I2NSF NSF Monitoring Interface YANG Data Model
draft-ietf-i2nsf-nsf-monitoring-data-model-11
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| Authors | Jaehoon Paul Jeong , Patrick Lingga , Susan Hares , Liang Xia , Henk Birkholz | ||
| Last updated | 2021-11-05 (Latest revision 2021-10-15) | ||
| Replaces | draft-hong-i2nsf-nsf-monitoring-data-model | ||
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draft-ietf-i2nsf-nsf-monitoring-data-model-11
Network Working Group J. Jeong, Ed.
Internet-Draft P. Lingga
Intended status: Standards Track Sungkyunkwan University
Expires: 18 April 2022 S. Hares
L. Xia
Huawei
H. Birkholz
Fraunhofer SIT
15 October 2021
I2NSF NSF Monitoring Interface YANG Data Model
draft-ietf-i2nsf-nsf-monitoring-data-model-11
Abstract
This document proposes an information model and the corresponding
YANG data model of an interface for monitoring Network Security
Functions (NSFs) in the Interface to Network Security Functions
(I2NSF) framework. If the monitoring of NSFs is performed with the
NSF monitoring interface in a comprehensive way, it is possible to
detect the indication of malicious activity, anomalous behavior, the
potential sign of denial of service attacks, or system overload in a
timely manner. This monitoring functionality is based on the
monitoring information that is generated by NSFs. Thus, this
document describes not only an information model for the NSF
monitoring interface along with a YANG data diagram, but also the
corresponding YANG data model.
Status of This Memo
This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.
Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute
working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet-
Drafts is at https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.
Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."
This Internet-Draft will expire on 18 April 2022.
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Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2021 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (https://trustee.ietf.org/
license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document.
Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights
and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components
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as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are
provided without warranty as described in the Simplified BSD License.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2. Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3. Use Cases for NSF Monitoring Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
4. Classification of NSF Monitoring Data . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
4.1. Retention and Emission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
4.2. Notifications, Events, and Records . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.3. Unsolicited Poll and Solicited Push . . . . . . . . . . . 8
5. Basic Information Model for Monitoring Data . . . . . . . . . 9
6. Extended Information Model for Monitoring Data . . . . . . . 9
6.1. System Alarms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
6.1.1. Memory Alarm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
6.1.2. CPU Alarm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
6.1.3. Disk Alarm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
6.1.4. Hardware Alarm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
6.1.5. Interface Alarm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
6.2. System Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
6.2.1. Access Violation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
6.2.2. Configuration Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
6.2.3. Session Table Event . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
6.2.4. Traffic Flows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
6.3. NSF Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
6.3.1. DDoS Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
6.3.2. Virus Event . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
6.3.3. Intrusion Event . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
6.3.4. Web Attack Event . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
6.3.5. VoIP/VoLTE Event . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
6.4. System Logs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
6.4.1. Access Log . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
6.4.2. Resource Utilization Log . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
6.4.3. User Activity Log . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
6.5. NSF Logs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
6.5.1. Deep Packet Inspection Log . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
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6.6. System Counter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
6.6.1. Interface Counter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
6.7. NSF Counters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
6.7.1. Firewall Counter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
6.7.2. Policy Hit Counter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
7. NSF Monitoring Management in I2NSF . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
8. Tree Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
9. YANG Data Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
10. I2NSF Event Stream . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
11. XML Examples for I2NSF NSF Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
11.1. I2NSF System Detection Alarm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
11.2. I2NSF Interface Counters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
12. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
13. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
14. Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
15. Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
16. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
16.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
16.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
Appendix A. Changes from
draft-ietf-i2nsf-nsf-monitoring-data-model-09 . . . . . . 89
Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
1. Introduction
According to [RFC8329], the interface provided by a Network Security
Function (NSF) (e.g., Firewall, IPS, or Anti-DDoS function) to
administrative entities (e.g., Security Controller) to enable remote
management (i.e., configuring and monitoring) is referred to as an
I2NSF Monitoring Interface. This interface enables the sharing of
vital data from the NSFs (e.g., alarms, records, and counters) to the
Security Controller through a variety of mechanisms (e.g., queries,
notifications, and events). The monitoring of NSF plays an important
role in an overall security framework, if it is done in a timely and
comprehensive way. The monitoring information generated by an NSF
can be a good, early indication of anomalous behavior or malicious
activity, such as denial of service attacks (DoS).
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This document defines a comprehensive information model of an NSF
monitoring interface that provides visibility into an NSF for the NSF
data collector (e.g., Security Controller). Note that an NSF data
collector is defined as an entity to collect NSF monitoring data from
an NSF, such as Security Controller. It specifies the information
and illustrates the methods that enable an NSF to provide the
information required in order to be monitored in a scalable and
efficient way via the NSF Monitoring Interface. The information
model for the NSF monitoring interface presented in this document is
complementary for the security policy provisioning functionality of
the NSF-Facing Interface specified in
[I-D.ietf-i2nsf-nsf-facing-interface-dm].
This document also defines a YANG [RFC7950] data model for the NSF
monitoring interface, which is derived from the information model for
the NSF monitoring interface.
2. Terminology
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
"OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP
14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all
capitals, as shown here.
This document uses the terminology described in [RFC8329].
This document follows the guidelines of [RFC8407], uses the common
YANG types defined in [RFC6991], and adopts the Network Management
Datastore Architecture (NMDA) [RFC8342]. The meaning of the symbols
in tree diagrams is defined in [RFC8340].
3. Use Cases for NSF Monitoring Data
As mentioned earlier, monitoring plays a critical role in an overall
security framework. The monitoring of the NSF provides very valuable
information to an NSF data collector (e.g., Security Controller) in
maintaining the provisioned security posture. Besides this, there
are various other reasons to monitor the NSF as listed below:
* The security administrator with I2NSF User can configure a policy
that is triggered on a specific event occurring in the NSF or the
network [RFC8329] [I-D.ietf-i2nsf-consumer-facing-interface-dm].
If an NSF data collector detects the specified event, it
configures additional security functions as defined by policies.
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* The events triggered by an NSF as a result of security policy
violation can be used by Security Information and Event Management
(SIEM) to detect any suspicious activity in a larger correlation
context.
* The information (i.e., events, records, and counters) from an NSF
can be used to build advanced analytics, such as behavior and
predictive models to improve security posture in large
deployments.
* The NSF data collector can use events from the NSF for achieving
high availability. It can take corrective actions such as
restarting a failed NSF and horizontally scaling up the NSF.
* The information (i.e., events, records, and counters) from the NSF
can aid in the root cause analysis of an operational issue, so it
can improve debugging.
* The records from the NSF can be used to build historical data for
operation and business reasons.
4. Classification of NSF Monitoring Data
In order to maintain a strong security posture, it is not only
necessary to configure an NSF's security policies but also to
continuously monitor the NSF by consuming acquirable and observable
data. This enables security administrators to assess the state of
the networks and in a timely fashion. It is not possible to block
all the internal and external threats based on static security
posture. A more practical approach is supported by enabling dynamic
security measures, for which continuous visibility is required. This
document defines a set of monitoring elements and their scopes that
can be acquired from an NSF and can be used as NSF monitoring data.
In essence, these types of monitoring data can be leveraged to
support constant visibility on multiple levels of granularity and can
be consumed by the corresponding functions.
Three basic domains about the monitoring data originating from a
system entity [RFC4949], i.e., an NSF, are highlighted in this
document.
* Retention and Emission
* Notifications, Events, and Records
* Unsolicited Poll and Solicited Push
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As with I2NSF components, every generic system entity can include a
set of capabilities that creates information about some context with
monitoring data (i.e., monitoring information), composition,
configuration, state or behavior of that system entity. This
information is intended to be provided to other consumers of
information and in the scope of this document, which deals with NSF
monitoring data in an automated fashion.
4.1. Retention and Emission
A system entity (e.g., NSF) first retains I2NSF monitoring data
inside its own system before emitting the information another I2NSF
component (e.g., NSF Data Collector). The I2NSF monitoring
information consist of I2NSF Event, I2NSF Record, and I2NSF Counter
as follows:
I2NSF Event: I2NSF Event is defined as an important occurrence over
time, that is, a change in the system being managed or a change in
the environment of the system being managed. An I2NSF Event
requires immediate attention and should be notified as soon as
possible. When used in the context of an (imperative) I2NSF
Policy Rule, an I2NSF Event is used to determine whether the
Condition clause of that Policy Rule can be evaluated or not. The
Alarm Management Framework in [RFC3877] defines an event as
something that happens which may be of interest. Examples for an
event are a fault, a change in status, crossing a threshold, or an
external input to the system. In the I2NSF domain, I2NSF events
are created following the definition of an event in the Alarm
Management Framework.
I2NSF Record: A record is defined as an item of information that is
kept to be looked at and used in the future. Unlike I2NSF Event,
records do not require immediate attention but may be useful for
visibility and retroactive cyber forensic. Depending on the
record format, there are different qualities in regard to
structure and detail. Records are typically stored in log-files
or databases on a system entity or NSF. Records in the form of
log-files usually include less structures but potentially more
detailed information in regard to the changes of a system entity's
characteristics. In contrast, databases often use more strict
schemas or data models, therefore enforcing a better structure.
However, they inhibit storing information that does not match
those models ("closed world assumption"). Records can be
continuously processed by a system entity as an I2NSF Producer and
emitted with a format tailored to a certain type of record.
Typically, records are information generated by a system entity
(e.g., NSF) that is based on operational and informational data,
that is, various changes in system characteristics. The examples
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of records include as user activities, network/traffic status, and
network activity. They are important for debugging, auditing and
security forensic of a system entity or the network having the
system entity.
I2NSF Counter: An I2NSF Counter is defined as a specific
representation of continuous value changes of information elements
that occur very frequently. Prominent examples are network
interface counters for protocol data unit (PDU) amount, byte
amount, drop counters, and error counters. Counters are useful in
debugging and visibility into operational behavior of a system
entity (e.g., NSF). When an NSF data collector asks for the value
of a counter to it, a system entity emits
For the utilization of the storage space for accumulated NSF
monitoring data, all of the information MUST provide the general
information (e.g., timestamp) for purging existing records, which is
discussed in Section 5. This document provides a YANG data model in
Section 9 for the important I2NSF monitoring information that should
be retained. All of the information in the data model is considered
important and should be kept permanently as the information might be
useful in many circumstances in the future. The allowed cases for
removing some monitoring information include the following:
* When the system storage is full to create a fresh record
[RFC4949], the oldest record can be removed.
* The administrator deletes existing records manually after
analyzing the information in them.
The I2NSF monitoring information retained on a system entity (e.g.,
NSF) may be delivered to a corresponding I2NSF User via an NSF data
collector. The information consists of the aggregated records,
typically in the form of log-files or databases. For the NSF
Monitoring Interface to deliver the information to the NSF data
collector, the NSF needs to accommodate standardized delivery
protocols, such as NETCONF [RFC6241] and RESTCONF [RFC8040]. The NSF
data collector can forward the information to the I2NSF User through
one of standardized delivery protocols. The interface for this
delivery is out of the scope of this document.
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4.2. Notifications, Events, and Records
A specific task of I2NSF User is to process I2NSF Policy Rules. The
rules of a policy are composed of three clauses: Event, Condition,
and Action clauses. In consequence, an I2NSF Event is specified to
trigger an I2NSF Policy Rule. Such an I2NSF Event is defined as any
important occurrence over time in the system being managed, and/or in
the environment of the system being managed, which aligns well with
the generic definition of Event from [RFC3877].
Another role of the I2NSF Event is to trigger a notification for
monitoring the status of an NSF. A notification is defined in
[RFC3877] as an unsolicited transmission of management information.
System alarm (called alarm) is defined as a warning related to
service degradation in system hardware in Section 6.1. System event
(called alert) is defined as a warning about any changes of
configuration, any access violation, the information of sessions and
traffic flows in Section 6.2. Both an alarm and an alert are I2NSF
Events that can be delivered as a notification. The model
illustrated in this document introduces a complementary type of
information that can be a conveyed notification.
In I2NSF monitoring, a notification is used to deliver either an
event and a record via the I2NSF Monitoring Interface. The
difference between the event and record is the timing by which the
notifications are emitted. An event is emitted as soon as it happens
in order to notify an NSF Data Collector of the problem that needs
immediate attention. A record is not emitted immediately to the NSF
Data Collector, and it can be emitted periodically to the NSF Data
Collector every certain time interval.
It is important to note that an NSF Data Collector as a consumer
(i.e., observer) of a notification assesses the importance of the
notification rather than an NSF as a producer. The producer can
include metadata in a notification that supports the observer in
assessing its importance (e.g., severity).
4.3. Unsolicited Poll and Solicited Push
The freshness of the monitored information depends on the acquisition
method. Ideally, an I2NSF User is accessing every relevant
information about the I2NSF Component and is emitting I2NSF Events to
an NSF data collector (e.g., Security Controller) in a timely manner.
Publication of events via a pubsub/broker model, peer-2-peer meshes,
or static defined channels are only a few examples on how a solicited
push of I2NSF Events can be facilitated. The actual mechanism
implemented by an I2NSF Component is out of the scope of this
document.
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Often, the corresponding management interfaces have to be queried in
intervals or on demand if required by an I2NSF Policy rule. In some
cases, the collection of information has to be conducted via a login
mechanism provided by a system entity. Accessing records of
information via this kind of unsolicited polls can introduce a
significant latency in regard to the freshness of the monitored
information. The actual definition of intervals implemented by an
I2NSF Component is also out of scope of this document.
5. Basic Information Model for Monitoring Data
As explained in the above section, there is a wealth of data
available from the NSF that can be monitored. Firstly, there must be
some general information with each monitoring message sent from an
NSF that helps a consumer to identify meta data with that message,
which are listed as below:
* message: The extra detail to give the context of the information.
* vendor-name: The name of the NSF vendor.
* nsf-name: The name or IP address of the NSF generating the
message. If the given nsf-name is not IP address, the name can be
an arbitrary string including FQDN (Fully Qualified Domain Name).
The name MUST be unique in the scope of management domain for a
different NSF to identify the NSF that generates the message.
* severity: It indicates the severity level. There are total four
levels, i.e., critical, high, middle, and low.
* timestamp: Indicates the time when the message is generated. For
the notification operations (i.e., System Alarms, System Events,
NSF Events, System Logs, and NSF Logs), this is represented by the
eventTime of NETCONF event notification [RFC5277] For other
operations (i.e., System Counter and NSF Counter), the timestamp
MUST be provided separately.
6. Extended Information Model for Monitoring Data
This section covers the additional information associated with the
system messages. The extended information model is only for the
structured data such as events, record, and counters. Any
unstructured data is specified with the basic information model only.
Each information has characteristics as follows:
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* Acquisition method: The method to obtain the message. It can be a
"query" or a "subscription". A "query" is a request-based method
to acquire the solicited information. A "subscription" is a
subscribe-based method to acquire the unsolicited information.
* Emission type: The cause type for the message to be emitted. It
can be "on-change" or "periodic". An "on-change" message is
emitted when an important event happens in the NSF. A "periodic"
message is emitted at a certain time interval. The time to
periodically emit the message is configurable.
* Dampening type: The type of message dampening to stop the rapid
transmission of messages. The dampening types are "on-repetition"
and "no-dampening". The "on-repetition" type limits the
transmitted "on-change" message to one message at a certain
interval. This interval is defined as dampening-period in
[RFC8641]. The dampening-period is configurable. The "no-
dampening" type does not limit the transmission for the messages
of the same type. In short, "on-repetition" means that the
dampening is active and "no-dampening" is inactive. It is
recommended to activate the dampening for an "on-change" type of
message to reduce the number of messages generated.
6.1. System Alarms
System alarms have the following characteristics:
* acquisition-method: subscription
* emission-type: on-change
* dampening-type: on-repetition
6.1.1. Memory Alarm
The memory is the hardware to store information temporarily or for a
short period, i.e., Random Access Memory (RAM). The memory-alarm is
emitted when the RAM usage exceeds the threshold. The following
information should be included in a Memory Alarm:
* event-name: memory-alarm.
* usage: specifies the size of memory used.
* threshold: The threshold triggering the alarm
* severity: The severity of the alarm such as critical, high,
medium, and low.
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* message: Simple information such as "The memory usage exceeded the
threshold" or with extra information.
6.1.2. CPU Alarm
CPU is the Central Processing Unit that executes basic operations of
the system. The cpu-alarm is emitted when the CPU usage exceeds the
threshold. The following information should be included in a CPU
Alarm:
* event-name: cpu-alarm.
* usage: Specifies the size of CPU used.
* threshold: The threshold triggering the event.
* severity: The severity of the alarm such as critical, high,
medium, and low.
* message: Simple information such as "The CPU usage exceeded the
threshold" or with extra information.
6.1.3. Disk Alarm
Disk is the hardware to store information for a long period, i.e.,
Hard Disk or Solid-State Drive. The disk-alarm is emitted when the
Disk usage exceeds the threshold. The following information should
be included in a Disk Alarm:
* event-name: disk-alarm.
* usage: Specifies the size of disk space used.
* threshold: The threshold triggering the event.
* severity: The severity of the alarm such as critical, high,
medium, and low.
* message: Simple information such as "The disk usage exceeded the
threshold" or with extra information.
6.1.4. Hardware Alarm
The hardware-alarm is emitted when a hardware, e.g., CPU, memory,
disk, or interface, problem is detected. The following information
should be included in a Hardware Alarm:
* event-name: hardware-alarm.
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* component-name: It indicates the hardware component responsible
for generating this alarm.
* severity: The severity of the alarm such as critical, high,
medium, and low.
* message: Simple information such as "The hardware component has
failed or degraded" or with extra information.
6.1.5. Interface Alarm
Interface is the network interface for connecting a device with the
network. The interface-alarm is emitted when the state of the
interface is changed. The following information should be included
in an Interface Alarm:
* event-name: interface-alarm.
* interface-name: The name of the interface.
* interface-state: down, up (not congested), congested (up but
congested).
* severity: The severity of the alarm such as critical, high,
medium, and low.
* message: Simple information such as "The interface is 'interface-
state'" or with extra information.
6.2. System Events
System events (as alerts) have the following characteristics:
* acquisition-method: subscription
* emission-type: on-change
* dampening-type: on-repetition
6.2.1. Access Violation
The access-violation system event is an event when a user tries to
access (read, write, create, or delete) any information or execute
commands above their privilege.
* event-name: access-denied.
* user: Name of a user.
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* group: Group(s) to which a user belongs. A user can belong to
multiple groups.
* ip-address: The IP address of the user that triggered the event.
* authentication: The method to verify the valid user, i.e., pre-
configured-key and certificate-authority.
* message: The message to give the context of the event, such as
"Access is denied".
6.2.2. Configuration Change
A configuration change is a system event when a new configuration is
added or an existing configuration is modified. The following
information should be included in this event:
* event-name: config-change.
* user: Name of a user.
* group: Group(s) to which a user belongs. A user can belong to
multiple groups.
* ip-address: The IP address of the user that triggered the event.
* authentication: The method to verify the valid user, i.e., pre-
configured-key and certificate-authority.
* message: The message to give the context of the event, such as
"Configuration is modified" or "New configuration is added".
6.2.3. Session Table Event
The following information should be included in a Session
Table Event:
* event-name: session-table.
* current-session: The number of concurrent sessions.
* maximum-session: The maximum number of sessions that the session
table can support.
* threshold: The threshold triggering the event.
* message: The message to give the context of the event, such as
"The number of session table exceeded the threshold".
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6.2.4. Traffic Flows
Traffic flows need to be monitored because they might be used for
security attacks to the network. The following information should be
included in this event:
* src-ip: The source IPv4 or IPv6 address of the traffic flow.
* dst-ip: The destination IPv4 or IPv6 address of the traffic flow.
* src-port: The source port of the traffic flow.
* dst-port: The destination port of the traffic flow.
* protocol: The protocol of the traffic flow.
* arrival-rate: Arrival rate of packets of the traffic flow.
6.3. NSF Events
NSF events have the following characteristics:
* acquisition-method: subscription
* emission-type: on-change
* dampening-type: on-repetition
6.3.1. DDoS Detection
The following information should be included in a DDoS Event:
* event-name: detection-ddos.
* attack-type: Any one of SYN flood, ACK flood, SYN-ACK flood, FIN/
RST flood, TCP Connection flood, UDP flood, ICMP flood, HTTPS
flood, HTTP flood, DNS query flood, DNS reply flood, SIP flood,
SSL flood, and NTP amplification flood.
* attack-src-ip: The IP address of the source of the DDoS attack.
* attack-dst-ip: The network prefix with a network mask (for IPv4)
or prefix length (for IPv6) of a victim under DDoS attack.
* dst-port: The port number that the attack traffic aims at.
* start-time: The time stamp indicating when the attack started.
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* end-time: The time stamp indicating when the attack ended. If the
attack is still undergoing when sending out the alarm, this field
can be empty.
* attack-rate: The packets per second of attack traffic.
* attack-speed: The bytes per second of attack traffic.
* rule-name: The name of the I2NSF Policy Rule being triggered.
Note that rule-name is used to match a detected NSF event with a
policy rule in [I-D.ietf-i2nsf-nsf-facing-interface-dm], and also
that there is no rule-name in a system event.
6.3.2. Virus Event
The following information should be included in a Virus Event:
* event-name: detection-virus.
* virus: Type of the virus. e.g., trojan, worm, macro virus type.
* virus-name: Name of the virus.
* dst-ip: The destination IP address of the packet where the virus
is found.
* src-ip: The source IP address of the packet where the virus is
found.
* src-port: The source port of the packet where the virus is found.
* dst-port: The destination port of the packet where the virus is
found.
* src-location: The source geographical location (e.g., country and
city) of the virus.
* dst-location: The destination geographical location (e.g., country
and city) of the virus.
* file-type: The type of the file where the virus is hided within.
* file-name: The name of the file where the virus is hided within.
* raw-info: The information describing the packet triggering the
event.
* rule-name: The name of the rule being triggered.
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6.3.3. Intrusion Event
The following information should be included in an Intrusion Event:
* event-name: The name of the event. e.g., detection-intrusion.
* attack-type: Attack type, e.g., brutal force and buffer overflow.
* src-ip: The source IP address of the flow.
* dst-ip: The destination IP address of the flow.
* src-port:The source port number of the flow.
* dst-port: The destination port number of the flow
* src-location: The source geographical location (e.g., country and
city) of the flow.
* dst-location: The destination geographical location (e.g., country
and city) of the flow.
* protocol: The employed transport layer protocol. e.g., TCP and
UDP.
* app: The employed application layer protocol. e.g., HTTP and FTP.
* rule-name: The name of the I2NSF Policy Rule being triggered.
* raw-info: The information describing the flow triggering the
event.
6.3.4. Web Attack Event
The following information should be included in a Web Attack Alarm:
* event-name: The name of event. e.g., detection-web-attack.
* attack-type: Concrete web attack type. e.g., SQL injection,
command injection, XSS, CSRF.
* src-ip: The source IP address of the packet.
* dst-ip: The destination IP address of the packet.
* src-port: The source port number of the packet.
* dst-port: The destination port number of the packet.
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* src-location: The source geographical location (e.g., country and
city) of the packet.
* dst-location: The destination geographical location (e.g., country
and city) of the packet.
* request-method: The method of requirement. For instance, "PUT"
and "GET" in HTTP.
* req-uri: Requested URI.
* response-code: The HTTP Response code.
* req-user-agent: The HTTP request user agent header field.
* req-cookies: The HTTP Cookie previously sent by the server with
Set-Cookie.
* req-host: The domain name of the requested host.
* uri-category: Matched URI category.
* filtering-type: URL filtering type. e.g., deny-list, allow-list,
and unknown.
* rule-name: The name of the I2NSF Policy Rule being triggered.
6.3.5. VoIP/VoLTE Event
The following information should be included in a VoIP/VoLTE Event:
* source-voice-id: The detected source voice Call ID for VoIP and
VoLTE that violates the policy.
* destination-voice-id: The destination voice Call ID for VoIP and
VoLTE that violates the policy.
* user-agent: The user agent for VoIP and VoLTE that violates the
policy.
* src-ip: The source IP address of the VoIP/VoLTE.
* dst-ip: The destination IP address of the VoIP/VoLTE.
* src-port: The source port number of the VoIP/VoLTE.
* dst-port: The destination port number of VoIP/VoLTE.
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* src-location: The source geographical location (e.g., country and
city) of the VoIP/VoLTE.
* dst-location: The destination geographical location (e.g., country
and city) of the VoIP/VoLTE.
* rule-name: The name of the I2NSF Policy Rule being triggered.
6.4. System Logs
System log is a record that is used to monitor the activity of the
user on the NSF and the status of the NSF. System logs have the
following characteristics:
* acquisition-method: subscription
* emission-type: on-change or periodic
* dampening-type: on-repetition
6.4.1. Access Log
Access logs record administrators' login, logout, and operations on a
device. By analyzing them, security vulnerabilities can be
identified. The following information should be included in an
operation report:
* username: The username that operates on the device.
* login-ip: IP address used by an administrator to log in.
* login-mode: Specifies the administrator logs in mode e.g.
administrator, user, and guest.
* operation-type: The operation type that the administrator execute,
e.g., login, logout, configuration, and other.
* input: The operation performed by a user after login. The
operation is a command given by a user.
* output: The result after executing the input.
6.4.2. Resource Utilization Log
Running reports record the device system's running status, which is
useful for device monitoring. The following information should be
included in running report:
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* system-status: The current system's running status.
* cpu-usage: Specifies the aggregated CPU usage.
* memory-usage: Specifies the memory usage.
* disk-id: Specifies the disk ID to identify the storage disk.
* disk-usage: Specifies the disk usage of disk-id.
* disk-left: Specifies the available disk space left of disk-id.
* session-number: Specifies total concurrent sessions.
* process-number: Specifies total number of systems processes.
* interface-id: Specifies the interface ID to identify the network
interface.
* in-traffic-rate: The total inbound traffic rate in packets per
second.
* out-traffic-rate: The total outbound traffic rate in packets per
second.
* in-traffic-speed: The total inbound traffic speed in bytes per
second.
* out-traffic-speed: The total outbound traffic speed in bytes per
second.
6.4.3. User Activity Log
User activity logs provide visibility into users' online records
(such as login time, online/lockout duration, and login IP addresses)
and the actions that users perform. User activity reports are
helpful to identify exceptions during a user's login and network
access activities.
* user: Name of a user.
* group: Group to which a user belongs.
* login-ip-addr: Login IP address of a user.
* authentication: The method to verify the valid user, i.e., pre-
configured-key and certificate-authority.
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* online-duration: The duration of a user's activeness (stays in
login) during a session.
* logout-duration: The duration of a user's inactiveness (not in
login) from the last session.
* additional-info: Additional Information for login:
1. type: User activities. e.g., Successful User Login, Failed
Login attempts, User Logout, Successful User Password Change,
Failed User Password Change, User Lockout, and User Unlocking.
2. cause: Cause of a failed user activity.
6.5. NSF Logs
NSF logs have the folowing characteristics:
* acquisition-method: subscription
* emission-type: on-change
* dampening-type: on-repetition
6.5.1. Deep Packet Inspection Log
Deep Packet Inspection (DPI) Logs provide statistics on uploaded and
downloaded files and data, sent and received emails, and alert and
blocking records on websites. It is helpful to learn risky user
behaviors and why access to some URLs is blocked or allowed with an
alert record.
* attack-type: DPI action types. e.g., File Blocking, Data
Filtering, and Application Behavior Control.
* src-user: User source who generates the policy.
* policy-name: Security policy name that traffic matches.
* action: Action defined in the file blocking rule, data filtering
rule, or application behavior control rule that traffic matches.
6.6. System Counter
System counter has the following characteristics:
* acquisition-method: subscription or query
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* emission-type: periodic
* dampening-type: none
6.6.1. Interface Counter
Interface counters provide visibility into traffic into and out of an
NSF, and bandwidth usage. The statistics of the interface counters
should be computed from the start of the service. When the service
is reset, the computation of statistics per counter should restart
from 0.
* interface-name: Network interface name configured in NSF.
* in-total-traffic-pkts: Total inbound packets.
* out-total-traffic-pkts: Total outbound packets.
* in-total-traffic-bytes: Total inbound bytes.
* out-total-traffic-bytes: Total outbound bytes.
* in-drop-traffic-pkts: Total inbound drop packets.
* out-drop-traffic-pkts: Total outbound drop packets.
* in-drop-traffic-bytes: Total inbound drop bytes.
* out-drop-traffic-bytes: Total outbound drop bytes.
* in-traffic-average-rate: Inbound traffic average rate in packets
per second.
* in-traffic-peak-rate: Inbound traffic peak rate in packets per
second.
* in-traffic-average-speed: Inbound traffic average speed in bytes
per second.
* in-traffic-peak-speed: Inbound traffic peak speed in bytes per
second.
* out-traffic-average-rate: Outbound traffic average rate in packets
per second.
* out-traffic-peak-rate: Outbound traffic peak rate in packets per
second.
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* out-traffic-average-speed: Outbound traffic average speed in bytes
per second.
* out-traffic-peak-speed: Outbound traffic peak speed in bytes per
second.
6.7. NSF Counters
NSF counters have the following characteristics:
* acquisition-method: subscription or query
* emission-type: periodic
* dampening-type: none
6.7.1. Firewall Counter
Firewall counters provide visibility into traffic signatures,
bandwidth usage, and how the configured security and bandwidth
policies have been applied.
* src-ip: Source IP address of traffic.
* src-user: User who generates the policy.
* dst-ip: Destination IP address of traffic.
* src-port: Source port of traffic.
* dst-port: Destination port of traffic.
* protocol: Protocol type of traffic.
* app: Application type of traffic.
* policy-id: Security policy id that traffic matches.
* policy-name: Security policy name that traffic matches.
* in-interface: Inbound interface of traffic.
* out-interface: Outbound interface of traffic.
* total-traffic: Total traffic volume.
* in-traffic-average-rate: Inbound traffic average rate in packets
per second.
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* in-traffic-peak-rate: Inbound traffic peak rate in packets per
second.
* in-traffic-average-speed: Inbound traffic average speed in bytes
per second.
* in-traffic-peak-speed: Inbound traffic peak speed in bytes per
second.
* out-traffic-average-rate: Outbound traffic average rate in packets
per second.
* out-traffic-peak-rate: Outbound traffic peak rate in packets per
second.
* out-traffic-average-speed: Outbound traffic average speed in bytes
per second.
* out-traffic-peak-speed: Outbound traffic peak speed in bytes per
second.
6.7.2. Policy Hit Counter
Policy Hit Counters record the security policy that traffic matches
and its hit count. It can check if policy configurations are
correct.
* src-ip: Source IP address of traffic.
* src-user: User who generates the policy.
* dst-ip: Destination IP address of traffic.
* src-port: Source port of traffic.
* dst-port: Destination port of traffic.
* protocol: Protocol type of traffic.
* app: Application type of traffic.
* policy-id: Security policy id that traffic matches.
* policy-name: Security policy name that traffic matches.
* hit-times: The hit times that the security policy matches the
specified traffic.
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7. NSF Monitoring Management in I2NSF
A standard model for monitoring data is required for an administrator
to check the monitoring data generated by an NSF. The administrator
can check the monitoring data through the following process. When
the NSF monitoring data that is under the standard format is
generated, the NSF forwards it to an NSF data collector via the I2NSF
NSF Monitoring Interface. The NSF data collector delivers it to
I2NSF Consumer or Developer's Management System (DMS) so that the
administrator can know the state of the I2NSF framework.
In order to communicate with other components, an I2NSF framework
[RFC8329] requires the interfaces. The three main interfaces in
I2NSF framework are used for sending monitoring data as follows:
* I2NSF Consumer-Facing Interface
[I-D.ietf-i2nsf-consumer-facing-interface-dm]: When an I2NSF User
makes a security policy and forwards it to the Security Controller
via Consumer-Facing Interface, it can specify the threat-feed for
threat prevention, the custom list, the malicious code scan group,
and the event map group. They can be used as an event to be
monitored by an NSF.
* I2NSF Registration Interface
[I-D.ietf-i2nsf-registration-interface-dm]: The Network Functions
Virtualization (NFV) architecture provides the lifecycle
management of a Virtual Network Function (VNF) via the Ve-Vnfm
interface. The role of Ve-Vnfm is to request VNF lifecycle
management (e.g., the instantiation and de-instantiation of an
NSF, and load balancing among NSFs), exchange configuration
information, and exchange status information for a network
service. In the I2NSF framework, the DMS manages data about
resource states and network traffic for the lifecycle management
of an NSF. Therefore, the generated monitoring data from NSFs are
delivered from the NSF data collector to the DMS via either
Registration Interface or a new interface (e.g., NSF Monitoring
Interface). These data are delivered from the DMS to the VNF
Manager in the Management and Orchestration (MANO) in the NFV
system [I-D.ietf-i2nsf-applicability].
* I2NSF NSF Monitoring Interface [RFC8329]: After a high-level
security policy from I2NSF User is translated by security policy
translator [I-D.yang-i2nsf-security-policy-translation] in the
Security Controller, the translated security policy (i.e., low-
level policy) is applied to an NSF via NSF-Facing Interface. The
monitoring interface data model for an NSF specifies the list of
events that can trigger Event-Condition-Action (ECA) policies via
NSF Monitoring Interface.
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8. Tree Structure
The tree structure of the NSF monitoring YANG module is provided
below:
module: ietf-i2nsf-nsf-monitoring
+--ro i2nsf-counters
| +--ro system-interface* [interface-name]
| | +--ro acquisition-method? identityref
| | +--ro emission-type? identityref
| | +--ro dampening-type? identityref
| | +--ro interface-name if:interface-ref
| | +--ro in-total-traffic-pkts? yang:counter32
| | +--ro out-total-traffic-pkts? yang:counter32
| | +--ro in-total-traffic-bytes? uint64
| | +--ro out-total-traffic-bytes? uint64
| | +--ro in-drop-traffic-pkts? yang:counter32
| | +--ro out-drop-traffic-pkts? yang:counter32
| | +--ro in-drop-traffic-bytes? uint64
| | +--ro out-drop-traffic-bytes? uint64
| | +--ro discontinuity-time yang:date-and-time
| | +--ro total-traffic? yang:counter32
| | +--ro in-traffic-average-rate? uint32
| | +--ro in-traffic-peak-rate? uint32
| | +--ro in-traffic-average-speed? uint64
| | +--ro in-traffic-peak-speed? uint64
| | +--ro out-traffic-average-rate? uint32
| | +--ro out-traffic-peak-rate? uint32
| | +--ro out-traffic-average-speed? uint64
| | +--ro out-traffic-peak-speed? uint64
| | +--ro message? string
| | +--ro vendor-name? string
| | +--ro nsf-name? union
| | +--ro severity? severity
| | +--ro timestamp? yang:date-and-time
| +--ro nsf-firewall* [policy-name]
| | +--ro acquisition-method? identityref
| | +--ro emission-type? identityref
| | +--ro dampening-type? identityref
| | +--ro policy-name
-> /nsfintf:i2nsf-security-policy/system-policy-name
| | +--ro src-user? string
| | +--ro discontinuity-time yang:date-and-time
| | +--ro total-traffic? yang:counter32
| | +--ro in-traffic-average-rate? uint32
| | +--ro in-traffic-peak-rate? uint32
| | +--ro in-traffic-average-speed? uint64
| | +--ro in-traffic-peak-speed? uint64
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| | +--ro out-traffic-average-rate? uint32
| | +--ro out-traffic-peak-rate? uint32
| | +--ro out-traffic-average-speed? uint64
| | +--ro out-traffic-peak-speed? uint64
| | +--ro message? string
| | +--ro vendor-name? string
| | +--ro nsf-name? union
| | +--ro severity? severity
| | +--ro timestamp? yang:date-and-time
| +--ro nsf-policy-hits* [policy-name]
| +--ro acquisition-method? identityref
| +--ro emission-type? identityref
| +--ro dampening-type? identityref
| +--ro policy-name
-> /nsfintf:i2nsf-security-policy/system-policy-name
| +--ro src-user? string
| +--ro message? string
| +--ro vendor-name? string
| +--ro nsf-name? union
| +--ro severity? severity
| +--ro discontinuity-time yang:date-and-time
| +--ro hit-times? yang:counter32
| +--ro timestamp? yang:date-and-time
+--rw i2nsf-monitoring-configuration
+--rw i2nsf-system-detection-alarm
| +--rw enabled? boolean
| +--rw system-alarm* [alarm-type]
| +--rw alarm-type enumeration
| +--rw threshold? uint8
| +--rw dampening-period? uint32
+--rw i2nsf-system-detection-event
| +--rw enabled? boolean
| +--rw dampening-period? uint32
+--rw i2nsf-traffic-flows
| +--rw dampening-period? uint32
| +--rw enabled? boolean
+--rw i2nsf-nsf-detection-ddos {i2nsf-nsf-detection-ddos}?
| +--rw enabled? boolean
| +--rw dampening-period? uint32
+--rw i2nsf-nsf-detection-session-table-configuration
| +--rw enabled? boolean
| +--rw dampening-period? uint32
+--rw i2nsf-nsf-detection-intrusion
{i2nsf-nsf-detection-intrusion}?
| +--rw enabled? boolean
| +--rw dampening-period? uint32
+--rw i2nsf-nsf-detection-web-attack
{i2nsf-nsf-detection-web-attack}?
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| +--rw enabled? boolean
| +--rw dampening-period? uint32
+--rw i2nsf-nsf-system-access-log
| +--rw enabled? boolean
| +--rw dampening-period? uint32
+--rw i2nsf-system-res-util-log
| +--rw enabled? boolean
| +--rw dampening-period? uint32
+--rw i2nsf-system-user-activity-log
| +--rw enabled? boolean
| +--rw dampening-period? uint32
+--rw i2nsf-nsf-log-dpi {i2nsf-nsf-log-dpi}?
| +--rw enabled? boolean
| +--rw dampening-period? uint32
+--rw i2nsf-counter
+--rw period? uint16
notifications:
+---n i2nsf-event
| +--ro (sub-event-type)?
| +--:(i2nsf-system-detection-alarm)
| | +--ro i2nsf-system-detection-alarm
| | +--ro alarm-category? identityref
| | +--ro component-name? string
| | +--ro interface-name? if:interface-ref
| | +--ro interface-state? enumeration
| | +--ro acquisition-method? identityref
| | +--ro emission-type? identityref
| | +--ro dampening-type? identityref
| | +--ro usage? uint8
| | +--ro threshold? uint8
| | +--ro message? string
| | +--ro vendor-name? string
| | +--ro nsf-name? union
| | +--ro severity? severity
| +--:(i2nsf-system-detection-event)
| | +--ro i2nsf-system-detection-event
| | +--ro event-category? identityref
| | +--ro acquisition-method? identityref
| | +--ro emission-type? identityref
| | +--ro dampening-type? identityref
| | +--ro user string
| | +--ro group* string
| | +--ro ip-address inet:ip-address-no-zone
| | +--ro authentication? identityref
| | +--ro message? string
| | +--ro vendor-name? string
| | +--ro nsf-name? union
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| | +--ro severity? severity
| +--:(i2nsf-traffic-flows)
| | +--ro i2nsf-traffic-flows
| | +--ro src-ip? inet:ip-address-no-zone
| | +--ro dst-ip? inet:ip-address-no-zone
| | +--ro protocol? identityref
| | +--ro src-port? inet:port-number
| | +--ro dst-port? inet:port-number
| | +--ro arrival-rate? uint32
| | +--ro acquisition-method? identityref
| | +--ro emission-type? identityref
| | +--ro dampening-type? identityref
| | +--ro message? string
| | +--ro vendor-name? string
| | +--ro nsf-name? union
| | +--ro severity? severity
| +--:(i2nsf-nsf-detection-session-table)
| +--ro i2nsf-nsf-detection-session-table
| +--ro current-session? uint32
| +--ro maximum-session? uint32
| +--ro threshold? uint32
| +--ro message? string
| +--ro vendor-name? string
| +--ro nsf-name? union
| +--ro severity? severity
+---n i2nsf-log
| +--ro (sub-logs-type)?
| +--:(i2nsf-nsf-system-access-log)
| | +--ro i2nsf-nsf-system-access-log
| | +--ro login-ip? inet:ip-address-no-zone
| | +--ro username? string
| | +--ro login-role? login-role
| | +--ro operation-type? operation-type
| | +--ro input? string
| | +--ro output? string
| | +--ro acquisition-method? identityref
| | +--ro emission-type? identityref
| | +--ro dampening-type? identityref
| | +--ro message? string
| | +--ro vendor-name? string
| | +--ro nsf-name? union
| | +--ro severity? severity
| +--:(i2nsf-system-res-util-log)
| | +--ro i2nsf-system-res-util-log
| | +--ro system-status? enumeration
| | +--ro cpu-usage? uint8
| | +--ro memory-usage? uint8
| | +--ro disk* [disk-id]
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| | | +--ro disk-id string
| | | +--ro disk-usage? uint8
| | | +--ro disk-left? uint8
| | +--ro session-num? uint32
| | +--ro process-num? uint32
| | +--ro interface* [interface-id]
| | | +--ro interface-id string
| | | +--ro in-traffic-rate? uint32
| | | +--ro out-traffic-rate? uint32
| | | +--ro in-traffic-speed? uint64
| | | +--ro out-traffic-speed? uint64
| | +--ro acquisition-method? identityref
| | +--ro emission-type? identityref
| | +--ro dampening-type? identityref
| | +--ro message? string
| | +--ro vendor-name? string
| | +--ro nsf-name? union
| | +--ro severity? severity
| +--:(i2nsf-system-user-activity-log)
| +--ro i2nsf-system-user-activity-log
| +--ro acquisition-method? identityref
| +--ro emission-type? identityref
| +--ro dampening-type? identityref
| +--ro user string
| +--ro group* string
| +--ro ip-address inet:ip-address-no-zone
| +--ro authentication? identityref
| +--ro message? string
| +--ro vendor-name? string
| +--ro nsf-name? union
| +--ro severity? severity
| +--ro online-duration? uint32
| +--ro logout-duration? uint32
| +--ro additional-info? enumeration
+---n i2nsf-nsf-event
+--ro (sub-event-type)?
+--:(i2nsf-nsf-detection-ddos) {i2nsf-nsf-detection-ddos}?
| +--ro i2nsf-nsf-detection-ddos
| +--ro attack-type? identityref
| +--ro start-time yang:date-and-time
| +--ro end-time yang:date-and-time
| +--ro attack-src-ip* inet:ip-address-no-zone
| +--ro attack-dst-ip* inet:ip-address-no-zone
| +--ro attack-src-port* inet:port-number
| +--ro attack-dst-port* inet:port-number
| +--ro rule-name
-> /nsfintf:i2nsf-security-policy/rules/rule-name
| +--ro raw-info? string
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| +--ro attack-rate? uint32
| +--ro attack-speed? uint64
| +--ro action* log-action
| +--ro acquisition-method? identityref
| +--ro emission-type? identityref
| +--ro dampening-type? identityref
| +--ro message? string
| +--ro vendor-name? string
| +--ro nsf-name? union
| +--ro severity? severity
+--:(i2nsf-nsf-detection-virus)
{i2nsf-nsf-detection-virus}?
| +--ro i2nsf-nsf-detection-virus
| +--ro dst-ip? inet:ip-address-no-zone
| +--ro dst-port? inet:port-number
| +--ro rule-name
-> /nsfintf:i2nsf-security-policy/rules/rule-name
| +--ro raw-info? string
| +--ro src-ip? inet:ip-address-no-zone
| +--ro src-port? inet:port-number
| +--ro src-location? string
| +--ro dst-location? string
| +--ro virus? identityref
| +--ro virus-name? string
| +--ro file-type? string
| +--ro file-name? string
| +--ro os? string
| +--ro action* log-action
| +--ro acquisition-method? identityref
| +--ro emission-type? identityref
| +--ro dampening-type? identityref
| +--ro message? string
| +--ro vendor-name? string
| +--ro nsf-name? union
| +--ro severity? severity
+--:(i2nsf-nsf-detection-intrusion)
{i2nsf-nsf-detection-intrusion}?
| +--ro i2nsf-nsf-detection-intrusion
| +--ro dst-ip? inet:ip-address-no-zone
| +--ro dst-port? inet:port-number
| +--ro rule-name
-> /nsfintf:i2nsf-security-policy/rules/rule-name
| +--ro raw-info? string
| +--ro src-ip? inet:ip-address-no-zone
| +--ro src-port? inet:port-number
| +--ro src-location? string
| +--ro dst-location? string
| +--ro protocol? identityref
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| +--ro app? identityref
| +--ro attack-type? identityref
| +--ro action* log-action
| +--ro attack-rate? uint32
| +--ro attack-speed? uint64
| +--ro acquisition-method? identityref
| +--ro emission-type? identityref
| +--ro dampening-type? identityref
| +--ro message? string
| +--ro vendor-name? string
| +--ro nsf-name? union
| +--ro severity? severity
+--:(i2nsf-nsf-detection-web-attack)
{i2nsf-nsf-detection-web-attack}?
| +--ro i2nsf-nsf-detection-web-attack
| +--ro dst-ip? inet:ip-address-no-zone
| +--ro dst-port? inet:port-number
| +--ro rule-name
-> /nsfintf:i2nsf-security-policy/rules/rule-name
| +--ro raw-info? string
| +--ro src-ip? inet:ip-address-no-zone
| +--ro src-port? inet:port-number
| +--ro src-location? string
| +--ro dst-location? string
| +--ro attack-type? identityref
| +--ro request-method? identityref
| +--ro req-uri? string
| +--ro filtering-type* identityref
| +--ro req-user-agent? string
| +--ro req-cookie? string
| +--ro req-host? string
| +--ro response-code? string
| +--ro acquisition-method? identityref
| +--ro emission-type? identityref
| +--ro dampening-type? identityref
| +--ro action* log-action
| +--ro message? string
| +--ro vendor-name? string
| +--ro nsf-name? union
| +--ro severity? severity
+--:(i2nsf-nsf-detection-voip-volte)
{i2nsf-nsf-detection-voip-volte}?
| +--ro i2nsf-nsf-detection-voip-volte
| +--ro dst-ip? inet:ip-address-no-zone
| +--ro dst-port? inet:port-number
| +--ro rule-name
-> /nsfintf:i2nsf-security-policy/rules/rule-name
| +--ro raw-info? string
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| +--ro src-ip? inet:ip-address-no-zone
| +--ro src-port? inet:port-number
| +--ro src-location? string
| +--ro dst-location? string
| +--ro source-voice-id* string
| +--ro destination-voice-id* string
| +--ro user-agent* string
+--:(i2nsf-nsf-log-dpi) {i2nsf-nsf-log-dpi}?
+--ro i2nsf-nsf-log-dpi
+--ro attack-type? dpi-type
+--ro acquisition-method? identityref
+--ro emission-type? identityref
+--ro dampening-type? identityref
+--ro policy-name
-> /nsfintf:i2nsf-security-policy/system-policy-name
+--ro src-user? string
+--ro message? string
+--ro vendor-name? string
+--ro nsf-name? union
+--ro severity? severity
Figure 1: Information Model for NSF Monitoring
9. YANG Data Model
This section describes a YANG module of I2NSF NSF Monitoring. The
data model provided in this document uses identities to be used to
get information of the monitored of an NSF's monitoring data. Every
identity used in the document gives information or status about the
current situation of an NSF. This YANG module imports from
[RFC6991], and makes references to [RFC0768][RFC0791]
[RFC0792][RFC0793][RFC0854] [RFC1939][RFC0959][RFC3501]
[RFC4340][RFC4443][RFC4960] [RFC5321][RFC6242][RFC7230]
[RFC7231][RFC8200][RFC8641] [I-D.ietf-tcpm-rfc793bis]
[IANA-HTTP-Status-Code] [IANA-Media-Types].
<CODE BEGINS> file "ietf-i2nsf-nsf-monitoring@2021-10-15.yang"
module ietf-i2nsf-nsf-monitoring {
yang-version 1.1;
namespace
"urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-i2nsf-nsf-monitoring";
prefix
nsfmi;
import ietf-inet-types{
prefix inet;
reference
"Section 4 of RFC 6991";
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}
import ietf-yang-types {
prefix yang;
reference
"Section 3 of RFC 6991";
}
import ietf-i2nsf-policy-rule-for-nsf {
prefix nsfintf;
reference
"Section 4.1 of draft-ietf-i2nsf-nsf-facing-interface-dm-14";
}
import ietf-interfaces {
prefix if;
reference
"Section 5 of RFC 8343";
}
organization
"IETF I2NSF (Interface to Network Security Functions)
Working Group";
contact
"WG Web: <https://tools.ietf.org/wg/i2nsf>
WG List: <mailto:i2nsf@ietf.org>
Editor: Jaehoon Paul Jeong
<mailto:pauljeong@skku.edu>
Editor: Patrick Lingga
<mailto:patricklink@skku.edu>";
description
"This module is a YANG module for I2NSF NSF Monitoring.
The key words 'MUST', 'MUST NOT', 'REQUIRED', 'SHALL',
'SHALL NOT', 'SHOULD', 'SHOULD NOT', 'RECOMMENDED',
'NOT RECOMMENDED', 'MAY', and 'OPTIONAL' in this
document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14
(RFC 2119) (RFC 8174) when, and only when, they appear
in all capitals, as shown here.
Copyright (c) 2021 IETF Trust and the persons identified as
authors of the code. All rights reserved.
Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or
without modification, is permitted pursuant to, and subject to
the license terms contained in, the Simplified BSD License set
forth in Section 4.c of the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions
Relating to IETF Documents
(https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info).
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This version of this YANG module is part of RFC XXXX
(https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfcXXXX); see the RFC itself
for full legal notices.";
revision "2021-10-15" {
description "Latest revision";
reference
"RFC XXXX: I2NSF NSF Monitoring Interface YANG Data Model";
// RFC Ed.: replace XXXX with an actual RFC number and remove
// this note.
}
/*
* Typedefs
*/
typedef severity {
type enumeration {
enum critical {
description
"The 'critical' severity level indicates that
an immediate corrective action is required.
A 'critical' severity is reported when a service
becomes totally out of service and must be restored.";
}
enum high {
description
"The 'high' severity level indicates that
an urgent corrective action is required.
A 'high' severity is reported when there is
a severe degradation in the capability of the
service and its full capability must be restored.";
}
enum middle {
description
"The 'middle' severity level indicates the
existence of a non-service-affecting fault
condition and corrective action should be done
to prevent a more serious fault. The 'middle'
severity is reported when the detected problem
is not degrading the capability of the service, but
some service degradation might happen if not
prevented.";
}
enum low {
description
"The 'low' severity level indicates the detection
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of a potential fault before any effect is observed.
The 'low' severity is reported when an action should
be done before a fault happen.";
}
}
description
"An indicator representing severity levels. The severity
levels starting from the highest are critical, high, middle,
and low.";
}
typedef log-action {
type enumeration {
enum allow {
description
"If action is allowed";
}
enum alert {
description
"If action is alert";
}
enum block {
description
"If action is block";
}
enum discard {
description
"If action is discarded";
}
enum declare {
description
"If action is declared";
}
enum block-ip {
description
"If action is block-ip";
}
enum block-service{
description
"If action is block-service";
}
}
description
"The type representing action for logging.";
}
typedef dpi-type{
type enumeration {
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enum file-blocking{
description
"DPI for preventing the specified file types from flowing
in the network.";
}
enum data-filtering{
description
"DPI for preventing sensitive information (e.g., Credit
Card Number or Social Security Numbers) leaving a
protected network.";
}
enum application-behavior-control{
description
"DPI for filtering packet based on the application or
network behavior analysis to identify malicious or
unusual activity.";
}
}
description
"The type of Deep Packet Inspection (DPI).
The defined types are file-blocking, data-filtering, and
application-behavior-control.";
}
typedef operation-type{
type enumeration {
enum login {
description
"The operation type is Login.";
}
enum logout {
description
"The operation type is Logout.";
}
enum configuration {
description
"The operation type is Configuration. The configuration
operation includes the command for writing a new
configuration and modifying an existing configuration.";
}
enum other {
description
"The operation type is Other operation. This other
includes all operations done by a user except login,
logout, and configuration.";
}
}
description
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"The type of operation done by a user during a session.
The user operation is not considering their privileges.";
}
typedef login-role {
type enumeration {
enum administrator {
description
"Administrator (i.e., Super User) login role.
Non-restricted role.";
}
enum user {
description
"User login role. Semi-restricted role, some data and
configurations are available but confidential or important
data and configuration are restricted.";
}
enum guest {
description
"Guest login role. Restricted role, only few read data are
available and write configurations are restricted.";
}
}
description
"The role of a user after login.";
}
/*
* Identity
*/
identity characteristics {
description
"Base identity for monitoring information
characteristics";
}
identity acquisition-method {
base characteristics;
description
"The type of acquisition-method. It can be multiple
types at once.";
}
identity subscription {
base acquisition-method;
description
"The acquisition-method type is subscription.";
}
identity query {
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base acquisition-method;
description
"The acquisition-method type is query.";
}
identity emission-type {
base characteristics;
description
"The type of emission-type.";
}
identity periodic {
base emission-type;
description
"The emission-type type is periodic.";
}
identity on-change {
base emission-type;
description
"The emission-type type is on-change.";
}
identity dampening-type {
base characteristics;
description
"The type of message dampening to stop the rapid transmission
of messages. The dampening types are on-repetition and
no-dampening";
}
identity no-dampening {
base dampening-type;
description
"The dampening-type is no-dampening. No-dampening type does
not limit the transmission for the messages of the same
type.";
}
identity on-repetition {
base dampening-type;
description
"The dampening-type is on-repetition. On-repetition type limits
the transmitted on-change message to one message at a certain
interval.";
}
identity authentication-mode {
description
"The authentication mode for a user to connect to the NSF,
e.g., pre-configured-key and certificate-authority";
}
identity pre-configured-key {
base authentication-mode;
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description
"The pre-configured-key is an authentication using a key
authentication.";
}
identity certificate-authority {
base authentication-mode;
description
"The certificate-authority (CA) is an authentication using a
digital certificate.";
}
identity event {
description
"Base identity for I2NSF events.";
}
identity system-event {
base event;
description
"Identity for system event";
}
identity system-alarm {
base event;
description
"Base identity for detectable system alarm types";
}
identity memory-alarm {
base system-alarm;
description
"A memory alarm is alerted.";
}
identity cpu-alarm {
base system-alarm;
description
"A CPU alarm is alerted.";
}
identity disk-alarm {
base system-alarm;
description
"A disk alarm is alerted.";
}
identity hardware-alarm {
base system-alarm;
description
"A hardware alarm (i.e., hardware failure) is alerted.";
}
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identity interface-alarm {
base system-alarm;
description
"An interface alarm is alerted.";
}
identity access-violation {
base system-event;
description
"The access-violation system event is an event when a user
tries to access (read, write, create, or delete) any
information or execute commands above their privilege.";
}
identity configuration-change {
base system-event;
description
"The configuration-change system event is an event when a user
adds a new configuration or modify an existing configuration
(write configuration).";
}
identity attack-type {
description
"The root ID of attack-based notification
in the notification taxonomy";
}
identity nsf-attack-type {
base attack-type;
description
"This ID is intended to be used
in the context of NSF event.";
}
identity virus-type {
base nsf-attack-type;
description
"The type of virus. It can be multiple types at once.
This attack type is associated with a detected
system-log virus-attack.";
}
identity trojan {
base virus-type;
description
"The virus type is a trojan. Trojan is able to disguise the
intent of the files or programs to misleads the users.";
}
identity worm {
base virus-type;
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description
"The virus type is a worm. Worm can self-replicate and
spread through the network automatically.";
}
identity macro {
base virus-type;
description
"The virus type is a macro virus. Macro causes a series of
threats automatically after the program is executed.";
}
identity boot-sector {
base virus-type;
description
"The virus type is a boot sector virus. Boot sector is a virus
that infects the core of the computer, affecting the startup
process.";
}
identity polymorphic {
base virus-type;
description
"The virus type is a polymorphic virus. Polymorphic can
modify its version when it replicates, making it hard to
detect.";
}
identity overwrite {
base virus-type;
description
"The virus type is an overwrite virus. Overwrite can remove
existing software and replace it with malicious code by
overwriting it.";
}
identity resident {
base virus-type;
description
"The virus-type is a resident virus. Resident saves itself in
the computer's memory and infects other files and software.";
}
identity non-resident {
base virus-type;
description
"The virus-type is a non-resident virus. Non-resident attaches
directly to an executable file and enters the device when
executed.";
}
identity multipartite {
base virus-type;
description
"The virus-type is a multipartite virus. Multipartite attacks
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both the boot sector and executables files of a computer.";
}
identity spacefiller {
base virus-type;
description
"The virus-type is a spacefiller virus. Spacefiller fills empty
spaces of a file or software with malicious code.";
}
identity intrusion-attack-type {
base nsf-attack-type;
description
"The attack type is associated with a detected
system-log intrusion.";
}
identity brute-force {
base intrusion-attack-type;
description
"The intrusion type is brute-force.";
}
identity buffer-overflow {
base intrusion-attack-type;
description
"The intrusion type is buffer-overflow.";
}
identity web-attack-type {
base nsf-attack-type;
description
"The attack type is associated with a detected
system-log web-attack.";
}
identity command-injection {
base web-attack-type;
description
"The detected web attack type is command injection.";
}
identity xss {
base web-attack-type;
description
"The detected web attack type is XSS.";
}
identity csrf {
base web-attack-type;
description
"The detected web attack type is CSRF.";
}
identity ddos-type {
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base nsf-attack-type;
description
"Base identity for detectable flood types";
}
identity syn-flood {
base ddos-type;
description
"A SYN flood is detected.";
}
identity ack-flood {
base ddos-type;
description
"An ACK flood is detected.";
}
identity syn-ack-flood {
base ddos-type;
description
"A SYN-ACK flood is detected.";
}
identity fin-rst-flood {
base ddos-type;
description
"A FIN-RST flood is detected.";
}
identity tcp-con-flood {
base ddos-type;
description
"A TCP connection flood is detected.";
}
identity udp-flood {
base ddos-type;
description
"A UDP flood is detected.";
}
identity icmpv4-flood {
base ddos-type;
description
"An ICMPv4 flood is detected.";
}
identity icmpv6-flood {
base ddos-type;
description
"An ICMPv6 flood is detected.";
}
identity http-flood {
base ddos-type;
description
"An HTTP flood is detected.";
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}
identity https-flood {
base ddos-type;
description
"An HTTPS flood is detected.";
}
identity dns-query-flood {
base ddos-type;
description
"A Domain Name System (DNS) query flood is detected.";
}
identity dns-reply-flood {
base ddos-type;
description
"A Domain Name System (DNS) reply flood is detected.";
}
identity sip-flood {
base ddos-type;
description
"A Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) flood is detected.";
}
identity ssl-flood {
base ddos-type;
description
"An Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) flood is detected";
}
identity ntp-amp-flood {
base ddos-type;
description
"A Network Time Protocol (NTP) amplification is detected";
}
identity request-method {
description
"A set of request types in HTTP (if applicable).";
}
identity put {
base request-method;
description
"The detected request type is PUT.";
reference
"RFC 7231: Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP/1.1): Semantics
and Content - Request Method PUT";
}
identity post {
base request-method;
description
"The detected request type is POST.";
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reference
"RFC 7231: Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP/1.1): Semantics
and Content - Request Method POST";
}
identity get {
base request-method;
description
"The detected request type is GET.";
reference
"RFC 7231: Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP/1.1): Semantics
and Content - Request Method GET";
}
identity head {
base request-method;
description
"The detected request type is HEAD.";
reference
"RFC 7231: Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP/1.1): Semantics
and Content - Request Method HEAD";
}
identity delete {
base request-method;
description
"The detected request type is DELETE.";
reference
"RFC 7231: Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP/1.1): Semantics
and Content - Request Method DELETE";
}
identity connect {
base request-method;
description
"The detected request type is CONNECT.";
reference
"RFC 7231: Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP/1.1): Semantics
and Content - Request Method CONNECT";
}
identity options {
base request-method;
description
"The detected request type is OPTIONS.";
reference
"RFC 7231: Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP/1.1): Semantics
and Content - Request Method OPTIONS";
}
identity trace {
base request-method;
description
"The detected request type is TRACE.";
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reference
"RFC 7231: Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP/1.1): Semantics
and Content - Request Method TRACE";
}
identity filter-type {
description
"The type of filter used to detect an attack,
for example, a web-attack. It can be applicable to
more than web-attacks.";
}
identity allow-list {
base filter-type;
description
"The applied filter type is an allow list. This filter blocks
all connection except the specified list.";
}
identity deny-list {
base filter-type;
description
"The applied filter type is a deny list. This filter opens all
connection except the specified list.";
}
identity unknown-filter {
base filter-type;
description
"The applied filter is unknown.";
}
identity protocol {
description
"An identity used to enable type choices in leaves
and leaflists with respect to protocol metadata. This is used
to identify the type of protocol that goes through the NSF.";
}
identity ip {
base protocol;
description
"General IP protocol type.";
reference
"RFC 791: Internet Protocol
RFC 8200: Internet Protocol, Version 6 (IPv6)";
}
identity ipv4 {
base ip;
description
"IPv4 protocol type.";
reference
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"RFC 791: Internet Protocol";
}
identity ipv6 {
base ip;
description
"IPv6 protocol type.";
reference
"RFC 8200: Internet Protocol, Version 6 (IPv6)";
}
identity icmp {
base protocol;
description
"Base identity for ICMPv4 and ICMPv6 condition capability";
reference
"RFC 792: Internet Control Message Protocol
RFC 4443: Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMPv6)
for the Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) Specification
- ICMPv6";
}
identity icmpv4 {
base icmp;
description
"ICMPv4 protocol type.";
reference
"RFC 791: Internet Protocol
RFC 792: Internet Control Message Protocol";
}
identity icmpv6 {
base icmp;
description
"ICMPv6 protocol type.";
reference
"RFC 8200: Internet Protocol, Version 6 (IPv6)
RFC 4443: Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMPv6)
for the Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6)
Specification";
}
identity transport-protocol {
base protocol;
description
"Base identity for Layer 4 protocol condition capabilities,
e.g., TCP, UDP, SCTP, DCCP, and ICMP";
}
identity tcp {
base transport-protocol;
description
"TCP protocol type.";
reference
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"RFC 793: Transmission Control Protocol
draft-ietf-tcpm-rfc793bis-25: Transmission Control Protocol
(TCP) Specification";
}
identity udp {
base transport-protocol;
description
"UDP protocol type.";
reference
"RFC 768: User Datagram Protocol";
}
identity sctp {
base transport-protocol;
description
"Identity for SCTP condition capabilities";
reference
"RFC 4960: Stream Control Transmission Protocol";
}
identity dccp {
base transport-protocol;
description
"Identity for DCCP condition capabilities";
reference
"RFC 4340: Datagram Congestion Control Protocol";
}
identity application-protocol {
base protocol;
description
"Base identity for Application protocol, e.g., HTTP, FTP";
}
identity http {
base application-protocol;
description
"HTTP protocol type.";
reference
"RFC7230: Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP/1.1): Message
Syntax and Routing
RFC7231: Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP/1.1): Semantics
and Content";
}
identity https {
base application-protocol;
description
"HTTPS protocol type.";
reference
"RFC7230: Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP/1.1): Message
Syntax and Routing
RFC7231: Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP/1.1): Semantics
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and Content";
}
identity ftp {
base application-protocol;
description
"FTP protocol type.";
reference
"RFC 959: File Transfer Protocol";
}
identity ssh {
base application-protocol;
description
"SSH protocol type.";
reference
"RFC 6242: Using the NETCONF Protocol over Secure Shell (SSH)";
}
identity telnet {
base application-protocol;
description
"The identity for telnet.";
reference
"RFC 854: Telnet Protocol";
}
identity smtp {
base application-protocol;
description
"The identity for smtp.";
reference
"RFC 5321: Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)";
}
identity pop3 {
base application-protocol;
description
"The identity for pop3.";
reference
"RFC 1939: Post Office Protocol - Version 3 (POP3)";
}
identity imap {
base application-protocol;
description
"The identity for Internet Message Access Protocol.";
reference
"RFC 3501: INTERNET MESSAGE ACCESS PROTOCOL - VERSION 4rev1";
}
/*
* Grouping
*/
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grouping timestamp {
description
"Grouping for identifying the time of the message.";
leaf timestamp {
type yang:date-and-time;
description
"Specify the time of a message being delivered.";
}
}
grouping common-monitoring-data {
description
"A set of common monitoring data that is needed
as the basic information.";
leaf message {
type string;
description
"This is a freetext annotation for
monitoring a notification's content.";
}
leaf vendor-name {
type string;
description
"The name of the NSF vendor. The string is unrestricted to
identify the provider or vendor of the NSF.";
}
leaf nsf-name {
type union {
type string;
type inet:ip-address-no-zone;
}
description
"The name or IP address of the NSF generating the message.
If the given nsf-name is not IP address, the name can be an
arbitrary string including FQDN (Fully Qualified Domain
Name). The name MUST be unique in the scope of management
domain for a different NSF to identify the NSF that
generates the message.";
}
leaf severity {
type severity;
description
"The severity of the alarm such as critical, high,
middle, and low.";
}
}
grouping characteristics {
description
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"A set of characteristics of a notification.";
leaf acquisition-method {
type identityref {
base acquisition-method;
}
description
"The acquisition-method for characteristics";
}
leaf emission-type {
type identityref {
base emission-type;
}
description
"The emission-type for characteristics";
}
leaf dampening-type {
type identityref {
base dampening-type;
}
description
"The dampening-type for characteristics";
}
}
grouping i2nsf-system-alarm-type-content {
description
"A set of contents for alarm type notification.";
leaf usage {
type uint8 {
range "0..100";
}
units "percent";
description
"Specifies the used percentage";
}
leaf threshold {
type uint8 {
range "0..100";
}
units "percent";
description
"The threshold percentage triggering the alarm or
the event";
}
}
grouping i2nsf-system-event-type-content {
description
"System event metadata associated with system events
caused by user activity.";
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leaf user {
type string;
mandatory true;
description
"The name of a user";
}
leaf-list group {
type string;
description
"The group(s) to which a user belongs.";
}
leaf ip-address {
type inet:ip-address-no-zone;
mandatory true;
description
"The IPv4 (or IPv6) address of a user that trigger the
event.";
}
leaf authentication {
type identityref {
base authentication-mode;
}
description
"The authentication-mode of a user.";
}
}
grouping i2nsf-nsf-event-type-content {
description
"A set of common IPv4 (or IPv6)-related NSF event
content elements";
leaf dst-ip {
type inet:ip-address-no-zone;
description
"The destination IPv4 (IPv6) address of the packet";
}
leaf dst-port {
type inet:port-number;
description
"The destination port of the packet";
}
leaf rule-name {
type leafref {
path
"/nsfintf:i2nsf-security-policy"
+"/nsfintf:rules/nsfintf:rule-name";
}
mandatory true;
description
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"The name of the I2NSF Policy Rule being triggered";
}
leaf raw-info {
type string;
description
"The information describing the packet
triggering the event.";
}
}
grouping i2nsf-nsf-event-type-content-extend {
description
"A set of extended common IPv4 (or IPv6)-related NSF
event content elements";
uses i2nsf-nsf-event-type-content;
leaf src-ip {
type inet:ip-address-no-zone;
description
"The source IPv4 (or IPv6) address of the packet";
}
leaf src-port {
type inet:port-number;
description
"The source port of the packet";
}
leaf src-location {
type string {
length "1..100";
pattern "[0-9a-zA-Z ]*";
}
description
"The source geographical location (e.g., country and city)
of the packet.";
}
leaf dst-location {
type string {
length "1..100";
pattern "[0-9a-zA-Z ]*";
}
description
"The destination geographical location (e.g., country and
city) of the packet.";
}
}
grouping log-action {
description
"A grouping for logging action.";
leaf-list action {
type log-action;
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description
"Action type: allow, alert, block, discard, declare,
block-ip, block-service";
}
}
grouping attack-rates {
description
"A set of traffic rates for monitoring attack traffic
data";
leaf attack-rate {
type uint32;
units "pps";
description
"The average packets per second (pps) rate of attack
traffic";
}
leaf attack-speed {
type uint64;
units "Bps";
description
"The average bytes per second (Bps) speed of attack traffic";
}
}
grouping traffic-rates {
description
"A set of traffic rates for statistics data";
leaf discontinuity-time {
type yang:date-and-time;
mandatory true;
description
"The time on the most recent occasion at which any one or
more of this interface's counters suffered a discontinuity.
If no such discontinuities have occurred since the last
re-initialization of the local management subsystem, then
this node contains the time the local management subsystem
re-initialized itself.";
}
leaf total-traffic {
type yang:counter32;
units "packets";
description
"The total number of traffic packets (in and out) in the
NSF.";
}
leaf in-traffic-average-rate {
type uint32;
units "pps";
description
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"Inbound traffic average rate in packets per second (pps).
The average is calculated from the start of the NSF service
until the generation of this record.";
}
leaf in-traffic-peak-rate {
type uint32;
units "pps";
description
"Inbound traffic peak rate in packets per second (pps).";
}
leaf in-traffic-average-speed {
type uint64;
units "Bps";
description
"Inbound traffic average speed in bytes per second (Bps).
The average is calculated from the start of the NSF service
until the generation of this record.";
}
leaf in-traffic-peak-speed {
type uint64;
units "Bps";
description
"Inbound traffic peak speed in bytes per second (Bps).";
}
leaf out-traffic-average-rate {
type uint32;
units "pps";
description
"Outbound traffic average rate in packets per second (pps).
The average is calculated from the start of the NSF service
until the generation of this record.";
}
leaf out-traffic-peak-rate {
type uint32;
units "pps";
description
"Outbound traffic peak rate in packets per second (pps).";
}
leaf out-traffic-average-speed {
type uint64;
units "Bps";
description
"Outbound traffic average speed in bytes per second (Bps).
The average is calculated from the start of the NSF service
until the generation of this record.";
}
leaf out-traffic-peak-speed {
type uint64;
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units "Bps";
description
"Outbound traffic peak speed in bytes per second (Bps).";
}
}
grouping i2nsf-system-counter-type-content{
description
"A set of counters for an interface traffic data.";
leaf interface-name {
type if:interface-ref;
description
"Network interface name configured in an NSF";
reference
"RFC 8343: A YANG Data Model for Interface Management";
}
leaf in-total-traffic-pkts {
type yang:counter32;
description
"Total inbound packets";
}
leaf out-total-traffic-pkts {
type yang:counter32;
description
"Total outbound packets";
}
leaf in-total-traffic-bytes {
type uint64;
units "bytes";
description
"Total inbound bytes";
}
leaf out-total-traffic-bytes {
type uint64;
units "bytes";
description
"Total outbound bytes";
}
leaf in-drop-traffic-pkts {
type yang:counter32;
description
"Total inbound drop packets";
}
leaf out-drop-traffic-pkts {
type yang:counter32;
description
"Total outbound drop packets";
}
leaf in-drop-traffic-bytes {
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type uint64;
units "bytes";
description
"Total inbound drop bytes";
}
leaf out-drop-traffic-bytes {
type uint64;
units "bytes";
description
"Total outbound drop bytes";
}
uses traffic-rates;
}
grouping i2nsf-nsf-counters-type-content{
description
"A set of contents of a policy in an NSF.";
leaf policy-name {
type leafref {
path
"/nsfintf:i2nsf-security-policy"
+"/nsfintf:system-policy-name";
}
mandatory true;
description
"The name of the policy being triggered";
}
leaf src-user{
type string;
description
"The I2NSF User's name who generates the policy.";
}
}
grouping enable-notification {
description
"A grouping for enabling or disabling notification";
leaf enabled {
type boolean;
default "true";
description
"Enables or Disables the notification.
If 'true', then the notification is enabled.
If 'false, then the notification is disabled.";
}
}
grouping dampening {
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description
"A grouping for dampening period of notification.";
leaf dampening-period {
type uint32;
units "centiseconds";
default "0";
description
"Specifies the minimum interval between the assembly of
successive update records for a single receiver of a
subscription. Whenever subscribed objects change and
a dampening-period interval (which may be zero) has
elapsed since the previous update record creation for
a receiver, any subscribed objects and properties
that have changed since the previous update record
will have their current values marshalled and placed
in a new update record. But if the subscribed objects change
when the dampening-period is active, it should update the
record without sending the notification until the dampening-
period is finished. If multiple changes happen during the
active dampening-period, it should update the record with
the latest data. And at the end of the dampening-period, it
should send the record as a notification with the latest
updated record and restart the countdown.";
reference
"RFC 8641: Subscription to YANG Notifications for
Datastore Updates - Section 5.";
}
}
/*
* Feature Nodes
*/
feature i2nsf-nsf-detection-ddos {
description
"This feature means it supports I2NSF nsf-detection-ddos
notification";
}
feature i2nsf-nsf-detection-virus {
description
"This feature means it supports I2NSF nsf-detection-virus
notification";
}
feature i2nsf-nsf-detection-intrusion {
description
"This feature means it supports I2NSF nsf-detection-intrusion
notification";
}
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feature i2nsf-nsf-detection-web-attack {
description
"This feature means it supports I2NSF nsf-detection-web-attack
notification";
}
feature i2nsf-nsf-detection-voip-volte {
description
"This feature means it supports I2NSF nsf-detection-voip-volte
notification";
}
feature i2nsf-nsf-log-dpi {
description
"This feature means it supports I2NSF nsf-log-dpi
notification";
}
/*
* Notification nodes
*/
notification i2nsf-event {
description
"Notification for I2NSF Event.";
choice sub-event-type {
description
"This choice must be augmented with cases for each allowed
sub-event. Only 1 sub-event will be instantiated in each
i2nsf-event message. Each case is expected to define one
container with all the sub-event fields.";
case i2nsf-system-detection-alarm {
container i2nsf-system-detection-alarm{
description
"This notification is sent, when a system alarm
is detected.";
leaf alarm-category {
type identityref {
base system-alarm;
}
description
"The alarm category for
system-detection-alarm notification";
}
leaf component-name {
type string;
description
"The hardware component responsible for generating
the message. Applicable for Hardware Failure
Alarm.";
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}
leaf interface-name {
type if:interface-ref;
description
"The interface name responsible for generating
the message. Applicable for Network Interface
Failure Alarm.";
reference
"RFC 8343: A YANG Data Model for Interface Management";
}
leaf interface-state {
type enumeration {
enum down {
description
"The interface state is down.";
}
enum up {
description
"The interface state is up and not congested.";
}
enum congested {
description
"The interface state is up but congested.";
}
}
description
"The state of the interface (i.e., up, down,
congested). Applicable for Network Interface Failure
Alarm.";
}
uses characteristics;
uses i2nsf-system-alarm-type-content;
uses common-monitoring-data;
}
}
case i2nsf-system-detection-event {
container i2nsf-system-detection-event {
description
"This notification is sent when a security-sensitive
authentication action fails.";
leaf event-category {
type identityref {
base system-event;
}
description
"The event category for system-detection-event";
}
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uses characteristics;
uses i2nsf-system-event-type-content;
uses common-monitoring-data;
}
}
case i2nsf-traffic-flows {
container i2nsf-traffic-flows {
description
"This notification is sent to inform about the traffic
flows.";
leaf src-ip {
type inet:ip-address-no-zone;
description
"The source IPv4 (or IPv6) address of the flow";
}
leaf dst-ip {
type inet:ip-address-no-zone;
description
"The destination IPv4 (or IPv6) address of the flow";
}
leaf protocol {
type identityref {
base protocol;
}
description
"The protocol type for nsf-detection-intrusion
notification";
}
leaf src-port {
type inet:port-number;
description
"The source port of the flow";
}
leaf dst-port {
type inet:port-number;
description
"The destination port of the flow";
}
leaf arrival-rate {
type uint32;
units "pps";
description
"The average arrival rate of the flow in packets per
second. The average is calculated from the start of
the NSF service until the generation of this
record.";
}
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uses characteristics;
uses common-monitoring-data;
}
}
case i2nsf-nsf-detection-session-table {
container i2nsf-nsf-detection-session-table {
description
"This notification is sent, when a session table
event is detected.";
leaf current-session {
type uint32;
description
"The number of concurrent sessions";
}
leaf maximum-session {
type uint32;
description
"The maximum number of sessions that the session
table can support";
}
leaf threshold {
type uint32;
description
"The threshold triggering the event";
}
uses common-monitoring-data;
}
}
}
}
notification i2nsf-log {
description
"Notification for I2NSF log. The notification is generated
from the logs of the NSF.";
choice sub-logs-type {
description
"This choice must be augmented with cases for each allowed
sub-logs. Only 1 sub-event will be instantiated in each
i2nsf-logs message. Each case is expected to define one
container with all the sub-logs fields.";
case i2nsf-nsf-system-access-log {
container i2nsf-nsf-system-access-log {
description
"The notification is sent, if there is a new system
log entry about a system access event.";
leaf login-ip {
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type inet:ip-address-no-zone;
description
"Login IP address of a user";
}
leaf username {
type string;
description
"The login username that maintains the device";
}
leaf login-role {
type login-role;
description
"Specifies the user log-in role, i.e., administrator,
user, or guest.";
}
leaf operation-type {
type operation-type;
description
"The operation type that the user executes";
}
leaf input {
type string;
description
"The operation performed by a user after login. The
operation is a command given by a user.";
}
leaf output {
type string;
description
"The result in text format after executing the
input.";
}
uses characteristics;
uses common-monitoring-data;
}
}
case i2nsf-system-res-util-log {
container i2nsf-system-res-util-log {
description
"This notification is sent, if there is a new log
entry representing resource utilization updates.";
leaf system-status {
type enumeration {
enum running {
description
"The system is active and running the security
service.";
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}
enum waiting {
description
"The system is active but waiting for an event to
provide the security service.";
}
enum inactive {
description
"The system is inactive and not running the
security service.";
}
}
description
"The current system's running status";
}
leaf cpu-usage {
type uint8;
units "percent";
description
"Specifies the relative percentage of CPU usage with
respect to platform resources";
}
leaf memory-usage {
type uint8;
units "percent";
description
"Specifies the percentage of memory usage.";
}
list disk {
key disk-id;
description
"Disk is the hardware to store information for a
long period, i.e., Hard Disk or Solid-State Drive.";
leaf disk-id {
type string;
description
"The ID of the storage disk. It is a free form
identifier to identify the storage disk.";
}
leaf disk-usage {
type uint8;
units "percent";
description
"Specifies the percentage of disk usage";
}
leaf disk-left {
type uint8;
units "percent";
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description
"Specifies the percentage of disk left";
}
}
leaf session-num {
type uint32;
description
"The total number of sessions";
}
leaf process-num {
type uint32;
description
"The total number of processes";
}
list interface {
key interface-id;
description
"The network interface for connecting a device
with the network.";
leaf interface-id {
type string;
description
"The ID of the network interface. It is a free form
identifier to identify the network interface.";
}
leaf in-traffic-rate {
type uint32;
units "pps";
description
"The total inbound traffic rate in packets per
second";
}
leaf out-traffic-rate {
type uint32;
units "pps";
description
"The total outbound traffic rate in packets per
second";
}
leaf in-traffic-speed {
type uint64;
units "Bps";
description
"The total inbound traffic speed in bytes per second";
}
leaf out-traffic-speed {
type uint64;
units "Bps";
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description
"The total outbound traffic speed in bytes per
second";
}
}
uses characteristics;
uses common-monitoring-data;
}
}
case i2nsf-system-user-activity-log {
container i2nsf-system-user-activity-log {
description
"This notification is sent, if there is a new user
activity log entry.";
uses characteristics;
uses i2nsf-system-event-type-content;
uses common-monitoring-data;
leaf online-duration {
type uint32;
units "seconds";
description
"The duration of a user's activeness (stays in login)
during a session.";
}
leaf logout-duration {
type uint32;
units "seconds";
description
"The duration of a user's inactiveness (not in login)
from the last session.";
}
leaf additional-info {
type enumeration {
enum successful-login {
description
"The user has succeeded in login.";
}
enum failed-login {
description
"The user has failed in login (e.g., wrong
password)";
}
enum logout {
description
"The user has succeeded in logout";
}
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enum successful-password-changed {
description
"The password has been changed successfully";
}
enum failed-password-changed{
description
"The attempt to change password has failed";
}
enum lock {
description
"The user has been locked. A locked user cannot
login.";
}
enum unlock {
description
"The user has been unlocked.";
}
}
description
"User activities, e.g., Successful User Login,
Failed Login attempts, User Logout, Successful User
Password Change, Failed User Password Change, User
Lockout, User Unlocking, and Unknown.";
}
}
}
}
}
notification i2nsf-nsf-event {
description
"Notification for I2NSF NSF Event. This notification is
used for a specific NSF that supported such feature.";
choice sub-event-type {
description
"This choice must be augmented with cases for each allowed
sub-event. Only 1 sub-event will be instantiated in each
i2nsf-event message. Each case is expected to define one
container with all the sub-event fields.";
case i2nsf-nsf-detection-ddos {
if-feature "i2nsf-nsf-detection-ddos";
container i2nsf-nsf-detection-ddos {
description
"This notification is sent, when a specific flood type
is detected.";
leaf attack-type {
type identityref {
base ddos-type;
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}
description
"Any one of Syn flood, ACK flood, SYN-ACK flood,
FIN/RST flood, TCP Connection flood, UDP flood,
ICMP (i.e., ICMPv4 or ICMPv6) flood, HTTP flood,
HTTPS flood, DNS query flood, DNS reply flood, SIP
flood, etc.";
}
leaf start-time {
type yang:date-and-time;
mandatory true;
description
"The time stamp indicating when the attack started";
}
leaf end-time {
type yang:date-and-time;
mandatory true;
description
"The time stamp indicating when the attack ended";
}
leaf-list attack-src-ip {
type inet:ip-address-no-zone;
description
"The source IPv4 (or IPv6) addresses of attack
traffic. It can hold multiple IPv4 (or IPv6)
addresses.";
}
leaf-list attack-dst-ip {
type inet:ip-address-no-zone;
description
"The destination IPv4 (or IPv6) addresses of attack
traffic. It can hold multiple IPv4 (or IPv6)
addresses.";
}
leaf-list attack-src-port {
type inet:port-number;
description
"The source ports of the DDoS attack";
}
leaf-list attack-dst-port {
type inet:port-number;
description
"The destination ports of the DDoS attack";
}
leaf rule-name {
type leafref {
path
"/nsfintf:i2nsf-security-policy"
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+"/nsfintf:rules/nsfintf:rule-name";
}
mandatory true;
description
"The name of the I2NSF Policy Rule being triggered";
}
leaf raw-info {
type string;
description
"The information describing the packet
triggering the event.";
}
uses attack-rates;
uses log-action;
uses characteristics;
uses common-monitoring-data;
}
}
case i2nsf-nsf-detection-virus {
if-feature "i2nsf-nsf-detection-virus";
container i2nsf-nsf-detection-virus {
description
"This notification is sent, when a virus is detected.";
uses i2nsf-nsf-event-type-content-extend;
leaf virus {
type identityref {
base virus-type;
}
description
"The virus type for nsf-detection-virus notification";
}
leaf virus-name {
type string;
description
"The name of the detected virus";
}
leaf file-type {
type string;
description
"The type of file virus code is found in (if
applicable).";
reference
"IANA Website: Media Types";
}
leaf file-name {
type string;
description
"The name of file virus code is found in (if
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applicable).";
}
leaf os {
type string;
description
"The operating system of the device.";
}
uses log-action;
uses characteristics;
uses common-monitoring-data;
}
}
case i2nsf-nsf-detection-intrusion {
if-feature "i2nsf-nsf-detection-intrusion";
container i2nsf-nsf-detection-intrusion {
description
"This notification is sent, when an intrusion event
is detected.";
uses i2nsf-nsf-event-type-content-extend;
leaf protocol {
type identityref {
base transport-protocol;
}
description
"The transport protocol type for
nsf-detection-intrusion notification";
}
leaf app {
type identityref {
base application-protocol;
}
description
"The employed application layer protocol";
}
leaf attack-type {
type identityref {
base intrusion-attack-type;
}
description
"The sub attack type for intrusion attack";
}
uses log-action;
uses attack-rates;
uses characteristics;
uses common-monitoring-data;
}
}
case i2nsf-nsf-detection-web-attack {
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if-feature "i2nsf-nsf-detection-web-attack";
container i2nsf-nsf-detection-web-attack {
description
"This notification is sent, when an attack event is
detected.";
uses i2nsf-nsf-event-type-content-extend;
leaf attack-type {
type identityref {
base web-attack-type;
}
description
"Concrete web attack type, e.g., SQL injection,
command injection, XSS, and CSRF.";
}
leaf request-method {
type identityref {
base request-method;
}
description
"The HTTP request method, e.g., PUT or GET.";
reference
"RFC 7231: Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP/1.1):
Semantics and Content - Request Methods";
}
leaf req-uri {
type string;
description
"The Requested URI";
}
leaf-list filtering-type {
type identityref {
base filter-type;
}
description
"URL filtering type, e.g., deny-list, allow-list,
and Unknown";
}
leaf req-user-agent {
type string;
description
"The request user agent";
}
leaf req-cookie {
type string;
description
"The HTTP Cookie previously sent by the server with
Set-Cookie";
}
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leaf req-host {
type string;
description
"The domain name of the requested host";
}
leaf response-code {
type string;
description
"The HTTP Response code";
reference
"IANA Website: Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
Status Code Registry";
}
uses characteristics;
uses log-action;
uses common-monitoring-data;
}
}
case i2nsf-nsf-detection-voip-volte{
if-feature "i2nsf-nsf-detection-voip-volte";
container i2nsf-nsf-detection-voip-volte {
description
"This notification is sent, when a VoIP/VoLTE violation
is detected.";
uses i2nsf-nsf-event-type-content-extend;
leaf-list source-voice-id {
type string;
description
"The detected source voice ID for VoIP and VoLTE that
violates the security policy.";
}
leaf-list destination-voice-id {
type string;
description
"The detected destination voice ID for VoIP and VoLTE
that violates the security policy.";
}
leaf-list user-agent {
type string;
description
"The detected user-agent for VoIP and VoLTE that
violates the security policy.";
}
}
}
case i2nsf-nsf-log-dpi {
if-feature "i2nsf-nsf-log-dpi";
container i2nsf-nsf-log-dpi {
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description
"This notification is sent, if there is a new DPI
event in the NSF log.";
leaf attack-type {
type dpi-type;
description
"The type of the DPI";
}
uses characteristics;
uses i2nsf-nsf-counters-type-content;
uses common-monitoring-data;
}
}
}
}
/*
* Data nodes
*/
container i2nsf-counters {
config false;
description
"The state data representing continuous value changes of
information elements that occur very frequently. The value
should be calculated from the start of the service of the
NSF.";
list system-interface {
key interface-name;
description
"Interface counters provide the visibility of traffic into
and out of an NSF, and bandwidth usage.";
uses characteristics;
uses i2nsf-system-counter-type-content;
uses common-monitoring-data;
uses timestamp;
}
list nsf-firewall {
key policy-name;
description
"Firewall counters provide the visibility of traffic
signatures, bandwidth usage, and how the configured security
and bandwidth policies have been applied.";
uses characteristics;
uses i2nsf-nsf-counters-type-content;
uses traffic-rates;
uses common-monitoring-data;
uses timestamp;
}
list nsf-policy-hits {
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key policy-name;
description
"Policy Hit Counters record the number of hits that traffic
packets match a security policy. It can check if policy
configurations are correct or not.";
uses characteristics;
uses i2nsf-nsf-counters-type-content;
uses common-monitoring-data;
leaf discontinuity-time {
type yang:date-and-time;
mandatory true;
description
"The time on the most recent occasion at which any one or
more of this interface's counters suffered a discontinuity.
If no such discontinuities have occurred since the last
re-initialization of the local management subsystem, then
this node contains the time the local management subsystem
re-initialized itself.";
}
leaf hit-times {
type yang:counter32;
description
"The number of times a policy is hit";
}
uses timestamp;
}
}
container i2nsf-monitoring-configuration {
description
"The container for configuring I2NSF monitoring.";
container i2nsf-system-detection-alarm {
description
"The container for configuring I2NSF system-detection-alarm
notification";
uses enable-notification;
list system-alarm {
key alarm-type;
description
"Configuration for system alarm (i.e., CPU, Memory, and
Disk Usage)";
leaf alarm-type {
type enumeration {
enum cpu {
description
"To configure the CPU usage threshold to trigger the
cpu-alarm";
}
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enum memory {
description
"To configure the Memory usage threshold to trigger
the memory-alarm";
}
enum disk {
description
"To configure the Disk (storage) usage threshold to
trigger the disk-alarm";
}
}
description
"Type of alarm to be configured. The three alarm-types
defined here are used to configure the threshold of the
monitoring notification. The threshold is used to
determine when the notification should be sent.
The other two alarms defined in the module (i.e.,
hardware-alarm and interface-alarm) do not use any
threshold value to create a notification. These alarms
detect a failure or a change of state to create a
notification.";
}
leaf threshold {
type uint8 {
range "1..100";
}
units "percent";
description
"The configuration for threshold percentage to trigger
the alarm. The alarm will be triggered if the usage
is exceeded the threshold.";
}
uses dampening;
}
}
container i2nsf-system-detection-event {
description
"The container for configuring I2NSF system-detection-event
notification";
uses enable-notification;
uses dampening;
}
container i2nsf-traffic-flows {
description
"The container for configuring I2NSF traffic-flows
notification";
uses dampening;
uses enable-notification;
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}
container i2nsf-nsf-detection-ddos {
if-feature "i2nsf-nsf-detection-ddos";
description
"The container for configuring I2NSF nsf-detection-ddos
notification";
uses enable-notification;
uses dampening;
}
container i2nsf-nsf-detection-session-table-configuration {
description
"The container for configuring I2NSF nsf-detection-session-
table notification";
uses enable-notification;
uses dampening;
}
container i2nsf-nsf-detection-intrusion {
if-feature "i2nsf-nsf-detection-intrusion";
description
"The container for configuring I2NSF nsf-detection-intrusion
notification";
uses enable-notification;
uses dampening;
}
container i2nsf-nsf-detection-web-attack {
if-feature "i2nsf-nsf-detection-web-attack";
description
"The container for configuring I2NSF nsf-detection-web-attack
notification";
uses enable-notification;
uses dampening;
}
container i2nsf-nsf-system-access-log {
description
"The container for configuring I2NSF system-access-log
notification";
uses enable-notification;
uses dampening;
}
container i2nsf-system-res-util-log {
description
"The container for configuring I2NSF system-res-util-log
notification";
uses enable-notification;
uses dampening;
}
container i2nsf-system-user-activity-log {
description
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"The container for configuring I2NSF system-user-activity-log
notification";
uses enable-notification;
uses dampening;
}
container i2nsf-nsf-log-dpi {
if-feature "i2nsf-nsf-log-dpi";
description
"The container for configuring I2NSF nsf-log-dpi
notification";
uses enable-notification;
uses dampening;
}
container i2nsf-counter {
description
"This is used to configure the counters
for monitoring an NSF";
leaf period {
type uint16;
units "minutes";
default 0;
description
"The configuration for the period interval of reporting
the counter. If 0, then the counter period is disabled.
If value is not 0, then the counter will be reported
following the period value.";
}
}
}
}
<CODE ENDS>
Figure 2: Data Model of Monitoring
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10. I2NSF Event Stream
This section discusses the NETCONF event stream for I2NSF NSF
Monitoring subscription. The YANG module in this document supports
"ietf-subscribed-notifications" YANG module [RFC8639] for
subscription. The reserved event stream name for this document is
"I2NSF-Monitoring". The NETCONF Server (e.g., an NSF) MUST support
"I2NSF-Monitoring" event stream for an NSF data collector (e.g.,
Security Controller). The "I2NSF-Monitoring" event stream contains
all I2NSF events described in this document. The following example
shows the capabilities of the event streams of an NSF (e.g.,
"NETCONF" and "I2NSF-Monitoring" event streams) by the subscription
of an NSF data collector; note that this example XML file is
delivered by an NSF to an NSF data collector. The XML examples in
this document follow the line breaks as per [RFC8792].
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<rpc-reply message-id="1"
xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:netconf:base:1.0">
<data>
<netconf xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:netmod:notification">
<streams>
<stream>
<name>NETCONF</name>
<description>Default NETCONF Event Stream</description>
<replaySupport>false</replaySupport>
</stream>
<stream>
<name>I2NSF-Monitoring</name>
<description>I2NSF Monitoring Event Stream</description>
<replaySupport>true</replaySupport>
<replayLogCreationTime>
2021-04-29T09:37:39+00:00
</replayLogCreationTime>
</stream>
</streams>
</netconf>
</data>
</rpc-reply>
Figure 3: Example of NETCONF Server supporting I2NSF-Monitoring
Event Stream
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11. XML Examples for I2NSF NSF Monitoring
This section shows the XML examples of I2NSF NSF Monitoring data
delivered via Monitoring Interface from an NSF.
11.1. I2NSF System Detection Alarm
The following example shows an alarm triggered by Memory Usage of the
server; note that this example XML file is delivered by an NSF to an
NSF data collector:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<notification
xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:netconf:notification:1.0">
<eventTime>2021-04-29T07:43:52.181088+00:00</eventTime>
<i2nsf-event
xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-i2nsf-nsf-monitoring">
<i2nsf-system-detection-alarm>
<alarm-category
xmlns:nsfmi="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:\
ietf-i2nsf-nsf-monitoring">
nsfmi:memory-alarm
</alarm-category>
<acquisition-method
xmlns:nsfmi="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:\
ietf-i2nsf-nsf-monitoring">
nsfmi:subscription
</acquisition-method>
<emission-type
xmlns:nsfmi="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:\
ietf-i2nsf-nsf-monitoring">
nsfmi:on-change
</emission-type>
<dampening-type
xmlns:nsfmi="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:\
ietf-i2nsf-nsf-monitoring">
nsfmi:on-repetition
</dampening-type>
<usage>91</usage>
<threshold>90</threshold>
<message>Memory Usage Exceeded the Threshold</message>
<nsf-name>time_based_firewall</nsf-name>
<severity>high</severity>
</i2nsf-system-detection-alarm>
</i2nsf-event>
</notification>
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Figure 4: Example of I2NSF System Detection Alarm triggered by
Memory Usage
The XML data above shows:
1. The NSF that sends the information is named
"time_based_firewall".
2. The memory usage of the NSF triggered the alarm.
3. The monitoring information is received by subscription method.
4. The monitoring information is emitted "on-change".
5. The monitoring information is dampened "on-repetition".
6. The memory usage of the NSF is 91 percent.
7. The memory threshold to trigger the alarm is 90 percent.
8. The severity level of the notification is high.
11.2. I2NSF Interface Counters
To get the I2NSF system interface counters information by query,
NETCONF Client (e.g., NSF data collector) needs to initiate GET
connection with NETCONF Server (e.g., NSF). The following XML file
can be used to get the state data and filter the information.
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<rpc xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:netconf:base:1.0" message-id="1">
<get>
<filter
xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-i2nsf-nsf-monitoring">
<i2nsf-counters>
<system-interface/>
</i2nsf-counters>
</filter>
</get>
</rpc>
Figure 5: XML Example for NETCONF GET with System Interface Filter
The following XML file shows the reply from the NETCONF Server (e.g.,
NSF):
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<rpc-reply message-id="1"
xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:netconf:base:1.0">
<data>
<i2nsf-counters
xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-i2nsf-nsf-monitoring">
<system-interface>
<discontinuity-time>
2021-04-29T08:43:52.181088+00:00
</discontinuity-time>
<interface-name>ens3</interface-name>
<acquisition-method
xmlns:nsfmi="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:\
ietf-i2nsf-nsf-monitoring">
nsfmi:query
</acquisition-method>
<in-total-traffic-bytes>549050</in-total-traffic-bytes>
<out-total-traffic-bytes>814956</out-total-traffic-bytes>
<in-drop-traffic-bytes>0</in-drop-traffic-bytes>
<out-drop-traffic-bytes>5078</out-drop-traffic-bytes>
<nsf-name>time_based_firewall</nsf-name>
</system-interface>
<system-interface>
<discontinuity-time>
2021-04-29T08:43:52.181088+00:00
</discontinuity-time>
<interface-name>lo</interface-name>
<acquisition-method
xmlns:nsfmi="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:\
ietf-i2nsf-nsf-monitoring">
nsfmi:query
</acquisition-method>
<in-total-traffic-bytes>48487</in-total-traffic-bytes>
<out-total-traffic-bytes>48487</out-total-traffic-bytes>
<in-drop-traffic-bytes>0</in-drop-traffic-bytes>
<out-drop-traffic-bytes>0</out-drop-traffic-bytes>
<nsf-name>time_based_firewall</nsf-name>
</system-interface>
</i2nsf-counters>
</data>
</rpc-reply>
Figure 6: Example of I2NSF System Interface Counters XML Information
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12. IANA Considerations
This document requests IANA to register the following URI in the
"IETF XML Registry" [RFC3688]:
URI: urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-i2nsf-nsf-monitoring
Registrant Contact: The IESG.
XML: N/A; the requested URI is an XML namespace.
This document requests IANA to register the following YANG module in
the "YANG Module Names" registry [RFC7950][RFC8525]:
name: ietf-i2nsf-nsf-monitoring
namespace: urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-i2nsf-nsf-monitoring
prefix: nsfmi
reference: RFC XXXX
// RFC Ed.: replace XXXX with an actual RFC number and remove
// this note.
13. Security Considerations
YANG module described in this document defines a schema for data that
is designed to be accessed via network management protocols such as
NETCONF [RFC6241] or RESTCONF [RFC8040]. The lowest NETCONF layer is
the secure transport layer, and the mandatory-to-implement secure
transport is Secure Shell (SSH) [RFC6242]. The lowest RESTCONF layer
is HTTPS, and the mandatory-to-implement secure transport is TLS
[RFC8446].
The NETCONF access control model [RFC8341] provides the means to
restrict access for particular NETCONF or RESTCONF users to a
preconfigured subset of all available NETCONF or RESTCONF protocol
operations and content.
All data nodes defined in the YANG module which can be created,
modified and deleted (i.e., config true, which is the default) are
considered sensitive as they all could potentially impact security
monitoring and mitigation activities. Write operations (e.g., edit-
config) applied to these data nodes without proper protection could
result in missed alarms or incorrect alarms information being
returned to the NSF data collector. There are threats that need to
be considered and mitigated:
Compromised NSF with valid credentials: It can send falsified
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information to the NSF data collector to mislead detection or
mitigation activities; and/or to hide activity. Currently, there
is no in-framework mechanism to mitigate this and an issue for all
monitoring infrastructures. It is important to keep the enclosure
of confidential information to unauthorized persons to mitigate
the possibility of compromising the NSF with this information.
Compromised NSF data collector with valid credentials: It has
visibility to all collected security alarms; entire detection and
mitigation infrastructure may be suspect. It is important to keep
the enclosure of confidential information to unauthorized persons
to mitigate the possibility of compromising the NSF with this
information.
Impersonating NSF: It is a system trying to send false information
while imitating an NSF; client authentication would help the NSF
data collector to identify this invalid NSF in the "push" model
(NSF-to-collector), while the "pull" model (collector-to-NSF)
should already be addressed with the authentication.
Impersonating NSF data collector: It is a rogue NSF data collector
with which a legitimate NSF is tricked into communicating; for
"push" model (NSF-to-collector), it is important to have valid
credentials, without it it should not work; for "pull" model
(collector-to-NSF), mutual authentication should be used to
mitigate the threat.
In addition, to defend against the DDoS attack caused by a lot of
NSFs sending massive notifications to the NSF data collector, the
rate limiting or similar mechanisms should be considered in both an
NSF and NSF data collector, whether in advance or just in the process
of DDoS attack.
All of the readable data nodes in this YANG module may be considered
vulnerable in some network environments. Some data also may contain
private information that is highly sensitive to the user, such as the
IP address of a user in the container "i2nsf-system-user-activity-
log" and the container "i2nsf-system-detection-event". It is
important to control read access (e.g., via get, get-config, or
notification) to the data nodes. If access control is not properly
configured, it can expose system internals to those who should not
have access to this information.
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14. Acknowledgments
This work was supported by Institute of Information & Communications
Technology Planning & Evaluation (IITP) grant funded by the Korea
MSIT (Ministry of Science and ICT) (R-20160222-002755, Cloud based
Security Intelligence Technology Development for the Customized
Security Service Provisioning). This work was supported in part by
the IITP (2020-0-00395, Standard Development of Blockchain based
Network Management Automation Technology). This work was supported
in part by the MSIT under the Information Technology Research Center
(ITRC) support program (IITP-2021-2017-0-01633) supervised by the
IITP.
15. Contributors
This document is made by the group effort of I2NSF working group.
Many people actively contributed to this document. The authors
sincerely appreciate their contributions.
The following are co-authors of this document:
Chaehong Chung Department of Electronic, Electrical and Computer
Engineering Sungkyunkwan University 2066 Seo-ro Jangan-gu Suwon,
Gyeonggi-do 16419 Republic of Korea EMail: darkhong@skku.edu
Jinyong (Tim) Kim Department of Electronic, Electrical and Computer
Engineering Sungkyunkwan University 2066 Seo-ro Jangan-gu Suwon,
Gyeonggi-do 16419 Republic of Korea EMail: timkim@skku.edu
Dongjin Hong Department of Electronic, Electrical and Computer
Engineering Sungkyunkwan University 2066 Seo-ro Jangan-gu Suwon,
Gyeonggi-do 16419 Republic of Korea EMail: dong.jin@skku.edu
Dacheng Zhang Huawei EMail: dacheng.zhang@huawei.com
Yi Wu Aliababa Group EMail: anren.wy@alibaba-inc.com
Rakesh Kumar Juniper Networks 1133 Innovation Way Sunnyvale, CA 94089
USA EMail: rkkumar@juniper.net
Anil Lohiya Juniper Networks EMail: alohiya@juniper.net
16. References
16.1. Normative References
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[RFC0768] Postel, J., "User Datagram Protocol", STD 6, RFC 768,
DOI 10.17487/RFC0768, August 1980,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc768>.
[RFC0791] Postel, J., "Internet Protocol", STD 5, RFC 791,
DOI 10.17487/RFC0791, September 1981,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc791>.
[RFC0792] Postel, J., "Internet Control Message Protocol", STD 5,
RFC 792, DOI 10.17487/RFC0792, September 1981,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc792>.
[RFC0793] Postel, J., "Transmission Control Protocol", STD 7,
RFC 793, DOI 10.17487/RFC0793, September 1981,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc793>.
[RFC0854] Postel, J. and J. Reynolds, "Telnet Protocol
Specification", STD 8, RFC 854, DOI 10.17487/RFC0854, May
1983, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc854>.
[RFC0959] Postel, J. and J. Reynolds, "File Transfer Protocol",
STD 9, RFC 959, DOI 10.17487/RFC0959, October 1985,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc959>.
[RFC1939] Myers, J. and M. Rose, "Post Office Protocol - Version 3",
STD 53, RFC 1939, DOI 10.17487/RFC1939, May 1996,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1939>.
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.
[RFC3501] Crispin, M., "INTERNET MESSAGE ACCESS PROTOCOL - VERSION
4rev1", RFC 3501, DOI 10.17487/RFC3501, March 2003,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3501>.
[RFC3688] Mealling, M., "The IETF XML Registry", BCP 81, RFC 3688,
DOI 10.17487/RFC3688, January 2004,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3688>.
[RFC3877] Chisholm, S. and D. Romascanu, "Alarm Management
Information Base (MIB)", RFC 3877, DOI 10.17487/RFC3877,
September 2004, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3877>.
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[RFC4340] Kohler, E., Handley, M., and S. Floyd, "Datagram
Congestion Control Protocol (DCCP)", RFC 4340,
DOI 10.17487/RFC4340, March 2006,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4340>.
[RFC4443] Conta, A., Deering, S., and M. Gupta, Ed., "Internet
Control Message Protocol (ICMPv6) for the Internet
Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) Specification", STD 89,
RFC 4443, DOI 10.17487/RFC4443, March 2006,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4443>.
[RFC4960] Stewart, R., Ed., "Stream Control Transmission Protocol",
RFC 4960, DOI 10.17487/RFC4960, September 2007,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4960>.
[RFC5277] Chisholm, S. and H. Trevino, "NETCONF Event
Notifications", RFC 5277, DOI 10.17487/RFC5277, July 2008,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5277>.
[RFC5321] Klensin, J., "Simple Mail Transfer Protocol", RFC 5321,
DOI 10.17487/RFC5321, October 2008,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5321>.
[RFC6241] Enns, R., Ed., Bjorklund, M., Ed., Schoenwaelder, J., Ed.,
and A. Bierman, Ed., "Network Configuration Protocol
(NETCONF)", RFC 6241, DOI 10.17487/RFC6241, June 2011,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6241>.
[RFC6242] Wasserman, M., "Using the NETCONF Protocol over Secure
Shell (SSH)", RFC 6242, DOI 10.17487/RFC6242, June 2011,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6242>.
[RFC6991] Schoenwaelder, J., Ed., "Common YANG Data Types",
RFC 6991, DOI 10.17487/RFC6991, July 2013,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6991>.
[RFC7230] Fielding, R., Ed. and J. Reschke, Ed., "Hypertext Transfer
Protocol (HTTP/1.1): Message Syntax and Routing",
RFC 7230, DOI 10.17487/RFC7230, June 2014,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7230>.
[RFC7231] Fielding, R., Ed. and J. Reschke, Ed., "Hypertext Transfer
Protocol (HTTP/1.1): Semantics and Content", RFC 7231,
DOI 10.17487/RFC7231, June 2014,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7231>.
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[RFC7950] Bjorklund, M., Ed., "The YANG 1.1 Data Modeling Language",
RFC 7950, DOI 10.17487/RFC7950, August 2016,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7950>.
[RFC8040] Bierman, A., Bjorklund, M., and K. Watsen, "RESTCONF
Protocol", RFC 8040, DOI 10.17487/RFC8040, January 2017,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8040>.
[RFC8174] Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC
2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174,
May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8174>.
[RFC8200] Deering, S. and R. Hinden, "Internet Protocol, Version 6
(IPv6) Specification", STD 86, RFC 8200,
DOI 10.17487/RFC8200, July 2017,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8200>.
[RFC8340] Bjorklund, M. and L. Berger, Ed., "YANG Tree Diagrams",
BCP 215, RFC 8340, DOI 10.17487/RFC8340, March 2018,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8340>.
[RFC8341] Bierman, A. and M. Bjorklund, "Network Configuration
Access Control Model", STD 91, RFC 8341,
DOI 10.17487/RFC8341, March 2018,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8341>.
[RFC8342] Bjorklund, M., Schoenwaelder, J., Shafer, P., Watsen, K.,
and R. Wilton, "Network Management Datastore Architecture
(NMDA)", RFC 8342, DOI 10.17487/RFC8342, March 2018,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8342>.
[RFC8407] Bierman, A., "Guidelines for Authors and Reviewers of
Documents Containing YANG Data Models", BCP 216, RFC 8407,
DOI 10.17487/RFC8407, October 2018,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8407>.
[RFC8446] Rescorla, E., "The Transport Layer Security (TLS) Protocol
Version 1.3", RFC 8446, DOI 10.17487/RFC8446, August 2018,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8446>.
[RFC8525] Bierman, A., Bjorklund, M., Schoenwaelder, J., Watsen, K.,
and R. Wilton, "YANG Library", RFC 8525,
DOI 10.17487/RFC8525, March 2019,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8525>.
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[RFC8639] Voit, E., Clemm, A., Gonzalez Prieto, A., Nilsen-Nygaard,
E., and A. Tripathy, "Subscription to YANG Notifications",
RFC 8639, DOI 10.17487/RFC8639, September 2019,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8639>.
[RFC8641] Clemm, A. and E. Voit, "Subscription to YANG Notifications
for Datastore Updates", RFC 8641, DOI 10.17487/RFC8641,
September 2019, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8641>.
16.2. Informative References
[RFC4949] Shirey, R., "Internet Security Glossary, Version 2",
FYI 36, RFC 4949, DOI 10.17487/RFC4949, August 2007,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4949>.
[RFC8329] Lopez, D., Lopez, E., Dunbar, L., Strassner, J., and R.
Kumar, "Framework for Interface to Network Security
Functions", RFC 8329, DOI 10.17487/RFC8329, February 2018,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8329>.
[RFC8792] Watsen, K., Auerswald, E., Farrel, A., and Q. Wu,
"Handling Long Lines in Content of Internet-Drafts and
RFCs", RFC 8792, DOI 10.17487/RFC8792, June 2020,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8792>.
[I-D.ietf-i2nsf-consumer-facing-interface-dm]
Jeong, J. (., Chung, C., Ahn, T., Kumar, R., and S. Hares,
"I2NSF Consumer-Facing Interface YANG Data Model", Work in
Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-i2nsf-consumer-
facing-interface-dm-15, 15 September 2021,
<https://www.ietf.org/archive/id/draft-ietf-i2nsf-
consumer-facing-interface-dm-15.txt>.
[I-D.ietf-i2nsf-nsf-facing-interface-dm]
Kim, J. (., Jeong, J. (., Park, J., Hares, S., and Q. Lin,
"I2NSF Network Security Function-Facing Interface YANG
Data Model", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-
i2nsf-nsf-facing-interface-dm-14, 15 September 2021,
<https://www.ietf.org/archive/id/draft-ietf-i2nsf-nsf-
facing-interface-dm-14.txt>.
[I-D.ietf-i2nsf-registration-interface-dm]
Hyun, S., Jeong, J. P., Roh, T., Wi, S., and J. Park,
"I2NSF Registration Interface YANG Data Model", Work in
Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-i2nsf-registration-
interface-dm-12, 15 September 2021,
<https://www.ietf.org/archive/id/draft-ietf-i2nsf-
registration-interface-dm-12.txt>.
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[I-D.ietf-i2nsf-applicability]
Jeong, J. P., Hyun, S., Ahn, T., Hares, S., and D. R.
Lopez, "Applicability of Interfaces to Network Security
Functions to Network-Based Security Services", Work in
Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-i2nsf-applicability-
18, 16 September 2019, <https://www.ietf.org/archive/id/
draft-ietf-i2nsf-applicability-18.txt>.
[I-D.yang-i2nsf-security-policy-translation]
Jeong, J. (., Lingga, P., Yang, J., and C. Chung,
"Security Policy Translation in Interface to Network
Security Functions", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft,
draft-yang-i2nsf-security-policy-translation-09, 21 August
2021, <https://www.ietf.org/archive/id/draft-yang-i2nsf-
security-policy-translation-09.txt>.
[I-D.ietf-tcpm-rfc793bis]
Eddy, W. M., "Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
Specification", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-
ietf-tcpm-rfc793bis-25, 7 September 2021,
<https://www.ietf.org/archive/id/draft-ietf-tcpm-
rfc793bis-25.txt>.
[IANA-HTTP-Status-Code]
Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA), "Hypertext
Transfer Protocol (HTTP) Status Code Registry", September
2018, <https://www.iana.org/assignments/http-status-codes/
http-status-codes.xhtml>.
[IANA-Media-Types]
Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA), "Media Types",
August 2021, <https://www.iana.org/assignments/media-
types/media-types.xhtml>.
Appendix A. Changes from draft-ietf-i2nsf-nsf-monitoring-data-model-09
The following changes are made from draft-ietf-i2nsf-nsf-monitoring-
data-model-09:
* This version is revised following Tom Petch's, Martin Bjorklund's,
and Roman Danyliw's Comments.
* This version is revised to synchronize with other I2NSF documents.
Authors' Addresses
Jeong, et al. Expires 18 April 2022 [Page 89]
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Jaehoon (Paul) Jeong (editor)
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Sungkyunkwan University
2066 Seobu-Ro, Jangan-Gu
Suwon
Gyeonggi-Do
16419
Republic of Korea
Phone: +82 31 299 4957
Email: pauljeong@skku.edu
URI: http://iotlab.skku.edu/people-jaehoon-jeong.php
Patrick Lingga
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Sungkyunkwan University
2066 Seobu-Ro, Jangan-Gu
Suwon
Gyeonggi-Do
16419
Republic of Korea
Phone: +82 31 299 4957
Email: patricklink@skku.edu
Susan Hares
Huawei
7453 Hickory Hill
Saline, MI 48176
United States of America
Phone: +1-734-604-0332
Email: shares@ndzh.com
Liang (Frank) Xia
Huawei
101 Software Avenue, Yuhuatai District
Nanjing
Jiangsu,
China
Email: Frank.xialiang@huawei.com
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Henk Birkholz
Fraunhofer Institute for Secure Information Technology
Rheinstrasse 75
64295 Darmstadt
Germany
Email: henk.birkholz@sit.fraunhofer.de
Jeong, et al. Expires 18 April 2022 [Page 91]