate multiple bearers
   are called multi-homed CEs.

   A bearer can be created, modified, or discovered from the network.
   For example, the following deployment options can be considered:

   Greenfield creation:  In this scenario, bearers are created from
      scratch using specific requests made to a network controller.
      This method allows providers to tailor bearer creation to meet
      customer-specific needs.  For example, a bearer request may
      indicate some hints about the placement constraints ('placement-
      constraints').  These constraints are used by a provider to
      determine how/where to terminate a bearer in the network side
      (e.g., Point of Presence (PoP) or PE selection).

   Auto-discovery using network protocols:  Devices can use specific
      protocols (e.g., Link Layer Discovery Protocol (LLDP)
      [IEEE802.1AB]) to automatically discover and connect to available
      network resources.  A network controller can use such reported
      information to expose discovered bearers from the network using
      the same bearer data model structure.

   A request to create a bearer may include a set of constraints
   ("placement-constraints") that are used by a controller to decide the
   network terminating side of a bearer (e.g., PE selection, PE
   redundancy, or PoP selection).  Future placement criteria
   ("constraint-type") may be defined in the future to accommodate
   specific deployment contexts.

   The descriptions of the bearer data nodes are as follows:

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025                [Page 18]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

   'name':  Used to uniquely identify a bearer.  This name is typically
      selected by the client when requesting a bearer.

   'customer-name':  Indicates the name of the customer who ordered the
      bearer.

   'description':  Includes a textual description of the bearer.

   'group':  Tags a bearer with one ore more identifiers that are used
      to group a set of bearers.

   'op-comment':  Includes operational comments that may be useful for
      managing the bearer (building, level, etc.).  No structure is
      associated with this data node to accommodate all deployments.

   'bearer-parent-ref':  Specifies the parent bearer.  This data node
      can be used, e.g., if a bearer is a member of a LAG.

   'bearer-lag-member':  Lists the bearers that are members of a LAG.
      Members can be declared as part of a LAG using 'bearer-parent-
      ref'.

   'sync-phy-capable':  Reports whether a synchronization physical (Sync
      PHY) mechanism is supported for this bearer.

   'sync-phy-enabled':  Indicates whether a Sync PHY mechanism is
      enabled for a bearer.  Only applies when 'sync-phy-capable' is set
      to 'true'.

   'sync-phy-type':  Specifies the Sync PHY mechanism (e.g., SynchE
      [ITU-T-G.781]) enabled for the bearer.

   'provider-location-reference':  Indicates a location identified by a
      provider-assigned reference.

   'customer-point':  Specifies the customer terminating point for the
      bearer.  A bearer request can indicate a device, a site, a
      combination thereof, or a custom information when requesting a
      bearer.  All these schemes are supported in the model.

   'type':  Specifies the bearer type (Ethernet, wireless, LAG, etc.).

   'test-only':  Indicates that a request is only for test and not for

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025                [Page 19]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

      setting, even if there are no errors.  This is used for
      feasibility checks.  This data node is applicable only when the
      data model is used with protocols which do not natively support
      such option.  For example, this data node is redundant with the
      "test-only" value of the <test-option> parameter in the NETCONF
      <edit-config> operation (Section 7.2 of [RFC6241]).

   'bearer-reference':  Returns an internal reference for the service
      provider to uniquely identify the bearer.  This reference can be
      used when requesting services.  Appendix A.1 provides an example
      about how this reference can be retrieved by a customer.

      Whether the 'bearer-reference' mirrors the content of the 'name'
      is deployment-specific.  The module does not assume nor preclude
      such schemes.

   'ac-svc-ref':  Specifies the set of attachment circuits that are
      bound to the bearer.

   'requested-start':  Specifies the requested date and time when the
      bearer is expected to be active.

   'requested-stop':  Specifies the requested date and time when the
      bearer is expected to be disabled.

   'actual-start':  Reports the actual date and time when the bearer
      actually was enabled.

   'actual-stop':  Reports the actual date and time when the bearer
      actually was disabled.

   'status':  Used to track the overall status of a given bearer.  Both
      operational and administrative status are maintained together with
      a timestamp.

      The "admin-status" attribute is typically configured by a network
      operator to indicate whether the service is enabled, disabled, or
      subjected to additional testing or pre-deployment checks.  These
      additional options, such as 'admin-testing' and 'admin-pre-
      deployment', provide the operators the flexibility to conduct
      additional validations on the bearer before deploying services
      over that connection.

   'oper-status':  The "oper-status" of a bearer reflects its

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025                [Page 20]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

      operational state as observed.  As a bearer can contain multiple
      services, the operational status should only reflect the status of
      the bearer connection.  To obtain network-level service status,
      specific network models such as those in Section 7.3 of [RFC9182]
      or Section 7.3 of [RFC9291] should be consulted.

      It is important to note that the "admin-status" attribute should
      remain independent of the "oper-status".  In other words, the
      setting of the intended administrative state (e.g., whether
      "admin-up" or "admin-testing") MUST NOT be influenced by the
      current operational state.  If the bearer is administratively set
      to 'admin-down', it is expected that the bearer will also be
      operationally 'op-down' as a result of this administrative
      decision.

      To assess the service delivery status for a given bearer
      comprehensively, it is recommended to consider both administrative
      and operational service status values in conjunction.  This
      holistic approach allows a network controller or operator to
      identify anomalies effectively.

      For instance, when a bearer is administratively enabled but the
      "operational-status" of that bearer is reported as "op-down", it
      should be expected that the "oper-status" of services transported
      over that bearer is also down.  These status values differing
      should trigger the detection of an anomaly condition.

      See "A Common YANG Data Model for Layer 2 and Layer 3 VPNs"
      [RFC9181] for more details.

5.2.  The Attachment Circuit Service ("ietf-ac-svc") YANG Module

   The full tree diagram of the module can be generated using, e.g., the
   "pyang" tool [PYANG].  That tree is not included here because it is
   too long (Section 3.4 of [I-D.ietf-netmod-rfc8407bis]).  Instead,
   subtrees are provided for the reader's convenience.  The full tree of
   the 'ac-svc' is provided in [AC-svc-Tree].

5.2.1.  Overall Structure

   The overall tree structure of the AC service module is shown in
   Figure 7.

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025                [Page 21]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

              +--rw specific-provisioning-profiles
              |  ...
              +--rw service-provisioning-profiles
              |  ...
              +--rw attachment-circuits
                 +--rw ac-group-profile* [name]
                 |  ...
                 +--rw placement-constraints
                 |  ...
                 +--rw ac* [name]
                    ...
                    +--rw l2-connection  {ac-common:layer2-ac}?
                    |  ...
                    +--rw ip-connection  {ac-common:layer3-ac}?
                    |  ...
                    +--rw routing-protocols
                    |  ...
                    +--rw oam
                    |  ...
                    +--rw security
                    |  ...
                    +--rw service
                       ...

                Figure 7: Overall AC Service Tree Structure

   The rationale for deciding whether a reusable grouping should be
   maintained in this document or be moved into the AC common module
   [I-D.ietf-opsawg-teas-common-ac] is as follows:

   *  Groupings that are reusable among the AC service module, AC
      network module, other service models, and network models are
      included in the AC common module.

   *  Groupings that are reusable only by other service models are
      maintained in the "ietf-ac-svc" module.

   Each AC is identified with a unique name ('../ac/name') within a
   domain.  The mapping between this AC and a local PE that terminates
   the AC is hidden to the application that makes use of the AC service
   model.  This information is internal to the Network controller.  As
   such, the details about the (node-specific) attachment interfaces are
   not exposed in this service model.

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025                [Page 22]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

   The AC service model uses groupings and types defined in the AC
   common model [I-D.ietf-opsawg-teas-common-ac] ('op-instructions',
   'dot1q', 'qinq', 'priority-tagged', 'l2-tunnel-service', etc.).
   Therefore, the description of these nodes are not reiterated in the
   following subsections.

   Features are used to tag conditional protions of the model in order
   to accomodate various deployments (support of layer 2 ACs, Layer 3
   ACs, IPv4, IPv6, routing protocols, Bidirectional Forwarding
   Detection (BFD), etc.).

5.2.2.  Service Profiles

5.2.2.1.  Description

   The 'specific-provisioning-profiles' container (Figure 8) can be used
   by a service provider to maintain a set of reusable profiles.  The
   profiles definitions are similar to those defined in [RFC9181],
   including: Quality of Service (QoS), BFD, forwarding, and routing
   profiles.  The exact definition of the profiles is local to each
   service provider.  The model only includes an identifier for these
   profiles in order to facilitate identifying and binding local
   policies when building an AC.

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025                [Page 23]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

         module: ietf-ac-svc
           +--rw specific-provisioning-profiles
           |  +--rw valid-provider-identifiers
           |     +--rw encryption-profile-identifier* [id]
           |     |  +--rw id    string
           |     +--rw qos-profile-identifier* [id]
           |     |  +--rw id    string
           |     +--rw failure-detection-profile-identifier* [id]
           |     |  +--rw id    string
           |     +--rw forwarding-profile-identifier* [id]
           |     |  +--rw id    string
           |     +--rw routing-profile-identifier* [id]
           |        +--rw id    string
           +--rw service-provisioning-profiles
           |  +--rw service-profile-identifier* [id]
           |     +--rw id    string
           +--rw attachment-circuits
              +--rw ac-group-profile* [name]
              |  ...
              +--rw placement-constraints
              |  ...
              +--rw ac* [name]
                 ...
                 +--rw l2-connection  {ac-common:layer2-ac}?
                 |  ...
                 +--rw ip-connection  {ac-common:layer3-ac}?
                 |  ...
                 +--rw routing-protocols
                 |  ...
                 +--rw oam
                 |  ...
                 +--rw security
                 |  ...
                 +--rw service
                    ...

                         Figure 8: Service Profiles

   As shown in Figure 8, two profile types can be defined: 'specific-
   provisioning-profiles' and 'service-provisioning-profiles'.  Whether
   only specific profiles, service profiles, or a combination thereof
   are used is local to each service provider.

   The following specific provisioning profiles can be defined:

   'encryption-profile-identifier':  Refers to a set of policies related
      to the encryption setup that can be applied when provisioning an
      AC.

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025                [Page 24]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

   'qos-profile-identifier':  Refers to a set of policies, such as
      classification, marking, and actions (e.g., [RFC3644]).

   'failure-detection-profile-identifier':  Refers to a set of failure
      detection policies (e.g., Bidirectional Forwarding Detection (BFD)
      policies [RFC5880]) that can be invoked when building an AC.

   'forwarding-profile-identifier':  Refers to the policies that apply
      to the forwarding of packets conveyed within an AC.  Such policies
      may consist, for example, of applying Access Control Lists (ACLs).

   'routing-profile-identifier':  Refers to a set of routing policies
      that will be invoked (e.g., BGP policies) when building an AC.

5.2.2.2.  Referencing Service/Specific Profiles

   All the above mentioned profiles are uniquely identified by the
   NETCONF/RESTCONF server by an identifier.  To ease referencing these
   profiles by other data models, specific typedefs are defined for each
   of these profiles.  Likewise, an attachment circuit reference typedef
   is defined when referencing a (global) attachment circuit by its name
   is required.  These typedefs SHOULD be used when other modules need a
   reference to one of these profiles or attachment circuits.

5.2.3.  Attachment Circuits Profiles

   The 'ac-group-profile' defines reusable parameters for a set of ACs.
   Each profile is identified by 'name'.  Some of the data nodes can be
   adjusted at the 'ac' level.  These adjusted values take precedence
   over the global values.  The structure of 'ac-group-profile' is
   similar to the one used to model each 'ac' (Figure 10).

5.2.4.  AC Placement Contraints

   The 'placement-constraints' specifies the placement constraints of an
   AC.  For example, this container can be used to request avoidance of
   connecting two ACs to the same PE.  The full set of supported
   constraints is defined in [RFC9181] (see 'placement-diversity', in
   particular).

   The structure of 'placement-constraints' is shown in Figure 9.

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025                [Page 25]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

             +--rw specific-provisioning-profiles
             |  ...
             +--rw service-provisioning-profiles
             |  ...
             +--rw attachment-circuits
                +--rw ac-group-profile* [name]
                |  ...
                +--rw placement-constraints
                |  +--rw constraint* [constraint-type]
                |     +--rw constraint-type    identityref
                |     +--rw target
                |        +--rw (target-flavor)?
                |           +--:(id)
                |           |  +--rw group* [group-id]
                |           |     +--rw group-id    string
                |           +--:(all-accesses)
                |           |  +--rw all-other-accesses?   empty
                |           +--:(all-groups)
                |              +--rw all-other-groups?     empty
                +--rw ac* [name]
                   ...

             Figure 9: Placement Constraints Subtree Structure

5.2.5.  Attachment Circuits

   The structure of 'attachment-circuits' is shown in Figure 10.

    +--rw specific-provisioning-profiles
    |  ...
    +--rw service-provisioning-profiles
    |  ...
    +--rw attachment-circuits
       +--rw ac-group-profile* [name]
       |  ...
       +--rw placement-constraints
       |  ...
       +--rw customer-name?           string
       +--rw requested-start?         yang:date-and-time
       +--rw requested-stop?          yang:date-and-time
       +--ro actual-start?            yang:date-and-time
       +--ro actual-stop?             yang:date-and-time
       +--rw ac* [name]
          +--rw customer-name?       string
          +--rw description?         string
          +--rw test-only?           empty
          +--rw requested-start?     yang:date-and-time
          +--rw requested-stop?      yang:date-and-time

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025                [Page 26]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

          +--ro actual-start?        yang:date-and-time
          +--ro actual-stop?         yang:date-and-time
          +--rw role?                identityref
          +--rw peer-sap-id*         string
          +--rw ac-group-profile-ref*    ac-group-reference
          +--rw ac-parent-ref*       ac-svc:attachment-circuit-reference
          +--ro ac-child-ref*        ac-svc:attachment-circuit-reference
          +--rw group* [group-id]
          |  +--rw group-id      string
          |  +--rw precedence?   identityref
          +--ro service-ref* [service-type service-id]
          |  +--ro service-type    identityref
          |  +--ro service-id      string
          +--ro server-reference?    string
          |       {ac-common:server-assigned-reference}?
          +--rw name                 string
          +--rw service-profile*     service-profile-reference
          +--rw l2-connection  {ac-common:layer2-ac}?
          |  ...
          +--rw ip-connection  {ac-common:layer3-ac}?
          |  ...
          +--rw routing-protocols
          |  ...
          +--rw oam
          |  ...
          +--rw security
          |  ...
          +--rw service
             ...

              Figure 10: Attachment Circuits Tree Structure

   The description of the data nodes is as follows:

   'customer-name':  Indicates the name of the customer who ordered the
      AC or a set of ACs.

   'description':  Includes a textual description of the AC.

   'test-only':  Indicates that a request is only for test and not for
      setting, even if there are no errors.  This is used for
      feasibility checks.  This data node is applicable only when the
      data model is used with protocols which do not natively support
      such option.

   'requested-start':  Specifies the requested date and time when the
      attachment circuit is expected to be active.

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025                [Page 27]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

   'requested-stop':  Specifies the requested date and time when the
      attachment circuit is expected to be disabled.

   'actual-start':  Reports the actual date and time when the attachment
      circuit actually was enabled.

   'actual-stop':  Reports the actual date and time when the attachment
      circuit actually was disabled.

   'role':  Specifies whether an AC is used, e.g., as User-to-Network
      Interface (UNI) or Network-to-Network Interface (NNI).

   'peer-sap-id':  Includes references to the remote endpoints of an
      attachment circuit [RFC9408]. 'peer' is drawn here from the
      perspective of the provider network.  That is, a 'peer-sap' will
      refer to a customer node.

   'ac-group-profile-ref':  Indicates references to one or more profiles
      that are defined in Section 5.2.3.

   'ac-parent-ref':  Specifies an AC that is inherited by an attachment
      circuit.

      In contexts where dynamic terminating points are managed for a
      given AC, a parent AC can be defined with a set of stable and
      common information, while "child" ACs are defined to track dynamic
      information.  These "child" ACs are bound to the parent AC, which
      is exposed to services (as a stable reference).

      Whenever a parent AC is deleted, all its "child" ACs MUST be
      deleted.

      A "child" AC MAY rely upon more than one parent AC (e.g., parent
      Layer 2 AC and parent Layer 3 AC).  In such cases, these ACs MUST
      NOT be overlapping.  An example to illustrate the use of multiple
      parent ACs is provided in Appendix A.12.

   'ac-child-ref':  Lists one or more references of child ACs that rely
      upon this attachment circuit as a parent AC.

   'group':  Lists the groups to which an AC belongs [RFC9181].  For
      example, the 'group-id' is used to associate redundancy or
      protection constraints of ACs.  An example is provided in
      Appendix A.5.

   'service-ref':  Reports the set of services that are bound to the
      attachment circuit.  The services are indexed by their type.

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025                [Page 28]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

   'server-reference':  Reports the internal reference that is assigned
      by the provider for this AC.  This reference is used to accomodate
      deployment contexts (e.g., Section 9.1.2 of [RFC8921]) where an
      identifier is generated by the provider to identify a service
      order locally.

   'name':  Associates a name that uniquely identifies an AC within a
      service provider network.

   'service-profile':  References a set of service-specific profiles.

   'l2-connection':  See Section 5.2.5.1.

   'ip-connection':  See Section 5.2.5.2.

   'routing':  See Section 5.2.5.3.

   'oam':  See Section 5.2.5.4.

   'security':  See Section 5.2.5.5.

   'service':  See Section 5.2.5.6.

5.2.5.1.  Layer 2 Connection Structure

   The 'l2-connection' container (Figure 11) is used to configure the
   relevant Layer 2 properties of an AC including: encapsulation details
   and tunnel terminations.  For the encapsulation details, the model
   supports the definition of the type as well as the Identifiers (e.g.,
   VLAN-IDs) of each of the encapsulation-type defined.  For the second
   case, attributes for pseudowire, Virtual Private LAN Service (VPLS),
   and Virtual eXtensible Local Area Network (VXLAN) tunnel terminations
   are included.

   'bearer-reference' is used to link an AC with a bearer over which the
   AC is instantiated.

   This structure relies upon the common groupings defined in
   [I-D.ietf-opsawg-teas-common-ac].

        +--rw specific-provisioning-profiles
        |  ...
        +--rw service-provisioning-profiles
        |  ...
        +--rw attachment-circuits
           +--rw ac-group-profile* [name]
           |  ...
           +--rw placement-constraints

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025                [Page 29]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

           |  ...
           +--rw ac* [name]
              ...
              +--rw name                 string
              +--rw l2-connection  {ac-common:layer2-ac}?
              |  +--rw encapsulation
              |  |  +--rw type?              identityref
              |  |  +--rw dot1q
              |  |  |  +--rw tag-type?   identityref
              |  |  |  +--rw cvlan-id?   uint16
              |  |  +--rw priority-tagged
              |  |  |  +--rw tag-type?   identityref
              |  |  +--rw qinq
              |  |     +--rw tag-type?   identityref
              |  |     +--rw svlan-id?   uint16
              |  |     +--rw cvlan-id?   uint16
              |  +--rw (l2-service)?
              |  |  +--:(l2-tunnel-service)
              |  |  |  +--rw l2-tunnel-service
              |  |  |     +--rw type?         identityref
              |  |  |     +--rw pseudowire
              |  |  |     |  +--rw vcid?      uint32
              |  |  |     |  +--rw far-end?   union
              |  |  |     +--rw vpls
              |  |  |     |  +--rw vcid?      uint32
              |  |  |     |  +--rw far-end*   union
              |  |  |     +--rw vxlan
              |  |  |        +--rw vni-id?            uint32
              |  |  |        +--rw peer-mode?         identityref
              |  |  |        +--rw peer-ip-address*   inet:ip-address
              |  |  +--:(l2vpn)
              |  |     +--rw l2vpn-id?            vpn-common:vpn-id
              |  +--rw bearer-reference?          string
              |          {vpn-common:bearer-reference}?
              +--rw ip-connection  {ac-common:layer3-ac}?
              |  ...
              +--rw routing-protocols
              |  ...
              +--rw oam
              |  ...
              +--rw security
              |  ...
              +--rw service
                 ...

                Figure 11: Layer 2 Connection Tree Structure

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025                [Page 30]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

5.2.5.2.  IP Connection Structure

   The 'ip-connection' container is used to configure the relevant IP
   properties of an AC.  The model supports the usage of dynamic and
   static addressing.  This structure relies upon the common groupings
   defined in [I-D.ietf-opsawg-teas-common-ac].  Both IPv4 and IPv6
   parameters are supported.

   Figure 12 shows the structure of the IPv4 connection.

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025                [Page 31]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

           | ...
           +--rw ip-connection  {ac-common:layer3-ac}?
           |  +--rw ipv4 {vpn-common:ipv4}?
           |  |  +--rw local-address?
           |  |  |       inet:ipv4-address
           |  |  +--rw virtual-address?
           |  |  |       inet:ipv4-address
           |  |  +--rw prefix-length?                           uint8
           |  |  +--rw address-allocation-type?
           |  |  |       identityref
           |  |  +--rw (allocation-type)?
           |  |     +--:(dynamic)
           |  |     |  +--rw (address-assign)?
           |  |     |  |  +--:(number)
           |  |     |  |  |  +--rw number-of-dynamic-address?   uint16
           |  |     |  |  +--:(explicit)
           |  |     |  |     +--rw customer-addresses
           |  |     |  |        +--rw address-pool* [pool-id]
           |  |     |  |           +--rw pool-id          string
           |  |     |  |           +--rw start-address
           |  |     |  |           |       inet:ipv4-address
           |  |     |  |           +--rw end-address?
           |  |     |  |                   inet:ipv4-address
           |  |     |  +--rw (provider-dhcp)?
           |  |     |  |  +--:(dhcp-service-type)
           |  |     |  |     +--rw dhcp-service-type?
           |  |     |  |             enumeration
           |  |     |  +--rw (dhcp-relay)?
           |  |     |     +--:(customer-dhcp-servers)
           |  |     |        +--rw customer-dhcp-servers
           |  |     |           +--rw server-ip-address*
           |  |     |                   inet:ipv4-address
           |  |     +--:(static-addresses)
           |  |        +--rw address* [address-id]
           |  |           +--rw address-id          string
           |  |           +--rw customer-address?   inet:ipv4-address
           |  |           +--rw failure-detection-profile?
           |  |                      failure-detection-profile-reference
           |  |                      {vpn-common:bfd}?
           |  +--rw ipv6 {vpn-common:ipv6}?
           |     ...

            Figure 12: Layer 3 Connection Tree Structure (IPv4)

   Figure 13 shows the structure of the IPv6 connection.

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025                [Page 32]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

           | ...
           +--rw ip-connection  {ac-common:layer3-ac}?
           |  +--rw ipv4 {vpn-common:ipv4}?
           |  |  ...
           |  +--rw ipv6 {vpn-common:ipv6}?
           |     +--rw local-address?
           |     |       inet:ipv6-address
           |     +--rw virtual-address?
           |     |       inet:ipv6-address
           |     +--rw prefix-length?                           uint8
           |     +--rw address-allocation-type?
           |     |       identityref
           |     +--rw (allocation-type)?
           |        +--:(dynamic)
           |        |  +--rw (address-assign)?
           |        |  |  +--:(number)
           |        |  |  |  +--rw number-of-dynamic-address?   uint16
           |        |  |  +--:(explicit)
           |        |  |     +--rw customer-addresses
           |        |  |        +--rw address-pool* [pool-id]
           |        |  |           +--rw pool-id          string
           |        |  |           +--rw start-address
           |        |  |           |       inet:ipv6-address
           |        |  |           +--rw end-address?
           |        |  |                   inet:ipv6-address
           |        |  +--rw (provider-dhcp)?
           |        |  |  +--:(dhcp-service-type)
           |        |  |     +--rw dhcp-service-type?
           |        |  |             enumeration
           |        |  +--rw (dhcp-relay)?
           |        |     +--:(customer-dhcp-servers)
           |        |        +--rw customer-dhcp-servers
           |        |           +--rw server-ip-address*
           |        |                   inet:ipv6-address
           |        +--:(static-addresses)
           |           +--rw address* [address-id]
           |              +--rw address-id          string
           |              +--rw customer-address?   inet:ipv6-address
           |              +--rw failure-detection-profile?
           |                         failure-detection-profile-reference
           |                         {vpn-common:bfd}?
           | ...

            Figure 13: Layer 3 Connection Tree Structure (IPv6)

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025                [Page 33]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

5.2.5.3.  Routing

   As shown in the tree depicted in Figure 14, the 'routing-protocols'
   container defines the required parameters to enable the desired
   routing features for an AC.  One or more routing protocols can be
   associated with an AC.  Such routing protocols will be then enabled
   between a PE and the customer terminating points.  Each routing
   instance is uniquely identified by the combination of the 'id' and
   'type' to accommodate scenarios where multiple instances of the same
   routing protocol have to be configured on the same link.

   In addition to static routing (Section 5.2.5.3.1), the module
   supports BGP (Section 5.2.5.3.2), OSPF (Section 5.2.5.3.3), IS-IS
   (Section 5.2.5.3.4), and RIP (Section 5.2.5.3.5).  It also includes a
   reference to the 'routing-profile-identifier' defined in
   Section 5.2.2, so that additional constraints can be applied to a
   specific instance of each routing protocol.  Moreover, the module
   supports VRRP (Section 5.2.5.3.6).

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025                [Page 34]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

           +--rw specific-provisioning-profiles
           |  ...
           +--rw service-provisioning-profiles
           |  ...
           +--rw attachment-circuits
              +--rw ac-group-profile* [name]
              |  ...
              +--rw placement-constraints
              |  ...
              +--rw ac* [name]
                 ...
                 +--rw l2-connection  {ac-common:layer2-ac}?
                 | ...
                 +--rw ip-connection  {ac-common:layer3-ac}?
                 |  ...
                 +--rw routing-protocols
                 |  +--rw routing-protocol* [id]
                 |     +--rw id                  string
                 |     +--rw type?               identityref
                 |     +--rw routing-profiles* [id]
                 |     |  +--rw id      routing-profile-reference
                 |     |  +--rw type?   identityref
                 |     +--rw static
                 |     |  ...
                 |     +--rw bgp {vpn-common:rtg-bgp}?
                 |     |  ...
                 |     +--rw ospf {vpn-common:rtg-ospf}?
                 |     |  ...
                 |     +--rw isis {vpn-common:rtg-isis}?
                 |     |  ...
                 |     +--rw rip {vpn-common:rtg-rip}?
                 |     |  ...
                 |     +--rw vrrp {vpn-common:rtg-vrrp}?
                 |        ...
                 +--rw oam
                 |  ...
                 +--rw security
                 |  ...
                 +--rw service
                    ...

                     Figure 14: Routing Tree Structure

5.2.5.3.1.  Static Routing

   The static tree structure is shown in Figure 15.

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025                [Page 35]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

           |  ...
           +--rw routing-protocols
           |  +--rw routing-protocol* [id]
           |     +--rw id                  string
           |     +--rw type?               identityref
           |     +--rw routing-profiles* [id]
           |     |  +--rw id      routing-profile-reference
           |     |  +--rw type?   identityref
           |     +--rw static
           |     |  +--rw cascaded-lan-prefixes
           |     |     +--rw ipv4-lan-prefix* [lan next-hop]
           |     |     |       {vpn-common:ipv4}?
           |     |     |  +--rw lan
           |     |     |  |       inet:ipv4-prefix
           |     |     |  +--rw lan-tag?                     string
           |     |     |  +--rw next-hop                     union
           |     |     |  +--rw metric?                      uint32
           |     |     |  +--rw failure-detection-profile?
           |     |     |  |       failure-detection-profile-reference
           |     |     |  |       {vpn-common:bfd}?
           |     |     |  +--rw status
           |     |     |     +--rw admin-status
           |     |     |     |  +--rw status?        identityref
           |     |     |     |  +--ro last-change?   yang:date-and-time
           |     |     |     +--ro oper-status
           |     |     |        +--ro status?        identityref
           |     |     |        +--ro last-change?   yang:date-and-time
           |     |     +--rw ipv6-lan-prefix* [lan next-hop]
           |     |             {vpn-common:ipv6}?
           |     |        +--rw lan
           |     |        |       inet:ipv6-prefix
           |     |        +--rw lan-tag?                     string
           |     |        +--rw next-hop                     union
           |     |        +--rw metric?                      uint32
           |     |        +--rw failure-detection-profile?
           |     |        |       failure-detection-profile-reference
           |     |        |       {vpn-common:bfd}?
           |     |        +--rw status
           |     |           +--rw admin-status
           |     |           |  +--rw status?        identityref
           |     |           |  +--ro last-change?   yang:date-and-time
           |     |           +--ro oper-status
           |     |              +--ro status?        identityref
           |     |              +--ro last-change?   yang:date-and-time
           |     +--rw bgp {vpn-common:rtg-bgp}?
           |     |  ...
           |     +--rw ospf {vpn-common:rtg-ospf}?
           |     |  ...

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025                [Page 36]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

           |     +--rw isis {vpn-common:rtg-isis}?
           |     |  ...
           |     +--rw rip {vpn-common:rtg-rip}?
           |     |  ...
           |     +--rw vrrp {vpn-common:rtg-vrrp}?
           |        ...

                  Figure 15: Static Routing Tree Structure

   As depicted in Figure 15, the following data nodes can be defined for
   a given IP prefix:

   'lan-tag':  Indicates a local tag (e.g., "myfavorite-lan") that is
      used to enforce local policies.

   'next-hop':  Indicates the next hop to be used for the static route.

      It can be identified by an IP address, a predefined next-hop type
      (e.g., 'discard' or 'local-link'), etc.

   'metric':  Indicates the metric associated with the static route
      entry.  This metric is used when the route is exported into an
      IGP.

   'failure-detection-profile':  Indicates a failure detection profile
      (e.g., BFD) that applies for this entry.

   'status':  Used to convey the status of a static route entry.  This
      data node can also be used to control the (de)activation of
      individual static route entries.

5.2.5.3.2.  BGP

   An AC service activation with BGP routing SHOULD include at least the
   customer's AS Number (ASN) and the provider's ASN.  Additional
   information can be supplied by a customer in a request or exposed by
   a provider in a response to a query request in order ease the process
   of automating the provisioning of BGP sessions (the customer does not
   use the primary IP address to establish the underlying BGP session,
   communicate the provider's IP address used to establish the BGP
   session, share authentication parameters, bind the session to a
   forwarding protection profile, etc.).

   The BGP tree structure is shown in Figure 16.

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025                [Page 37]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

           |  ...
           +--rw routing-protocols
           |  +--rw routing-protocol* [id]
           |     +--rw id                  string
           |     +--rw type?               identityref
           |     +--rw routing-profiles* [id]
           |     |  +--rw id      routing-profile-reference
           |     |  +--rw type?   identityref
           |     +--rw static
           |     |  ...
           |     +--rw bgp {vpn-common:rtg-bgp}?
           |     |  +--rw peer-groups
           |     |  |  +--rw peer-group* [name]
           |     |  |     +--rw name              string
           |     |  |     +--rw local-as?         inet:as-number
           |     |  |     +--rw peer-as?          inet:as-number
           |     |  |     +--rw address-family?   identityref
           |     |  |     +--rw role?             identityref
           |     |  |     +--rw local-address?    inet:ip-address
           |     |  |     +--rw bgp-max-prefix
           |     |  |     |  +--rw max-prefix?   uint32
           |     |  |     +--rw authentication
           |     |  |        +--rw enabled?           boolean
           |     |  |        +--rw keying-material
           |     |  |           +--rw (option)?
           |     |  |              +--:(ao)
           |     |  |              |  +--rw enable-ao?          boolean
           |     |  |              |  +--rw ao-keychain?
           |     |  |              |          key-chain:key-chain-ref
           |     |  |              +--:(md5)
           |     |  |              |  +--rw md5-keychain?
           |     |  |              |          key-chain:key-chain-ref
           |     |  |              +--:(explicit)
           |     |  |                 +--rw key-id?             uint32
           |     |  |                 +--rw key?                string
           |     |  |                 +--rw crypto-algorithm?
           |     |  |                         identityref
           |     |  +--rw neighbor* [id]
           |     |     +--rw id                  string
           |     |     +--ro server-reference?   string
           |     |     |       {ac-common:server-assigned-reference}?
           |     |     +--rw remote-address?     inet:ip-address
           |     |     +--rw local-address?      inet:ip-address
           |     |     +--rw local-as?           inet:as-number
           |     |     +--rw peer-as?            inet:as-number
           |     |     +--rw address-family?     identityref
           |     |     +--rw role?               identityref
           |     |     +--rw bgp-max-prefix

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025                [Page 38]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

           |     |     |  +--rw max-prefix?   uint32
           |     |     +--rw authentication
           |     |     |  +--rw enabled?           boolean
           |     |     |  +--rw keying-material
           |     |     |     +--rw (option)?
           |     |     |        +--:(ao)
           |     |     |        |  +--rw enable-ao?          boolean
           |     |     |        |  +--rw ao-keychain?
           |     |     |        |          key-chain:key-chain-ref
           |     |     |        +--:(md5)
           |     |     |        |  +--rw md5-keychain?
           |     |     |        |          key-chain:key-chain-ref
           |     |     |        +--:(explicit)
           |     |     |           +--rw key-id?             uint32
           |     |     |           +--rw key?                string
           |     |     |           +--rw crypto-algorithm?   identityref
           |     |     +--rw requested-start?    yang:date-and-time
           |     |     +--rw requested-stop?     yang:date-and-time
           |     |     +--ro actual-start?       yang:date-and-time
           |     |     +--ro actual-stop?        yang:date-and-time
           |     |     +--rw status
           |     |     |  +--rw admin-status
           |     |     |  |  +--rw status?        identityref
           |     |     |  |  +--ro last-change?   yang:date-and-time
           |     |     |  +--ro oper-status
           |     |     |     +--ro status?        identityref
           |     |     |     +--ro last-change?   yang:date-and-time
           |     |     +--rw peer-group?
           |     |     |       -> ../../peer-groups/peer-group/name
           |     |     +--rw failure-detection-profile?
           |     |                   failure-detection-profile-reference
           |     |                   {vpn-common:bfd}?
           |     +--rw ospf {vpn-common:rtg-ospf}?
           |     |  ...
           |     +--rw isis {vpn-common:rtg-isis}?
           |     |  ...
           |     +--rw rip {vpn-common:rtg-rip}?
           |     |  ...
           |     +--rw vrrp {vpn-common:rtg-vrrp}?
           |        ...

                       Figure 16: BGP Tree Structure

   For deployment cases where an AC service request includes a list of
   neighors with redundant information, the ACaaS allows to factorize
   shared data by means of 'peer-group'.  The presence of 'peer-groups'
   in a service request is thus optional.

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025                [Page 39]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

   The following data nodes are supported for each BGP 'peer-group':

   'name':  Defines a name for the peer group.

   'local-as':  Reports the provider's ASN.  This information is used at
      the customer side to configure the BGP session with the provider
      network.

   'peer-as':  Indicates the customer's ASN.  This information is used
      at the provider side to configure the BGP session with the
      customer equipment.

   'address-family':  Indicates the address family of the peer.  It can
      be set to 'ipv4', 'ipv6', or 'dual-stack'.

      This address family might be used together with the service type
      that uses an AC (e.g., 'vpn-type' [RFC9182]) to derive the
      appropriate Address Family Identifiers (AFIs) / Subsequent Address
      Family Identifiers (SAFIs) that will be part of the derived device
      configurations (e.g., unicast IPv4 MPLS L3VPN (AFI,SAFI = 1,128)
      as defined in Section 4.3.4 of [RFC4364]).

   'role':  Specifies the BGP role in a session.  Role values are taken
      from the list defined in Section 4 of [RFC9234].  This parameter
      is useful for interconnection scenarios.

      This is an optional parameter.

   'local-address':  Reports a provider's IP address to use to establish
      the BGP transport session.

   'bgp-max-prefix':  Indicates the maximum number of BGP prefixes
      allowed in a session for this group.

   'authentication':  The module adheres to the recommendations in
      Section 13.2 of [RFC4364], as it allows enabling the TCP
      Authentication Option (TCP-AO) [RFC5925] and accommodates the
      installed base that makes use of MD5.  In addition, the module
      includes a provision for using IPsec.

      Similar to [RFC9182], this version of the ACaaS assumes that
      parameters specific to the TCP-AO are preconfigured as part of the
      key chain that is referenced in the ACaaS.  No assumption is made
      about how such a key chain is preconfigured.  However, the
      structure of the key chain should cover data nodes beyond those in
      "YANG Data Model for Key Chains" [RFC8177], mainly SendID and
      RecvID (Section 3.1 of [RFC5925]).

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025                [Page 40]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

   For each neighbor, the following data nodes are supported in addition
   to similar parameters that are provided for a peer group:

   'server-reference':  Reports the internal reference that is assigned
      by the provider for this BGP session.  This is an optional
      parameter.

   'remote-address':  Specifies the customer's IP address used to
      establishing this BGP session.  If not present, this means that
      the primary customer IP address is used as remote IP address.

   'requested-start':  Specifies the requested date and time when the
      BGP session is expected to be active.

   'requested-stop':  Specifies the requested date and time when the BGP
      session is expected to be disabled.

   'actual-start':  Reports the actual date and time when the BGP
      session actually was enabled.

   'actual-stop':  Reports the actual date and time when the BGP session
      actually was disabled.

   'status':  Indicates the status of the BGP routing instance.

   'peer-group':  Specifies a name of a peer group.

      Parameters that are provided at the 'neighbor' level takes
      precedence over the ones provided in the peer group.

      This is an optional parameter.

   'failure-detection-profile':  Indicates a failure detection profile
      (BFD) that applies for a BGP neighbor.  This is an optional
      parameter.

5.2.5.3.3.  OSPF

   The OSPF tree structure is shown in Figure 17.

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025                [Page 41]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

            |  ...
            +--rw routing-protocols
            |  +--rw routing-protocol* [id]
            |     +--rw id                  string
            |     +--rw type?               identityref
            |     +--rw routing-profiles* [id]
            |     |  +--rw id      routing-profile-reference
            |     |  +--rw type?   identityref
            |     +--rw static
            |     |  ...
            |     +--rw bgp {vpn-common:rtg-bgp}?
            |     |  ...
            |     +--rw ospf {vpn-common:rtg-ospf}?
            |     |  +--rw address-family?   identityref
            |     |  +--rw area-id           yang:dotted-quad
            |     |  +--rw metric?           uint16
            |     |  +--rw authentication
            |     |  |  +--rw enabled?            boolean
            |     |  |  +--rw keying-material
            |     |  |     +--rw (option)?
            |     |  |        +--:(auth-key-chain)
            |     |  |        |  +--rw key-chain?
            |     |  |        |          key-chain:key-chain-ref
            |     |  |        +--:(auth-key-explicit)
            |     |  |           +--rw key-id?             uint32
            |     |  |           +--rw key?                string
            |     |  |           +--rw crypto-algorithm?   identityref
            |     |  +--rw status
            |     |     +--rw admin-status
            |     |     |  +--rw status?        identityref
            |     |     |  +--ro last-change?   yang:date-and-time
            |     |     +--ro oper-status
            |     |        +--ro status?        identityref
            |     |        +--ro last-change?   yang:date-and-time
            |     +--rw isis {vpn-common:rtg-isis}?
            |     |  ...
            |     +--rw rip {vpn-common:rtg-rip}?
            |     |  ...
            |     +--rw vrrp {vpn-common:rtg-vrrp}?
            |        ...

                       Figure 17: OSPF Tree Structure

   The following OSPF data nodes are supported:

   'address-family':  Indicates whether IPv4, IPv6, or both address
      families are to be activated.

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025                [Page 42]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

   'area-id':  Indicates the OSPF Area ID.

   'metric':  Associates a metric with OSPF routes.

   'sham-links':  Used to create OSPF sham links between two ACs sharing
      the same area and having a backdoor link (Section 4.2.7 of
      [RFC4577] and Section 5 of [RFC6565]).

   'authentication':  Controls the authentication schemes to be enabled
      for the OSPF instance.  The following options are supported: IPsec
      for OSPFv3 authentication [RFC4552], and the Authentication
      Trailer for OSPFv2 [RFC5709][RFC7474] and OSPFv3 [RFC7166].

   'status':  Indicates the status of the OSPF routing instance.

5.2.5.3.4.  IS-IS

   The IS-IS tree structure is shown in Figure 18.

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025                [Page 43]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

            |  ...
            +--rw routing-protocols
            |  +--rw routing-protocol* [id]
            |     +--rw id                  string
            |     +--rw type?               identityref
            |     +--rw routing-profiles* [id]
            |     |  +--rw id      routing-profile-reference
            |     |  +--rw type?   identityref
            |     +--rw static
            |     |  ...
            |     +--rw bgp {vpn-common:rtg-bgp}?
            |     |  ...
            |     +--rw ospf {vpn-common:rtg-ospf}?
            |     |  ...
            |     +--rw isis {vpn-common:rtg-isis}?
            |     |  +--rw address-family?   identityref
            |     |  +--rw area-address      area-address
            |     |  +--rw authentication
            |     |  |  +--rw enabled?            boolean
            |     |  |  +--rw keying-material
            |     |  |     +--rw (option)?
            |     |  |        +--:(auth-key-chain)
            |     |  |        |  +--rw key-chain?
            |     |  |        |          key-chain:key-chain-ref
            |     |  |        +--:(auth-key-explicit)
            |     |  |           +--rw key-id?             uint32
            |     |  |           +--rw key?                string
            |     |  |           +--rw crypto-algorithm?   identityref
            |     |  +--rw status
            |     |     +--rw admin-status
            |     |     |  +--rw status?        identityref
            |     |     |  +--ro last-change?   yang:date-and-time
            |     |     +--ro oper-status
            |     |        +--ro status?        identityref
            |     |        +--ro last-change?   yang:date-and-time
            |     +--rw rip {vpn-common:rtg-rip}?
            |     |  ...
            |     +--rw vrrp {vpn-common:rtg-vrrp}?
            |      ...

                      Figure 18: IS-IS Tree Structure

   The following IS-IS data nodes are supported:

   'address-family':  Indicates whether IPv4, IPv6, or both address
      families are to be activated.

   'area-address':  Indicates the IS-IS area address.

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025                [Page 44]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

   'authentication':  Controls the authentication schemes to be enabled
      for the IS-IS instance.  Both the specification of a key chain
      [RFC8177] and the direct specification of key and authentication
      algorithms are supported.

   'status':  Indicates the status of the IS-IS routing instance.

5.2.5.3.5.  RIP

   The RIP tree structure is shown in Figure 19.

            |  ...
            +--rw routing-protocols
            |  +--rw routing-protocol* [id]
            |     +--rw id                  string
            |     +--rw type?               identityref
            |     +--rw routing-profiles* [id]
            |     |  +--rw id      routing-profile-reference
            |     |  +--rw type?   identityref
            |     +--rw static
            |     |  ...
            |     +--rw bgp {vpn-common:rtg-bgp}?
            |     |  ...
            |     +--rw ospf {vpn-common:rtg-ospf}?
            |     |  ...
            |     +--rw isis {vpn-common:rtg-isis}?
            |     |  ...
            |     +--rw rip {vpn-common:rtg-rip}?
            |     |  +--rw address-family?   identityref
            |     |  +--rw authentication
            |     |  |  +--rw enabled?            boolean
            |     |  |  +--rw keying-material
            |     |  |     +--rw (option)?
            |     |  |        +--:(auth-key-chain)
            |     |  |        |  +--rw key-chain?
            |     |  |        |          key-chain:key-chain-ref
            |     |  |        +--:(auth-key-explicit)
            |     |  |           +--rw key?                string
            |     |  |           +--rw crypto-algorithm?   identityref
            |     |  +--rw status
            |     |     +--rw admin-status
            |     |     |  +--rw status?        identityref
            |     |     |  +--ro last-change?   yang:date-and-time
            |     |     +--ro oper-status
            |     |        +--ro status?        identityref
            |     |        +--ro last-change?   yang:date-and-time
            |     +--rw vrrp {vpn-common:rtg-vrrp}?
            |      ...

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025                [Page 45]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

                       Figure 19: RIP Tree Structure

   'address-family' indicates whether IPv4, IPv6, or both address
   families are to be activated.  For example, this parameter is used to
   determine whether RIPv2 [RFC2453], RIP Next Generation (RIPng)
   [RFC2080], or both are to be enabled.

5.2.5.3.6.  VRRP

   The model supports the Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol (VRRP)
   [RFC9568] on an AC (Figure 20).

              |  ...
              +--rw routing-protocols
              |  +--rw routing-protocol* [id]
              |     +--rw id                  string
              |     +--rw type?               identityref
              |     +--rw routing-profiles* [id]
              |     |  +--rw id      routing-profile-reference
              |     |  +--rw type?   identityref
              |     +--rw static
              |     |  ...
              |     +--rw bgp {vpn-common:rtg-bgp}?
              |     |  ...
              |     +--rw ospf {vpn-common:rtg-ospf}?
              |     |  ...
              |     +--rw isis {vpn-common:rtg-isis}?
              |     |  ...
              |     +--rw rip {vpn-common:rtg-rip}?
              |     |  ...
              |     +--rw vrrp {vpn-common:rtg-vrrp}?
              |        +--rw address-family?   identityref
              |        +--rw status
              |           +--rw admin-status
              |           |  +--rw status?        identityref
              |           |  +--ro last-change?   yang:date-and-time
              |           +--ro oper-status
              |              +--ro status?        identityref
              |              +--ro last-change?   yang:date-and-time

                       Figure 20: VRRP Tree Structure

   The following data nodes are supported:

   'address-family':  Indicates whether IPv4, IPv6, or both address
      families are to be activated.  Note that VRRP version 3 [RFC9568]
      supports both IPv4 and IPv6.

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025                [Page 46]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

   'status':  Indicates the status of the VRRP instance.

   Note that no authentication data node is included for VRRP, as there
   isn't any type of VRRP authentication at this time (see Section 9 of
   [RFC9568]).

5.2.5.4.  Operations, Administration, and Maintenance (OAM)

   As shown in the tree depicted in Figure 21, the 'oam' container
   defines OAM-related parameters of an AC.

        +--rw specific-provisioning-profiles
        |  ...
        +--rw service-provisioning-profiles
        |  ...
        +--rw attachment-circuits
           +--rw ac-group-profile* [name]
           |  ...
           +--rw placement-constraints
           |  ...
           +--rw ac* [name]
              ...
              +--rw l2-connection  {ac-common:layer2-ac}?
              |  ...
              +--rw ip-connection  {ac-common:layer3-ac}?
              |  ...
              +--rw routing-protocols
              |  ...
              +--rw oam
              |  +--rw bfd {vpn-common:bfd}?
              |     +--rw session* [id]
              |        +--rw id                string
              |        +--rw local-address?    inet:ip-address
              |        +--rw remote-address?   inet:ip-address
              |        +--rw profile?
              |        |       failure-detection-profile-reference
              |        +--rw holdtime?         uint32
              |        +--rw status
              |           +--rw admin-status
              |           |  +--rw status?        identityref
              |           |  +--ro last-change?   yang:date-and-time
              |           +--ro oper-status
              |              +--ro status?        identityref
              |              +--ro last-change?   yang:date-and-time
              +--rw security
              |  ...
              +--rw service
                 ...

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025                [Page 47]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

                       Figure 21: OAM Tree Structure

   This version of the module supports BFD.  The following BFD data
   nodes can be specified:

   'id':  An identifier that uniquely identifies a BFD session.

   'local-address':  Indicates the provider's IP address used for a BFD
      session.

   'remote-address':  Indicates the customer's IP address used for a BFD
      session.

   'profile':  Refers to a BFD profile.

   'holdtime':  Used to indicate the expected BFD holddown time, in
      milliseconds.

   'status':  Indicates the status of the BFD session.

5.2.5.5.  Security

   As shown in the tree depicted in Figure 22, the 'security' container
   defines a set of AC security parameters.

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025                [Page 48]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

           +--rw specific-provisioning-profiles
           |  ...
           +--rw service-provisioning-profiles
           |  ...
           +--rw attachment-circuits
              +--rw ac-group-profile* [name]
              |  ...
              +--rw placement-constraints
              |  ...
              +--rw ac* [name]
                 ...
                 +--rw l2-connection  {ac-common:layer2-ac}?
                 |  ...
                 +--rw ip-connection  {ac-common:layer3-ac}?
                 |  ...
                 +--rw routing-protocols
                 |  ...
                 +--rw oam
                 |  ...
                 +--rw security
                 |  +--rw encryption {vpn-common:encryption}?
                 |  |  +--rw enabled?   boolean
                 |  |  +--rw layer?     enumeration
                 |  +--rw encryption-profile
                 |     +--rw (profile)?
                 |        +--:(provider-profile)
                 |        |  +--rw provider-profile?
                 |        |          encryption-profile-reference
                 |        +--:(customer-profile)
                 |           +--rw customer-key-chain?
                 |                   key-chain:key-chain-ref
                 +--rw service
                    ...

                     Figure 22: Security Tree Structure

   The 'security' container specifies a minimum set of encryption-
   related parameters that can be requested to be applied to traffic for
   a given AC.  Typically, the model can be used to directly control the
   encryption to be applied (e.g., Layer 2 or Layer 3 encryption) or
   invoke a local encryption profile (see Section 5.2.2.1).  For
   example, a service provider may use IPsec when a customer requests
   Layer 3 encryption for an AC.

5.2.5.6.  Service

   The structure of the 'service' container is depicted in Figure 23.

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025                [Page 49]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

       +--rw specific-provisioning-profiles
       |  ...
       +--rw service-provisioning-profiles
       |  ...
       +--rw attachment-circuits
          +--rw ac-group-profile* [name]
          |  ...
          +--rw placement-constraints
          |  ...
          +--rw ac* [name]
             ...
             +--rw l2-connection  {ac-common:layer2-ac}?
             |  ...
             +--rw ip-connection  {ac-common:layer3-ac}?
             |  ...
             +--rw routing-protocols
             |  ...
             +--rw oam
             |  ...
             +--rw security
             |  ...
             +--rw service
                +--rw mtu?      uint32
                +--rw svc-pe-to-ce-bandwidth {vpn-common:inbound-bw}?
                |  +--rw bandwidth* [bw-type]
                |     +--rw bw-type      identityref
                |     +--rw (type)?
                |        +--:(per-cos)
                |        |  +--rw cos* [cos-id]
                |        |     +--rw cos-id    uint8
                |        |     +--rw cir?      uint64
                |        |     +--rw cbs?      uint64
                |        |     +--rw eir?      uint64
                |        |     +--rw ebs?      uint64
                |        |     +--rw pir?      uint64
                |        |     +--rw pbs?      uint64
                |        +--:(other)
                |           +--rw cir?   uint64
                |           +--rw cbs?   uint64
                |           +--rw eir?   uint64
                |           +--rw ebs?   uint64
                |           +--rw pir?   uint64
                |           +--rw pbs?   uint64
                +--rw svc-ce-to-pe-bandwidth {vpn-common:outbound-bw}?
                |  +--rw bandwidth* [bw-type]
                |     +--rw bw-type      identityref
                |     +--rw (type)?
                |        +--:(per-cos)

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025                [Page 50]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

                |        |  +--rw cos* [cos-id]
                |        |     +--rw cos-id    uint8
                |        |     +--rw cir?      uint64
                |        |     +--rw cbs?      uint64
                |        |     +--rw eir?      uint64
                |        |     +--rw ebs?      uint64
                |        |     +--rw pir?      uint64
                |        |     +--rw pbs?      uint64
                |        +--:(other)
                |           +--rw cir?   uint64
                |           +--rw cbs?   uint64
                |           +--rw eir?   uint64
                |           +--rw ebs?   uint64
                |           +--rw pir?   uint64
                |           +--rw pbs?   uint64
                +--rw qos {vpn-common:qos}?
                |  +--rw qos-profiles
                |     +--rw qos-profile* [profile]
                |        +--rw profile      qos-profile-reference
                |        +--rw direction?   identityref
                +--rw access-control-list
                   +--rw acl-profiles
                      +--rw acl-profile* [profile]
                         +--rw profile    forwarding-profile-reference

                    Figure 23: Bandwidth Tree Structure

   The 'service' container defines the following data nodes:

   'mtu':  Specifies the Layer 2 MTU, in bytes, for the AC.

   'svc-pe-to-ce-bandwidth' and'svc-ce-to-pe-bandwidth':

   'svc-pe-to-ce-bandwidth':  Indicates the inbound bandwidth of the AC
      (i.e., download bandwidth from the service provider to the
      customer site).

   'svc-ce-to-pe-bandwidth':  Indicates the outbound bandwidth of the AC
      (i.e., upload bandwidth from the customer site to the service
      provider).

      Both 'svc-pe-to-ce-bandwidth' and 'svc-ce-to-pe-bandwidth' can be
      represented using the Committed Information Rate (CIR), the Excess
      Information Rate (EIR), or the Peak Information Rate (PIR).  Both
      reuse the 'bandwidth-per-type' grouping defined in
      [I-D.ietf-opsawg-teas-common-ac].

   'qos':  Specifies a list of QoS profiles to apply for this AC.

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025                [Page 51]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

   'access-control-list':  Specifies a list of ACL profiles to apply for
      this AC.

6.  YANG Modules

6.1.  The Bearer Service ("ietf-bearer-svc") YANG Module

   This module uses types defined in [RFC6991], [RFC9181], and
   [I-D.ietf-opsawg-teas-common-ac].

   <CODE BEGINS> file "ietf-bearer-svc@2024-08-06.yang"
   module ietf-bearer-svc {
     yang-version 1.1;
     namespace "urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-bearer-svc";
     prefix bearer-svc;

     import ietf-inet-types {
       prefix inet;
       reference
         "RFC 6991: Common YANG Data Types, Section 4";
     }
     import ietf-vpn-common {
       prefix vpn-common;
       reference
         "RFC 9181: A Common YANG Data Model for Layer 2 and Layer 3
                    VPNs";
     }
     import ietf-ac-common {
       prefix ac-common;
       reference
         "RFC CCCC: A Common YANG Data Model for Attachment Circuits";
     }
     import ietf-ac-svc {
       prefix ac-svc;
       reference
         "RFC XXXX: YANG Data Models for Bearers and 'Attachment
                    Circuits'-as-a-Service (ACaaS)";
     }

     organization
       "IETF OPSAWG (Operations and Management Area Working Group)";
     contact
       "WG Web:   <https://datatracker.ietf.org/wg/opsawg/>
        WG List:  <mailto:opsawg@ietf.org>

        Editor:   Mohamed Boucadair
                  <mailto:mohamed.boucadair@orange.com>
        Author:   Richard Roberts

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025                [Page 52]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

                  <mailto:rroberts@juniper.net>
        Author:   Oscar Gonzalez de Dios
                  <mailto:oscar.gonzalezdedios@telefonica.com>
        Author:   Samier Barguil
                  <mailto:ssamier.barguil_giraldo@nokia.com>
        Author:   Bo Wu
                  <mailto:lana.wubo@huawei.com>";
     description
       "This YANG module defines a generic YANG model for exposing
        network bearers as a service.

        Copyright (c) 2024 IETF Trust and the persons identified as
        authors of the code.  All rights reserved.

        Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or
        without modification, is permitted pursuant to, and subject
        to the license terms contained in, the Revised BSD License
        set forth in Section 4.c of the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions
        Relating to IETF Documents
        (https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info).

        This version of this YANG module is part of RFC xxx; see the
        RFC itself for full legal notices.";

     revision 2024-08-06 {
       description
         "Initial revision.";
       reference
         "RFC XXXX: YANG Data Models for Bearers and 'Attachment
                    Circuits'-as-a-Service (ACaaS)";
     }

     // Identities

     identity identification-type {
       description
         "Base identity for identification of bearers.";
     }

     identity device-id {
       base identification-type;
       description
         "Identification of bearers based on device.";
     }

     identity site-id {
       base identification-type;
       description

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025                [Page 53]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

         "Identification of bearers based on site.";
     }

     identity site-and-device-id {
       base identification-type;
       description
         "Identification of bearers based on site and device.";
     }

     identity custom {
       base identification-type;
       description
         "Identification of bearers based on other custom criteria.";
     }

     identity bearer-type {
       description
         "Base identity for bearers type.";
     }

     identity ethernet {
       base bearer-type;
       description
         "Ethernet.";
     }

     identity wireless {
       base bearer-type;
       description
         "Wireless.";
     }

     identity lag {
       base bearer-type;
       description
         "Link Aggregation Group (LAG).";
     }

     identity network-termination-hint {
       base vpn-common:placement-diversity;
       description
         "A hint about the termination at the network side
          is provided (e.g., geoproximity).";
     }

     identity sync-phy-type {
       description
         "Base identity for physical layer synchronization.";

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025                [Page 54]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

     }

     identity sync-e {
       base sync-phy-type;
       description
         "Sync Ethernet (SyncE).";
       reference
         "ITU-T G.781: Synchronization layer functions for frequency
                       synchronization based on the physical layer";
     }

     // Typedef to ease referencing cross-modules

     typedef bearer-ref {
       type leafref {
         path "/bearer-svc:bearers/bearer-svc:bearer/bearer-svc:name";
       }
       description
         "Defines a type to reference a bearer.";
     }

     // Reusable groupings

     grouping location-information {
       description
         "Basic location information.";
       leaf name {
         type string;
         description
           "Provides a location name. This data node can be mapped,
            e.g., to the 3GPP NRM IOC ManagedElement.";
       }
       leaf address {
         type string;
         description
           "Address (number and street) of the device/site.";
       }
       leaf postal-code {
         type string;
         description
           "Postal code of the device/site.";
       }
       leaf state {
         type string;
         description
           "State of the device/site.  This leaf can also be
            used to describe a region for a country that
            does not have states.";

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025                [Page 55]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

       }
       leaf city {
         type string;
         description
           "City of the device/site.";
       }
       leaf country-code {
         type string {
           pattern '[A-Z]{2}';
         }
         description
           "Country of the device/site.
            Expressed as ISO ALPHA-2 code.";
       }
     }

     grouping placement-constraints {
       description
         "Constraints related to placement of a bearer.";
       list constraint {
         if-feature "vpn-common:placement-diversity";
         key "constraint-type";
         description
           "List of constraints.";
         leaf constraint-type {
           type identityref {
             base vpn-common:placement-diversity;
           }
           must "not(derived-from-or-self(current(), "
              + "'vpn-common:bearer-diverse') or "
              + "derived-from-or-self(current(), "
              + "'vpn-common:same-bearer'))" {
             error-message "Only bearer-specific diversity"
                         + "constraints must be provided.";
           }
           description
             "Diversity constraint type for bearers.";
         }
         container target {
           description
             "The constraint will apply against this list of
              groups.";
           choice target-flavor {
             description
               "Choice for the group definition.";
             case id {
               list group {
                 key "group-id";

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025                [Page 56]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

                 description
                   "List of groups.";
                 leaf group-id {
                   type string;
                   description
                     "The constraint will apply against this
                      particular group ID.";
                 }
               }
             }
             case all-bearers {
               leaf all-other-bearers {
                 type empty;
                 description
                   "The constraint will apply against all other
                    bearers of a site.";
               }
             }
             case all-groups {
               leaf all-other-groups {
                 type empty;
                 description
                   "The constraint will apply against all other
                    groups managed by the customer.";
               }
             }
           }
         }
       }
     }

     container locations {
       description
         "Retrieves the available provider locations for terminating
          bearers for a given customer.";

       list customer {
         key "name peer-as";
         description
           "List of locations per customer.";
         leaf name {
           type string;
           description
             "Indicates the name of the customer.";
         }
         leaf peer-as {
           type inet:as-number;
           description

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025                [Page 57]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

             "Indicates the customer's ASN.
              0 is used when the customer does not have an ASN.";
           reference
             "RFC 7607: Codification of AS 0 Processing";
         }
         list location {
           key "name";
           config false;
           description
             "Reports the list of available locations.";
           uses location-information;
         }
       }
     }
     container bearers {
       description
         "Main container for the bearers.";
       leaf customer-name {
         type string;
         description
           "Indicates the name of the customer that requested these
            bearers.";
       }
       uses ac-common:op-instructions;
       container placement-constraints {
         description
           "Diversity constraint type.";
         uses placement-constraints;
       }
       list bearer {
         key "name";
         description
           "Maintains a list of bearers.";
         leaf name {
           type string;
           description
             "A name that uniquely identifies a bearer for
              a given customer.";
         }
         leaf description {
           type string;
           description
             "A description of this bearer.";
         }
         leaf customer-name {
           type string;
           description
             "Indicates the name of the customer that requested this

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025                [Page 58]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

              bearer.";
         }
         uses vpn-common:vpn-components-group;
         leaf op-comment {
           type string;
           description
             "Includes comments that can be shared with operational
              teams and which may be useful for the activation of a
              bearer. This may include, for example, information
              about the building, level, etc.";
         }
         leaf bearer-parent-ref {
           type bearer-svc:bearer-ref;
           description
             "Specifies the parent bearer. This can be used, e.g.,
              for a Link Aggregation Group (LAG).";
         }
         leaf-list bearer-lag-member {
           type bearer-svc:bearer-ref;
           config false;
           description
             "Reports LAG members.";
         }
         leaf sync-phy-capable {
           type boolean;
           config false;
           description
             "Indicates when set to true that a mechanism for physical
              layer synchronization is supported for this bearer.
              No such mechanism is supported if set to false.";
         }
         leaf sync-phy-enabled {
           type boolean;
           description
             "Indicates when set to true that a mechanism for physical
              layer synchronization is enabled for this bearer. No such
              mechanism is enabled if set to false.";
         }
         leaf sync-phy-type {
           when "../sync-phy-enabled='true'";
           type identityref {
             base sync-phy-type;
           }
           description
             "Type of the physical layer synchronization.";
         }
         leaf provider-location-reference {
           type string;

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025                [Page 59]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

           description
             "Specifies the provider's location reference.";
         }
         container customer-point {
           description
             "Base container to link the Bearer existence.";
           leaf identified-by {
             type identityref {
               base identification-type;
             }
             description
               "Specifies how the customer point is identified.";
           }
           container device {
             when "derived-from-or-self(../identified-by, "
                + "'bearer-svc:device-id') or "
                + "derived-from-or-self(../identified-by, "
                + "'bearer-svc:site-and-device-id')" {
               description
                 "Only applicable if identified-by is device.";
             }
             description
               "Bearer is linked to device.";
             leaf device-id {
               type string;
               description
                 "Identifier for the device where that bearer belongs.";
             }
             container location {
               description
                 "Location of the node.";
               uses location-information;
             }
           }
           container site {
             when "derived-from-or-self(../identified-by, "
                + "'bearer-svc:site-id') or "
                + "derived-from-or-self(../identified-by, "
                + "'bearer-svc:site-and-device-id')" {
               description
                 "Only applicable if identified-by is site.";
             }
             description
               "Bearer is linked to a site.";
             leaf site-id {
               type string;
               description
                 "Identifier for the site or sites where that bearer

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025                [Page 60]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

                  belongs.";
             }
             container location {
               description
                 "Location of the node.";
               uses location-information;
             }
           }
           leaf custom-id {
             when "derived-from-or-self(../identified-by, "
                + "'bearer-svc:custom')" {
               description
                 "Only enabled id identified-by is custom.";
             }
             type string;
             description
               "The semantic of this identifier is shared between the
                 customer/provider using out-of-band means.";
           }
         }
         leaf type {
           type identityref {
             base bearer-type;
           }
           description
             "Type of the bearer (e.g., Ethernet or wireless).";
         }
         leaf test-only {
           type empty;
           description
             "When present, this indicates that this is a feasibility
              check request. No resources are commited for such bearer
              requests.";
         }
         leaf bearer-reference {
           if-feature "ac-common:server-assigned-reference";
           type string;
           config false;
           description
             "This is an internal reference for the service provider
              to identify the bearers.";
         }
         leaf-list ac-svc-ref {
           type ac-svc:attachment-circuit-reference;
           config false;
           description
             "Specifies the set of ACes that are bound to the bearer.";
         }

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025                [Page 61]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

         uses ac-common:op-instructions;
         uses ac-common:service-status;
       }
     }
   }
   <CODE ENDS>

6.2.  The AC Service ("ietf-ac-svc") YANG Module

   This module uses types defined in [RFC6991], [RFC9181], [RFC8177],
   and [I-D.ietf-opsawg-teas-common-ac].

   <CODE BEGINS> file "ietf-ac-svc@2024-08-06.yang"
   module ietf-ac-svc {
     yang-version 1.1;
     namespace "urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-ac-svc";
     prefix ac-svc;

     import ietf-ac-common {
       prefix ac-common;
       reference
         "RFC CCCC: A Common YANG Data Model for Attachment Circuits";
     }
     import ietf-vpn-common {
       prefix vpn-common;
       reference
         "RFC 9181: A Common YANG Data Model for Layer 2 and Layer 3
                    VPNs";
     }
     import ietf-netconf-acm {
       prefix nacm;
       reference
         "RFC 8341: Network Configuration Access Control Model";
     }
     import ietf-inet-types {
       prefix inet;
       reference
         "RFC 6991: Common YANG Data Types, Section 4";
     }
     import ietf-key-chain {
       prefix key-chain;
       reference
         "RFC 8177: YANG Data Model for Key Chains";
     }

     organization
       "IETF OPSAWG (Operations and Management Area Working Group)";
     contact

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025                [Page 62]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

       "WG Web:   <https://datatracker.ietf.org/wg/opsawg/>
        WG List:  <mailto:opsawg@ietf.org>

        Editor:   Mohamed Boucadair
                  <mailto:mohamed.boucadair@orange.com>
        Author:   Richard Roberts
                  <mailto:rroberts@juniper.net>
        Author:   Oscar Gonzalez de Dios
                  <mailto:oscar.gonzalezdedios@telefonica.com>
        Author:   Samier Barguil
                  <mailto:ssamier.barguil_giraldo@nokia.com>
        Author:   Bo Wu
                  <mailto:lana.wubo@huawei.com>";
     description
       "This YANG module defines a YANG model for exposing
        attachment circuits as a service (ACaaS).

        Copyright (c) 2024 IETF Trust and the persons identified as
        authors of the code.  All rights reserved.

        Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or
        without modification, is permitted pursuant to, and subject
        to the license terms contained in, the Revised BSD License
        set forth in Section 4.c of the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions
        Relating to IETF Documents
        (https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info).

        This version of this YANG module is part of RFC XXXX; see the
        RFC itself for full legal notices.";

     revision 2024-08-06 {
       description
         "Initial revision.";
       reference
         "RFC XXXX: YANG Data Models for Bearers and 'Attachment
                    Circuits'-as-a-Service (ACaaS)";
     }

     /* A set of typedefs to ease referencing cross-modules */

     typedef attachment-circuit-reference {
       type leafref {
         path "/ac-svc:attachment-circuits/ac-svc:ac/ac-svc:name";
       }
       description
         "Defines a reference to an attachment circuit that can be used
          by other modules.";
     }

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025                [Page 63]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

     typedef ac-group-reference {
       type leafref {
         path "/ac-svc:attachment-circuits/ac-svc:ac-group-profile"
            + "/ac-svc:name";
       }
       description
         "Defines a reference to an attachment circuit profile.";
     }

     typedef encryption-profile-reference {
       type leafref {
         path
           "/ac-svc:specific-provisioning-profiles"
         + "/ac-svc:valid-provider-identifiers"
         + "/ac-svc:encryption-profile-identifier/ac-svc:id";
       }
       description
         "Defines a reference to an encryption profile.";
     }

     typedef qos-profile-reference {
       type leafref {
         path
           "/ac-svc:specific-provisioning-profiles"
         + "/ac-svc:valid-provider-identifiers"
         + "/ac-svc:qos-profile-identifier/ac-svc:id";
       }
       description
         "Defines a reference to a QoS profile.";
     }

     typedef failure-detection-profile-reference {
       type leafref {
         path
           "/ac-svc:specific-provisioning-profiles"
         + "/ac-svc:valid-provider-identifiers"
         + "/ac-svc:failure-detection-profile-identifier"
         + "/ac-svc:id";
       }
       description
         "Defines a reference to a BFD profile.";
     }

     typedef forwarding-profile-reference {
       type leafref {
         path
           "/ac-svc:specific-provisioning-profiles"
         + "/ac-svc:valid-provider-identifiers"

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025                [Page 64]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

         + "/ac-svc:forwarding-profile-identifier/ac-svc:id";
       }
       description
         "Defines a reference to a forwarding profile.";
     }

     typedef routing-profile-reference {
       type leafref {
         path
           "/ac-svc:specific-provisioning-profiles"
         + "/ac-svc:valid-provider-identifiers"
         + "/ac-svc:routing-profile-identifier/ac-svc:id";
       }
       description
         "Defines a reference to a routing profile.";
     }

     typedef service-profile-reference {
       type leafref {
         path
           "/ac-svc:service-provisioning-profiles"
         + "/ac-svc:service-profile-identifier"
         + "/ac-svc:id";
       }
       description
         "Defines a reference to a service profile.";
     }

     /******************** Reusable groupings ********************/
     // Basic Layer 2 connection

     grouping l2-connection-basic {
       description
         "Defines Layer 2 protocols and parameters that can be
          factorized when provisioning Layer 2 connectivity
          among multiple ACs.";
       container encapsulation {
         description
           "Container for Layer 2 encapsulation.";
         leaf type {
           type identityref {
             base vpn-common:encapsulation-type;
           }
           description
             "Encapsulation type.";
         }
         container dot1q {
           when "derived-from-or-self(../type, 'vpn-common:dot1q')" {

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025                [Page 65]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

             description
               "Only applies when the type of the tagged interface
                is 'dot1q'.";
           }
           description
             "Tagged interface.";
           uses ac-common:dot1q;
         }
         container qinq {
           when "derived-from-or-self(../type, 'vpn-common:qinq')" {
             description
               "Only applies when the type of the tagged interface
                is 'qinq'.";
           }
           description
             "Includes QinQ parameters.";
           uses ac-common:qinq;
         }
       }
     }

     // Full Layer 2 connection

     grouping l2-connection {
       description
         "Defines Layer 2 protocols and parameters that are used to
          enable AC connectivity.";
       container encapsulation {
         description
           "Container for Layer 2 encapsulation.";
         leaf type {
           type identityref {
             base vpn-common:encapsulation-type;
           }
           description
             "Indicates the encapsulation type.";
         }
         container dot1q {
           when "derived-from-or-self(../type, 'vpn-common:dot1q')" {
             description
               "Only applies when the type of the tagged interface
                is 'dot1q'.";
           }
           description
             "Tagged interface.";
           uses ac-common:dot1q;
         }
         container priority-tagged {

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025                [Page 66]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

           when "derived-from-or-self(../type, "
              + "'vpn-common:priority-tagged')" {
             description
               "Only applies when the type of the tagged interface is
                'priority-tagged'.";
           }
           description
             "Priority-tagged interface.";
           uses ac-common:priority-tagged;
         }
         container qinq {
           when "derived-from-or-self(../type, 'vpn-common:qinq')" {
             description
               "Only applies when the type of the tagged interface
                is 'qinq'.";
           }
           description
             "Includes QinQ parameters.";
           uses ac-common:qinq;
         }
       }
       choice l2-service {
         description
           "The Layer 2 connectivity service can be provided by
            indicating a pointer to an L2VPN or by specifying a
            Layer 2 tunnel service.";
         container l2-tunnel-service {
           description
             "Defines a Layer 2 tunnel termination.
              It is only applicable when a tunnel is required.";
           uses ac-common:l2-tunnel-service;
         }
         case l2vpn {
           leaf l2vpn-id {
             type vpn-common:vpn-id;
             description
               "Indicates the L2VPN service associated with an
                Integrated Routing and Bridging (IRB) interface.";
           }
         }
       }
       leaf bearer-reference {
         if-feature "ac-common:server-assigned-reference";
         type string;
         description
           "This is an internal reference for the service provider
            to identify the bearer associated with this AC.";
       }

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025                [Page 67]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

     }

     // Basic IP connection

     grouping ip-connection-basic {
       description
         "Defines basic IP connection parameters.";
       container ipv4 {
         if-feature "vpn-common:ipv4";
         description
           "IPv4-specific parameters.";
         uses ac-common:ipv4-connection-basic;
       }
       container ipv6 {
         if-feature "vpn-common:ipv6";
         description
           "IPv6-specific parameters.";
         uses ac-common:ipv6-connection-basic;
       }
     }

     // Full IP connection

     grouping ip-connection {
       description
         "Defines IP connection parameters.";
       container ipv4 {
         if-feature "vpn-common:ipv4";
         description
           "IPv4-specific parameters.";
         uses ac-common:ipv4-connection {
           augment ac-svc:allocation-type/static-addresses/address {
             leaf failure-detection-profile {
               if-feature "vpn-common:bfd";
               type failure-detection-profile-reference;
               description
                 "Points to a failure detection profile.";
             }
             description
               "Adds a failure detection profile.";
           }
         }
       }
       container ipv6 {
         if-feature "vpn-common:ipv6";
         description
           "IPv6-specific parameters.";
         uses ac-common:ipv6-connection {

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025                [Page 68]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

           augment ac-svc:allocation-type/static-addresses/address {
             leaf failure-detection-profile {
               if-feature "vpn-common:bfd";
               type failure-detection-profile-reference;
               description
                 "Points to a failure detection profile.";
             }
             description
               "Adds a failure detection profile.";
           }
         }
       }
     }

     // Routing protocol list

     grouping routing-protocol-list {
       description
         "List of routing protocols used on the AC.";
       leaf type {
         type identityref {
           base vpn-common:routing-protocol-type;
         }
         description
           "Type of routing protocol.";
       }
       list routing-profiles {
         key "id";
         description
           "Routing profiles.";
         leaf id {
           type routing-profile-reference;
           description
             "Reference to the routing profile to be used.";
         }
         leaf type {
           type identityref {
             base vpn-common:ie-type;
           }
           description
             "Import, export, or both.";
         }
       }
     }

     // Static routing with BFD

     grouping ipv4-static-rtg-with-bfd {

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025                [Page 69]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

       description
         "Configuration specific to IPv4 static routing with
          failure protection (e.g., BFD).";
       list ipv4-lan-prefix {
         if-feature "vpn-common:ipv4";
         key "lan next-hop";
         description
           "List of LAN prefixes for the site.";
         uses ac-common:ipv4-static-rtg-entry;
         leaf failure-detection-profile {
           if-feature "vpn-common:bfd";
           type failure-detection-profile-reference;
           description
             "Points to a failure detection profile.";
         }
         uses ac-common:service-status;
       }
     }

     grouping ipv6-static-rtg-with-bfd {
       description
         "Configuration specific to IPv6 static routing with
          failure protection (e.g., BFD).";
       list ipv6-lan-prefix {
         if-feature "vpn-common:ipv6";
         key "lan next-hop";
         description
           "List of LAN prefixes for the site.";
         uses ac-common:ipv6-static-rtg-entry;
         leaf failure-detection-profile {
           if-feature "vpn-common:bfd";
           type failure-detection-profile-reference;
           description
             "Points to a failure detection profile.";
         }
         uses ac-common:service-status;
       }
     }

     //  BGP Service

     grouping bgp-neighbor-without-name {
       description
         "A grouping with generic parameters for configuring a BGP
          neighbor.";
       leaf remote-address {
         type inet:ip-address;
         description

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025                [Page 70]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

           "The remote IP address of this entry's BGP peer. This is
            a customer IP address.

            If this leaf is not present, this means that the primary
            customer IP address is used as remote IP address.";
       }
       leaf local-address {
         type inet:ip-address;
         description
           "The provider's IP address that will be used to establish
            the BGP session.";
       }
       uses ac-common:bgp-peer-group-without-name;
       container bgp-max-prefix {
         description
           "A container for the maximum number of BGP prefixes
            allowed in the BGP session.";
         leaf max-prefix {
           type uint32;
           description
             "Indicates the maximum number of BGP prefixes allowed
              in the BGP session.

              It allows control of how many prefixes can be received
              from a neighbor.";
           reference
             "RFC 4271: A Border Gateway Protocol 4 (BGP-4),
                        Section 8.2.2";
         }
       }
       uses ac-common:bgp-authentication;
       uses ac-common:op-instructions;
       uses ac-common:service-status;
     }

     grouping bgp-neighbor-with-name {
       description
         "A grouping with generic parameters for configuring a BGP
          neighbor with an identifier.";
       leaf id {
         type string;
         description
           "An identifier that uniquely identifies a neighbor.";
       }
       uses ac-svc:bgp-neighbor-without-name;
     }

     grouping bgp-neighbor-with-server-reference {

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025                [Page 71]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

       description
         "A grouping with generic parameters for configuring a BGP
          neighbor with a reference generated by the provider.";
       leaf server-reference {
         if-feature "ac-common:server-assigned-reference";
         type string;
         config false;
         description
           "This is an internal reference for the service provider
            to identify the BGP session.";
       }
       uses ac-svc:bgp-neighbor-without-name;
     }

     grouping bgp-neighbor-with-name-server-reference {
       description
         "A grouping with generic parameters for configuring a BGP
          neighbor with an identifier and a reference generated by
          the provider.";
       leaf id {
         type string;
         description
           "An identifier that uniquely identifiers a neighbor.";
       }
       uses ac-svc:bgp-neighbor-with-server-reference;
     }

     grouping bgp-svc {
       description
         "Configuration specific to BGP.";
       container peer-groups {
         description
           "Configuration for BGP peer-groups";
         list peer-group {
           key "name";
           description
             "List of BGP peer-groups configured on the local
              system - uniquely identified by peer-group
              name.";
           uses ac-common:bgp-peer-group-with-name;
           leaf local-address {
             type inet:ip-address;
             description
               "The provider's local IP address that will be used to
                establish the BGP session.";
           }
           container bgp-max-prefix {
             description

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025                [Page 72]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

               "A container for the maximum number of BGP prefixes
                allowed in the BGP session.";
             leaf max-prefix {
               type uint32;
               description
                 "Indicates the maximum number of BGP prefixes allowed
                  in the BGP session.

                  It allows control of how many prefixes can be received
                  from a neighbor.";
               reference
                 "RFC 4271: A Border Gateway Protocol 4 (BGP-4),
                            Section 8.2.2";
             }
           }
           uses ac-common:bgp-authentication;
         }
       }
       list neighbor {
         key "id";
         description
           "List of BGP neighbors.";
         uses ac-svc:bgp-neighbor-with-name-server-reference;
         leaf peer-group {
           type leafref {
             path "../../peer-groups/peer-group/name";
           }
           description
             "The peer-group with which this neighbor is associated.";
         }
         leaf failure-detection-profile {
           if-feature "vpn-common:bfd";
           type failure-detection-profile-reference;
           description
             "Points to a failure detection profile.";
         }
       }
     }

     //  OSPF Service

     grouping ospf-svc {
       description
         "Service configuration specific to OSPF.";
       uses ac-common:ospf-basic;
       uses ac-common:ospf-authentication;
       uses ac-common:service-status;
     }

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025                [Page 73]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

     //  IS-IS Service

     grouping isis-svc {
       description
         "Service configuration specific to IS-IS.";
       uses ac-common:isis-basic;
       uses ac-common:isis-authentication;
       uses ac-common:service-status;
     }

     //  RIP Service

     grouping rip-svc {
       description
         "Service configuration specific to RIP routing.";
       leaf address-family {
         type identityref {
           base vpn-common:address-family;
         }
         description
           "Indicates whether IPv4, IPv6, or both address families
            are to be activated.";
       }
       uses ac-common:rip-authentication;
       uses ac-common:service-status;
     }

     //  VRRP Service

     grouping vrrp-svc {
       description
         "Service configuration specific to VRRP.";
       reference
         "RFC 9568: Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol (VRRP)
                    Version 3 for IPv4 and IPv6";
       leaf address-family {
         type identityref {
           base vpn-common:address-family;
         }
         description
           "Indicates whether IPv4, IPv6, or both
            address families are to be enabled.";
       }
       uses ac-common:service-status;
     }

     // Basic routing parameters

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025                [Page 74]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

     grouping routing-basic {
       description
         "Defines basic parameters for routing protocols.";
       list routing-protocol {
         key "id";
         description
           "List of routing protocols used on the AC.";
         leaf id {
           type string;
           description
             "Unique identifier for the routing protocol.";
         }
         uses routing-protocol-list;
         container bgp {
           when
             "derived-from-or-self(../type, 'vpn-common:bgp-routing')" {
             description
               "Only applies when the protocol is BGP.";
           }
           if-feature "vpn-common:rtg-bgp";
           description
             "Configuration specific to BGP.";
           container peer-groups {
             description
               "Configuration for BGP peer-groups";
             list peer-group {
               key "name";
               description
                 "List of BGP peer-groups configured on the local
                  system - uniquely identified by peer-group
                  name.";
               uses ac-common:bgp-peer-group-with-name;
             }
           }
         }
         container ospf {
           when "derived-from-or-self(../type, "
              + "'vpn-common:ospf-routing')" {
             description
               "Only applies when the protocol is OSPF.";
           }
           if-feature "vpn-common:rtg-ospf";
           description
             "Configuration specific to OSPF.";
           uses ac-common:ospf-basic;
         }
         container isis {
           when "derived-from-or-self(../type, "

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025                [Page 75]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

              + "'vpn-common:isis-routing')" {
             description
               "Only applies when the protocol is IS-IS.";
           }
          if-feature "vpn-common:rtg-isis";
           description
             "Configuration specific to IS-IS.";
           uses ac-common:isis-basic;
         }
         container rip {
           when "derived-from-or-self(../type, "
              + "'vpn-common:rip-routing')" {
             description
               "Only applies when the protocol is RIP.
                For IPv4, the model assumes that RIP
                version 2 is used.";
           }
           if-feature "vpn-common:rtg-rip";
           description
             "Configuration specific to RIP routing.";
           leaf address-family {
             type identityref {
               base vpn-common:address-family;
             }
             description
               "Indicates whether IPv4, IPv6, or both
                address families are to be activated.";
           }
         }
         container vrrp {
           when "derived-from-or-self(../type, "
              + "'vpn-common:vrrp-routing')" {
             description
               "Only applies when the protocol is the
                Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol (VRRP).";
           }
           if-feature "vpn-common:rtg-vrrp";
           description
             "Configuration specific to VRRP.";
           leaf address-family {
             type identityref {
               base vpn-common:address-family;
             }
             description
               "Indicates whether IPv4, IPv6, or both address families
                are to be enabled.";
           }
         }

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025                [Page 76]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

       }
     }

     // Full routing parameters

     grouping routing {
       description
         "Defines routing protocols.";
       list routing-protocol {
         key "id";
         description
           "List of routing protocols used on the AC.";
         leaf id {
           type string;
           description
             "Unique identifier for the routing protocol.";
         }
         uses routing-protocol-list;
         container static {
           when "derived-from-or-self(../type, "
              + "'vpn-common:static-routing')" {
             description
               "Only applies when the protocol is static routing
                protocol.";
           }
           description
             "Configuration specific to static routing.";
           container cascaded-lan-prefixes {
             description
               "LAN prefixes from the customer.";
             uses ipv4-static-rtg-with-bfd;
             uses ipv6-static-rtg-with-bfd;
           }
         }
         container bgp {
           when "derived-from-or-self(../type, "
              + "'vpn-common:bgp-routing')" {
             description
               "Only applies when the protocol is BGP.";
           }
           if-feature "vpn-common:rtg-bgp";
           description
             "Configuration specific to BGP.";
           uses bgp-svc;
         }
         container ospf {
           when "derived-from-or-self(../type, "
              + "'vpn-common:ospf-routing')" {

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025                [Page 77]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

             description
               "Only applies when the protocol is OSPF.";
           }
           if-feature "vpn-common:rtg-ospf";
           description
             "Configuration specific to OSPF.";
           uses ospf-svc;
         }
         container isis {
           when "derived-from-or-self(../type, "
              + "'vpn-common:isis-routing')" {
             description
               "Only applies when the protocol is IS-IS.";
           }
           if-feature "vpn-common:rtg-isis";
           description
             "Configuration specific to IS-IS.";
           uses isis-svc;
         }
         container rip {
           when "derived-from-or-self(../type, "
              + "'vpn-common:rip-routing')" {
             description
               "Only applies when the protocol is RIP.
                For IPv4, the model assumes that RIP version 2 is
                used.";
           }
           if-feature "vpn-common:rtg-rip";
           description
             "Configuration specific to RIP routing.";
           uses rip-svc;
         }
         container vrrp {
           when "derived-from-or-self(../type, "
              + "'vpn-common:vrrp-routing')" {
             description
               "Only applies when the protocol is the Virtual Router
                Redundancy Protocol (VRRP).";
           }
           if-feature "vpn-common:rtg-vrrp";
           description
             "Configuration specific to VRRP.";
           uses vrrp-svc;
         }
       }
     }

     // Encryption choice

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025                [Page 78]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

     grouping encryption-choice {
       description
         "Container for the encryption profile.";
       choice profile {
         description
           "Choice for the encryption profile.";
         case provider-profile {
           leaf provider-profile {
             type encryption-profile-reference;
             description
               "Reference to a provider encryption profile.";
           }
         }
         case customer-profile {
           leaf customer-key-chain {
             type key-chain:key-chain-ref;
             description
               "Customer-supplied key chain.";
           }
         }
       }
     }

     // Basic security parameters

     grouping ac-security-basic {
       description
         "AC-specific security parameters.";
       container encryption {
         if-feature "vpn-common:encryption";
         description
           "Container for AC security encryption.";
         leaf enabled {
           type boolean;
           description
             "If set to 'true', traffic encryption on the connection
              is required.  Otherwise, it is disabled.";
         }
         leaf layer {
           when "../enabled = 'true'" {
             description
               "Included only when encryption is enabled.";
           }
           type enumeration {
             enum layer2 {
               description
                 "Encryption occurs at Layer 2.";
             }

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025                [Page 79]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

             enum layer3 {
               description
                 "Encryption occurs at Layer 3.
                  For example, IPsec may be used when a customer
                  requests Layer 3 encryption.";
             }
           }
           description
             "Indicates the layer on which encryption is applied.";
         }
       }
       container encryption-profile {
         when "../encryption/enabled = 'true'" {
           description
             "Indicates the layer on which encryption is enabled.";
         }
         description
           "Container for the encryption profile.";
         uses encryption-choice;
       }
     }

     // Bandwith parameters

     grouping bandwidth {
       description
         "Container for bandwidth.";
       container svc-pe-to-ce-bandwidth {
         if-feature "vpn-common:inbound-bw";
         description
           "From the customer site's perspective, the inbound
            bandwidth of the AC or download bandwidth from the
            service provider to the site.";
         uses ac-common:bandwidth-per-type;
       }
       container svc-ce-to-pe-bandwidth {
         if-feature "vpn-common:outbound-bw";
         description
           "From the customer site's perspective, the outbound
            bandwidth of the AC or upload bandwidth from
            the CE to the PE.";
         uses ac-common:bandwidth-per-type;
       }
     }

     // Basic AC parameters

     grouping ac-basic {

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025                [Page 80]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

       description
         "Grouping for basic parameters for an attachment circuit.";
       leaf name {
         type string;
         description
           "A name that uniquely identifies the AC.";
       }
       container l2-connection {
         if-feature "ac-common:layer2-ac";
         description
           "Defines Layer 2 protocols and parameters that are required
            to enable AC connectivity.";
         uses l2-connection-basic;
       }
       container ip-connection {
         if-feature "ac-common:layer3-ac";
         description
           "Defines IP connection parameters.";
         uses ip-connection-basic;
       }
       container routing-protocols {
         description
           "Defines routing protocols.";
         uses routing-basic;
       }
       container oam {
         description
           "Defines the Operations, Administration, and Maintenance
            (OAM) mechanisms used.";
         container bfd {
           if-feature "vpn-common:bfd";
           description
             "Container for BFD.";
           uses ac-common:bfd;
         }
       }
       container security {
         description
           "AC-specific security parameters.";
         uses ac-security-basic;
       }
       container service {
         description
           "AC-specific bandwith parameters.";
         leaf mtu {
           type uint32;
           units "bytes";
           description

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025                [Page 81]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

             "Layer 2 MTU.";
         }
         uses bandwidth;
       }
     }

     // Full AC parameters

     grouping ac {
       description
         "Grouping for an attachment circuit.";
       leaf name {
         type string;
         description
           "A name of the AC. Data models that need to reference
            an attachment circuit should use
            attachment-circuit-reference.";
       }
       leaf-list service-profile {
         type service-profile-reference;
         description
           "A reference to a service profile.";
       }
       container l2-connection {
         if-feature "ac-common:layer2-ac";
         description
           "Defines Layer 2 protocols and parameters that are required
            to enable AC connectivity.";
         uses l2-connection;
       }
       container ip-connection {
         if-feature "ac-common:layer3-ac";
         description
           "Defines IP connection parameters.";
         uses ip-connection;
       }
       container routing-protocols {
         description
           "Defines routing protocols.";
         uses routing;
       }
       container oam {
         description
           "Defines the OAM mechanisms used.";
         container bfd {
           if-feature "vpn-common:bfd";
           description

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025                [Page 82]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

             "Container for BFD.";
           list session {
             key "id";
             description
               "List of BFD sessions.";
             leaf id {
                type string;
                description
                  "A unique identifer for the BFD session.";
             }
             leaf local-address {
               type inet:ip-address;
               description
                 "Provider's IP address of the BFD session.";
             }
             leaf remote-address {
               type inet:ip-address;
               description
                 "Customer's IP address of the BFD session.";
             }
             leaf profile {
               type failure-detection-profile-reference;
               description
                 "Points to a BFD profile.";
             }
             uses ac-common:bfd;
             uses ac-common:service-status;
           }
         }
       }
       container security {
         description
           "AC-specific security parameters.";
         uses ac-security-basic;
       }
       container service {
         description
           "AC-specific bandwith parameters.";
         leaf mtu {
           type uint32;
           units "bytes";
           description
             "Layer 2 MTU.";
         }
         uses bandwidth;
         container qos {
           if-feature "vpn-common:qos";
           description

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025                [Page 83]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

             "QoS configuration.";
           container qos-profiles {
             description
               "QoS profile configuration.";
             list qos-profile {
               key "profile";
               description
                 "Points to a QoS profile.";
               leaf profile {
                 type qos-profile-reference;
                 description
                   "QoS profile to be used.";
               }
               leaf direction {
                 type identityref {
                   base vpn-common:qos-profile-direction;
                 }
                 description
                   "The direction to which the QoS profile
                    is applied.";
               }
             }
           }
         }
         container access-control-list {
           description
             "Container for the Access Control List (ACL).";
           container acl-profiles {
             description
               "ACL profile configuration.";
             list acl-profile {
               key "profile";
               description
                 "Points to an ACL profile.";
               leaf profile {
                 type forwarding-profile-reference;
                 description
                   "Forwarding profile to be used.";
               }
             }
           }
         }
       }
     }

     // Parent and Child ACs

     grouping ac-hierarchy {

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025                [Page 84]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

       description
         "Container for parent and child AC references.";
       leaf-list ac-parent-ref {
         type ac-svc:attachment-circuit-reference;
         description
           "Specifies a parent AC that is inherited by an AC.
            In contexts where dynamic terminating points are
            bound to the same AC, a parent AC with stable
            information is created with a set of child ACs
            to track dynamic AC information.";
       }
       leaf-list ac-child-ref {
         type ac-svc:attachment-circuit-reference;
         config false;
         description
           "Specifies a child AC that relies upon a parent AC.";
       }
     }

     /******************** Main AC containers ********************/

     container specific-provisioning-profiles {
       description
         "Contains a set of valid profiles to reference for an AC.";
       uses ac-common:ac-profile-cfg;
     }
     container service-provisioning-profiles {
       description
         "Contains a set of valid profiles to reference for an AC.";
       list service-profile-identifier {
         key "id";
         description
           "List of generic service profile identifiers.";
         leaf id {
           type string;
           description
             "Identification of the service profile to be used.
              The profile only has significance within the service
              provider's administrative domain.";
         }
       }
       nacm:default-deny-write;
     }
     container attachment-circuits {
       description
         "Main container for the attachment circuits.";
       list ac-group-profile {
         key "name";

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025                [Page 85]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

         description
           "Maintains a list of profiles that are shared among
            a set of ACs.";
         uses ac;
       }
       container placement-constraints {
         description
           "Diversity constraint type.";
         uses vpn-common:placement-constraints;
       }
       leaf customer-name {
         type string;
         description
           "Indicates the name of the customer that requested these
            ACs.";
       }
       uses ac-common:op-instructions;
       list ac {
         key "name";
         description
           "Global provisioning of attachment circuits.";
         leaf customer-name {
           type string;
           description
             "Indicates the name of the customer that requested this
              AC.";
         }
         leaf description {
           type string;
           description
             "Associates a description with an AC.";
         }
         leaf test-only {
           type empty;
           description
            "When present, this indicates that this is a feasibility
             check request. No resources are commited for such AC
             requests.";
         }
         uses ac-common:op-instructions;
         leaf role {
           type identityref {
             base ac-common:role;
           }
           description
             "Indicates whether this AC is used as UNI, NNI, etc.";
         }
         leaf-list peer-sap-id {

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025                [Page 86]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

           type string;
           description
             "One or more peer SAPs can be indicated.";
         }
         leaf-list ac-group-profile-ref {
           type ac-group-reference;
           description
             "A reference to an AC profile.";
         }
         uses ac-hierarchy;
         uses ac-common:redundancy-group;
         list service-ref {
           key "service-type service-id";
           config false;
           description
             "Reports the set of services that are bound to the AC.";
           leaf service-type {
             type identityref {
               base vpn-common:service-type;
             }
             description
               "Indicates the service type (e.g., L3VPN or Network Slice
                Service).";
             reference
               "RFC 9408: A YANG Network Data Model for Service
                          Attachment Points (SAPs), Section 5";
           }
           leaf service-id {
             type string;
             description
               "Indicates an identifier of a service instance
                of a given type that uses the AC.";
           }
         }
         leaf server-reference {
           if-feature "ac-common:server-assigned-reference";
           type string;
           config false;
           description
             "Reports an internal reference for the service provider
              to identify the AC.";
         }
         uses ac;
       }
     }
   }
   <CODE ENDS>

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025                [Page 87]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

7.  Security Considerations

   This section uses the template described in Section 3.7 of
   [I-D.ietf-netmod-rfc8407bis].

   The YANG modules specified in this document defines a data model that
   is designed to be accessed via YANG-based management protocols, such
   as NETCONF [RFC6241] and RESTCONF [RFC8040].  These protocols have to
   use a secure transport layer (e.g., SSH [RFC4252], TLS [RFC8446], and
   QUIC [RFC9000]) and have to use mutual authentication.

   The Network Configuration Access Control Model (NACM) [RFC8341]
   provides the means to restrict access for particular NETCONF or
   RESTCONF users to a preconfigured subset of all available NETCONF or
   RESTCONF protocol operations and content.

   There are a number of data nodes defined in these YANG modules that
   are writable/creatable/deletable (i.e., config true, which is the
   default).  These data nodes may be considered sensitive or vulnerable
   in some network environments.  Write operations (e.g., edit-config)
   and delete operations to these data nodes without proper protection
   or authentication can have a negative effect on network operations.
   Specifically, the following subtrees and data nodes have particular
   sensitivities/vulnerabilities in the "ietf-bearer-svc" module:

   'placement-constraints':  An attacker who is able to access this data
      node can modify the attributes to influence how a service is
      delivered to a customer, and this leads to Service Level Agreement
      (SLA) violations.

   'bearer':  An attacker who is able to access this data node can
      modify the attributes of bearer and, thus, hinder how ACs are
      built.

      In addition, an attacker could attempt to add a new bearer or
      delete existing ones.  An attacker may also change the requested
      type, whether it is for test-only, or the activation scheduling.

   The following subtrees and data nodes have particular sensitivities/
   vulnerabilities in the "ietf-ac-svc" module:

   'specific-provisioning-profiles':  This container includes a set of
      sensitive data that influence how an AC will be delivered.  For
      example, an attacker who has access to these data nodes may be
      able to manipulate routing policies, QoS policies, or encryption
      properties.

      These profiles are defined with "nacm:default-deny-write" tagging

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025                [Page 88]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

      [I-D.ietf-opsawg-teas-common-ac].

   'service-provisioning-profiles':  An attacker who has access to these
      data nodes may be able to manipulate service-specific policies to
      be applied for an AC.

      This container is defined with "nacm:default-deny-write" tagging.

   'ac':  An attacker who is able to access this data node can modify
      the attributes of an AC (e.g., QoS, bandwidth, routing protocols,
      keying material), leading to malfunctioning of services that will
      be delivered over that AC and therefore to SLA violations.  In
      addition, an attacker could attempt to add a new AC.

   Some of the readable data nodes in these YANG modules may be
   considered sensitive or vulnerable in some network environments.  It
   is thus important to control read access (e.g., via get, get-config,
   or notification) to these data nodes.  Specifically, the following
   subtrees and data nodes have particular sensitivities/vulnerabilities
   in the "ietf-bearer-svc" module:

   'customer-point' and 'locations':  An attacker can retrieve privacy-
      related information about locations from where the customer is
      connected or can be serviced.  Disclosing such information may be
      used to infer the identity of the customer.

   The following subtrees and data nodes have particular sensitivities/
   vulnerabilities in the "ietf-ac-svc" module:

   'customer-name', 'l2-connection', and 'ip-connection':  An attacker
      can retrieve privacy-related information, which can be used to
      track a customer.  Disclosing such information may be considered a
      violation of the customer-provider trust relationship.

   'keying-material':  An attacker can retrieve the cryptographic keys
      protecting the underlying connectivity services (routing, in
      particular).  These keys could be used to inject spoofed routing
      advertisements.

   Several data nodes ('bgp', 'ospf', 'isis', and 'rip') rely upon
   [RFC8177] for authentication purposes.  As such, the AC service
   module inherits the security considerations discussed in Section 5 of
   [RFC8177].  Also, these data nodes support supplying explicit keys as
   strings in ASCII format.  The use of keys in hexadecimal string
   format would afford greater key entropy with the same number of key-
   string octets.  However, such a format is not included in this
   version of the AC service model because it is not supported by the
   underlying device modules (e.g., [RFC8695]).

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025                [Page 89]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

8.  IANA Considerations

   IANA is requested to register the following URIs in the "ns"
   subregistry within the "IETF XML Registry" [RFC3688]:

      URI:  urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-bearer-svc
      Registrant Contact:  The IESG.
      XML:  N/A; the requested URI is an XML namespace.

      URI:  urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-ac-svc
      Registrant Contact:  The IESG.
      XML:  N/A; the requested URI is an XML namespace.

   IANA is requested to register the following YANG modules in the "YANG
   Module Names" subregistry [RFC6020] within the "YANG Parameters"
   registry.

      Name:  ietf-bearer-svc
      Maintained by IANA?  N
      Namespace:  urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-bearer-svc
      Prefix:  bearer-svc
      Reference:  RFC xxxx

      Name:  ietf-ac-svc
      Maintained by IANA?  N
      Namespace:  urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-ac-svc
      Prefix:  ac-svc
      Reference:  RFC xxxx

9.  References

9.1.  Normative References

   [I-D.ietf-opsawg-teas-common-ac]
              Boucadair, M., Roberts, R., de Dios, O. G., Barguil, S.,
              and B. Wu, "A Common YANG Data Model for Attachment
              Circuits", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-
              opsawg-teas-common-ac-12, 24 July 2024,
              <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-ietf-opsawg-
              teas-common-ac-12>.

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2119>.

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025                [Page 90]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

   [RFC3688]  Mealling, M., "The IETF XML Registry", BCP 81, RFC 3688,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC3688, January 2004,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc3688>.

   [RFC4364]  Rosen, E. and Y. Rekhter, "BGP/MPLS IP Virtual Private
              Networks (VPNs)", RFC 4364, DOI 10.17487/RFC4364, February
              2006, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4364>.

   [RFC4552]  Gupta, M. and N. Melam, "Authentication/Confidentiality
              for OSPFv3", RFC 4552, DOI 10.17487/RFC4552, June 2006,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4552>.

   [RFC4577]  Rosen, E., Psenak, P., and P. Pillay-Esnault, "OSPF as the
              Provider/Customer Edge Protocol for BGP/MPLS IP Virtual
              Private Networks (VPNs)", RFC 4577, DOI 10.17487/RFC4577,
              June 2006, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4577>.

   [RFC5709]  Bhatia, M., Manral, V., Fanto, M., White, R., Barnes, M.,
              Li, T., and R. Atkinson, "OSPFv2 HMAC-SHA Cryptographic
              Authentication", RFC 5709, DOI 10.17487/RFC5709, October
              2009, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc5709>.

   [RFC5880]  Katz, D. and D. Ward, "Bidirectional Forwarding Detection
              (BFD)", RFC 5880, DOI 10.17487/RFC5880, June 2010,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc5880>.

   [RFC6020]  Bjorklund, M., Ed., "YANG - A Data Modeling Language for
              the Network Configuration Protocol (NETCONF)", RFC 6020,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC6020, October 2010,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc6020>.

   [RFC6565]  Pillay-Esnault, P., Moyer, P., Doyle, J., Ertekin, E., and
              M. Lundberg, "OSPFv3 as a Provider Edge to Customer Edge
              (PE-CE) Routing Protocol", RFC 6565, DOI 10.17487/RFC6565,
              June 2012, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc6565>.

   [RFC6991]  Schoenwaelder, J., Ed., "Common YANG Data Types",
              RFC 6991, DOI 10.17487/RFC6991, July 2013,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc6991>.

   [RFC7166]  Bhatia, M., Manral, V., and A. Lindem, "Supporting
              Authentication Trailer for OSPFv3", RFC 7166,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC7166, March 2014,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc7166>.

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025                [Page 91]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

   [RFC7474]  Bhatia, M., Hartman, S., Zhang, D., and A. Lindem, Ed.,
              "Security Extension for OSPFv2 When Using Manual Key
              Management", RFC 7474, DOI 10.17487/RFC7474, April 2015,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc7474>.

   [RFC8174]  Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC
              2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174,
              May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8174>.

   [RFC8177]  Lindem, A., Ed., Qu, Y., Yeung, D., Chen, I., and J.
              Zhang, "YANG Data Model for Key Chains", RFC 8177,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC8177, June 2017,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8177>.

   [RFC8341]  Bierman, A. and M. Bjorklund, "Network Configuration
              Access Control Model", STD 91, RFC 8341,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC8341, March 2018,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8341>.

   [RFC8342]  Bjorklund, M., Schoenwaelder, J., Shafer, P., Watsen, K.,
              and R. Wilton, "Network Management Datastore Architecture
              (NMDA)", RFC 8342, DOI 10.17487/RFC8342, March 2018,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8342>.

   [RFC9181]  Barguil, S., Gonzalez de Dios, O., Ed., Boucadair, M.,
              Ed., and Q. Wu, "A Common YANG Data Model for Layer 2 and
              Layer 3 VPNs", RFC 9181, DOI 10.17487/RFC9181, February
              2022, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc9181>.

   [RFC9182]  Barguil, S., Gonzalez de Dios, O., Ed., Boucadair, M.,
              Ed., Munoz, L., and A. Aguado, "A YANG Network Data Model
              for Layer 3 VPNs", RFC 9182, DOI 10.17487/RFC9182,
              February 2022, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc9182>.

   [RFC9291]  Boucadair, M., Ed., Gonzalez de Dios, O., Ed., Barguil,
              S., and L. Munoz, "A YANG Network Data Model for Layer 2
              VPNs", RFC 9291, DOI 10.17487/RFC9291, September 2022,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc9291>.

   [RFC9408]  Boucadair, M., Ed., Gonzalez de Dios, O., Barguil, S., Wu,
              Q., and V. Lopez, "A YANG Network Data Model for Service
              Attachment Points (SAPs)", RFC 9408, DOI 10.17487/RFC9408,
              June 2023, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc9408>.

   [RFC9568]  Lindem, A. and A. Dogra, "Virtual Router Redundancy
              Protocol (VRRP) Version 3 for IPv4 and IPv6", RFC 9568,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC9568, April 2024,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc9568>.

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025                [Page 92]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

9.2.  Informative References

   [AC-svc-Tree]
              "Full ACaaS Tree Structure", 2024,
              <https://github.com/boucadair/attachment-circuit-
              model/blob/main/yang/full-trees/ac-svc-without-
              groupings.txt>.

   [I-D.ietf-idr-bgp-model]
              Jethanandani, M., Patel, K., Hares, S., and J. Haas, "YANG
              Model for Border Gateway Protocol (BGP-4)", Work in
              Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-idr-bgp-model-17, 5
              July 2023, <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-
              ietf-idr-bgp-model-17>.

   [I-D.ietf-netmod-rfc8407bis]
              Bierman, A., Boucadair, M., and Q. Wu, "Guidelines for
              Authors and Reviewers of Documents Containing YANG Data
              Models", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-
              netmod-rfc8407bis-17, 27 September 2024,
              <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-ietf-netmod-
              rfc8407bis-17>.

   [I-D.ietf-opsawg-ac-lxsm-lxnm-glue]
              Boucadair, M., Roberts, R., Barguil, S., and O. G. de
              Dios, "A YANG Data Model for Augmenting VPN Service and
              Network Models with Attachment Circuits", Work in
              Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-opsawg-ac-lxsm-lxnm-
              glue-10, 10 June 2024,
              <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-ietf-opsawg-
              ac-lxsm-lxnm-glue-10>.

   [I-D.ietf-opsawg-ntw-attachment-circuit]
              Boucadair, M., Roberts, R., de Dios, O. G., Barguil, S.,
              and B. Wu, "A Network YANG Data Model for Attachment
              Circuits", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-
              opsawg-ntw-attachment-circuit-13, 5 September 2024,
              <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-ietf-opsawg-
              ntw-attachment-circuit-13>.

   [I-D.ietf-teas-ietf-network-slice-nbi-yang]
              Wu, B., Dhody, D., Rokui, R., Saad, T., and J. Mullooly,
              "A YANG Data Model for the RFC 9543 Network Slice
              Service", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-
              teas-ietf-network-slice-nbi-yang-16, 28 August 2024,
              <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-ietf-teas-
              ietf-network-slice-nbi-yang-16>.

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025                [Page 93]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

   [I-D.ramseyer-grow-peering-api]
              Aguado, C., Griswold, M., Ramseyer, J., Servin, A. L., and
              T. Strickx, "Peering API", Work in Progress, Internet-
              Draft, draft-ramseyer-grow-peering-api-05, 30 May 2024,
              <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-ramseyer-
              grow-peering-api-05>.

   [IEEE802.1AB]
              IEEE, "IEEE Standard for Local and metropolitan area
              networks - Station and Media Access Control Connectivity
              Discovery", January 2016,
              <https://standards.ieee.org/ieee/802.1AB/6047/>.

   [IEEE802.1AX]
              IEEE, "IEEE Standard for Local and Metropolitan Area
              Networks--Link Aggregation", May 2020,
              <https://doi.org/10.1109/IEEESTD.2020.9105034>.

   [Instance-Data]
              "Example of AC SVC Instance Data", 2024,
              <https://github.com/boucadair/attachment-circuit-
              model/blob/main/xml-examples/svc-full-instance.xml>.

   [ITU-T-G.781]
              ITU-T, "Synchronization layer functions for frequency
              synchronization based on the physical layer", January
              2024, <https://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-G.781>.

   [PYANG]    "pyang", 2024, <https://github.com/mbj4668/pyang>.

   [RFC0826]  Plummer, D., "An Ethernet Address Resolution Protocol: Or
              Converting Network Protocol Addresses to 48.bit Ethernet
              Address for Transmission on Ethernet Hardware", STD 37,
              RFC 826, DOI 10.17487/RFC0826, November 1982,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc826>.

   [RFC2080]  Malkin, G. and R. Minnear, "RIPng for IPv6", RFC 2080,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2080, January 1997,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2080>.

   [RFC2453]  Malkin, G., "RIP Version 2", STD 56, RFC 2453,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2453, November 1998,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2453>.

   [RFC3644]  Snir, Y., Ramberg, Y., Strassner, J., Cohen, R., and B.
              Moore, "Policy Quality of Service (QoS) Information
              Model", RFC 3644, DOI 10.17487/RFC3644, November 2003,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc3644>.

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025                [Page 94]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

   [RFC4026]  Andersson, L. and T. Madsen, "Provider Provisioned Virtual
              Private Network (VPN) Terminology", RFC 4026,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC4026, March 2005,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4026>.

   [RFC4252]  Ylonen, T. and C. Lonvick, Ed., "The Secure Shell (SSH)
              Authentication Protocol", RFC 4252, DOI 10.17487/RFC4252,
              January 2006, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4252>.

   [RFC4861]  Narten, T., Nordmark, E., Simpson, W., and H. Soliman,
              "Neighbor Discovery for IP version 6 (IPv6)", RFC 4861,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC4861, September 2007,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4861>.

   [RFC5925]  Touch, J., Mankin, A., and R. Bonica, "The TCP
              Authentication Option", RFC 5925, DOI 10.17487/RFC5925,
              June 2010, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc5925>.

   [RFC6151]  Turner, S. and L. Chen, "Updated Security Considerations
              for the MD5 Message-Digest and the HMAC-MD5 Algorithms",
              RFC 6151, DOI 10.17487/RFC6151, March 2011,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc6151>.

   [RFC6241]  Enns, R., Ed., Bjorklund, M., Ed., Schoenwaelder, J., Ed.,
              and A. Bierman, Ed., "Network Configuration Protocol
              (NETCONF)", RFC 6241, DOI 10.17487/RFC6241, June 2011,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc6241>.

   [RFC6952]  Jethanandani, M., Patel, K., and L. Zheng, "Analysis of
              BGP, LDP, PCEP, and MSDP Issues According to the Keying
              and Authentication for Routing Protocols (KARP) Design
              Guide", RFC 6952, DOI 10.17487/RFC6952, May 2013,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc6952>.

   [RFC7607]  Kumari, W., Bush, R., Schiller, H., and K. Patel,
              "Codification of AS 0 Processing", RFC 7607,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC7607, August 2015,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc7607>.

   [RFC7665]  Halpern, J., Ed. and C. Pignataro, Ed., "Service Function
              Chaining (SFC) Architecture", RFC 7665,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC7665, October 2015,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc7665>.

   [RFC8040]  Bierman, A., Bjorklund, M., and K. Watsen, "RESTCONF
              Protocol", RFC 8040, DOI 10.17487/RFC8040, January 2017,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8040>.

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025                [Page 95]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

   [RFC8299]  Wu, Q., Ed., Litkowski, S., Tomotaki, L., and K. Ogaki,
              "YANG Data Model for L3VPN Service Delivery", RFC 8299,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC8299, January 2018,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8299>.

   [RFC8309]  Wu, Q., Liu, W., and A. Farrel, "Service Models
              Explained", RFC 8309, DOI 10.17487/RFC8309, January 2018,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8309>.

   [RFC8340]  Bjorklund, M. and L. Berger, Ed., "YANG Tree Diagrams",
              BCP 215, RFC 8340, DOI 10.17487/RFC8340, March 2018,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8340>.

   [RFC8349]  Lhotka, L., Lindem, A., and Y. Qu, "A YANG Data Model for
              Routing Management (NMDA Version)", RFC 8349,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC8349, March 2018,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8349>.

   [RFC8446]  Rescorla, E., "The Transport Layer Security (TLS) Protocol
              Version 1.3", RFC 8446, DOI 10.17487/RFC8446, August 2018,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8446>.

   [RFC8466]  Wen, B., Fioccola, G., Ed., Xie, C., and L. Jalil, "A YANG
              Data Model for Layer 2 Virtual Private Network (L2VPN)
              Service Delivery", RFC 8466, DOI 10.17487/RFC8466, October
              2018, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8466>.

   [RFC8695]  Liu, X., Sarda, P., and V. Choudhary, "A YANG Data Model
              for the Routing Information Protocol (RIP)", RFC 8695,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC8695, February 2020,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8695>.

   [RFC8921]  Boucadair, M., Ed., Jacquenet, C., Zhang, D., and P.
              Georgatsos, "Dynamic Service Negotiation: The Connectivity
              Provisioning Negotiation Protocol (CPNP)", RFC 8921,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC8921, October 2020,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8921>.

   [RFC8969]  Wu, Q., Ed., Boucadair, M., Ed., Lopez, D., Xie, C., and
              L. Geng, "A Framework for Automating Service and Network
              Management with YANG", RFC 8969, DOI 10.17487/RFC8969,
              January 2021, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8969>.

   [RFC9000]  Iyengar, J., Ed. and M. Thomson, Ed., "QUIC: A UDP-Based
              Multiplexed and Secure Transport", RFC 9000,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC9000, May 2021,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc9000>.

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025                [Page 96]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

   [RFC9234]  Azimov, A., Bogomazov, E., Bush, R., Patel, K., and K.
              Sriram, "Route Leak Prevention and Detection Using Roles
              in UPDATE and OPEN Messages", RFC 9234,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC9234, May 2022,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc9234>.

   [RFC9543]  Farrel, A., Ed., Drake, J., Ed., Rokui, R., Homma, S.,
              Makhijani, K., Contreras, L., and J. Tantsura, "A
              Framework for Network Slices in Networks Built from IETF
              Technologies", RFC 9543, DOI 10.17487/RFC9543, March 2024,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc9543>.

Appendix A.  Examples

   This section includes a non-exhaustive list of examples to illustrate
   the use of the service models defined in this document.  An example
   instance data can also be found at [Instance-Data].

A.1.  Create a New Bearer

   An example of a request message body to create a bearer is shown in
   Figure 24.

   {
     "ietf-bearer-svc:bearers": {
       "bearer": [
         {
           "name": "a-name-choosen-by-client",
           "description": "A bearer example",
           "customer-point": {
             "identified-by": "ietf-bearer-svc:device-id",
             "device": {
               "device-id": "CE_X_SITE_Y"
             }
           },
           "type": "ietf-bearer-svc:ethernet"
         }
       ]
     }
   }

        Figure 24: Example of a Message Body to Create a New Bearer

   A "bearer-reference" is then generated by the controller for this
   bearer.  Figure 25 shows the example of a response message body that
   is sent by the controller to reply to a GET request:

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025                [Page 97]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

   {
     "ietf-bearer-svc:bearers": {
       "bearer": [
         {
           "name": "a-name-choosen-by-client",
           "description": "A bearer example",
           "sync-phy-capable": true,
           "customer-point": {
             "identified-by": "ietf-bearer-svc:device-id",
             "device": {
               "device-id": "CE_X_SITE_Y"
             }
           },
           "type": "ietf-bearer-svc:ethernet",
           "bearer-reference": "line-156"
         }
       ]
     }
   }

       Figure 25: Example of a Response Message Body with the Bearer
                                 Reference

   Note that the response also indicates that Sync Phy mechanism is
   supported for this bearer.

A.2.  Create an AC over an Existing Bearer

   An example of a request message body to create a simple AC over an
   existing bearer is shown in Figure 26.  The bearer reference is
   assumed to be known to both the customer and the network provider.
   Such a reference can be retrieved, e.g., following the example
   described in Appendix A.1 or using other means (including, exchanged
   out-of-band or via proprietary APIs).

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025                [Page 98]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

   {
     "ietf-ac-svc:attachment-circuits": {
       "ac": [
         {
           "name": "ac4585",
           "description": "An AC on an existing bearer",
           "requested-start": "2023-12-12T05:00:00.00Z",
           "l2-connection": {
             "encapsulation": {
               "type": "ietf-vpn-common:dot1q"
             },
             "bearer-reference": "line-156"
           }
         }
       ]
     }
   }

       Figure 26: Example of a Message Body to Request an AC over an
                              Existing Bearer

   Figure 27 shows the message body of a GET response received from the
   controller and which indicates the "cvlan-id" that was assigned for
   the requested AC.

   {
     "ietf-ac-svc:attachment-circuits": {
       "ac": [
         {
           "name": "ac4585",
           "description": "An AC on an existing bearer",
           "actual-start": "2023-12-12T05:00:00.00Z",
           "l2-connection": {
             "encapsulation": {
               "type": "ietf-vpn-common:dot1q",
               "dot1q": {
                 "tag-type": "ietf-vpn-common:c-vlan",
                 "cvlan-id": 550
               }
             },
             "bearer-reference": "line-156"
           }
         }
       ]
     }
   }

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025                [Page 99]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

       Figure 27: Example of a Message Body of a Response to Assign a
                                  CVLAN ID

A.3.  Create an AC for a Known Peer SAP

   An example of a request to create a simple AC, when the peer SAP is
   known, is shown in Figure 28.  In this example, the peer SAP
   identifier points to an identifier of an SF.  The (topological)
   location of that SF is assumed to be known to the network controller.
   For example, this can be determined as part of an on-demand procedure
   to instantiate an SF in a cloud.  That instantiated SF can be granted
   a connectivity service via the provider network.

   {
     "ietf-ac-svc:attachment-circuits": {
       "ac": [
         {
           "name": "ac4585",
           "description": "An AC for a known peer SAP",
           "requested-start": "2025-12-12T05:00:00.00Z",
           "peer-sap-id": [
             "nf-termination-ip"
           ]
         }
       ]
     }
   }

   Figure 28: Example of a Message Body to Request an AC with a Peer SAP

   Figure 29 shows the received GET response with the required
   informaiton to connect the SF.

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025               [Page 100]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

   {
     "ietf-ac-svc:attachment-circuits": {
       "ac": [
         {
           "name": "ac4585",
           "description": "An AC for a known peer SAP",
           "actual-start": "2025-12-12T05:00:00.00Z",
           "peer-sap-id": [
             "nf-termination-ip"
           ],
           "l2-connection": {
             "encapsulation": {
               "type": "ietf-vpn-common:dot1q",
               "dot1q": {
                 "tag-type": "ietf-vpn-common:c-vlan",
                 "cvlan-id": 550
               }
             }
           }
         }
       ]
     }
   }

      Figure 29: Example of a Message Body of a Response to Create an
                             AC with a Peer SAP

A.4.  One CE, Two ACs

   Let us consider the example of an eNodeB (CE) that is directly
   connected to the access routers of the mobile backhaul (see
   Figure 30).  In this example, two ACs are needed to service the
   eNodeB (e.g., distinct VLANs for Control and User Planes).

   .-------------.                  .------------------.
   |             |                  | PE               |
   |             +--------ac1-------+  192.0.2.1       |
   |   eNodeB    |          VLAN 1  |  2001:db8::1     |
   |             |          VLAN 2  |                  |
   |             +--------ac2-------+                  |
   |             |                  |                  |
   |             | Direct           |                  |
   '-------------' Routing          |                  |
                                    |                  |
                                    |                  |
                                    |                  |
                                    '------------------'

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025               [Page 101]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

                     Figure 30: Example of a CE-PE ACs

   An example of a request to create the ACs to service the eNodeB is
   shown in Figure 31.  This example assumes that static addressing is
   used for both ACs.

   =============== NOTE: '\' line wrapping per RFC 8792 ================

   {
     "ietf-ac-svc:attachment-circuits": {
       "ac": [
         {
           "name": "ac1",
           "description": "a first ac with a same peer node",
           "l2-connection": {
             "encapsulation": {
               "type": "ietf-vpn-common:dot1q"
             },
             "bearer-reference": "line-156"
           },
           "ip-connection": {
             "ipv4": {
               "address-allocation-type": "ietf-ac-common:static-\
                                                                address"
             },
             "ipv6": {
               "address-allocation-type": "ietf-ac-common:static-\
                                                                address"
             }
           },
           "routing-protocols": {
             "routing-protocol": [
               {
                 "id": "1",
                 "type": "ietf-vpn-common:direct-routing"
               }
             ]
           }
         },
         {
           "name": "ac2",
           "description": "a second ac with a same peer node",
           "l2-connection": {
             "encapsulation": {
               "type": "ietf-vpn-common:dot1q"
             },
             "bearer-reference": "line-156"
           },

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025               [Page 102]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

           "ip-connection": {
             "ipv4": {
               "address-allocation-type": "ietf-ac-common:static-\
                                                                address"
             },
             "ipv6": {
               "address-allocation-type": "ietf-ac-common:static-\
                                                                address"
             }
           },
           "routing-protocols": {
             "routing-protocol": [
               {
                 "id": "1",
                 "type": "ietf-vpn-common:direct-routing"
               }
             ]
           }
         }
       ]
     }
   }

       Figure 31: Example of a Message Body to Request Two ACs on the
                        Same Link (Not Recommended)

   Figure 32 shows the message body of a GET response received from the
   controller.

   {
     "ietf-ac-svc:attachment-circuits": {
       "ac": [
         {
           "name": "ac1",
           "description": "a first ac with a same peer node",
           "l2-connection": {
             "encapsulation": {
               "type": "ietf-vpn-common:dot1q",
               "dot1q": {
                 "cvlan-id": 1
               }
             },
             "bearer-reference": "line-156"
           },
           "ip-connection": {
             "ipv4": {
               "local-address": "192.0.2.1",
               "prefix-length": 30,

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025               [Page 103]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

               "address": [
                 {
                   "address-id": "1",
                   "customer-address": "192.0.2.2"
                 }
               ]
             },
             "ipv6": {
               "local-address": "2001:db8::1",
               "prefix-length": 64,
               "address": [
                 {
                   "address-id": "1",
                   "customer-address": "2001:db8::2"
                 }
               ]
             }
           },
           "routing-protocols": {
             "routing-protocol": [
               {
                 "id": "1",
                 "type": "ietf-vpn-common:direct-routing"
               }
             ]
           }
         },
         {
           "name": "ac2",
           "description": "a second ac with a same peer node",
           "l2-connection": {
             "encapsulation": {
               "type": "ietf-vpn-common:dot1q",
               "dot1q": {
                 "cvlan-id": 2
               }
             },
             "bearer-reference": "line-156"
           },
           "ip-connection": {
             "ipv4": {
               "local-address": "192.0.2.1",
               "prefix-length": 30,
               "address": [
                 {
                   "address-id": "1",
                   "customer-address": "192.0.2.2"
                 }

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025               [Page 104]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

               ]
             },
             "ipv6": {
               "local-address": "2001:db8::1",
               "prefix-length": 64,
               "address": [
                 {
                   "address-id": "1",
                   "customer-address": "2001:db8::2"
                 }
               ]
             }
           },
           "routing-protocols": {
             "routing-protocol": [
               {
                 "id": "1",
                 "type": "ietf-vpn-common:direct-routing"
               }
             ]
           }
         }
       ]
     }
   }

      Figure 32: Example of a Message Body of a Response to Create Two
                   ACs on the Same Link (Not Recommended)

   The example shown Figure 32 is not optimal as it includes many
   redundant data.  Figure 33 shows a more compact request that
   factorizes all the redundant data.

   {
     "ietf-ac-svc:attachment-circuits": {
       "ac-group-profile": [
         {
           "name": "simple-node-profile",
           "l2-connection": {
             "bearer-reference": "line-156"
           },
           "ip-connection": {
             "ipv4": {
               "local-address": "192.0.2.1",
               "prefix-length": 30,
               "address": [
                 {
                   "address-id": "1",

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025               [Page 105]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

                   "customer-address": "192.0.2.2"
                 }
               ]
             },
             "ipv6": {
               "local-address": "2001:db8::1",
               "prefix-length": 64,
               "address": [
                 {
                   "address-id": "1",
                   "customer-address": "2001:db8::2"
                 }
               ]
             }
           },
           "routing-protocols": {
             "routing-protocol": [
               {
                 "id": "1",
                 "type": "ietf-vpn-common:direct-routing"
               }
             ]
           }
         }
       ],
       "ac": [
         {
           "name": "ac1",
           "description": "a first ac with a same peer node",
           "ac-group-profile-ref": ["simple-node-profile"],
           "l2-connection": {
             "encapsulation": {
               "type": "ietf-vpn-common:dot1q",
               "dot1q": {
                 "cvlan-id": 1
               }
             }
           }
         },
         {
           "name": "ac2",
           "description": "a second ac with a same peer node",
           "ac-group-profile-ref": ["simple-node-profile"],
           "l2-connection": {
             "encapsulation": {
               "type": "ietf-vpn-common:dot1q",
               "dot1q": {
                 "cvlan-id": 2

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025               [Page 106]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

               }
             }
           }
        }
       ]
     }
   }

       Figure 33: Example of a Message Body to Request Two ACs on the
                          Same Link (Node Profile)

   A customer may request adding a new AC by simply referring to an
   existing per-node AC profile as shown in Figure 34.  This AC inherits
   all the data that was enclosed in the indicated per-node AC profile
   (IP addressing, routing, etc.).

   {
     "ietf-ac-svc:attachment-circuits": {
       "ac-group-profile": [
         {
           "name": "simple-node-profile"
         }
       ],
       "ac": [
         {
           "name": "ac3",
           "description": "a third AC with a same peer node",
           "ac-group-profile-ref": [
             "simple-node-profile"
           ],
           "l2-connection": {
             "encapsulation": {
               "type": "ietf-vpn-common:dot1q",
               "dot1q": {
                 "cvlan-id": 3
               }
             },
             "bearer-reference": "line-156"
           }
         }
       ]
     }
   }

        Figure 34: Example of a Message Body to Add a new AC over an
                        existing link (Node Profile)

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025               [Page 107]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

A.5.  Control Precedence over Multiple ACs

   When multiple ACs are requested by the same customer for the same
   site, the request can tag one of these ACs as "primary" and the other
   ones as "secondary".  An example of such a request is shown in
   Figure 36.  In this example, both ACs are bound to the same "group-
   id", and the "precedence" data node is set as a function of the
   intended role of each AC (primary or secondary).

                                    .---.
                    ac1: primary    |   |
               .--------------------+PE1|
   .---.       |    bearerX@site1   |   |
   |   +-------'                    '---'
   |CE |
   |   +-------.                    .---.
   '---'       |    ac2: secondary  |   |
               '--------------------+PE2|
                    bearerY@site1   |   |
                                    '---'

        Figure 35: An Example Topology for AC Precedence Enforcement

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025               [Page 108]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

   =============== NOTE: '\' line wrapping per RFC 8792 ================

   {
     "ietf-ac-svc:attachment-circuits": {
       "ac": [
         {
           "name": "ac1",
           "description": "An example to illustrate AC precedence usage\
                                                                      ",
           "group": [
             {
               "group-id": "1",
               "precedence": "ietf-ac-common:primary"
             }
           ],
           "l2-connection": {
             "bearer-reference": "bearerX@site1"
           }
         },
         {
           "name": "ac2",
           "description": "An AC example to illustrate AC precedence \
                                                                 usage",
           "group": [
             {
               "group-id": "1",
               "precedence": "ietf-ac-common:secondary"
             }
           ],
           "l2-connection": {
             "bearer-reference": "bearerY@site1"
           }
         }
       ]
     }
   }

       Figure 36: Example of a Message Body to Associate a Precedence
                               Level with ACs

A.6.  Create Multiple ACs Bound to Multiple CEs

   Figure 37 shows an example of CEs that are interconnected by a
   service provider network.

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025               [Page 109]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

                      .----------------------------------.
         .----.  ac1  |                                  |  ac3  .----.
         | CE1+-------+                                  +-------+ CE3|
         '----'       |                                  |       '----'
                      |              Network             |
         .----.  ac2  |                                  |  ac4  .----.
         |CE2 +-------+                                  +-------+ CE4|
         '----'       |                                  |       '----'
                      '----------------------------------'

                    Figure 37: Network Topology Example

   Let's assume that a request to instantiate various ACs that are shown
   in Figure 37 is sent by the customer.  Figure 38 depicts the example
   of the message body of a GET response that is received from the
   controller.

   {
     "ietf-ac-svc:attachment-circuits": {
       "ac-group-profile": [
         {
           "name": "simple-profile",
           "l2-connection": {
             "encapsulation": {
               "type": "ietf-vpn-common:dot1q",
               "dot1q": {
                 "cvlan-id": 1
               }
             }
           }
         }
       ],
       "ac": [
         {
           "name": "ac1",
           "description": "First site",
           "ac-group-profile-ref": [
             "simple-profile"
           ],
           "l2-connection": {
             "bearer-reference": "ce1-network"
           }
         },
         {
           "name": "ac2",
           "description": "Second Site",
           "ac-group-profile-ref": [
             "simple-profile"

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025               [Page 110]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

           ],
           "l2-connection": {
             "bearer-reference": "ce2-network"
           }
         },
         {
           "name": "ac3",
           "description": "Third site",
           "ac-group-profile-ref": [
             "simple-profile"
           ],
           "l2-connection": {
             "bearer-reference": "ce3-network"
           }
         },
         {
           "name": "ac4",
           "description": "Another site",
           "ac-group-profile-ref": [
             "simple-profile"
           ],
           "l2-connection": {
             "bearer-reference": "ce4-network"
           }
         }
       ]
     }
   }

        Figure 38: Example of a Message Body of a Request to Create
                     Multiple ACs bound to Multiple CEs

A.7.  Binding Attachment Circuits to an IETF Network Slice

   This example shows how the AC service model complements the model
   defined in "A YANG Data Model for the RFC 9543 Network Slice Service"
   [I-D.ietf-teas-ietf-network-slice-nbi-yang] to connect a site to a
   Slice Service.

   First, Figure 39 describes the end-to-end network topology as well
   the orchestration scopes:

   *  The topology is made up of two sites ("site1" and "site2"),
      interconnected via a Transport Network (e.g., IP/MPLS network).
      An SF is deployed within each site in a dedicated IP subnet.

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025               [Page 111]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

   *  A 5G Service Management and Orchestration (SMO) is responsible for
      the deployment of SFs and the indirect management of a local
      Gateway (i.e., CE).

   *  An IETF Network Slice Controller (NSC) [RFC9543] is responsible
      for the deployment of IETF Network Slices across the Transport
      Network.

   SFs are deployed within each site.

         5G SMO                 IETF NSC                 5G SMO
            |               (TN Orchestrator)               |
            |                        |                      |
      <-----+----->        <---------+-------->        <----+---->
          Site1             Transport Network              Site2
      .---.                  .--------------.                 .---.
      |SF1|                  |              |                 |SF2|
      '-+-'   .---.        .---.          .---.        .---.  '-+-'
        |     |   |        |   |          |   |        |   |    |
      --+-----+GW1+--------+PE1|          |PE2+--------+GW2+----+--
          ^   |   |    ^   |   |          |   |   ^    |   |  ^
          |   '---'    |   '-+-'          '-+-'   |    '---'  |
          |            |     |              |     |           |
          |            |     '--------------'     |           |
        LAN1           |                          |          LAN2
   198.51.100.0/24     |                          |  203.0.113.0/24
                       |                          |
                       |                          |
               Physical Link ID:           Physical Link ID:
                 bearerX@site1               bearerX@site2

     Figure 39: An Example of a Network Topology Used to Deploy Slices

   Figure 40 describes the logical connectivity enforced thanks to both
   IETF Network Slice and ACaaS models.

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025               [Page 112]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

                                AS 65536  <----BGP--> AS 65550
    .---.                     .--------.                    .---.
    |SF1|       192.0.2.0/30  |        |   192.0.2.4/30     |SF2|
    '-+-'   .---.           .-+-.    .-+-.          .---.   '-+-'
      |     |   |.1       .2|   |    |   |.6      .5|   |     |
    --+-----+GW1+-----------+PE1|    |PE2+----------+GW2+-----+--
            |   | vlan-id   |   |    |   | vlan-id  |   |
            '---'   100     '-+-'    '-+-'   200    '---'
   198.51.100.0/24            |        |           203.0.113.0/24
                              '--------'
                           sdp1      sdp2
                <----------> <-----------> <------->
                Attachment   Network Slice  Attachment
                Circuit "ac1"    EMBB_UP    Circuit "ac2"

    * "ac1" properties:
    - bearer-reference: bearerX@site1
    - vlan-id: 100
    - CE address (GW1): 192.0.2.1/30
    - PE address: 192.0.2.2/30
    - Routing: static 198.51.100.0/24 via
               192.0.2.1 tag primary_UP_slice

    * "ac2" properties:
    - bearer-reference: bearerY@site2
    - vlan-id: 200
    - CE address (GW2): 192.0.2.5/30
    - PE address: 192.0.2.6/30
    - Routing: BGP local-as: 65536 (Provider ASN)
                   peer-as: 65550 (customer ASN)
                   remote-address: 192.0.2.5 (Customer address)

                        Figure 40: Logical Overview

   Figure 41 shows the message body of the request to create the
   required ACs using the ACaaS module.

   =============== NOTE: '\' line wrapping per RFC 8792 ================

   {
     "ietf-ac-svc:attachment-circuits": {
       "ac": [
         {
           "name": "ac1",
           "description": "Connection to site1 on vlan 100",
           "requested-start": "2023-12-12T05:00:00.00Z",
           "l2-connection": {
             "encapsulation": {

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025               [Page 113]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

               "type": "ietf-vpn-common:dot1q",
               "dot1q": {
                 "tag-type": "ietf-vpn-common:c-vlan"
               }
             },
             "bearer-reference": "bearerX@site1"
           },
           "ip-connection": {
             "ipv4": {
               "address-allocation-type": "ietf-ac-common:static-\
                                                                address"
             }
           },
           "routing-protocols": {
             "routing-protocol": [
               {
                 "id": "1",
                 "type": "ietf-vpn-common:static-routing",
                 "static": {
                   "cascaded-lan-prefixes": {
                     "ipv4-lan-prefix": [
                       {
                         "lan": "198.51.100.0/24",
                         "next-hop": "192.0.2.1",
                         "lan-tag": "primary_UP_slice"
                       }
                     ]
                   }
                 }
               }
             ]
           }
         },
         {
           "name": "ac2",
           "description": "Connection to site2 on vlan 200",
           "requested-start": "2023-12-12T05:00:00.00Z",
           "l2-connection": {
             "encapsulation": {
               "type": "ietf-vpn-common:dot1q",
               "dot1q": {
                 "tag-type": "ietf-vpn-common:c-vlan"
               }
             },
             "bearer-reference": "bearerY@site2"
           },
           "ip-connection": {
             "ipv4": {

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025               [Page 114]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

               "address-allocation-type": "ietf-ac-common:static-\
                                                                address"
             }
           },
           "routing-protocols": {
             "routing-protocol": [
               {
                 "id": "1",
                 "type": "ietf-vpn-common:bgp-routing",
                 "bgp": {
                   "neighbor": [
                     {
                       "id": "1",
                       "peer-as": 65550
                     }
                   ]
                 }
               }
             ]
           }
         }
       ]
     }
   }

        Figure 41: Message Body of a Request to Create Required ACs

   Figure 42 shows the message body of a response to a GET request
   received from the controller.

   {
     "ietf-ac-svc:attachment-circuits": {
       "ac": [
         {
           "name": "ac1",
           "description": "Connection to site1 on vlan 100",
           "actual-start": "2023-12-12T05:00:00.00Z",
           "l2-connection": {
             "encapsulation": {
               "type": "ietf-vpn-common:dot1q",
               "dot1q": {
                 "tag-type": "ietf-vpn-common:c-vlan",
                 "cvlan-id": 100
               }
             },
             "bearer-reference": "bearerX@site1"
           },
           "ip-connection": {

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025               [Page 115]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

             "ipv4": {
               "local-address": "192.0.2.2",
               "prefix-length": 30,
               "address": [
                 {
                   "address-id": "1",
                   "customer-address": "192.0.2.1"
                 }
               ]
             }
           },
           "routing-protocols": {
             "routing-protocol": [
               {
                 "id": "1",
                 "type": "ietf-vpn-common:static-routing",
                 "static": {
                   "cascaded-lan-prefixes": {
                     "ipv4-lan-prefix": [
                       {
                         "lan": "198.51.100.0/24",
                         "next-hop": "192.0.2.1",
                         "lan-tag": "primary_UP_slice"
                       }
                     ]
                   }
                 }
               }
             ]
           }
         },
         {
           "name": "ac2",
           "description": "Connection to site2 on vlan 200",
           "actual-start": "2023-12-12T05:00:00.00Z",
           "l2-connection": {
             "encapsulation": {
               "type": "ietf-vpn-common:dot1q",
               "dot1q": {
                 "tag-type": "ietf-vpn-common:c-vlan",
                 "cvlan-id": 200
               }
             },
             "bearer-reference": "bearerY@site2"
           },
           "ip-connection": {
             "ipv4": {
               "local-address": "192.0.2.6",

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025               [Page 116]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

               "prefix-length": 30,
               "address": [
                 {
                   "address-id": "1",
                   "customer-address": "192.0.2.5"
                 }
               ]
             }
           },
           "routing-protocols": {
             "routing-protocol": [
               {
                 "id": "1",
                 "type": "ietf-vpn-common:bgp-routing",
                 "bgp": {
                   "neighbor": [
                     {
                       "id": "1",
                       "peer-as": 65550,
                       "local-as": 65536
                     }
                   ]
                 }
               }
             ]
           }
         }
       ]
     }
   }

     Figure 42: Example of a Message Body of a Response Indicating the
                            Creation of the ACs

   Figure 43 shows the message body of the request to create a Slice
   Service bound to the ACs created using Figure 41.  Only references to
   these ACs are included in the Slice Service request.

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025               [Page 117]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

   =============== NOTE: '\' line wrapping per RFC 8792 ================

   {
     "ietf-network-slice-service:network-slice-services": {
       "slo-sle-templates": {
         "slo-sle-template": [
           {
             "id": "low-latency-template",
             "description": "Lowest possible latency forwarding \
                                                               behavior"
           }
         ]
       },
       "slice-service": [
         {
           "id": "Slice URLLC_UP",
           "description": "Dedicated TN Slice for URLLC-UP",
           "slo-sle-template": "low-latency-template",
           "status": {},
           "sdps": {
             "sdp": [
               {
                 "id": "sdp1",
                 "ac-svc-name": [
                   "ac1"
                 ]
               },
               {
                 "id": "sdp2",
                 "ac-svc-name": [
                   "ac2"
                 ]
               }
             ]
           }
         }
       ]
     }
   }

       Figure 43: Message Body of a Request to Create a Slice Service
                            Referring to the ACs

A.8.  Connecting a Virtualized Environment Running in a Cloud Provider

   This example (Figure 44) shows how the AC service model can be used
   to connect a Cloud Infrastructure to a service provider network.
   This example makes the following assumptions:

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025               [Page 118]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

   1.  A customer (e.g., Mobile Network Team or partner) has a
       virtualized infrastructure running in a Cloud Provider.  A
       simplistic deployment is represented here with a set of Virtual
       Machines running in a Virtual Private Environment.  The
       deployment and management of this infrastructure is achieved via
       private APIs that are supported by the Cloud Provider: this
       realization is out of the scope of this document.

   2.  The connectivity to the Data Center is achieved thanks to a
       service based on direct attachment (physical connection), which
       is delivered upon ordering via an API exposed by the Cloud
       Provider.  When ordering that connection, a unique "Connection
       Identifier" is generated and returned via the API.

   3.  The customer provisions the networking logic within the Cloud
       Provider based on that unique connection identifier (i.e.,
       logical interfaces, IP addressing, and routing).

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025               [Page 119]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

       .--------------------------------------------------------.
       |                                      Cloud Provider DC |
       |                                                        |
       |  .---. .---. .---.                                     |
       |  |VM1| |VM2| |VM3|  Virtual Private Cloud              |
       |  '-+-' '-+-' '-+-'                                     |
       |    |.2   |.5   |.12      198.51.100.0/24               |
       |   -+-----+-----+---+-----------------------            |
       |                    |.1                                 |
       |                .---+----.                              |
       |                | Cloud  | BGP_ASN: 65536               |
       |                |Provider| BGP md5:                     |
       |                |   GW   |   "nyxNER_c5sdn608fFQl3331d" |
       |                '---+----'                              |
       |                    | ^ .2                              |
       '--------------------|-|---------------------------------'
                            | |
    Direct Interconnection  | |
    connection_id:          |BGP       vlan-id:50
      1234-56789            | |        192.0.2.0/24
                            | |
                            | | .1
       .--------------------|-v---------------------------------.
       |             If-A.--+--.       Service Provider Network |
       |                 |     |                                |
       |                 | PE1 | BGP_ASN: 65550                 |
       |                 |     |                                |
       |                 '-----'                                |
       |                                                        |
       |                                                        |
       |                                                        |
       '--------------------------------------------------------'

      Figure 44: An Example of Realization for Connecting a Cloud Site

   Figure 45 illustrates the pre-provisioning logic for the physical
   connection to the Cloud Provider.  After this connection is delivered
   to the service provider, the network inventory is updated with
   "bearer-reference" set to the value of the "Connection Identifier".

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025               [Page 120]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

  Customer                                                       Cloud
Orchestration       DIRECT INTERCONNECTION ORDERING (API)       Provider
                ------------------------------------------------>

               Connection Created with "Connection ID:1234-56789"
               <------------------------------------------------
                                        x
                                        x
                                        x
                                        x

       Physical Connection 1234-56789 is delivered and
                         connected to PE1

       Network Inventory Updated with:
         bearer-reference: 1234-56789 for PE1/Interface "If-A"

             Figure 45: Illustration of Pre-provisioning

   Next, API workflows can be initiated by:

   *  The Cloud Provider for the configuration per Step (3) above.

   *  The Service provider network via the ACaaS model.  This request
      can be used in conjunction with additional requests based on the
      L3SM (VPN provisioning) or Network Slice Service model (5G hybrid
      Cloud deployment).

   Figure 46 shows the message body of the request to create the
   required ACs to connect the Cloud Provider Virtualized (VM) using the
   Attachment Circuit module.

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025               [Page 121]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

   =============== NOTE: '\' line wrapping per RFC 8792 ================

   {
     "ietf-ac-svc:attachment-circuits": {
       "ac": [
         {
           "name": "ac--BXT-DC-customer-VPC-foo",
           "description": "Connection to Cloud Provider BXT on \
                                                 connection 1234-56789",
           "requested-start": "2023-12-12T05:00:00.00Z",
           "l2-connection": {
             "encapsulation": {
               "type": "ietf-vpn-common:dot1q"
             },
             "bearer-reference": "1243-56789"
           },
           "ip-connection": {
             "ipv4": {
               "address-allocation-type": "ietf-ac-common:static-\
                                                                address"
             }
           },
           "routing-protocols": {
             "routing-protocol": [
               {
                 "id": "1",
                 "type": "ietf-vpn-common:bgp-routing",
                 "bgp": {
                   "neighbor": [
                     {
                       "id": "1",
                       "peer-as": 65536
                     }
                   ]
                 }
               }
             ]
           }
         }
       ]
     }
   }

         Figure 46: Message Body of a Request to Create the ACs for
                      Connecting to the Cloud Provider

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025               [Page 122]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

   Figure 47 shows the message body of the response received from the
   provider as a response to a query message.  Note that this Cloud
   Provider mandates the use of MD5 authentication for establishing BGP
   connections.

      The module supports MD5 to basically accommodate the installed BGP
      base (including by some Cloud Providers).  Note that MD5 suffers
      from the security weaknesses discussed in Section 2 of [RFC6151]
      and Section 2.1 of [RFC6952].

   =============== NOTE: '\' line wrapping per RFC 8792 ================

   {
     "ietf-ac-svc:attachment-circuits": {
       "ac": [
         {
           "name": "ac--BXT-DC-customer-VPC-foo",
           "description": "Connection to Cloud Provider BXT on \
                                                 connection 1234-56789",
           "actual-start": "2023-12-12T05:00:00.00Z",
           "l2-connection": {
             "encapsulation": {
               "type": "ietf-vpn-common:dot1q",
               "dot1q": {
                 "tag-type": "ietf-vpn-common:c-vlan",
                 "cvlan-id": 50
               }
             },
             "bearer-reference": "1243-56789"
           },
           "ip-connection": {
             "ipv4": {
               "local-address": "192.0.2.1",
               "prefix-length": 24,
               "address": [
                 {
                   "address-id": "1",
                   "customer-address": "192.0.2.2"
                 }
               ]
             }
           },
           "routing-protocols": {
             "routing-protocol": [
               {
                 "id": "1",
                 "type": "ietf-vpn-common:bgp-routing",
                 "bgp": {

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025               [Page 123]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

                   "neighbor": [
                     {
                       "id": "1",
                       "peer-as": 65536,
                       "local-as": 65550,
                       "authentication": {
                         "enabled": true,
                         "keying-material": {
                           "md5-keychain": "nyxNER_c5sdn608fFQl3331d"
                         }
                       }
                     }
                   ]
                 }
               }
             ]
           }
         }
       ]
     }
   }

       Figure 47: Message Body of a Response to the Request to Create
                  ACs for Connecting to the Cloud Provider

A.9.  Connect Customer Network Through BGP

   CE-PE routing using BGP is a common scenario in the context of MPLS
   VPNs and is widely used in enterprise networks.  In the example
   depicted in Figure 48, the CE routers are customer-owned devices
   belonging to an AS (ASN 65536).  CEs are located at the edge of the
   provider's network (PE, or Provider Edge) and use point-to-point
   interfaces to establish BGP sessions.  The point-to-point interfaces
   rely upon a physical bearer ("line-113") to reach the provider
   network.

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025               [Page 124]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

   .------------------------.                      .------------------.
   |  Provider Network      |                      | Customer Network |
   |                        |       CE-PE-AC       |                  |
   |        .------------.  |.2                 .1 | .------.   ASN   |
   |        | PE1(VRF11) +---------------------sap#113 CE1  |  65536  |
   |        |            |  |   Bearer=line-113    | '------'         |
   |        | PE1(VRF12) |  |     192.0.2.1/30     |                  |
   |        |            |  |                      '------------------'
   |        | PE1(VRF1n) |  |
   |        '------------'  |
   | AS1                    |
   |        .------------.  |
   |        | PE2(VRF21) |  |
   |        '------------'  |
   |              .         |
   |              .         |
   |              .         |
   |        .------------.  |
   |        | PEm(VRFmn) |  |
   |        '------------'  |
   '------------------------'

            Figure 48: Illustration of Provider Network Scenario

   The attachment circuit in this case use a SAP identifier to refer to
   the physical interface used for the connection between the PE and the
   CE.  The attachment circuit includes all the additional logical
   attributes to describe the connection between the two ends, including
   VLAN information and IP addressing.  Also, the configuration details
   of the BGP session makes use of peer group details instead of
   defining the entire configuration inside the 'neighbor' data node.

   {
     "ietf-ac-svc:attachment-circuits": {
       "ac": [
         {
           "name": "CE-PE-AC",
           "customer-name": "Customer-4875",
           "description": "An AC between a CP and a PE",
           "peer-sap-id": [
             "sap#113"
           ],
           "ip-connection": {
             "ipv4": {
               "prefix-length": 30,
               "address": [
                 {
                   "address-id": "1",

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025               [Page 125]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

                   "customer-address": "192.0.2.1"
                 }
               ]
             }
           },
           "l2-connection": {
             "encapsulation": {
               "type": "ietf-vpn-common:dot1q"
             },
             "bearer-reference": "line-113"
           },
           "routing-protocols": {
             "routing-protocol": [
               {
                 "id": "BGP-Single-Access",
                 "type": "ietf-vpn-common:bgp-routing",
                 "bgp": {
                   "peer-groups": {
                     "peer-group": [
                       {
                         "name": "first-peer-group",
                         "peer-as": 65536,
                         "address-family": "ietf-vpn-common:ipv4"
                       }
                     ]
                   },
                   "neighbor": [
                     {
                       "id": "session#57",
                       "remote-address": "192.0.2.1",
                       "peer-group": "first-peer-group",
                       "status": {
                         "admin-status": {
                           "status": "ietf-vpn-common:admin-up"
                         }
                       }
                     }
                   ]
                 }
               }
             ]
           }
         }
       ]
     }
   }

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025               [Page 126]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

     Figure 49: Message Body of a Request to Create ACs for Connecting
                         CEs to a Provider Network

   This scenario allows the provider to maintain a list of ACs belonging
   to the same customer without requiring the full service
   configuration.

A.10.  Interconnection via Internet eXchange Points (IXPs)

   This section illustrates how to use the AC service model for
   interconnection purposes.  To that aim, the document assumes a
   simplified Internet eXchange Point (IXP) configuration without
   zooming into IXP deployment specifics.  Let us assume that networks
   are interconnected via a Layer 2 facility.  Let us also assume a
   deployment context where selective peering is in place between these
   networks.  Networks that are interested in establishing selective BGP
   peerings expose a dedicated ACaaS server to the IXP to behave as an
   ACaaS provider.  BGP is used to exchange routing information and
   reachability announcements between those networks.  Any network
   operator connected to an IXP can behave as a client (i.e., initiate a
   BGP peering request).

   This example follows the recursive deployment model depicted in
   Figure 4.  Specifically, base AC service requests are handled locally
   by the IXP.  However, binding BGP sessions to existing ACs involves a
   recursion step.

.------------.       AC       .----------.       AC       .------------.
|  Network   | Service Model  |    IXP   | Service Model  |   Network  |
| Operator A |<-------------->| Operator |<-------------->| Operator B |
|            |                |  B2B C/S |                |            |
'------^-----'                '-----^----'                '------^-----'
       |                            |                            |
       |                            |                            |
  Provisioning                 Provisioning                 Provisioning
       |                            |                            |
.------v----.                 .-----v----.                .------v-----.
|   ASBR    |======Bearer=====| Layer 2  |=====Bearer=====|    ASBR    |
|           +-----Base AC-----+ Facility +-----Base AC----|            |
|           |                 |          |                |            |
|           +..................BGP Session................+            |
|           |=================|          |================|            |
'-----------'                 '----------'                '------------'

B2B C/S: Back-to-back Client/Server

               Figure 50: Recursive Deployment Example

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025               [Page 127]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

   The following subsections exemplify a deployment flow, but BGP
   sessions can be managed without having to execute systematically all
   the steps detailed hereafter.

   The bearer/AC service models can be used to establish interconnection
   between two networks without involving an IXP.

A.10.1.  Retrieve Interconnection Locations

   Figure 51 shows an example a message body of a request to retrieve a
   list of interconnection locations.  The request includes a customer
   name and an ASN to filter out the locations.

   {
     "ietf-bearer-svc:locations": {
       "filtered-by": "ietf-bearer-svc:customer-name",
       "customer": [
         {
           "name": "a future peer",
           "peer-as": 65536
         }
       ]
     }
   }

      Figure 51: Message Body of a Request to Retrieve Interconnection
                                 Locations

   Figure 52 provides an example of a response to a query received from
   the server with a list of available interconnection locations.

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025               [Page 128]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

   {
     "ietf-bearer-svc:locations": {
       "filtered-by": "ietf-bearer-svc:customer-name",
       "customer": [
         {
           "name": "a future peer",
           "peer-as": 65536,
           "location": [
             {
               "name": "Location-X",
               "_comment": "other location attributes"
             },
             {
               "_comment": "other locations"
             }
           ]
         }
       ]
     }
   }

     Figure 52: Message Body of a Response to Retrieve Interconnection
                                 Locations

A.10.2.  Create Bearers and Retrieve Bearer References

   A peer can then use the location information and select the ones
   where it can request new bearers.  As shown in Figure 53, the request
   includes a location reference which is known to the server (returned
   in Figure 52).

   {
     "ietf-bearer-svc:bearers": {
       "bearer": [
         {
           "name": "a-name-choosen-by-client",
           "provider-location-reference": "Location-X",
           "customer-point": {
             "identified-by": "ietf-bearer-svc:device-id",
             "device": {
               "device-id": "ASBR_1_Location_X"
             }
           },
           "type": "ietf-bearer-svc:ethernet"
         }
       ]
     }
   }

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025               [Page 129]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

      Figure 53: Message Body of a Request to Create a Bearer using a
                        Provider- Assigned Reference

   The bearer is then activated by the server as shown in Figure 54.  A
   "bearer-reference" is also returned.  That reference can be used for
   subsequent AC activation requests.

   {
     "ietf-bearer-svc:bearers": {
       "bearer": [
         {
           "name": "a-name-choosen-by-client"
           "provider-location-reference": "Location-X",
           "customer-point": {
             "identified-by": "ietf-bearer-svc:device-id",
             "device": {
               "device-id": "ASBR_1_Location_X"
             }
           },
           "type": "ietf-bearer-svc:ethernet",
           "bearer-reference": "Location-X-Line-114",
           "status": {
             "oper-status": {
               "status": "ietf-vpn-common:op-up"
             }
           }
         }
       ]
     }
   }

      Figure 54: Message Body of a Response for a Bearer Created in a
                             Specific Location

A.10.3.  Manage ACs and BGP Sessions

   As depicted in Figure 55, each network connects to the IXP switch via
   a bearer over which an AC is created.

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025               [Page 130]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

   .----------------------.
   |  Provider Network A  |
   |    BGP ASN:65536     |  Attachment-Circuit 1
   |                      |    Bearer=Location-X-Line-114
   | .---------------.    |
   | | ASBR-A-1     **-------------------+
   | |               |  192.0.2.1/24     |
   | '---------------'  vlan-id:114      |
   |                      |              |
   '----------------------'              |
                                         |
                                 .-------*------.
                    ... ---------+   IXP SW     +------- ...
                                 '-------*------'
                                         |
   .----------------------.              |
   |  Provider Network B  |              |
   |    BGP ASN:65537     |              |
   |                      |              |
   | +---------------+    |  .2/24       |
   | | ASBR-B-1     **-------------------+
   | |               |    |Attachment-Circuit 2
   | '---------------'    | Bearer=Location-X-Line-448
   |                      |
   '----------------------'

                 Figure 55: Simple Interconnection Topology

   The AC configuration (Figure 56) includes parameters such as VLAN
   configuration, IP addresses, MTU, and any additional settings
   required for connectivity.  The peering location is inferred from the
   "bearer-reference".

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025               [Page 131]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

   {
     "ietf-ac-svc:attachment-circuits": {
       "ac": [
         {
           "name": "Attachment Circuit 1",
           "customer-name": "Network A",
           "description": "An AC to IXP SW in Location X",
           "requested-start": "2025-12-12T05:00:00.00Z",
           "peer-sap-id": [
             "asbr-1-interface"
           ],
           "l2-connection": {
             "encapsulation": {
               "type": "ietf-vpn-common:dot1q"
             },
             "bearer-reference": "Location-X-Line-114"
           }
         }
       ]
     }
   }

      Figure 56: Message Body of a Request to Create an AC to Connect
                                 to an IXP

   Figure 57 shows the received response to a query with the required
   information for the activation of the AC.

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025               [Page 132]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

   {
     "ietf-ac-svc:attachment-circuits": {
       "ac": [
         {
           "name": "Attachment Circuit 1",
           "customer-name": "Network A",
           "description": "An AC to IXP SW in Location X",
           "role": "ietf-ac-common:public-nni",
           "actual-start": "2025-12-12T05:00:00.00Z",
           "peer-sap-id": [
             "asbr-1-interface"
           ],
           "l2-connection": {
             "encapsulation": {
               "type": "ietf-vpn-common:dot1q",
               "dot1q": {
                 "tag-type": "ietf-vpn-common:c-vlan",
                 "cvlan-id": 114
               }
             },
             "bearer-reference": "Location-X-Line-114"
           },
           "ip-connection": {
             "ipv4": {
               "prefix-length": 24,
               "address": [
                 {
                   "address-id": "1",
                   "customer-address": "192.0.2.1"
                 }
               ]
             }
           }
         }
       ]
     }
   }

     Figure 57: Message Body of a Response to an AC Request to Connect
                                 to an IXP

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025               [Page 133]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

   Once the ACs are established, BGP peering sessions can be configured
   between routers of the participating networks.  BGP sessions can be
   established via a route server or between two networks.  For the sake
   of illustration, let us assume that BGP sessions are established
   directly between two network.  Figure 58 shows an example of a
   request to add a BGP session to an existing AC.  The properties of
   that AC are not repeated in this request because that information is
   already communicated during the creation of the AC.

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025               [Page 134]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

   {
     "ietf-ac-svc:attachment-circuits": {
       "ac": [
         {
           "name": "Attachment Circuit 1",
           "routing-protocols": {
             "routing-protocol": [
               {
                 "id": "BGP",
                 "type": "ietf-vpn-common:bgp-routing",
                 "bgp": {
                   "neighbor": [
                     {
                       "id": "Session-Network-B",
                       "remote-address": "192.0.2.1",
                       "local-as": 65537,
                       "peer-as": 65536,
                       "address-family": "ietf-vpn-common:ipv4",
                       "authentication": {
                         "enabled": true,
                         "keying-material": {
                           "key-id": 1,
                           "key": "test##"
                         }
                       },
                       "status": {
                         "admin-status": {
                           "status": "ietf-vpn-common:admin-up"
                         }
                       }
                     }
                   ]
                 }
               }
             ]
           }
         }
       ]
     }
   }

     Figure 58: Message Body of a Request to Create a BGP Session over
                                   an AC

   Figure 59 provides the example of a response which indicates that the
   request is awaiting validation.  The response includes also a server-
   assigned reference for this BGP session.

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025               [Page 135]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

   =============== NOTE: '\' line wrapping per RFC 8792 ================

   {
     "ietf-ac-svc:attachment-circuits": {
       "ac": [
         {
           "name": "Attachment Circuit 1",
           "role": "ietf-ac-common:public-nni",
           "routing-protocols": {
             "routing-protocol": [
               {
                 "id": "BGP",
                 "type": "ietf-vpn-common:bgp-routing",
                 "bgp": {
                   "neighbor": [
                     {
                       "id": "Session-Network-B",
                       "server-reference": "peering-svc-45857",
                       "local-address": "192.0.2.2",
                       "remote-address": "192.0.2.1",
                       "local-as": 65537,
                       "peer-as": 65536,
                       "address-family": "ietf-vpn-common:ipv4",
                       "authentication": {
                         "enabled": true,
                         "keying-material": {
                           "key-id": 1,
                           "key": "test##"
                         }
                       },
                       "status": {
                         "admin-status": {
                           "status": "ietf-ac-common:awaiting-\
                                                             validation"
                         }
                       }
                     }
                   ]
                 }
               }
             ]
           }
         }
       ]
     }
   }

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025               [Page 136]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

      Figure 59: Message Body of a Response for a BGP Session Awaiting
                                 Validation

   Once validation is accomplished, a status update is communicated back
   to the requestor.  The BGP session can then be established over the
   AC.  The BGP session configuration includes parameters such as
   neighbor IP addresses, ASNs, authentication settings (if required),
   etc.  The configuration is triggered at each side of the BGP
   connection (i.e., peer ASBRs).

   =============== NOTE: '\' line wrapping per RFC 8792 ================

   {
     "ietf-ac-svc:routing-protocols": {
       "routing-protocol": [
         {
           "id": "BGP",
           "type": "ietf-vpn-common:bgp-routing",
           "bgp": {
             "neighbor": [
               {
                 "id": "Session-Network-B",
                 "server-reference": "peering-svc-45857",
                 "local-address": "192.0.2.2",
                 "remote-address": "192.0.2.1",
                 "local-as": 65537,
                 "peer-as": 65536,
                 "address-family": "ietf-vpn-common:ipv4",
                 "authentication": {
                   "enabled": true,
                   "keying-material": {
                     "key-id": 1,
                     "key": "test##"
                   }
                 },
                 "status": {
                   "admin-status": {
                     "status": "ietf-ac-common:up"
                   }
                 }
               },
               {
                 "id": "Session-Network-C",
                 "server-reference": "peering-svc-7866",
                 "local-address": "192.0.2.3",
                 "remote-address": "192.0.2.1",
                 "local-as": 65538,
                 "peer-as": 65536,

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025               [Page 137]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

                 "address-family": "ietf-vpn-common:ipv4",
                 "authentication": {
                   "enabled": true,
                   "keying-material": {
                     "key-id": 1,
                     "key": "##test##"
                   }
                 },
                 "status": {
                   "admin-status": {
                     "status": "ietf-ac-common:up"
                   }
                 }
               },
               {
                 "_comment": "list of other active BGP sessions over \
                                                                this AC"
               }
             ]
           }
         }
       ]
     }
   }

       Figure 60: Message Body of a Response to Report All Active BGP
                            sessions over an AC

A.11.  Connectivity of Cloud Network Functions

A.11.1.  Scope

   This section demonstrates how the AC service model permits managing
   connectivity requirements for complex Network Functions (NFs) -
   containerized or virtualized - that are typically deployed in Telco
   networks.  This integration leverages the concept of "parent AC" to
   decouple physical and logical connectivity so that several ACs can
   shares Layer 2 and Layer 3 resources.  This approach provides
   flexibility, scalability, and API stability.

   The NFs have the following characteristics:

   *  The NF is distributed on a set of compute nodes with scaled-out
      and redundant instances.

   *  The NF has two distinct type of instances: user plane ("nf-up")
      and routing control plane ("nf-cp").

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025               [Page 138]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

   *  The user plane component can be distributed among the first 8
      compute nodes ("compute-01" to "compute-08") to achieve high
      performance.

   *  The control plane is deployed in a redundant fashion on two
      instances running on distinct compute nodes ("compute-09" and
      "compute-10").

   *  The NF is attached to distinct networks, each making use of a
      dedicated VLAN.  These VLANs are therefore instantiated as
      separate ACs.  From a realization standpoint, the NF interface
      connectivity is generally provided thanks to MacVLAN or Single
      Root I/O Virtualization (SR-IOV).  For the sake of simplicity only
      two VLANs are presented in this example, additional VLANs are
      configured following a similar logic.

A.11.2.  Physical Infrastructure

   Figure 61 describes the physical infrastructure.  The compute nodes
   (customer) are attached to the provider infrastructure thanks to a
   set of physical links on which attachment circuits are provisioned
   (i.e., "compute-XX-nicY").  The provider infrastructure can be
   realized in multiple ways, such as IP Fabric, Layer 2/Layer 3 Edge
   Routers.  This document does not intend to detail these aspects.

                                          .---------------------------.
    .------------.       bearer =         |     .--------.            |
    |            |    compute-01-nic1     |     |        |            |
    | compute-01 |------------------------|     '--------'            |
    |            |                        |                           |
    '------------'                        |     .--------. .--------. |
                                          |     |        | |        | |
                                          |     '--------' '--------' |
    .------------.       bearer =         |                           |
    |            |    compute-02-nic2     |     .--------. .--------. |
    | compute-02 |------------------------|     |        | |        | |
    |            |                        |     '--------' '--------' |
    '------------'                        |                           |
                                          |     .--------.            |
                           [...]          |     |        |            |
                                          |     '--------'            |
    .------------.       bearer =         |                           |
    |            |    compute-10-nic0     |                           |
    | compute-10 |------------------------|     Provider Network      |
    |            |                        |       Infrastructure      |
    '------------'                        |(IP Fabric, Gateways, etc.)|
                                          '---------------------------'

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025               [Page 139]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

         Figure 61: Example Physical Topology for Cloud Deployment

A.11.3.  NFs Deployment

   The NFs are deployed on this infrastructure in the following way:

   *  Configuration of a parent AC as a centralized attachment for "vlan
      100".  The parent AC captures Layer 2 and Layer 3 properties for
      this VLAN: vlan-id, IP default gateway and subnet, IP address pool
      for NFs endpoints, static routes with BFD to user plane, and BGP
      configuration to control plane NFs.  In addition, the IP addresses
      of the user plane ("nf-up") instances are protected using BFD.

   *  Configuration of a parent AC as a centralized attachment for "vlan
      200".  This vlan is for Layer 2 connectivity between NFs (no IP
      configuration in the provider network).

   *  "Child ACs" binding bearers to parent ACs for "vlan 100" and "vlan
      200".

   *  The deployment of the network service to all compute nodes
      ("compute-01" to "compute-10"), even though the NF is not
      instantiated on "compute-07"/"compute-08".  This approach permits
      handling compute failures and scale-out scenarios in a reactive
      and flexible fashion thanks to a pre-provisioned networking logic.

                            .---------------------------------------.
                            |VLAN 100:                              |
                            |                                       |
                            |Static route to virtual BGP NH in user |
                            |plane instances NF with BFD protection:|
                            |                                       |
                            |- 198.51.100.100/32 via 192.0.2.1      |
                            |- 198.51.100.100/32 via 192.0.2.2      |
                            |...                                    |
                            |- 198.51.100.100/32 via 192.0.2.8      |
                            '---------------------------------------'
                                                  |
                 vlan 100 IP subnet          .----|------------------.
                     192.0.2.0/24            |    +-------+          |
    .--------.                               |            |          |
    |.------.|.1     <- bfd ->               |            |          |
    ||nf-up1||--------vlan-100---------------|            v          |
    ||      ||--------vlan-200---------------|  .------------------. |
    |'------'|                               |  | Bridge vlan 100  | |
    compute-01                               |  |     (l2/l3)      | |
    .--------.                               |  |   IP gateway:    | |
    |.------.|.2     <- bfd ->               |  |  192.0.2.254/24  | |

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025               [Page 140]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

    ||nf-up2||--------vlan-100---------------|  '------------------' |
    ||      ||--------vlan-200---------------|                       |
    |'------'|                               |  .------------------. |
    compute-02                               |  |                  | |
                        [...]                |  | Bridge vlan 200  | |
    .--------.                               |  |    (l2 only)     | |
    |.------.|.6     <- bfd ->               |  |                  | |
    ||nf-up6||--------vlan-100---------------|  '------------------' |
    ||      ||--------vlan-200---------------|                       |
    |'------'|                               |                       |
    compute-06                               |                       |
    .--------.                               |                       |
    |        |---------vlan-100--------------|                       |
    |        |---------vlan-200--------------|                       |
    compute-07                               |                       |
    .--------.                               |                       |
    |        |---------vlan-100--------------|                       |
    |        |---------vlan-200--------------|                       |
    compute-08                               |                       |
    .--------. <----------BGP--------------->|                       |
    |.------.|.9                       .252  |                       |
    ||nf-cp1||--------vlan-100---------------|                       |
    ||      ||--------vlan-200---------------|                       |
    |'------'|                               |                       |
    compute-09                               |                       |
    .--------. <-----------BGP-------------->|                       |
    |.------.|.10                       .253 |                       |
    ||nf-cp2||---------vlan-100--------------|                       |
    ||      ||---------vlan-200--------------|                       |
    |'------'|                               '-----------------------'
    compute-10
    .-----------------------------------.
    |nf-cp routing for VLAN 100         |
    |advertises pools with 1:N backup   |
    |route.                             |
    |BGP UPDATE:                        |
    |203.0.113.0/24, NH = 198.51.100.100| ---->
    |203.0.113.0/28, NH = 192.0.2.1     |
    |203.0.113.16/28, NH = 192.0.2.2    |
    |...                                |
    |203.0.113.80/28, NH = 192.0.2.6    |
    |203.0.113.96/28, NH = 192.0.2.7    |
    '-----------------------------------'

             Figure 62: Logical Topology of the NFs Deployment

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025               [Page 141]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

   For readability the payload is displayed as single JSON file
   (Figure 63).  In practice, several API calls may take place to
   initialize these resources (e.g., GET requests from the customer to
   retrieve the IP address pools for NFs on "vlan 100" thanks to parent
   configuration and BGP configuration, and POST extra routes for user
   planes and BFD).

   Note that no individual IP addresses are assigned for the NF user
   plane instances (i.e., no "customer-address" in the Child AC).  The
   assignment of IP addresses to the NF endpoints is managed by the
   Cloud Infrastructure IPAM based on the 'customer-address' IP address
   pool "192.0.2.1-200".  Like in any conventional LAN-facing scenario,
   it is assumed that the actual binding of IP endpoints to logical
   attachments (here Child ACs) relies on a dedicated protocol logic
   (typically, Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) [RFC0826] or Neighbor
   Discovery [RFC4861]) and is not captured in the data model.  Hence,
   the IP addresses displayed for NF user plane instances are simply
   examples to illustrate a realization approach.  Note also that the
   Control Plane is defined with static IP address assignments on a
   given AC/bearer to illustrate another deployment alternative.

   =============== NOTE: '\' line wrapping per RFC 8792 ================

   {
     "ietf-ac-svc:specific-provisioning-profiles": {
       "valid-provider-identifiers": {
         "failure-detection-profile-identifier": [
           {
             "id": "single-hop-bfd-user-plane"
           }
         ]
       }
     },
     "ietf-ac-svc:attachment-circuits": {
       "ac": [
         {
           "name": "parent-vlan-100",
           "description": "This parent represents a bridge with L3 \
                             interface (IRB) to connect NF in vlan 100",
           "l2-connection": {
             "encapsulation": {
               "type": "ietf-vpn-common:dot1q",
               "dot1q": {
                 "cvlan-id": 100
               }
             }
           },
           "ip-connection": {

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025               [Page 142]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

             "ipv4": {
               "virtual-address": "192.0.2.254",
               "prefix-length": 24,
               "customer-addresses": {
                 "address-pool": [
                   {
                     "pool-id": "pool-1",
                     "start-address": "192.0.2.1",
                     "end-address": "192.0.2.200"
                   }
                 ]
               }
             }
           },
           "routing-protocols": {
             "routing-protocol": [
               {
                 "id": "1",
                 "type": "ietf-vpn-common:static-routing",
                 "static": {
                   "cascaded-lan-prefixes": {
                     "ipv4-lan-prefix": [
                       {
                         "lan": "198.51.100.100/32",
                         "next-hop": "192.0.2.1",
                         "lan-tag": "virtual-next-hop",
                         "failure-detection-profile": "single-hop-bfd-\
                                                             user-plane"
                       },
                       {
                         "lan": "198.51.100.100/32",
                         "next-hop": "192.0.2.2",
                         "lan-tag": "virtual-next-hop",
                         "failure-detection-profile": "single-hop-bfd-\
                                                             user-plane"
                       },
                       {
                         "_comment": "192.0.2.3-192.0.2.7 are not \
                                                              displayed"
                       },
                       {
                         "lan": "198.51.100.100/32",
                         "next-hop": "192.0.2.8",
                         "lan-tag": "virtual-next-hop",
                         "failure-detection-profile": "single-hop-bfd-\
                                                             user-plane"
                       }
                     ]

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025               [Page 143]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

                   }
                 }
               },
               {
                 "id": "2",
                 "type": "ietf-vpn-common:bgp-routing",
                 "bgp": {
                   "peer-groups": {
                     "peer-group": [
                       {
                         "name": "peer-nf-cp-vlan-100-gw1",
                         "local-as": 65536,
                         "peer-as": 65537,
                         "local-address": "192.0.2.252"
                       },
                       {
                         "name": "peer-nf-cp-vlan-100-gw2",
                         "local-as": 65536,
                         "peer-as": 65537,
                         "local-address": "192.0.2.253"
                       }
                     ]
                   },
                   "neighbor": [
                     {
                       "id": "gw1-cp1",
                       "remote-address": "192.0.2.101",
                       "peer-group": "peer-nf-cp-vlan-100-gw1"
                     },
                     {
                       "id": "gw1-cp2",
                       "remote-address": "192.0.2.102",
                       "peer-group": "peer-nf-cp-vlan-100-gw1"
                     },
                     {
                       "id": "gw2-cp1",
                       "remote-address": "192.0.2.101",
                       "peer-group": "peer-nf-cp-vlan-100-gw2"
                     },
                     {
                       "id": "gw2-cp2",
                       "remote-address": "192.0.2.102",
                       "peer-group": "peer-nf-cp-vlan-100-gw2"
                     }
                   ]
                 }
               }
             ]

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025               [Page 144]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

           },
           "oam": {
             "bfd": {
               "session": [
                 {
                   "id": "bfd-gw1-nf-up1",
                   "local-address": "192.0.2.252",
                   "remote-address": "192.0.2.1",
                   "profile": "single-hop-bfd-user-plane"
                 },
                 {
                   "id": "bfd-gw2-nf-up1",
                   "local-address": "192.0.2.253",
                   "remote-address": "192.0.2.1",
                   "profile": "single-hop-bfd-user-plane"
                 },
                 {
                   "id": "bfd-gw1-nf-up2",
                   "local-address": "192.0.2.252",
                   "remote-address": "192.0.2.2",
                   "profile": "single-hop-bfd-user-plane"
                 },
                 {
                   "id": "bfd-gw2-nf-up2",
                   "local-address": "192.0.2.253",
                   "remote-address": "192.0.2.2",
                   "profile": "single-hop-bfd-user-plane"
                 },
                 {
                   "_comment": "192.0.2.3-192.0.2.7 sessions are not \
                                                              displayed"
                 },
                 {
                   "id": "bfd-gw1-nf-up8",
                   "local-address": "192.0.2.252",
                   "remote-address": "192.0.2.8",
                   "profile": "single-hop-bfd-user-plane"
                 },
                 {
                   "id": "bfd-gw2-nf-up8",
                   "local-address": "192.0.2.253",
                   "remote-address": "192.0.2.8",
                   "profile": "single-hop-bfd-user-plane"
                 }
               ]
             }
           }
         },

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025               [Page 145]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

         {
           "name": "parent-vlan-200",
           "description": "This parent represents a bridge that \
                                             connects a NF in vlan 200",
           "l2-connection": {
             "encapsulation": {
               "type": "ietf-vpn-common:dot1q",
               "dot1q": {
                 "cvlan-id": 200
               }
             }
           }
         },
         {
           "name": "ac-nf-up-01-vlan-100",
           "description": "attachment to NF-up instance 1 in vlan 100",
           "ac-parent-ref": ["parent-vlan-100"],
           "l2-connection": {
             "bearer-reference": "compute-01-nic1"
           }
         },
         {
           "name": "ac-nf-up-02-vlan-100",
           "description": "attachment to NF-up instance 2 in vlan 100",
           "ac-parent-ref": ["parent-vlan-100"],
           "l2-connection": {
             "bearer-reference": "compute-02-nic2"
           }
         },
         {
           "_comment": "ac-nf-up-03-vlan-100 to ac-nf-up-07-vlan-100 \
                                                             are hidden"
         },
         {
           "name": "ac-nf-up-08-vlan-100",
           "description": "attachment to NF-up instance 10 in vlan 100",
           "ac-parent-ref": ["parent-vlan-100"],
           "l2-connection": {
             "bearer-reference": "compute-08-nic1"
           }
         },
         {
           "name": "ac-nf-cp-01-vlan-100",
           "description": "attachment to NF-CP instance 1 in vlan 100",
           "ac-parent-ref": ["parent-vlan-100"],
           "l2-connection": {
             "bearer-reference": "compute-09-nic0"
           },

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025               [Page 146]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

           "ip-connection": {
             "ipv4": {
               "prefix-length": 24,
               "address": [
                 {
                   "address-id": "1",
                   "customer-address": "192.0.2.101"
                 }
               ]
             }
           }
         },
         {
           "name": "ac-nf-cp-02-vlan-100",
           "description": "attachment to NF-CP instance 2 in vlan 100",
           "ac-parent-ref": ["parent-vlan-100"],
           "l2-connection": {
             "bearer-reference": "compute-10-nic0"
           },
           "ip-connection": {
             "ipv4": {
               "prefix-length": 24,
               "address": [
                 {
                   "address-id": "1",
                   "customer-address": "192.0.2.102"
                 }
               ]
             }
           }
         },
         {
           "name": "ac-nf-up-1-vlan-200",
           "description": "attachment to NF-up instance 1 in vlan 200",
           "ac-parent-ref": ["parent-vlan-200"],
           "l2-connection": {
             "bearer-reference": "compute-01-nic1"
           }
         },
         {
           "_comment": "ac-nf-up-2-vlan-200 to ac-nf-cp-01-vlan-200 \
                                                      are not displayed"
         },
         {
           "name": "ac-nf-cp-2-vlan-200",
           "description": "attachment to NF-CP instance 2 in vlan 200",
           "ac-parent-ref": ["parent-vlan-200"],
           "l2-connection": {

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025               [Page 147]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

             "bearer-reference": "compute-10-nic0"
           }
         }
       ]
     }
   }

        Figure 63: Message Body for the Configuration of the NF ACs

A.11.4.  NF Failure and Scale-Out

   Assuming a failure of "compute-01", the instance "nf-up-1" can be
   redeployed to "compute-07" by the NF/Cloud Orchestration.  The NFs
   can be scaled-out thanks to the creation of an extra instance "nf-
   up7" on "compute-08".  Since connectivity is pre-provisioned, these
   operations happen without any API calls.  In other words, this
   redeployment is transparent from the perspective of the configuration
   of the provider network.

                                             .-----------------------.
                                             |                       |
    .--------.                               |  .------------------. |
    |        |                               |  |                  | |
    |status= |--------vlan-100---------------|  | Bridge vlan 100  | |
    |  DOWN  |--------vlan-200---------------|  |                  | |
    |        |                               |  '------------------' |
    compute-01                               |                       |
         |                                   |  .------------------. |
         |                                   |  |                  | |
         |                                   |  | Bridge vlan 200  | |
         |                                   |  |                  | |
         |                                   |  '------------------' |
         |              [...]                |                       |
         v                                   |                       |
    .--------.                               |                       |
    |.------.|.1     < - bfd - >             |                       |
    ||nf-up1||---------vlan-100--------------|  nf-up1 moved to      |
    ||      ||---------vlan-200--------------|     compute-07        |
    |'------'|                               |                       |
    compute-07                               |                       |
    .--------.                               |     nf-up7 on         |
    |.------.|.7     < - bfd - >             |    compute-08         |
    ||nf-up7||---------vlan-100--------------|    created for        |
    ||      ||---------vlan-200--------------|     scale-out         |
    |'------'|                               |                       |
    compute-08                               '-----------------------'

            Figure 64: Example of Compute Failure and Scale-out

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025               [Page 148]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

   Finally, the addition or deletion of compute nodes in the deployment
   ("compute-11", "compute-12", etc.) involves merely changes on Child
   ACs and possible routing on the parent AC.  In any case, the parent
   AC is a stable identifier, which can be consumed as a reference by
   end-to-end service models for VPN configuration such as
   [I-D.ietf-opsawg-ac-lxsm-lxnm-glue], Slice Service
   [I-D.ietf-teas-ietf-network-slice-nbi-yang], etc.  This decoupling to
   a stable identifier provides great benefits in terms of scalability
   and flexibility since once the reference with the parent AC is
   implemented, no API call involving the VPN model is needed for any
   modification in the cloud.

A.12.  BFD and Static Addressing

   Figure 65 shows a topology example of a set of CEs connected to a
   provider network via dedicated bearers.  Each of these CE maintains
   two BFD sessions with the provider network.

                         +----------------------------+
   +--------+ .1         |                            |
   |   CE1  |------------|------+                     |
   +--------+            |      |            .252     |
                         |  +---+----+   +----------+ |
   +--------+ .2         |  |   LAN  |---|   GW1    | |
   |   CE2  |------------|--|        |   |  [bfd]   | |
   +--------+            |  192.0.2/24   +----------+ |
                         |  |        |        .253    |
   ...                   |  +----+---+   +----------+ |
                         |       | |     |   GW2    | |
   +--------+ .10        |       | +-----+  [bfd]   | |
   |   CE10 |------------|-------+       +----------+ |
   +--------+            |                            |
                         |     Provider Network       |
                         +----------------------------+

   Each CE has a BFD session to each gateway for redundancy:
   +--------+
   |   CEx  | .x <---bfd---> .252
   +--------+    <---bfd---> .253

              Figure 65: Example of Static Addressing with BFD

   Figure 66 shows the message body of the ACaaS configuration to enable
   the target architecture shown in Figure 65.  This example uses an AC
   group profile to factorize common data between all involved ACs.  It
   also uses child ACs that inherit the properties of two parent ACs;
   each terminating in a separate gateway in the provider network.

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025               [Page 149]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

   =============== NOTE: '\' line wrapping per RFC 8792 ================

   {
     "ietf-ac-svc:specific-provisioning-profiles": {
       "valid-provider-identifiers": {
         "failure-detection-profile-identifier": [
           {
             "id": "single-hop-bfd"
           }
         ]
       }
     },
     "ietf-ac-svc:attachment-circuits": {
       "ac-group-profile": [
         {
           "name": "profile-vlan-100",
           "l2-connection": {
             "encapsulation": {
               "type": "ietf-vpn-common:dot1q",
               "dot1q": {
                 "cvlan-id": 100
               }
             }
           },
           "ip-connection": {
             "ipv4": {
               "virtual-address": "192.0.2.254",
               "prefix-length": 24,
               "address": [
                 {
                   "address-id": "ce1",
                   "customer-address": "192.0.2.1",
                   "failure-detection-profile": "single-hop-bfd"
                 },
                 {
                   "address-id": "ce2",
                   "customer-address": "192.0.2.2",
                   "failure-detection-profile": "single-hop-bfd"
                 },
                 {
                   "_comment": "ce3 to ce9 are not displayed"
                 },
                 {
                   "address-id": "ce10",
                   "customer-address": "192.0.2.10",
                   "failure-detection-profile": "single-hop-bfd"
                 }
               ]

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025               [Page 150]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

             }
           }
         }
       ],
       "ac": [
         {
           "name": "parent-vlan-100-gw1",
           "description": "This parent represents a bridge with Layer \
                          3 interface (IRB) to connect NFs in VLAN 100",
           "ac-group-profile-ref": [
             "profile-vlan-100"
           ],
           "ip-connection": {
             "ipv4": {
               "local-address": "192.0.2.252",
               "prefix-length": 24
             }
           }
         },
         {
           "name": "parent-vlan-100-gw2",
           "description": "This parent represents a bridge with Layer \
                          3 interface (IRB) to connect NFs in VLAN 100",
           "ac-group-profile-ref": [
             "profile-vlan-100"
           ],
           "ip-connection": {
             "ipv4": {
               "local-address": "192.0.2.253",
               "prefix-length": 24
             }
           }
         },
         {
           "name": "ac-ce-01-vlan-100",
           "description": "attachment to CE1 in VLAN 100",
           "ac-parent-ref": [
             "parent-vlan-100-gw1",
             "parent-vlan-100-gw2"
           ],
           "l2-connection": {
             "bearer-reference": "bearer--1"
           }
         },
         {
           "name": "ac-ce-02-vlan-100",
           "description": "attachment to CE2 in VLAN 100",
           "ac-parent-ref": [

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025               [Page 151]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

             "parent-vlan-100-gw1",
             "parent-vlan-100-gw2"
           ],
           "l2-connection": {
             "bearer-reference": "bearer--2"
           }
         },
         {
           "_comment": "ac-ce-03-vlan-100 to ac-ce-09-vlan-100 are \
                                                                 hidden"
         },
         {
           "name": "ac-ce-10-vlan-100",
           "description": "attachment to CE10 in VLAN 100",
           "ac-parent-ref": [
             "parent-vlan-100-gw1",
             "parent-vlan-100-gw2"
           ],
           "l2-connection": {
             "bearer-reference": "bearer--10"
           }
         }
       ]
     }
   }

      Figure 66: Message Body for the Configuration of CEs with Static
                       Addressing and BFD Protection

Acknowledgments

   This document leverages [RFC9182] and [RFC9291].  Thanks to Gyan
   Mishra for the review.

   Thanks to Ebben Aries for the YANG Doctors review and for providing
   [Instance-Data].

   Thanks to Donald Eastlake for the careful rtg-dir reviews and Tero
   Kivinen for the sec-dir review.

   Thanks to Luis Miguel Contreras Murillo for the careful Shepherd
   review.

   Thanks to Mahesh for the AD review.

Contributors

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025               [Page 152]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

   Victor Lopez
   Nokia
   Email: victor.lopez@nokia.com

   Ivan Bykov
   Ribbon Communications
   Email: Ivan.Bykov@rbbn.com

   Qin Wu
   Huawei
   Email: bill.wu@huawei.com

   Kenichi Ogaki
   KDDI
   Email: ke-oogaki@kddi.com

   Luis Angel Munoz
   Vodafone
   Email: luis-angel.munoz@vodafone.com

Authors' Addresses

   Mohamed Boucadair (editor)
   Orange
   Email: mohamed.boucadair@orange.com

   Richard Roberts (editor)
   Juniper
   Email: rroberts@juniper.net

   Oscar Gonzalez de Dios
   Telefonica
   Email: oscar.gonzalezdedios@telefonica.com

   Samier Barguil Giraldo
   Nokia
   Email: samier.barguil_giraldo@nokia.com

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025               [Page 153]
Internet-Draft                    ACaaS                     October 2024

   Bo Wu
   Huawei Technologies
   Email: lana.wubo@huawei.com

Boucadair, et al.         Expires 14 April 2025               [Page 154]