Skip to main content

WebRTC-HTTP ingestion protocol (WHIP)
draft-ietf-wish-whip-16

Document Type Active Internet-Draft (wish WG)
Authors Sergio Garcia Murillo , Dr. Alex Gouaillard
Last updated 2024-08-30 (Latest revision 2024-08-21)
Replaces draft-murillo-whip
RFC stream Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
Intended RFC status Proposed Standard
Formats
Reviews
Additional resources GitHub Repository
Mailing list discussion
Stream WG state Submitted to IESG for Publication
Document shepherd Nils Ohlmeier
Shepherd write-up Show Last changed 2024-02-14
IESG IESG state RFC Ed Queue
Action Holders
(None)
Consensus boilerplate Yes
Telechat date (None)
Responsible AD Murray Kucherawy
Send notices to ietf@ohlmeier.org
IANA IANA review state Version Changed - Review Needed
IANA action state RFC-Ed-Ack
IANA expert review state Expert Reviews OK
IANA expert review comments The relation name is 'ice-server', which his reasonably generic and intuitive, but the description is: > For the WHIP protocol, conveys the STUN and TURN servers that can be used by an ICE Agent to establish a connection with a peer. ... which is very specific to the WHIP protocol. If you wish to use the generic name, please make the description match; e.g., remove 'For the WHIP protocol'. Alternatively, if you wish to have a relation type that's specific to the WHIP protocol, I'd suggest something like 'whip-ice-agent'. Cheers, Mark Nottingham https://www.mnot.net/
RFC Editor RFC Editor state EDIT
Details
draft-ietf-wish-whip-16
wish                                                          S. Murillo
Internet-Draft                                                 Millicast
Updates: 8842, 8840 (if approved)                          A. Gouaillard
Intended status: Standards Track                          CoSMo Software
Expires: 22 February 2025                                 21 August 2024

                 WebRTC-HTTP ingestion protocol (WHIP)
                        draft-ietf-wish-whip-16

Abstract

   This document describes a simple HTTP-based protocol that will allow
   WebRTC-based ingestion of content into streaming services and/or
   CDNs.

   This document updates RFC 8842 and RFC 8840.

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
   working documents as Internet-Drafts.  The list of current Internet-
   Drafts is at https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   This Internet-Draft will expire on 22 February 2025.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2024 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (https://trustee.ietf.org/
   license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document.
   Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights
   and restrictions with respect to this document.  Code Components
   extracted from this document must include Revised BSD License text as
   described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are
   provided without warranty as described in the Revised BSD License.

Murillo & Gouaillard    Expires 22 February 2025                [Page 1]
Internet-Draft                    whip                       August 2024

Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
   2.  Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
   3.  Overview  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
   4.  Protocol Operation  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
     4.1.  HTTP usage  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
     4.2.  Ingest session set up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
     4.3.  ICE support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
       4.3.1.  HTTP PATCH request usage  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
       4.3.2.  Trickle ICE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
       4.3.3.  ICE Restarts  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
     4.4.  WebRTC constraints  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15
       4.4.1.  SDP Bundle  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16
       4.4.2.  Single MediaStream  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16
       4.4.3.  No partially successful answers . . . . . . . . . . .  16
       4.4.4.  DTLS setup role and SDP "setup" attribute . . . . . .  16
       4.4.5.  Trickle ICE and ICE restarts  . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
     4.5.  Load balancing and redirections . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
     4.6.  STUN/TURN server configuration  . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
       4.6.1.  Congestion control  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  19
     4.7.  Authentication and authorization  . . . . . . . . . . . .  19
       4.7.1.  Bearer token authentication . . . . . . . . . . . . .  20
     4.8.  Simulcast and scalable video coding . . . . . . . . . . .  20
     4.9.  Protocol extensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  20
   5.  Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  21
   6.  IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  23
     6.1.  Link Relation Type: ice-server  . . . . . . . . . . . . .  23
     6.2.  WebRTC-HTTP Ingestion Protocol (WHIP) registry group  . .  23
     6.3.  Registration of WHIP URN Sub-namespace and WHIP
           registries  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  23
       6.3.1.  WebRTC-HTTP ingestion protocol (WHIP) URNs
               registry  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  24
       6.3.2.  WebRTC-HTTP ingestion protocol (WHIP) extension URNs
               registry  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  24
     6.4.  URN Sub-namespace for WHIP  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  25
       6.4.1.  Specification Template  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  25
     6.5.  Registering WHIP Protocol Extensions URNs . . . . . . . .  27
       6.5.1.  Registration Procedure  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  27
       6.5.2.  Guidance for Designated Experts . . . . . . . . . . .  28
       6.5.3.  WHIP Protocol Extension Registration Template . . . .  28
   7.  Acknowledgements  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  29
   8.  References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  29
     8.1.  Normative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  29
     8.2.  Informative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  32
   Authors' Addresses  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  34

Murillo & Gouaillard    Expires 22 February 2025                [Page 2]
Internet-Draft                    whip                       August 2024

1.  Introduction

   The IETF RTCWEB working group standardized JSEP ([RFC9429]), a
   mechanism used to control the setup, management, and teardown of a
   multimedia session.  It also describes how to negotiate media flows
   using the Offer/Answer Model with the Session Description Protocol
   (SDP) [RFC3264] including the formats for data sent over the wire
   (e.g., media types, codec parameters, and encryption).  WebRTC
   intentionally does not specify a signaling transport protocol at
   application level.

   Unfortunately, the lack of a standardized signaling mechanism in
   WebRTC has been an obstacle to adoption as an ingestion protocol
   within the broadcast/streaming industry, where a streamlined
   production pipeline is taken for granted: plug in cables carrying raw
   media to hardware encoders, then push the encoded media to any
   streaming service or Content Delivery Network (CDN) ingest using an
   ingestion protocol.

   While WebRTC can be integrated with standard signaling protocols like
   SIP [RFC3261] or XMPP [RFC6120], they are not designed to be used in
   broadcasting/streaming services, and there is also no sign of
   adoption in that industry.  RTSP [RFC7826], which is based on RTP,
   does not support the SDP offer/answer model [RFC3264] for negotiating
   the characteristics of the media session.

   This document proposes a simple protocol based on HTTP for supporting
   WebRTC as media ingestion method which:

   *  Is easy to implement,

   *  Is as easy to use as popular IP-based broadcast protocols

   *  Is fully compliant with WebRTC and RTCWEB specs

   *  Enables ingestion on both classical media platforms and WebRTC
      end-to-end platforms, achieving the lowest possible latency.

   *  Lowers the requirements on both hardware encoders and broadcasting
      services to support WebRTC.

   *  Is usable both in web browsers and in standalone encoders.

Murillo & Gouaillard    Expires 22 February 2025                [Page 3]
Internet-Draft                    whip                       August 2024

2.  Terminology

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
   "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in
   BCP 14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all
   capitals, as shown here.

3.  Overview

   The WebRTC-HTTP Ingest Protocol (WHIP) is designed to facilitate a
   one-time exchange of Session Description Protocol (SDP) offers and
   answers using HTTP POST requests.  This exchange is a fundamental
   step in establishing an Interactive Connectivity Establishment (ICE)
   and Datagram Transport Layer Security (DTLS) session between the WHIP
   client, which represents the encoder or media producer, and the media
   server, the broadcasting ingestion endpoint.

   Upon successful establishment of the ICE/DTLS session, unidirectional
   media data transmission commences from the WHIP client to the media
   server.  It is important to note that SDP renegotiations are not
   supported in WHIP, meaning that no modifications to the "m=" sections
   can be made after the initial SDP offer/answer exchange via HTTP POST
   is completed and only ICE related information can be updated via HTTP
   PATCH requests as defined in Section 4.3.

   The following diagram illustrates the core operation of the WHIP
   protocol for initiating and terminating an ingest session:

Murillo & Gouaillard    Expires 22 February 2025                [Page 4]
Internet-Draft                    whip                       August 2024

 +-------------+    +---------------+ +--------------+ +---------------+
 | WHIP client |    | WHIP endpoint | | Media Server | | WHIP session  |
 +--+----------+    +---------+-----+ +------+-------+ +--------|------+
    |                         |              |                  |
    |                         |              |                  |
    |HTTP POST (SDP Offer)    |              |                  |
    +------------------------>+              |                  |
    |201 Created (SDP answer) |              |                  |
    +<------------------------+              |                  |
    |          ICE REQUEST                   |                  |
    +--------------------------------------->+                  |
    |          ICE RESPONSE                  |                  |
    |<---------------------------------------+                  |
    |          DTLS SETUP                    |                  |
    |<======================================>|                  |
    |          RTP/RTCP FLOW                 |                  |
    +<-------------------------------------->+                  |
    | HTTP DELETE                                               |
    +---------------------------------------------------------->+
    | 200 OK                                                    |
    <-----------------------------------------------------------x

              Figure 1: WHIP session setup and teardown

   The elements in Figure 1 are described as follows:

   *  WHIP client: This represents the WebRTC media encoder or producer,
      which functions as a client of the WHIP protocol by encoding and
      delivering media to a remote media server.

   *  WHIP endpoint: This denotes the ingest server that receives the
      initial WHIP request.

   *  WHIP endpoint URL: Refers to the URL of the WHIP endpoint
      responsible for creating the WHIP session.

   *  Media server: This is the WebRTC media server or consumer
      responsible for establishing the media session with the WHIP
      client and receiving the media content it produces.

   *  WHIP session: This indicates the server handling the allocated
      HTTP resource by the WHIP endpoint for an ongoing ingest session.

   *  WHIP session URL: Refers to the URL of the WHIP resource allocated
      by the WHIP endpoint for a specific media session.  The WHIP
      client can send requests to the WHIP session using this URL to
      modify the session, such as ICE operations or termination.

Murillo & Gouaillard    Expires 22 February 2025                [Page 5]
Internet-Draft                    whip                       August 2024

   The Figure 1 illustrates the communication flow between a WHIP
   client, WHIP endpoint, media server, and WHIP session.  This flow
   outlines the process of setting up and tearing down an ingestion
   session using the WHIP protocol, involving negotiation, ICE for
   Network Address Translation (NAT) traversal, DTLS and Secure Real-
   time Transport Protocol (SRTP) for security, and RTP/RTCP for media
   transport:

   *  WHIP client: Initiates the communication by sending an HTTP POST
      with an SDP Offer to the WHIP endpoint.

   *  WHIP endpoint: Responds with a "201 Created" message containing an
      SDP answer.

   *  WHIP client and media server: Establish an ICE and DTLS sessions
      for NAT traversal and secure communication.

   *  RTP/RTCP Flow: Real-time Transport Protocol and Real-time
      Transport Control Protocol flows are established for media
      transmission from the WHIP client to the media server, secured by
      the SRTP profile.

   *  WHIP client: Sends an HTTP DELETE to terminate the WHIP session.

   *  WHIP session: Responds with a "200 OK" to confirm the session
      termination.

4.  Protocol Operation

4.1.  HTTP usage

   Following [BCP56] guidelines, WHIP clients MUST NOT match error codes
   returned by the WHIP endpoints and resources to a specific error
   cause indicated in this specification.  WHIP clients MUST be able to
   handle all applicable status codes gracefully falling back to the
   generic n00 semantics of a given status code on unknown error codes.
   WHIP endpoints and resources could convey finer-grained error
   information by a problem statement json object in the response
   message body of the failed request as per [RFC9457].

   The WHIP endpoints and sessions are origin servers as defined in
   Section 3.6. of [RFC9110] handling the requests and providing
   responses for the underlying HTTP resources.  Those HTTP resources do
   not have any representation defined in this specification, so the
   WHIP endpoints and sessions MUST return a 2XX sucessfull response
   with no content when a GET request is received.

Murillo & Gouaillard    Expires 22 February 2025                [Page 6]
Internet-Draft                    whip                       August 2024

4.2.  Ingest session set up

   In order to set up an ingestion session, the WHIP client MUST
   generate an SDP offer according to the JSEP rules for an initial
   offer as in Section 5.2.1 of [RFC9429] and perform an HTTP POST
   request as per Section 9.3.3 of [RFC9110] to the configured WHIP
   endpoint URL.

   The HTTP POST request MUST have a content type of "application/sdp"
   and contain the SDP offer as the body.  The WHIP endpoint MUST
   generate an SDP answer according to the JSEP rules for an initial
   answer as in Section 5.3.1 of [RFC9429] and return a "201 Created"
   response with a content type of "application/sdp", the SDP answer as
   the body, and a Location header field pointing to the newly created
   WHIP session.  If the HTTP POST to the WHIP endpoint has a content
   type different than "application/sdp" or the SDP is malformed, the
   WHIP endpoint MUST reject the HTTP POST request with an appropiate
   4XX error response.

   As the WHIP protocol only supports the ingestion use case with
   unidirectional media, the WHIP client SHOULD use "sendonly" attribute
   in the SDP offer but MAY use the "sendrecv" attribute instead,
   "inactive" and "recvonly" attributes MUST NOT be used.  The WHIP
   endpoint MUST use "recvonly" attribute in the SDP answer.

   Following Figure 2 is an example of an HTTP POST sent from a WHIP
   client to a WHIP endpoint and the "201 Created" response from the
   WHIP endpoint containing the Location header pointing to the newly
   created WHIP session:

POST /whip/endpoint HTTP/1.1
Host: whip.example.com
Content-Type: application/sdp
Content-Length: 1101

v=0
o=- 5228595038118931041 2 IN IP4 127.0.0.1
s=-
t=0 0
a=group:BUNDLE 0 1
a=extmap-allow-mixed
a=ice-options:trickle ice2
m=audio 9 UDP/TLS/RTP/SAVPF 111
c=IN IP4 0.0.0.0
a=rtcp:9 IN IP4 0.0.0.0
a=ice-ufrag:EsAw
a=ice-pwd:bP+XJMM09aR8AiX1jdukzR6Y
a=fingerprint:sha-256 DA:7B:57:DC:28:CE:04:4F:31:79:85:C4:31:67:EB:27:58:29:ED:77:2A:0D:24:AE:ED:AD:30:BC:BD:F1:9C:02

Murillo & Gouaillard    Expires 22 February 2025                [Page 7]
Internet-Draft                    whip                       August 2024

a=setup:actpass
a=mid:0
a=extmap:4 urn:ietf:params:rtp-hdrext:sdes:mid
a=sendonly
a=msid:d46fb922-d52a-4e9c-aa87-444eadc1521b ce326ecf-a081-453a-8f9f-0605d5ef4128
a=rtcp-mux
a=rtcp-mux-only
a=rtpmap:111 opus/48000/2
a=fmtp:111 minptime=10;useinbandfec=1
m=video 0 UDP/TLS/RTP/SAVPF 96 97
a=mid:1
a=bundle-only
a=extmap:4 urn:ietf:params:rtp-hdrext:sdes:mid
a=extmap:10 urn:ietf:params:rtp-hdrext:sdes:rtp-stream-id
a=extmap:11 urn:ietf:params:rtp-hdrext:sdes:repaired-rtp-stream-id
a=sendonly
a=msid:d46fb922-d52a-4e9c-aa87-444eadc1521b 3956b460-40f4-4d05-acef-03abcdd8c6fd
a=rtpmap:96 VP8/90000
a=rtcp-fb:96 ccm fir
a=rtcp-fb:96 nack
a=rtcp-fb:96 nack pli
a=rtpmap:97 rtx/90000
a=fmtp:97 apt=96

HTTP/1.1 201 Created
ETag: "xyzzy"
Content-Type: application/sdp
Content-Length: 1053
Location: https://whip.example.com/session/id

v=0
o=- 1657793490019 1 IN IP4 127.0.0.1
s=-
t=0 0
a=group:BUNDLE 0 1
a=extmap-allow-mixed
a=ice-lite
a=ice-options:trickle ice2
m=audio 9 UDP/TLS/RTP/SAVPF 111
c=IN IP4 0.0.0.0
a=rtcp:9 IN IP4 0.0.0.0
a=ice-ufrag:38sdf4fdsf54
a=ice-pwd:2e13dde17c1cb009202f627fab90cbec358d766d049c9697
a=fingerprint:sha-256 F7:EB:F3:3E:AC:D2:EA:A7:C1:EC:79:D9:B3:8A:35:DA:70:86:4F:46:D9:2D:CC:D0:BC:81:9F:67:EF:34:2E:BD
a=candidate:1 1 UDP 2130706431 198.51.100.1 39132 typ host
a=setup:passive
a=mid:0
a=extmap:4 urn:ietf:params:rtp-hdrext:sdes:mid

Murillo & Gouaillard    Expires 22 February 2025                [Page 8]
Internet-Draft                    whip                       August 2024

a=recvonly
a=rtcp-mux
a=rtcp-mux-only
a=rtpmap:111 opus/48000/2
a=fmtp:111 minptime=10;useinbandfec=1
m=video 0 UDP/TLS/RTP/SAVPF 96 97
c=IN IP4 0.0.0.0
a=mid:1
a=bundle-only
a=extmap:4 urn:ietf:params:rtp-hdrext:sdes:mid
a=extmap:10 urn:ietf:params:rtp-hdrext:sdes:rtp-stream-id
a=extmap:11 urn:ietf:params:rtp-hdrext:sdes:repaired-rtp-stream-id
a=recvonly
a=rtpmap:96 VP8/90000
a=rtcp-fb:96 ccm fir
a=rtcp-fb:96 nack
a=rtcp-fb:96 nack pli
a=rtpmap:97 rtx/90000
a=fmtp:97 apt=96

 Figure 2: Example of SDP offer/answer exchange done via an HTTP POST

   Once a session is set up, consent freshness as per [RFC7675] SHALL be
   used to detect non-graceful disconnection by full ICE implementations
   and DTLS teardown for session termination by either side.

   To explicitly terminate a WHIP session, the WHIP client MUST perform
   an HTTP DELETE request to the WHIP session URL returned in the
   Location header field of the initial HTTP POST.  Upon receiving the
   HTTP DELETE request, the WHIP session will be removed and the
   resources freed on the media server, terminating the ICE and DTLS
   sessions.

   A media server terminating a session MUST follow the procedures in
   Section 5.2 of [RFC7675] for immediate revocation of consent.

   The WHIP endpoints MUST support OPTIONS requests for Cross-Origin
   Resource Sharing (CORS) as defined in [FETCH].  The "200 OK" response
   to any OPTIONS request SHOULD include an "Accept-Post" header with a
   media type value of "application/sdp" as per [W3C.REC-ldp-20150226].

Murillo & Gouaillard    Expires 22 February 2025                [Page 9]
Internet-Draft                    whip                       August 2024

4.3.  ICE support

   ICE [RFC8845] is a protocol addressing the complexities of NAT
   traversal, commonly encountered in Internet communication.  NATs
   hinder direct communication between devices on different local
   networks, posing challenges for real-time applications.  ICE
   facilitates seamless connectivity by employing techniques to discover
   and negotiate efficient communication paths.

   Trickle ICE [RFC8838] optimizes the connectivity process by
   incrementally sharing potential communication paths, reducing
   latency, and facilitating quicker establishment.

   ICE Restarts are crucial for maintaining connectivity in dynamic
   network conditions or disruptions, allowing devices to re-establish
   communication paths without complete renegotiation.  This ensures
   minimal latency and reliable real-time communication.

   Trickle ICE and ICE restart support are RECOMMENDED for both WHIP
   sessions and clients.

4.3.1.  HTTP PATCH request usage

   The WHIP client MAY perform trickle ICE or ICE restarts by sending an
   HTTP PATCH request as per [RFC5789] to the WHIP session URL, with a
   body containing an SDP fragment with media type "application/trickle-
   ice-sdpfrag" as specified in [RFC8840] carrying the relevant ICE
   information.  If the HTTP PATCH to the WHIP session has a content
   type different than "application/trickle-ice-sdpfrag" or the SDP
   fragment is malformed, the WHIP session MUST reject the HTTP PATCH
   with an appropiate 4XX error response.

   If the WHIP session supports either Trickle ICE or ICE restarts, but
   not both, it MUST return a "422 Unprocessable Content" error response
   for the HTTP PATCH requests that are not supported as per
   Section 15.5.21 of [RFC9110].

   The WHIP client MAY send overlapping HTTP PATCH requests to one WHIP
   session.  Consequently, as those HTTP PATCH requests may be received
   out-of-order by the WHIP session, if WHIP session supports ICE
   restarts, it MUST generate a unique strong entity-tag identifying the
   ICE session as per Section 8.8.3 of [RFC9110], being OPTIONAL
   otherwise.  The initial value of the entity-tag identifying the
   initial ICE session MUST be returned in an ETag header field in the
   "201 Created" response to the initial POST request to the WHIP
   endpoint.

Murillo & Gouaillard    Expires 22 February 2025               [Page 10]
Internet-Draft                    whip                       August 2024

   WHIP clients SHOULD NOT use entity-tag validation when matching a
   specific ICE session is not required, such as for example when
   initiating a DELETE request to terminate a session.  WHIP sessions
   MUST ignore any entity-tag value sent by the WHIP client when ICE
   session matching is not required, as in the HTTP DELETE request.

   Missing or outdated ETags in the PATCH requests from WHIP clients
   will be answered by WHIP sessions as per Section 13.1.1 of [RFC9110]
   and Section 3 of [RFC6585], with a "428 Precondition Required"
   response for a missing entity tag, and a "412 Precondition Failed"
   response for a non-matching entity tag.

4.3.2.  Trickle ICE

   Depending on the Trickle ICE support on the WHIP client, the initial
   offer by the WHIP client MAY be sent after the full ICE gathering is
   complete with the full list of ICE candidates, or it MAY only contain
   local candidates (or even an empty list of candidates) as per
   [RFC8845].  For the purpose of reducing setup times, when using
   Trickle ICE the WHIP client SHOULD send the SDP offer as soon as
   possible, containing either locally gathered ICE candidates or an
   empty list of candidates.

   In order to simplify the protocol, the WHIP session cannot signal
   additional ICE candidates to the WHIP client after the SDP answer has
   been sent.  The WHIP endpoint SHALL gather all the ICE candidates for
   the media server before responding to the client request and the SDP
   answer SHALL contain the full list of ICE candidates of the media
   server.

   As the WHIP client needs to know the WHIP session URL associated with
   the ICE session in order to send a PATCH request containing new ICE
   candidates, it MUST wait and buffer any gathered candidates until the
   "201 Created" HTTP response to the initial POST request is received.
   In order to lower the HTTP traffic and processing time required the
   WHIP client SHOULD send a single aggregated HTTP PATCH request with
   all the buffered ICE candidates once the response is received.
   Additionally, if ICE restarts are supported by the WHIP session, the
   WHIP client needs to know the entity-tag associated with the ICE
   session in order to send a PATCH request containing new ICE
   candidates, so it MUST also wait and buffer any gathered candidates
   until it receives the HTTP response with the new entity-tag value to
   the last PATCH request performing an ICE restart.

   WHIP clients generating the HTTP PATCH body with the SDP fragment and
   its subsequent processing by WHIP sessions MUST follow to the
   guidelines defined in Section 4.4 of [RFC8840] with the following
   considerations:

Murillo & Gouaillard    Expires 22 February 2025               [Page 11]
Internet-Draft                    whip                       August 2024

   *  As per [RFC9429], only m-sections not marked as bundle-only can
      gather ICE candidates, so given that the "max-bundle" policy is
      being used, the SDP fragment will contain only the offerer-tagged
      m-line of the bundle group.

   *  The WHIP client MAY exclude ICE candidates from the HTTP PATCH
      body if they have already been confirmed by the WHIP session with
      a successful HTTP response to a previous HTTP PATCH request.

   WHIP sessions and clients that support Trickle ICE MUST make use of
   entity-tags and conditional requests as explained in Section 4.3.1.

   When a WHIP session receives a PATCH request that adds new ICE
   candidates without performing an ICE restart, it MUST return a "204
   No Content" response without a body and MUST NOT include an ETag
   header in the response.  If the WHIP session does not support a
   candidate transport or is not able to resolve the connection address,
   it MUST silently discard the candidate and continue processing the
   rest of the request normally.

PATCH /session/id HTTP/1.1
Host: whip.example.com
If-Match: "xyzzy"
Content-Type: application/trickle-ice-sdpfrag
Content-Length: 576

a=group:BUNDLE 0 1
m=audio 9 UDP/TLS/RTP/SAVPF 111
a=mid:0
a=ice-ufrag:EsAw
a=ice-pwd:P2uYro0UCOQ4zxjKXaWCBui1
a=candidate:1387637174 1 udp 2122260223 192.0.2.1 61764 typ host generation 0 ufrag EsAw network-id 1
a=candidate:3471623853 1 udp 2122194687 198.51.100.2 61765 typ host generation 0 ufrag EsAw network-id 2
a=candidate:473322822 1 tcp 1518280447 192.0.2.1 9 typ host tcptype active generation 0 ufrag EsAw network-id 1
a=candidate:2154773085 1 tcp 1518214911 198.51.100.2 9 typ host tcptype active generation 0 ufrag EsAw network-id 2
a=end-of-candidates

HTTP/1.1 204 No Content

       Figure 3: Example of a Trickle ICE request and response

   Figure 3 shows an example of the Trickle ICE procedure where the WHIP
   client sends a PATCH request with updated ICE candidate information
   and receives a successful response from the WHIP session.

Murillo & Gouaillard    Expires 22 February 2025               [Page 12]
Internet-Draft                    whip                       August 2024

4.3.3.  ICE Restarts

   As defined in [RFC8839], when an ICE restart occurs, a new SDP offer/
   answer exchange is triggered.  However, as WHIP does not support
   renegotiation of non-ICE related SDP information, a WHIP client will
   not send a new offer when an ICE restart occurs.  Instead, the WHIP
   client and WHIP session will only exchange the relevant ICE
   information via an HTTP PATCH request as defined in Section 4.3.1 and
   MUST assume that the previously negotiated non-ICE related SDP
   information still apply after the ICE restart.

   When performing an ICE restart, the WHIP client MUST include the
   updated "ice-pwd" and "ice-ufrag" in the SDP fragment of the HTTP
   PATCH request body as well as the new set of gathered ICE candidates
   as defined in [RFC8840].  Similar what is defined in Section 4.3.2,
   as per [RFC9429] only m-sections not marked as bundle-only can gather
   ICE candidates, so given that the "max-bundle" policy is being used,
   the SDP fragment will contain only the offerer-tagged m-line of the
   bundle group.  A WHIP client sending a PATCH request for performing
   ICE restart MUST contain an "If-Match" header field with a field-
   value "*" as per Section 13.1.1 of [RFC9110].

   [RFC8840] states that an agent MUST discard any received requests
   containing "ice-pwd" and "ice-ufrag" attributes that do not match
   those of the current ICE Negotiation Session, however, any WHIP
   session receiving an updated "ice-pwd" and "ice-ufrag" attributes
   MUST consider the request as performing an ICE restart instead and,
   if supported, SHALL return a "200 OK" with an "application/trickle-
   ice-sdpfrag" body containing the new ICE username fragment and
   password and a new set of ICE candidates for the WHIP session.  Also,
   the "200 OK" response for a successful ICE restart MUST contain the
   new entity-tag corresponding to the new ICE session in an ETag
   response header field and MAY contain a new set of ICE candidates for
   the media server.

   As defined in Section 4.4.1.1.1 of [RFC8839] the set of candidates
   after an ICE restart may include some, none, or all of the previous
   candidates for that data stream and may include a totally new set of
   candidates.  So after performing a successful ICE restart, both the
   WHIP client and the WHIP session MUST replace the previous set of
   remote candidates with the new set exchanged in the HTTP PATCH
   request and response, discarding any remote ICE candidate not present
   on the new set.  Both the WHIP client and the WHIP session MUST
   ensure that the HTTP PATCH requests and response bodies include the
   same 'ice-options,' 'ice-pacing,' and 'ice-lite' attributes as those
   used in the SDP offer or answer.

Murillo & Gouaillard    Expires 22 February 2025               [Page 13]
Internet-Draft                    whip                       August 2024

   If the ICE restart request cannot be satisfied by the WHIP session,
   the resource MUST return an appropriate HTTP error code and MUST NOT
   terminate the session immediately and keep the existing ICE session.
   The WHIP client MAY retry performing a new ICE restart or terminate
   the session by issuing an HTTP DELETE request instead.  In any case,
   the session MUST be terminated if the ICE consent expires as a
   consequence of the failed ICE restart as per Section 5.1 of
   [RFC7675].

   In case of unstable network conditions, the ICE restart HTTP PATCH
   requests and responses might be received out of order.  In order to
   mitigate this scenario, when the client performs an ICE restart, it
   MUST discard any previous ICE username and passwords fragments and
   ignore any further HTTP PATCH response received from a pending HTTP
   PATCH request.  WHIP clients MUST apply only the ICE information
   received in the response to the last sent request.  If there is a
   mismatch between the ICE information at the WHIP client and at the
   WHIP session (because of an out-of-order request), the STUN requests
   will contain invalid ICE information and will be dropped by the
   receiving side.  If this situation is detected by the WHIP client, it
   MUST send a new ICE restart request to the server.

Murillo & Gouaillard    Expires 22 February 2025               [Page 14]
Internet-Draft                    whip                       August 2024

PATCH /session/id HTTP/1.1
Host: whip.example.com
If-Match: "*"
Content-Type: application/trickle-ice-sdpfrag
Content-Length: 82

a=ice-options:trickle ice2
a=group:BUNDLE 0 1
m=audio 9 UDP/TLS/RTP/SAVPF 111
a=mid:0
a=ice-ufrag:ysXw
a=ice-pwd:vw5LmwG4y/e6dPP/zAP9Gp5k
a=candidate:1387637174 1 udp 2122260223 192.0.2.1 61764 typ host generation 0 ufrag EsAw network-id 1
a=candidate:3471623853 1 udp 2122194687 198.51.100.2 61765 typ host generation 0 ufrag EsAw network-id 2
a=candidate:473322822 1 tcp 1518280447 192.0.2.1 9 typ host tcptype active generation 0 ufrag EsAw network-id 1
a=candidate:2154773085 1 tcp 1518214911 198.51.100.2 9 typ host tcptype active generation 0 ufrag EsAw network-id 2

HTTP/1.1 200 OK
ETag: "abccd"
Content-Type: application/trickle-ice-sdpfrag
Content-Length: 252

a=ice-lite
a=ice-options:trickle ice2
a=group:BUNDLE 0 1
m=audio 9 UDP/TLS/RTP/SAVPF 111
a=mid:0
a=ice-ufrag:289b31b754eaa438
a=ice-pwd:0b66f472495ef0ccac7bda653ab6be49ea13114472a5d10a
a=candidate:1 1 udp 2130706431 198.51.100.1 39132 typ host
a=end-of-candidates

       Figure 4: Example of an ICE restart request and response

   Figure 3 demonstrates a Trickle ICE restart procedure example.  The
   WHIP client sends a PATCH request containing updated ICE information,
   including a new ufrag and password, along with newly gathered ICE
   candidates.  In response, the WHIP session provides ICE information
   for the session after the ICE restart, including the updated ufrag
   and password, as well as the previous ICE candidate.

4.4.  WebRTC constraints

   To simplify the implementation of WHIP in both clients and media
   servers, WHIP introduces specific restrictions on WebRTC usage.  The
   following subsections will explain these restrictions in detail:

Murillo & Gouaillard    Expires 22 February 2025               [Page 15]
Internet-Draft                    whip                       August 2024

4.4.1.  SDP Bundle

   Both the WHIP client and the WHIP endpoint SHALL support [RFC9143]
   and use "max-bundle" policy as defined in [RFC9429].  The WHIP client
   and the media server MUST support multiplexed media associated with
   the BUNDLE group as per Section 9 of [RFC9143].  In addition, per
   [RFC9143] the WHIP client and media server SHALL use RTP/RTCP
   multiplexing for all bundled media.  In order to reduce the network
   resources required at the media server, both The WHIP client and WHIP
   endpoints MUST include the "rtcp-mux-only" attribute in each bundled
   "m=" sections as per Section 3 of [RFC8858].

4.4.2.  Single MediaStream

   WHIP only supports a single MediaStream as defined in [RFC8830] and
   therefore all "m=" sections MUST contain a "msid" attribute with the
   same value.  The MediaStream MUST contain at least one
   MediaStreamTrack of any media kind and it MUST NOT have two or more
   than MediaStreamTracks for the same media (audio or video).  However,
   it would be possible for future revisions of this spec to allow more
   than a single MediaStream or MediaStreamTrack of each media kind, so
   in order to ensure forward compatibility, if the number of audio and
   or video MediaStreamTracks or number of MediaStreams are not
   supported by the WHIP endpoint, it MUST reject the HTTP POST request
   with an "422 Unprocessable Content" or "400 Bad Request" error
   response.  The WHIP endpoint MAY also return a problem statement as
   recommended in Section 4.1 proving further error details about the
   failed request.

4.4.3.  No partially successful answers

   The WHIP endpoint SHOULD NOT reject individual "m=" sections as per
   Section 5.3.1 of [RFC9429] in case there is any error processing the
   "m=" section, but reject the HTTP POST request with an "422
   Unprocessable Content" or "400 Bad Request" error response to prevent
   having partially successful ingest sessions which can be misleading
   to end users.  The WHIP endpoint MAY also return a problem statement
   as recommended in Section 4.1 proving further error details about the
   failed request.

4.4.4.  DTLS setup role and SDP "setup" attribute

   When a WHIP client sends an SDP offer, it SHOULD insert an SDP
   "setup" attribute with an "actpass" attribute value, as defined in
   [RFC8842].  However, if the WHIP client only implements the DTLS
   client role, it MAY use an SDP "setup" attribute with an "active"
   attribute value.  If the WHIP endpoint does not support an SDP offer
   with an SDP "setup" attribute with an "active" attribute value, it

Murillo & Gouaillard    Expires 22 February 2025               [Page 16]
Internet-Draft                    whip                       August 2024

   SHOULD reject the request with an "422 Unprocessable Content" or "400
   Bad Request" error response.

   NOTE: [RFC8842] defines that the offerer must insert an SDP "setup"
   attribute with an "actpass" attribute value.  However, the WHIP
   client will always communicate with a media server that is expected
   to support the DTLS server role, in which case the client might
   choose to only implement support for the DTLS client role.

4.4.5.  Trickle ICE and ICE restarts

   The media server SHOULD support full ICE, unless it is connected to
   the Internet with an IP address that is accessible by each WHIP
   client that is authorized to use it, in which case it MAY support
   only ICE lite.  The WHIP client MUST implement and use full ICE.

   Trickle ICE and ICE restarts support is OPTIONAL for both the WHIP
   clients and media servers as explained in Section 4.3.

4.5.  Load balancing and redirections

   WHIP endpoints and media servers might not be colocated on the same
   server, so it is possible to load balance incoming requests to
   different media servers.

   WHIP clients SHALL support HTTP redirections as per Section 15.4 of
   [RFC9110].  In order to avoid POST requests to be redirected as GET
   requests, status codes 301 and 302 MUST NOT be used and the preferred
   method for performing load balancing is via the "307 Temporary
   Redirect" response status code as described in Section 15.4.8 of
   [RFC9110].  Redirections are not required to be supported for the
   PATCH and DELETE requests.

   In case of high load, the WHIP endpoints MAY return a "503 Service
   Unavailable" response indicating that the server is currently unable
   to handle the request due to a temporary overload or scheduled
   maintenance as described in Section 15.6.4 of [RFC9110], which will
   likely be alleviated after some delay.  The WHIP endpoint might send
   a Retry-After header field indicating the minimum time that the user
   agent ought to wait before making a follow-up request as described in
   Section 10.2.3 of [RFC9110].

4.6.  STUN/TURN server configuration

   The WHIP endpoint MAY return STUN/TURN server configuration URLs and
   credentials usable by the client in the "201 Created" response to the
   HTTP POST request to the WHIP endpoint URL.

Murillo & Gouaillard    Expires 22 February 2025               [Page 17]
Internet-Draft                    whip                       August 2024

   A reference to each STUN/TURN server will be returned using the
   "Link" header field [RFC8288] with a "rel" attribute value of "ice-
   server".  The Link target URI is the server URI as defined in
   [RFC7064] and [RFC7065].  The credentials are encoded in the Link
   target attributes as follows:

   *  username: If the Link header field represents a TURN server, and
      credential-type is "password", then this attribute specifies the
      username to use with that TURN server.

   *  credential: If the "credential-type" attribute is missing or has a
      "password" value, the credential attribute represents a long-term
      authentication password, as described in Section 9.2 of [RFC8489].

   *  credential-type: If the Link header field represents a TURN
      server, then this attribute specifies how the credential attribute
      value should be used when that TURN server requests authorization.
      The default value if the attribute is not present is "password".

     Link: <stun:stun.example.net>; rel="ice-server"
     Link: <turn:turn.example.net?transport=udp>; rel="ice-server";
           username="user"; credential="myPassword"; credential-type="password"
     Link: <turn:turn.example.net?transport=tcp>; rel="ice-server";
           username="user"; credential="myPassword"; credential-type="password"
     Link: <turns:turn.example.net?transport=tcp>; rel="ice-server";
           username="user"; credential="myPassword"; credential-type="password"

        Figure 5: Example of a STUN/TURN servers configuration

   Figure 5 illustrates the Link headers included in a 201 Created
   response, providing the ICE server URLs and associated credentials.

   NOTE: The naming of both the "rel" attribute value of "ice-server"
   and the target attributes follows the one used on the W3C WebRTC
   recommendation [W3C.REC-webrtc-20210126] RTCConfiguration dictionary
   in section 4.2.1. "rel" attribute value of "ice-server" is not
   prepended with the "urn:ietf:params:whip:" so it can be reused by
   other specifications which may use this mechanism to configure the
   usage of STUN/TURN servers.

   NOTE: Depending on the ICE Agent implementation, the WHIP client may
   need to call the setConfiguration method before calling the
   setLocalDescription method with the local SDP offer in order to avoid
   having to perform an ICE restart for applying the updated STUN/TURN
   server configuration on the next ICE gathering phase.

Murillo & Gouaillard    Expires 22 February 2025               [Page 18]
Internet-Draft                    whip                       August 2024

   There are some WebRTC implementations that do not support updating
   the STUN/TURN server configuration after the local offer has been
   created as specified in Section 4.1.18 of [RFC9429].  In order to
   support these clients, the WHIP endpoint MAY also include the STUN/
   TURN server configuration on the responses to OPTIONS request sent to
   the WHIP endpoint URL before the POST request is sent.  However, this
   method is NOT RECOMMENDED to be used by the WHIP clients and, if
   supported by the underlying WHIP client's webrtc implementation, the
   WHIP client SHOULD wait for the information to be returned by the
   WHIP endpoint on the response of the HTTP POST request instead.

   The generation of the TURN server credentials may require performing
   a request to an external provider, which can both add latency to the
   OPTIONS request processing and increase the processing required to
   handle that request.  In order to prevent this, the WHIP endpoint
   SHOULD NOT return the STUN/TURN server configuration if the OPTIONS
   request is a preflight request for CORS as defined in [FETCH], that
   is, if The OPTIONS request does not contain an Access-Control-
   Request-Method with "POST" value and the Access-Control-Request-
   Headers HTTP header does not contain the "Link" value.

   The WHIP clients MAY also support configuring the STUN/TURN server
   URIs with long term credentials provided by either the broadcasting
   service or an external TURN provider, overriding the values provided
   by the WHIP endpoint.

4.6.1.  Congestion control

   [RFC8836] defines the congestion control requirements for interactive
   Real-Time media to be used in WebRTC.  These requirements are based
   on the assumption of the need to provide the data continuously,
   within a very limited time window (no more delay than hundreds of
   milliseconds end-to-end).  If the latency target is higher, some of
   the requirements present in RFC8836 could be relaxed to allow more
   flexible implementations.

4.7.  Authentication and authorization

   All WHIP endpoints, sessions and clients MUST support HTTP
   Authentication as per Section 11 of [RFC9110] and in order to ensure
   interoperability, bearer token authentication as defined in the next
   section MUST be supported by all WHIP entities.  However, this does
   not preclude the support of additional HTTP authentication schemes as
   defined in Section 11.6 of [RFC9110].

Murillo & Gouaillard    Expires 22 February 2025               [Page 19]
Internet-Draft                    whip                       August 2024

4.7.1.  Bearer token authentication

   WHIP endpoints and sessions MAY require the HTTP request to be
   authenticated using an HTTP Authorization header field with a Bearer
   token as specified in Section 2.1 of [RFC6750].  WHIP clients MUST
   implement this authentication and authorization mechanism and send
   the HTTP Authorization header field in all HTTP requests sent to
   either the WHIP endpoint or session except the preflight OPTIONS
   requests for CORS.

   The nature, syntax, and semantics of the bearer token, as well as how
   to distribute it to the client, is outside the scope of this
   document.  Some examples of the kind of tokens that could be used
   are, but are not limited to, JWT tokens as per [RFC6750] and
   [RFC8725] or a shared secret stored on a database.  The tokens are
   typically made available to the end user alongside the WHIP endpoint
   URL and configured on the WHIP clients (similar to the way RTMP URLs
   and Stream Keys are distributed).

   WHIP endpoints and sessions could perform the authentication and
   authorization by encoding an authentication token within the URLs for
   the WHIP endpoints or sessions instead.  In case the WHIP client is
   not configured to use a bearer token, the HTTP Authorization header
   field MUST NOT be sent in any request.

4.8.  Simulcast and scalable video coding

   Simulcast as per [RFC8853] MAY be supported by both the media servers
   and WHIP clients through negotiation in the SDP offer/answer.

   If the client supports simulcast and wants to enable it for
   ingesting, it MUST negotiate the support in the SDP offer according
   to the procedures in Section 5.3 of [RFC8853].  A server accepting a
   simulcast offer MUST create an answer according to the procedures in
   Section 5.3.2 of [RFC8853].

   It is possible for both media servers and WHIP clients to support
   Scalable Video Coding (SVC).  However, as there is no universal
   negotiation mechanism in SDP for SVC, the encoder must consider the
   negotiated codec(s), intended usage, and SVC support in available
   decoders when configuring SVC.

4.9.  Protocol extensions

   In order to support future extensions to be defined for the WHIP
   protocol, a common procedure for registering and announcing the new
   extensions is defined.

Murillo & Gouaillard    Expires 22 February 2025               [Page 20]
Internet-Draft                    whip                       August 2024

   Protocol extensions supported by the WHIP sessions MUST be advertised
   to the WHIP client in the "201 Created" response to the initial HTTP
   POST request sent to the WHIP endpoint.  The WHIP endpoint MUST
   return one "Link" header field for each extension that it supports,
   with the extension "rel" attribute value containing the extension URN
   and the URL for the HTTP resource that will be available for
   receiving requests related to that extension.

   Protocol extensions are optional for both WHIP clients and servers.
   WHIP clients MUST ignore any Link attribute with an unknown "rel"
   attribute value and WHIP sessions MUST NOT require the usage of any
   extension.

   Each protocol extension MUST register a unique "rel" attribute value
   at IANA starting with the prefix: "urn:ietf:params:whip:ext" as
   defined in Section 6.4.

   For example, considering a potential extension of server-to-client
   communication using server-sent events as specified in
   https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/server-sent-
   events.html#server-sent-events, the URL for connecting to the server-
   sent event resource for the ingested stream could be returned in the
   initial HTTP "201 Created" response with a "Link" header field and a
   "rel" attribute of "urn:ietf:params:whip:ext:example:server-sent-
   events" (this document does not specify such an extension, and uses
   it only as an example).

   In this theoretical case, the "201 Created" response to the HTTP POST
   request would look like:

   HTTP/1.1 201 Created
   Content-Type: application/sdp
   Location: https://whip.example.com/session/id
   Link: <https://whip.example.com/session/id/sse>;
         rel="urn:ietf:params:whip:ext:example:server-sent-events"

               Figure 6: Example of a WHIP protocol extension

   Figure 6 shows an example of a WHIP protocol extension supported by
   the WHIP session, as indicated in the Link header of the 201 Created
   response.

5.  Security Considerations

   This document specifies a new protocol on top of HTTP and WebRTC,
   thus, security protocols and considerations from related
   specifications apply to the WHIP specification.  These include:

Murillo & Gouaillard    Expires 22 February 2025               [Page 21]
Internet-Draft                    whip                       August 2024

   *  WebRTC security considerations: [RFC8826].  HTTPS SHALL be used in
      order to preserve the WebRTC security model.

   *  Transport Layer Security (TLS): [RFC8446] and [RFC9147].

   *  HTTP security: Section 11 of [RFC9112] and Section 17 of
      [RFC9110].

   *  URI security: Section 7 of [RFC3986].

   On top of that, the WHIP protocol exposes a thin new attack surface
   specific of the REST API methods used within it:

   *  HTTP POST flooding and resource exhaustion: It would be possible
      for an attacker in possession of authentication credentials valid
      for ingesting a WHIP stream to make multiple HTTP POST to the WHIP
      endpoint.  This will force the WHIP endpoint to process the
      incoming SDP and allocate resources for being able to set up the
      DTLS/ICE connection.  While the malicious client does not need to
      initiate the DTLS/ICE connection at all, the WHIP session will
      have to wait for the DTLS/ICE connection timeout in order to
      release the associated resources.  If the connection rate is high
      enough, this could lead to resource exhaustion on the servers
      handling the requests and it will not be able to process
      legitimate incoming ingests.  In order to prevent this scenario,
      WHIP endpoints SHOULD implement a rate limit and avalanche control
      mechanism for incoming initial HTTP POST requests.

   *  Insecure direct object references (IDOR) on the WHIP session
      locations: If the URLs returned by the WHIP endpoint for the WHIP
      sessions location are easy to guess, it would be possible for an
      attacker to send multiple HTTP DELETE requests and terminate all
      the WHIP sessions currently running.  In order to prevent this
      scenario, WHIP endpoints SHOULD generate URLs with enough
      randomness, using a cryptographically secure pseudorandom number
      generator following the best practices in Randomness Requirements
      for Security [RFC4086], and implement a rate limit and avalanche
      control mechanism for HTTP DELETE requests.  The security
      considerations for Universally Unique IDentifier (UUID) [RFC9562],
      Section 8 are applicable for generating the WHIP sessions location
      URL.

Murillo & Gouaillard    Expires 22 February 2025               [Page 22]
Internet-Draft                    whip                       August 2024

   *  HTTP PATCH flooding: Similar to the HTTP POST flooding, a
      malicious client could also create a resource exhaustion by
      sending multiple HTTP PATCH request to the WHIP session, although
      the WHIP sessions can limit the impact by not allocating new ICE
      candidates and reusing the existing ICE candidates when doing ICE
      restarts.  In order to prevent this scenario, WHIP endpoints
      SHOULD implement a rate limit and avalanche control mechanism for
      incoming HTTP PATCH requests.

6.  IANA Considerations

   This specification adds a new link relation type and a registry for
   URN sub-namespaces for WHIP protocol extensions.

6.1.  Link Relation Type: ice-server

   The link relation type below has been registered by IANA per
   Section 4.2 of [RFC8288].

   Relation Name: ice-server

   Description: Conveys the STUN and TURN servers that can be used by an
   ICE Agent to establish a connection with a peer.

   Reference: TBD

6.2.  WebRTC-HTTP Ingestion Protocol (WHIP) registry group

   IANA is asked to create a new registry group called "WebRTC-HTTP
   Ingestion Protocol (WHIP)".  This group includes the "WebRTC-HTTP
   ingestion protocol (WHIP) URNs" and "WebRTC-HTTP ingestion protocol
   (WHIP) extension URNs" registries described below.

6.3.  Registration of WHIP URN Sub-namespace and WHIP registries

   IANA is asked to add an entry to the "IETF URN Sub-namespace for
   Registered Protocol Parameter Identifiers" registry and create a sub-
   namespace for the Registered Parameter Identifier as per [RFC3553]:
   "urn:ietf:params:whip".

   To manage this sub-namespace, IANA is asked to create the "WebRTC-
   HTTP ingestion protocol (WHIP) URNs" and "WebRTC-HTTP ingestion
   protocol (WHIP) extension URNs".

Murillo & Gouaillard    Expires 22 February 2025               [Page 23]
Internet-Draft                    whip                       August 2024

6.3.1.  WebRTC-HTTP ingestion protocol (WHIP) URNs registry

   The "WebRTC-HTTP ingestion protocol (WHIP) URNs" registry is used to
   manage entries within the "urn:ietf:params:whip" namespace.  The
   registry descriptions is as follows:

   *  Registry group: WebRTC-HTTP ingestion protocol (WHIP)

   *  Registry name: WebRTC-HTTP ingestion protocol (WHIP) URNs

   *  Specification: this document (RFC TBD)

   *  Registration procedure: Specification Required

   *  Field names: URI, description, change controller, reference and
      IANA registry reference

   The registry contains a single initial value:

   *  URI: urn:ietf:params:whip:ext

   *  Description: WebRTC-HTTP ingestion protocol (WHIP) extension URNs

   *  Change Controller: IETF

   *  Reference: this document (RFC TBD) Section Section 6.3.2

   *  IANA registry reference: WebRTC-HTTP ingestion protocol (WHIP)
      extension URNs registry.

6.3.2.  WebRTC-HTTP ingestion protocol (WHIP) extension URNs registry

   The "WebRTC-HTTP ingestion protocol (WHIP) Extension URNs" is used to
   manage entries within the "urn:ietf:params:whip:ext" namespace.  The
   registry descriptions is as follows:

   *  Registry group: WebRTC-HTTP ingestion protocol (WHIP)

   *  Registry name: WebRTC-HTTP ingestion protocol (WHIP) Extension
      URNs

   *  Specification: this document (RFC TBD)

   *  Registration procedure: Specification Required

   *  Field names: URI, description, change controller, reference and
      IANA registry reference

Murillo & Gouaillard    Expires 22 February 2025               [Page 24]
Internet-Draft                    whip                       August 2024

6.4.  URN Sub-namespace for WHIP

   WHIP endpoint utilizes URNs to identify the supported WHIP protocol
   extensions on the "rel" attribute of the Link header as defined in
   Section 4.9.

   This section creates and registers an IETF URN Sub-namespace for use
   in the WHIP specifications and future extensions.

6.4.1.  Specification Template

   Namespace ID:

   *  The Namespace ID "whip" has been assigned.

   Registration Information:

   *  Version: 1

   *  Date: TBD

   Declared registrant of the namespace:

   *  Registering organization: The Internet Engineering Task Force.

   *  Designated contact: A designated expert will monitor the WHIP
      public mailing list, "wish@ietf.org".

   Declaration of Syntactic Structure:

   *  The Namespace Specific String (NSS) of all URNs that use the
      "whip" Namespace ID shall have the following structure:
      urn:ietf:params:whip:{type}:{name}:{other}.

   *  The keywords have the following meaning:

      -  type: The entity type.  This specification only defines the
         "ext" type.

      -  name: A required ASCII string that conforms to the URN syntax
         requirements (see [RFC8141]) and defines a major namespace of a
         WHIP protocol extension.  The value MAY also be an industry
         name or organization name.

Murillo & Gouaillard    Expires 22 February 2025               [Page 25]
Internet-Draft                    whip                       August 2024

      -  other: Any ASCII string that conforms to the URN syntax
         requirements (see [RFC8141]) and defines the sub-namespace
         (which MAY be further broken down in namespaces delimited by
         colons) as needed to uniquely identify an WHIP protocol
         extension.

   Relevant Ancillary Documentation:

   *  None

   Identifier Uniqueness Considerations:

   *  The designated contact shall be responsible for reviewing and
      enforcing uniqueness.

   Identifier Persistence Considerations:

   *  Once a name has been allocated, it MUST NOT be reallocated for a
      different purpose.

   *  The rules provided for assignments of values within a sub-
      namespace MUST be constructed so that the meanings of values
      cannot change.

   *  This registration mechanism is not appropriate for naming values
      whose meanings may change over time.

   Process of Identifier Assignment:

   *  Namespace with type "ext" (e.g., "urn:ietf:params:whip:ext") is
      reserved for IETF-approved WHIP specifications.

   Process of Identifier Resolution:

   *  None specified.

   Rules for Lexical Equivalence:

   *  No special considerations; the rules for lexical equivalence
      specified in [RFC8141] apply.

   Conformance with URN Syntax:

   *  No special considerations.

   Validation Mechanism:

   *  None specified.

Murillo & Gouaillard    Expires 22 February 2025               [Page 26]
Internet-Draft                    whip                       August 2024

   Scope:

   *  Global.

6.5.  Registering WHIP Protocol Extensions URNs

   This section defines the process for registering new WHIP protocol
   extensions URNs with IANA in the "WebRTC-HTTP ingestion protocol
   (WHIP) extension URNs" registry (see Section 6.4).

   A WHIP Protocol Extension URNs is used as a value in the "rel"
   attribute of the Link header as defined in Section 4.9 for the
   purpose of signaling the WHIP protocol extensions supported by the
   WHIP endpoints.

   WHIP Protocol Extensions URNs have an "ext" type as defined in
   Section 6.4.

6.5.1.  Registration Procedure

   The IETF has created a mailing list, "wish@ietf.org", which can be
   used for public discussion of WHIP protocol extensions proposals
   prior to registration.  Use of the mailing list is strongly
   encouraged.  The IESG has appointed a designated expert as per
   [RFC8126] who will monitor the wish@ietf.org mailing list and review
   registrations.

   Registration of new "ext" type URNs (in the namespace
   "urn:ietf:params:whip:ext") belonging to a WHIP Protocol Extension
   MUST be documented in a permanent and readily available public
   specification, in sufficient detail so that interoperability between
   independent implementations is possible and reviewed by the
   designated expert as per Section 4.6 of [RFC8126].  An Standards
   Track RFC is REQUIRED for the registration of new value data types
   that modify existing properties.  An Standards Track RFC is also
   REQUIRED for registration of WHIP Protocol Extensions URNs that
   modify WHIP Protocol Extensions previously documented in an existing
   RFC.

   The registration procedure begins when a completed registration
   template, defined in the sections below, is sent to iana@iana.org.
   Decisions made by the designated expert can be appealed to an
   Applications and Real Time (ART) Area Director, then to the IESG.
   The normal appeals procedure described in [BCP9] is to be followed.

   Once the registration procedure concludes successfully, IANA creates
   or modifies the corresponding record in the WHIP Protocol Extension
   registry.

Murillo & Gouaillard    Expires 22 February 2025               [Page 27]
Internet-Draft                    whip                       August 2024

   An RFC specifying one or more new WHIP Protocol Extension URNs MUST
   include the completed registration templates, which MAY be expanded
   with additional information.  These completed templates are intended
   to go in the body of the document, not in the IANA Considerations
   section.  The RFC MUST include the syntax and semantics of any
   extension-specific attributes that may be provided in a Link header
   field advertising the extension.

6.5.2.  Guidance for Designated Experts

   The Designated Expert (DE) is expected to ascertain the existence of
   suitable documentation (a specification) as described in [RFC8126]
   and to verify that the document is permanently and publicly
   available.

   The DE is also expected to check the clarity of purpose and use of
   the requested registration.

   Additionally, the DE must verify that any request for one of these
   registrations has been made available for review and comment by
   posting the request to the WebRTC Ingest Signaling over HTTPS (wish)
   Working Group mailing list.

   Specifications should be documented in an Internet-Draft.  Lastly,
   the DE must ensure that any other request for a code point does not
   conflict with work that is active in or already published by the
   IETF.

6.5.3.  WHIP Protocol Extension Registration Template

   A WHIP Protocol Extension URNs is defined by completing the following
   template:

   *  URN: A unique URN for the WHIP Protocol Extension (e.g.,
      "urn:ietf:params:whip:ext:example:server-sent-events").

   *  Reference: A formal reference to the publicly available
      specification

   *  Name: A descriptive name of the WHIP Protocol Extension (e.g.,
      "Sender Side events").

   *  Description: A brief description of the function of the extension,
      in a short paragraph or two

   *  Contact information: Contact information for the organization or
      person making the registration

Murillo & Gouaillard    Expires 22 February 2025               [Page 28]
Internet-Draft                    whip                       August 2024

7.  Acknowledgements

   The authors wish to thank Lorenzo Miniero, Juliusz Chroboczek, Adam
   Roach, Nils Ohlmeier, Christer Holmberg, Cameron Elliott, Gustavo
   Garcia, Jonas Birme, Sandro Gauci, Christer Holmberg and everyone
   else in the WebRTC community that have provided comments, feedback,
   text and improvement proposals on the document and contributed early
   implementations of the spec.

8.  References

8.1.  Normative References

   [FETCH]    WHATWG, "Fetch - Living Standard", n.d.,
              <https://fetch.spec.whatwg.org>.

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2119>.

   [RFC3264]  Rosenberg, J. and H. Schulzrinne, "An Offer/Answer Model
              with Session Description Protocol (SDP)", RFC 3264,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC3264, June 2002,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc3264>.

   [RFC3553]  Mealling, M., Masinter, L., Hardie, T., and G. Klyne, "An
              IETF URN Sub-namespace for Registered Protocol
              Parameters", BCP 73, RFC 3553, DOI 10.17487/RFC3553, June
              2003, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc3553>.

   [RFC3986]  Berners-Lee, T., Fielding, R., and L. Masinter, "Uniform
              Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax", STD 66,
              RFC 3986, DOI 10.17487/RFC3986, January 2005,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc3986>.

   [RFC4086]  Eastlake 3rd, D., Schiller, J., and S. Crocker,
              "Randomness Requirements for Security", BCP 106, RFC 4086,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC4086, June 2005,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4086>.

   [RFC5789]  Dusseault, L. and J. Snell, "PATCH Method for HTTP",
              RFC 5789, DOI 10.17487/RFC5789, March 2010,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc5789>.

   [RFC6585]  Nottingham, M. and R. Fielding, "Additional HTTP Status
              Codes", RFC 6585, DOI 10.17487/RFC6585, April 2012,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc6585>.

Murillo & Gouaillard    Expires 22 February 2025               [Page 29]
Internet-Draft                    whip                       August 2024

   [RFC6750]  Jones, M. and D. Hardt, "The OAuth 2.0 Authorization
              Framework: Bearer Token Usage", RFC 6750,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC6750, October 2012,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc6750>.

   [RFC7064]  Nandakumar, S., Salgueiro, G., Jones, P., and M. Petit-
              Huguenin, "URI Scheme for the Session Traversal Utilities
              for NAT (STUN) Protocol", RFC 7064, DOI 10.17487/RFC7064,
              November 2013, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc7064>.

   [RFC7065]  Petit-Huguenin, M., Nandakumar, S., Salgueiro, G., and P.
              Jones, "Traversal Using Relays around NAT (TURN) Uniform
              Resource Identifiers", RFC 7065, DOI 10.17487/RFC7065,
              November 2013, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc7065>.

   [RFC7675]  Perumal, M., Wing, D., Ravindranath, R., Reddy, T., and M.
              Thomson, "Session Traversal Utilities for NAT (STUN) Usage
              for Consent Freshness", RFC 7675, DOI 10.17487/RFC7675,
              October 2015, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc7675>.

   [RFC8174]  Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC
              2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174,
              May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8174>.

   [RFC8288]  Nottingham, M., "Web Linking", RFC 8288,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC8288, October 2017,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8288>.

   [RFC8446]  Rescorla, E., "The Transport Layer Security (TLS) Protocol
              Version 1.3", RFC 8446, DOI 10.17487/RFC8446, August 2018,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8446>.

   [RFC8489]  Petit-Huguenin, M., Salgueiro, G., Rosenberg, J., Wing,
              D., Mahy, R., and P. Matthews, "Session Traversal
              Utilities for NAT (STUN)", RFC 8489, DOI 10.17487/RFC8489,
              February 2020, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8489>.

   [RFC8725]  Sheffer, Y., Hardt, D., and M. Jones, "JSON Web Token Best
              Current Practices", BCP 225, RFC 8725,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC8725, February 2020,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8725>.

   [RFC8826]  Rescorla, E., "Security Considerations for WebRTC",
              RFC 8826, DOI 10.17487/RFC8826, January 2021,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8826>.

Murillo & Gouaillard    Expires 22 February 2025               [Page 30]
Internet-Draft                    whip                       August 2024

   [RFC8830]  Alvestrand, H., "WebRTC MediaStream Identification in the
              Session Description Protocol", RFC 8830,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC8830, January 2021,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8830>.

   [RFC8838]  Ivov, E., Uberti, J., and P. Saint-Andre, "Trickle ICE:
              Incremental Provisioning of Candidates for the Interactive
              Connectivity Establishment (ICE) Protocol", RFC 8838,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC8838, January 2021,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8838>.

   [RFC8839]  Petit-Huguenin, M., Nandakumar, S., Holmberg, C., Keränen,
              A., and R. Shpount, "Session Description Protocol (SDP)
              Offer/Answer Procedures for Interactive Connectivity
              Establishment (ICE)", RFC 8839, DOI 10.17487/RFC8839,
              January 2021, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8839>.

   [RFC8840]  Ivov, E., Stach, T., Marocco, E., and C. Holmberg, "A
              Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) Usage for Incremental
              Provisioning of Candidates for the Interactive
              Connectivity Establishment (Trickle ICE)", RFC 8840,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC8840, January 2021,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8840>.

   [RFC8842]  Holmberg, C. and R. Shpount, "Session Description Protocol
              (SDP) Offer/Answer Considerations for Datagram Transport
              Layer Security (DTLS) and Transport Layer Security (TLS)",
              RFC 8842, DOI 10.17487/RFC8842, January 2021,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8842>.

   [RFC8845]  Duckworth, M., Ed., Pepperell, A., and S. Wenger,
              "Framework for Telepresence Multi-Streams", RFC 8845,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC8845, January 2021,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8845>.

   [RFC8853]  Burman, B., Westerlund, M., Nandakumar, S., and M. Zanaty,
              "Using Simulcast in Session Description Protocol (SDP) and
              RTP Sessions", RFC 8853, DOI 10.17487/RFC8853, January
              2021, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8853>.

   [RFC8858]  Holmberg, C., "Indicating Exclusive Support of RTP and RTP
              Control Protocol (RTCP) Multiplexing Using the Session
              Description Protocol (SDP)", RFC 8858,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC8858, January 2021,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8858>.

Murillo & Gouaillard    Expires 22 February 2025               [Page 31]
Internet-Draft                    whip                       August 2024

   [RFC9110]  Fielding, R., Ed., Nottingham, M., Ed., and J. Reschke,
              Ed., "HTTP Semantics", STD 97, RFC 9110,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC9110, June 2022,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc9110>.

   [RFC9112]  Fielding, R., Ed., Nottingham, M., Ed., and J. Reschke,
              Ed., "HTTP/1.1", STD 99, RFC 9112, DOI 10.17487/RFC9112,
              June 2022, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc9112>.

   [RFC9143]  Holmberg, C., Alvestrand, H., and C. Jennings,
              "Negotiating Media Multiplexing Using the Session
              Description Protocol (SDP)", RFC 9143,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC9143, February 2022,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc9143>.

   [RFC9147]  Rescorla, E., Tschofenig, H., and N. Modadugu, "The
              Datagram Transport Layer Security (DTLS) Protocol Version
              1.3", RFC 9147, DOI 10.17487/RFC9147, April 2022,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc9147>.

   [RFC9429]  Uberti, J., Jennings, C., and E. Rescorla, Ed.,
              "JavaScript Session Establishment Protocol (JSEP)",
              RFC 9429, DOI 10.17487/RFC9429, April 2024,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc9429>.

   [RFC9562]  Davis, K., Peabody, B., and P. Leach, "Universally Unique
              IDentifiers (UUIDs)", RFC 9562, DOI 10.17487/RFC9562, May
              2024, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc9562>.

   [W3C.REC-ldp-20150226]
              Malhotra, A., Ed., Arwe, J., Ed., and S. Speicher, Ed.,
              "Linked Data Platform 1.0", W3C REC REC-ldp-20150226, W3C 
              REC-ldp-20150226, 26 February 2015,
              <https://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-ldp-20150226/>.

8.2.  Informative References

   [BCP56]    Best Current Practice 56,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/bcp56>.
              At the time of writing, this BCP comprises the following:

              Nottingham, M., "Building Protocols with HTTP", BCP 56,
              RFC 9205, DOI 10.17487/RFC9205, June 2022,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9205>.

   [BCP9]     Best Current Practice 9,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/bcp9>.
              At the time of writing, this BCP comprises the following:

Murillo & Gouaillard    Expires 22 February 2025               [Page 32]
Internet-Draft                    whip                       August 2024

              Bradner, S., "The Internet Standards Process -- Revision
              3", BCP 9, RFC 2026, DOI 10.17487/RFC2026, October 1996,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2026>.

              Dusseault, L. and R. Sparks, "Guidance on Interoperation
              and Implementation Reports for Advancement to Draft
              Standard", BCP 9, RFC 5657, DOI 10.17487/RFC5657,
              September 2009, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5657>.

              Housley, R., Crocker, D., and E. Burger, "Reducing the
              Standards Track to Two Maturity Levels", BCP 9, RFC 6410,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC6410, October 2011,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6410>.

              Resnick, P., "Retirement of the "Internet Official
              Protocol Standards" Summary Document", BCP 9, RFC 7100,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC7100, December 2013,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7100>.

              Kolkman, O., Bradner, S., and S. Turner, "Characterization
              of Proposed Standards", BCP 9, RFC 7127,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC7127, January 2014,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7127>.

              Dawkins, S., "Increasing the Number of Area Directors in
              an IETF Area", BCP 9, RFC 7475, DOI 10.17487/RFC7475,
              March 2015, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7475>.

              Halpern, J., Ed. and E. Rescorla, Ed., "IETF Stream
              Documents Require IETF Rough Consensus", BCP 9, RFC 8789,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC8789, June 2020,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8789>.

              Rosen, B., "Responsibility Change for the RFC Series",
              BCP 9, RFC 9282, DOI 10.17487/RFC9282, June 2022,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9282>.

   [RFC3261]  Rosenberg, J., Schulzrinne, H., Camarillo, G., Johnston,
              A., Peterson, J., Sparks, R., Handley, M., and E.
              Schooler, "SIP: Session Initiation Protocol", RFC 3261,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC3261, June 2002,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc3261>.

   [RFC6120]  Saint-Andre, P., "Extensible Messaging and Presence
              Protocol (XMPP): Core", RFC 6120, DOI 10.17487/RFC6120,
              March 2011, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc6120>.

Murillo & Gouaillard    Expires 22 February 2025               [Page 33]
Internet-Draft                    whip                       August 2024

   [RFC7826]  Schulzrinne, H., Rao, A., Lanphier, R., Westerlund, M.,
              and M. Stiemerling, Ed., "Real-Time Streaming Protocol
              Version 2.0", RFC 7826, DOI 10.17487/RFC7826, December
              2016, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc7826>.

   [RFC8126]  Cotton, M., Leiba, B., and T. Narten, "Guidelines for
              Writing an IANA Considerations Section in RFCs", BCP 26,
              RFC 8126, DOI 10.17487/RFC8126, June 2017,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8126>.

   [RFC8141]  Saint-Andre, P. and J. Klensin, "Uniform Resource Names
              (URNs)", RFC 8141, DOI 10.17487/RFC8141, April 2017,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8141>.

   [RFC8836]  Jesup, R. and Z. Sarker, Ed., "Congestion Control
              Requirements for Interactive Real-Time Media", RFC 8836,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC8836, January 2021,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8836>.

   [RFC9457]  Nottingham, M., Wilde, E., and S. Dalal, "Problem Details
              for HTTP APIs", RFC 9457, DOI 10.17487/RFC9457, July 2023,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc9457>.

   [W3C.REC-webrtc-20210126]
              Jennings, C., Ed., Boström, H., Ed., and J. Bruaroey, Ed.,
              "WebRTC 1.0: Real-Time Communication Between Browsers",
              W3C REC REC-webrtc-20210126, W3C REC-webrtc-20210126, 26
              January 2021,
              <https://www.w3.org/TR/2021/REC-webrtc-20210126/>.

Authors' Addresses

   Sergio Garcia Murillo
   Millicast
   Email: sergio.garcia.murillo@cosmosoftware.io

   Alexandre Gouaillard
   CoSMo Software
   Email: alex.gouaillard@cosmosoftware.io

Murillo & Gouaillard    Expires 22 February 2025               [Page 34]